PHYSICS (Code No.

042)
COURSE STRUCTURE

Class XI – 2022-23 (Theory)

Time: 3 hrs. Max Marks: 70

No. of Marks
Periods
Unit–I Physical World and Measurement
08
Chapter–2: Units and Measurements
Unit-II Kinematics
24 23
Chapter–3: Motion in a Straight Line
Chapter–4: Motion in a Plane
Unit–III Laws of Motion
14
Chapter–5: Laws of Motion
Unit–IV Work, Energy and Power
14
Chapter–6: Work, Energy and Power
Unit–V Motion of System of Particles and Rigid 17
Body 18
Chapter–7: System of Particles and
Rotational Motion
Unit-VI Gravitation
12
Chapter–8: Gravitation
Unit–VII Properties of Bulk Matter
Chapter–9: Mechanical Properties of Solids
24
Chapter–10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Chapter–11: Thermal Properties of Matter
20
Unit– Thermodynamics
VIII 12
Chapter–12: Thermodynamics
Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic
Unit–IX 08
Theory of Gases
Chapter–13: Kinetic Theory
Unit–X Oscillations and Waves
26 10
Chapter–14: Oscillations
Chapter–15: Waves
Total 160 70

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Unit I: Physical World and Measurement 08 Periods
Chapter–2: Units and Measurements

Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and
derived units. significant figures. Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis
and its applications.

Unit II: Kinematics 24 Periods

Chapter–3: Motion in a Straight Line

Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line, Elementary concepts of differentiation and

integration for describing motion, uniform and non- uniform motion, and instantaneous
velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity - time and position-time graphs. Relations
for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).

Chapter–4: Motion in a Plane

Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their
notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and
subtraction of vectors, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular
components, Scalar and Vector product of vectors.
Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration- projectile motion,
uniform circular motion.

Unit III: Laws of Motion 14 Periods

Chapter–5: Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's
second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion.
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.

Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction,rolling friction,
lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circularmotion
(vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road).

Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power 14 Periods

Chapter–6: Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work- energy theorem,
power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: non-
conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and
two dimensions.

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Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body 18Periods

Chapter–7: System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and Centreof mass motion.
Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation ofangular
momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotationalmotion,
comparison of linear and rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simplegeometrical
objects (no derivation).

Unit VI: Gravitation 12 Periods

Chapter–8: Gravitation

Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to

gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape velocity,
orbital velocity of a satellite.

Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter 24 Periods

Chapter–9: Mechanical Properties of Solids

Elasticity, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus,

shear modulus of rigidity (qualitative idea only), Poisson's ratio;elastic energy.

Chapter–10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic
brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity,
Bernoulli's theorem and its simple applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved
surface, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubblesand capillary rise.

Chapter–11: Thermal Properties of Matter

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases,
anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv - calorimetry; change of state
- latent heat capacity.

Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, qualitative ideas

of Blackbody radiation, Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law .

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Unit VIII: Thermodynamics 12 Periods

Chapter–12: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, work
and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics,
Second law of thermodynamics: gaseous state of matter, change of condition
of gaseous state -isothermal, adiabatic, reversible, irreversible, and cyclic processes.
Unit IX:Behavior of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases 08Periods

Chapter–13: Kinetic Theory

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas.

Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of

temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of
energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of
mean free path, Avogadro's number.
Unit X: Oscillations and Waves 26 Periods

Chapter–14: Oscillations
Periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time,periodic functions
and their application.
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equations of motion; phase;oscillations of a loaded
spring- restoring force and force constant; energy in
S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum derivation ofexpression
for its time period.
Chapter–15: Waves

Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of travelling wave, displacement
relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves,
standing waves in strings and organ pipes,fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats.

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 UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

Physical quantities:
All those quantities which can be measured directly or indirectly are called physical quantities.
Unit:
The unit is a standard quantity of the same kind with which a physical quantity is compared for measuring it.
Fundamental units are all those units which are independent of any other unit.
Derived units are all those units which are obtained by multiplying and/or dividing one or more fundamental
units.
Systems of Units:
A complete set of units which is used for measuring all kinds of physical quantities. They are CGS, FPS, MKS
and SI unit systems.
SI Units – Fundamental Units
S.No Physical quantity SI Unit Symbol
1 Mass kilogram kg
2 Length metre m
3 Time second s
4 Electric current ampere A
5 Temperature kelvin K
6 Luminous intensity candela Cd
7 Amount of substance mole mol
Supplementary Units
1 Plane angle radian rad
2 Solid angle steradian sr

Significant figures:
Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity is the sum of the reliable digits and the first
uncertain digit.
Significant figures in the product, quotient, sum or difference of two numbers should be reported with same
number of decimal places as that of the number with minimum number of decimal places.

Dimensions
The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers (or exponents) to which the base quantities are raised to
represent that quantity.
Dimensional equations are the equations, which represent the dimensions of a physical quantity in terms of the
base quantities. For example, the dimensional equations of speed [v] ,force [F] and density [ρ] are expressed as,
[v] = [M0 L1T-1] [F]= [M1 L1T-2] [ρ] = [ML3T0]
Principle of homogeneity of dimensions: A physical equation will be correct if the dimensions of all the terms
occurring on both sides of the equation are the same.
Applications of dimensional analysis:
1. To check the correctness of a physical equation.
2. To derive the relationship between different physical quantities.
3. To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to other.

Limitations of dimensional analysis:

1. Dimensionless constants cannot be obtained by this method.
2. It fails when the physical quantity is the sum or difference of two or more quantities
3. It does not distinguish between the physical quantities having same dimensions.
4. It fails to derive the relationships which involve trigonometric, logarithmic or exponential functions

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I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1.The base quantity among the following is,

a) Speed b) area c) length d) weight
2.Which of the following is not the unit of time
a) second b) minute c) month d) light year
3.The number of significant figures in the number 0.0028 is,
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
4. Average distance of the Sun from the Earth
a) light year b) astronomical unit c) fermi d) parsec
5. Dimensional analysis can be applied to
a) to check the correctness of a physical equation.
b) to derive the relationship between different physical quantities.
c) to convert a physical quantity from one system of units to other.
d) All of the above
6. Which of the following is dimensionless
a) force/acceleration b) velocity/acceleration c) volume/area d) energy/work
7. The pair of the quantities having the same dimensions is
a) displacement, velocity b) time, frequency c) wavelength, focal length d) force, acceleration
8. The dimensions of universal gravitational constant is
a) [M-1L3T-2] b) [M1 L1T-2] c) [M-1L2T-2] d) [M1L-1T-1]
9. Which of the following physical quantity has the dimensional formula [M 1L2T-3]
a) work b) power c) work d) impulse
10. If x = a + bt + ct2, where x is in metre and t in second, then what is the unit of ‘c’?
a) m/s b) m/s2 c) kgm/s d) m2/s

II. ASSERTION -- REASON QUESTIONS

Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is also false

1. ASSERTION: Radian is the SI unit of plane angle.

REASON : One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc whose length is equal to
the radius of the circle.
2. ASSERTION: When we change the unit of measurement of a quantity, it’s numerical value changes.
REASON : Smaller the unit of measurement smaller is its numerical value.
3. ASSERTION: AU is much bigger than Ǻ
REASON : AU is astronomical unit and Ǻ is angstrom
4. ASSERTION: Sum of 7.21, 12.141 and 0.0028 is 19.35
REASON : Significant figures in the sum or difference of two numbers should be reported with the same
number of decimal places as that of the number with minimum number of decimal places.
5. ASSERTION: Special functions such as trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions are
notdimensionless
REASON : A pure number, ratio of similar physical quantities such as angle and refractive index has some
dimensions.
6. ASSERTION: The units of some physical quantities can be expressed as combination of the base units
REASON : We need large number of units for expressing the derived physical quantities.
7. ASSERTION: Force cannot be added with pressure.
REASON : The dimensions of force and pressure are different.
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8. ASSERTION: Displacement of a hormonic oscillator is given by y = A Sin (ωt + ϕ) which cannot be derived
by dimensional analysis.
REASON : Dimensionless constants cannot be obtained by this method.
9. ASSERTION: 16.4 cm, 0.164 m and 0.000164 km all have three significant figures.
REASON : The number of significant figures does not depend on the system of units.
10. ASSERTION: π and e are dimensional constants.
REASON : The constant quantities having dimensions are called dimensionless variables.

III. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1.MEASUREMENT
All engineering phenomena deal with definite and measured quantities and so depend on the making of the
measurement. We must be clear and precise in making these measurements. To make a measurement,
magnitude of the physical quantity (unknown) is compared.
The record of a measurement consists of three parts, i.e. the dimension of the quantity, the unit which represents
a standard quantity and a number which is the ratio of the measured quantity to the standard quantity.
(i) A device which is used for measurement of length to an accuracy of about 10 -5m is,
(a) screw gauge (b) spherometer (c) vernier callipers (d) Either (a) or (b)
(ii) The system of units which is at present internationally accepted for measurement is,
(a) CGS (b) FPS (c) SI (d) MKS
(iii) Very large and small distances are measured by,
(a) direct methods (b) indirect methods (c) Neither (a) or (b) (d) Either (a) or (b)
(iv) The responsibility of maintenance and improvement of physical standards in our country is
taken care by the institution,
(a) NPL (b) NCL (c) CSIR (d) CECRI

2. DIMENSIONS
The nature of a physical quantity is described by its dimensions. All the physical quantities represented by
derived units can be expressed in terms of some combination of seven fundamental or base quantities. We shall
call these base quantities as the seven dimensions of the physical world, which are denoted with square brackets
[ ]. Thus, length has the dimension [L], mass [M], time [T], electric current [A], thermodynamic temperature
[K], luminous intensity [cd], and amount of substance [mol]. The dimensions of a physical quantity are the
powers (or exponents) to which the base quantities are raised to represent that quantity. Note that using the
square brackets [ ] round a quantity means that we are dealing with ‘the dimensions of’ the quantity. In
mechanics, all the physical quantities can be written in terms of the dimensions [L], [M] and [T]. For example,
the volume occupied by an object is expressed as the product of length, breadth and height, or three lengths.
Hence the dimensions of volume are [L] × [L] × [L] = [L3].

(i) Dimensional formula of surface tension

(a) [M1L0T-2] (b) [M0L1T-2] (c) [M1L1T0] (d) [M1 L1T-2]
(ii) Which of the following quantity is dimensionless
(a) Area (b) Angle (c) velocity (d) force
(iii) Which of the following equation is dimensionally not correct,
(a) ½ mv2 = mgh (b) v =u+at (c) p = ma (d) F = ma
(iv) The value of gravitational constant in CGS system is 6.67 x10 -8 dyne cm2g-2. The value of the same in
SI unit system is,
(a) 6.67 x10-12 Nm2kg-2 (b) 6.67 x10-11 dynem2kg2 (c) 6.67 x10-11 Nm2kg-2 (d) 6.67 x10-12
dynem2kg2

3. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity tell the number of digits in which we have
confidence. Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a measurement, greater is the accuracy of
measurement and vice-versa. In addition or subtraction, the number of decimal places in the result should equal
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the smallest number of decimal places in any term in the operation.
In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the product or in the quotient is the same
as the smallest number of significant figures in any of the terms.
With the help of the above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each of the
following questions:
(i) Add 3.8 x 10-6 to 4.2 x 10-5 with regard to significant figures.
(a) 4.6 x 10-5 (b) 4.6 x 10-6 (c) 4.58 x 10-5 (d) 4.580 x 10-5
4 5
(ii) Subtract 2.6 x 10 from 3.9 x10 with regard to significant figures.
(a) 3.64 x 105 (b) 3.7 x 105 (c) 3.6 x 105 (d) 3.65 x 106
(iii) The area enclosed by a circle of diameter 1.06 m with correct number of significant figures is,
(a) 0.88m2 (b) 0.882m2 (c) 1.88m2 (d) 0.882026m2
(iv) The mass of a body is 275.32 g and its volume is 36.41 cm3. Express its density up to appropriate
significant figures.
(a) 7.5616 gcm-3 (b) 7.56 gcm-3 (c) 7.6 gcm-3 (d) 7.562 gcm-3

IV. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Name the different unit systems.

2. Name the supplementary base quantities along with their units and symbols.
3. Name the special units to measure very large and very small lengths.
4. Define dimensions of a physical quantity.
5. State the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
6. Distinguish between dimensional variables dimensionless variables.
7. Distinguish between dimensional constants dimensionless constants.
8. Define the terms: i) light year ii) astronomical unit
9. Write the SI unit and dimensional formula of the following:
(i)Pressure (ii) power (iii) density (iv) angle
10. Check the correctness of the given equations by dimensional analysis
(i) S = ut + ½ at2 (ii) mgh = ½ mv2
11. The distance covered by a particle in time t is given by X = a+bt+ct 2+dt3 find the dimensions of a,b,c
and d.

12. Find the dimensions of axb in the equation ; where E is energy, x is distance and t is time.

13. Find the dimensions of a/b in the equation ; where P is pressure, x is distance and t is time.
14. Convert 5J into ergs using dimensional analysis.
15. If the unit of force is1kN, unit of length1km and the unit of time is100s,what will br the unit of mass?

V. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. List the fundamental physical quantities in SI unit system along with their units.
2. List the practical units used to measure a) very small lengths and b) very large distances.

3. Check the following equation for dimensional consistency .

h= height, S = surface tension, ρ = density, r = radius and g = acceleration due to gravity.
4. The wave length λ associated with a moving electron depends on its mass m, velocity v and Plank’s
constant h. Prove dimensionally that λ ∝ h/mv.
5. By the method of dimensions, obtain an expression for the centripetal force F acting on a particle of mass
m moving with a velocity v in a circle of radius r. Take dimensionless constant K = 1.
6. Reynold number NR (a dimensionless quantity) determines the condition of laminar flow of a viscous
liquid through a pipe. NR is a function of the density of the fluid ‘ρ’, its average speed ‘v’ and coefficient
of viscosity ‘η’. Given that NR is also directly proportional to ’D’( the diameter of the pipe), show from
dimensional considerations that NR = .

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 7. Derive by the method of dimensions, an expression for the volume of a liquid flowing out per second
through a narrow pipe. Assume that the rate of flow of liquid depends on
(i) the coefficient of viscosity ‘η’
(ii) the radius ‘r’ of the pipe and
(iii) the pressure gradient (p/l) along the pipe. Take K = π/8.
8. The frequency ‘ν’ of vibration of a stretched string depends upon:
(i) the length ‘l’ of the string
(ii) its mass per unit length ‘m’ and
(iii) the tension T in the string.
Obtain dimensionally an expression for the frequency ‘ν’
9. By the method of dimensions obtain an expression for the surface tension ‘S’ of a liquid rising in a
capillary tube. Assume that the surface tension depends upon mass m of the liquid, pressure P of the
liquid and the radius ‘r’ of the capillary tube.
10. The depth x to which a bullet penetrates a human body depends upon
(i)coefficient of elasticity ‘η’ and (ii)kinetic energy Ek
by the method of dimensions show that: x ∝ [Ek / η ]1/3.

VI. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. a) What is a unit?
b) Name the unit system in practice at present all over the world?
c) What are fundamental and derived units?
d) List the fundamental units in SI unit system along with their symbols.
e) Write the SI units for the following physical quantities, angular velocity, Planck’s constant
2. What are significant figures? State the rules to determine the number of significant figures with
examples.
3. a) Define dimensional formula.
b) Give the uses of dimensional analysis.
c) Write down the limitations of dimensional analysis.

VII. NUMERICALS
1. Deduce the dimensional formula for the following physical quantities:
Gravitational constant, Surface tension, coefficient of viscosity and Young’s modulus.
2. Show that the angular momentum has the same dimensions as the Plank’s constant h which is given by
the relation E = hν
3. If the atmospheric pressure is 106 dyne cm-2, find its value in SI units.
4. When 1m, 1kg and 1min are taken as the fundamental units, the magnitude of the force is 36 units. What
will be the value of this force in CGS system?
5. Check by the method of dimensions whether the following equations are correct:
(a) E =mc2 (b) T = 2π √l/g
6. State the number of significant figures in the following measurements:
(a) 0.009m2 (b) 5.049 N/m2 (c) 1.80 x1011kg (d) 5.308 J

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 SCORING KEY

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Qn.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer c d a b d d c a b b

II. ASSERTION – REASON

Qn.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer b c c a d c a b a d

III. CASE STUDY

Qn.No i ii iii iv
1 d c b a
2 a b c c
3 a c b d

VI. NUMERICALS

Qn.No ANSWER
1 [G] =[M1 L2T-3], [S] = [M1L0T-2], [η] = [M1L-1T-1], [Y] = [M1 L-1T-2]
2 Hint: L = mvr, h = E/ ν
3 105 Nm-2
4 103 dyne
5 Both are correct
6 (a)1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 4

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 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

MOTION

An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with time”.

The concept of motion is a re’ live one and a body that may be in motion relative to one reference system,
may be at rest relative to another.
There are two branches in physics that examine the motion of an object.
(i) Kinematics: It describes the motion of objects, without looking at the cause of the motion.
(ii) Dynamics: It relates the motion of objects to the forces which cause them.

Point Object
If the length covered by the objects are very large in comparison to the size of the objects, the objects are
considered point objects.

Based on these, motion can be classified as:

(i) One dimensional motion. A particle moving along a straight-line or a path is said to undergo one
dimensional motion. For example, motion of a train along a straight line, freely falling body under gravity
etc.

(ii) Two dimensional motion. A particle moving in a plane is said to undergo two dimensional motion. For
example, motion of a shell fired by a gun, carrom board coins etc.

(iii) Three dimensional motion. A particle moving in space is said to undergo three dimensional motion. For
example, motion of a kite in sky, motion of aeroplane etc.

Displacement
Displacement of a particle in a given time is defined as the change in the position of particle in a particular
direction during that time. It is given by a vector drawn from its initial position to its final position.

• Factors Distinguishing Displacement from Distance

—> Displacement has direction. Distance does not have direction.
—> The magnitude of displacement can be both positive and negative.
—> Distance is always positive. It never decreases with time.
—> Distance ≥ | Displacement |

Uniform Speed and Uniform Velocity

Uniform Speed. An object is said to move with uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal intervals
of time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be.
Uniform Velocity. An object is said to move with uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal
intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be.

Variable Speed and Variable Velocity

Variable Speed. An object is said to move with variable speed if it covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be.
Variable Velocity. An object is said to move with variable velocity if it covers unequal displacements in
equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be.

Average Speed and Average Velocity

Average Speed. It is the ratio of total path length traversed to the total time taken.

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 Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity
“Instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the time interval becomes infinitesimally small”.

Instantaneous velocity
“Instantaneous velocity or simply velocity is defined as the limit of the average velocity as the time interval
Δt becomes infinitesimally small.”
lim Δs
v = Δt→0 Δt

Uniform Acceleration
If an object undergoes equal changes in velocity in equal time intervals it is called uniform acceleration.

Average Acceleration.
It is the change in the velocity divided by the time-interval during which the change occurs.

Instantaneous Acceleration. It is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the time-interval Δt
goes to zero.

lim Δv
a=
Δt→0 Δt

Kinematical Graphs
The ‘displacement-time’ and the ‘velocity-time’ graphs of a particle are often used to provide us with a
visual representation of the motion of a particle. The ‘shape’ of the graphs depends on the initial ‘co-
ordinates’ and the ‘nature’ of the acceleration of the particle (Fig.)

the following general results are always valid

(i) The slope of the displacement-time graph at any instant gives the speed of the particle at that instant.
(ii) The slope of the velocity-time graph at any instant gives the magnitude of the acceleration of the particle
at that instant.
(iii) The area enclosed by the velocity-time graph, the time-axis and the two co-ordinates at ,time instants
t1 to t2 gives the distance moved by the particle in the time-interval from t1 to t2.

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A bullet is dropped from the same height when another bullet is fired horizontally. They will hit the ground
(a) one after the other (b) simultaneously (c) depends on the observer (d) None of these

2.A particle is moving with a constant speed along a straight-line path. A force is not required to

(a) change its direction (b) decrease its speed

(c) keep it moving with uniform velocity (d)Increase its momentum

3.What is the ratio of the average acceleration during the intervals OA and AB in the velocity-time graph as
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 shown below?

(a) ½ (b)⅓ (c)1 ( d)3

4. For the motion with uniform velocity, the slope of the velocity-time graph is equal to
(a) 1 m/s (b)Zero (c)Initial velocity (d)Final velocity

5. A spring with one end attached to a mass and the other to a rigid support is stretched and released.
a. Magnitude of acceleration, when just released is maximum.
b. Magnitude of acceleration, when at equilibrium position, is maximum.
c. Speed is maximum when mass is at equilibrium position.
d. Magnitude of displacement is always maximum whenever speed is minimum..
6. Which is the formula for motion in a straight line

(a) v = u + at (b) v = u – at (c) u = 2at+v (d) v = 2at+u

7.The point of intersection of three axes X, Y and Z is called as

a) Origin O b) Reference point c) Both a and b d) None

Answers: 1 (b) 2 ( b) 3 (b) 4(b) 5 (a and c) 6a 7 ( a and b)

II. ASSERTION AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS

Here two statements are given- one labeled Assertion(A) and the other labeled as Reason(R).Select the
correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is also false

1. Assertion: A particle having constant acceleration must always move on a straight line.
Reason: When magnitude of acceleration is constant, then speed of particle may remain constant.

2. Assertion : Displacement of a body may be zero when distance travelled by it is not zero
Reason : The displacement is the longest distance between initial and final position.

3. Assertion : The position-time graph of a uniform motion, in one dimension of a body cannot have
negative slope.
Reason : In one – dimensional motion the position does not reverse, so it cannot have a negative slope.

4. Assertion: For the uniform motion,the slope of position time graph will be constant.
Reason: The slope of position time graph represent velocityof the object and for uniform motion it is
constant
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5. Assertion: A body having non zero acceleration can have a constant velocity.
Reason: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

6. Assertion: The average speed of a body over a given interval of time is equal to the average velocity of the
body in the same interval of time if a body moves in a straight line in one direction.
Reason: Because, in this case distance travelled by a body is equal to the displacement of the body.

7.Assertion: Position-time graph of a stationary object is a straight line parallel to the axis.
Reason: For a stationary object, position does not change with time.

Answer - 1 (d) 2 (c) 3(c) 4(a) 5(c) 6 (a) 7 (a)

III. CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1. When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its velocity,
acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by a set of equations known
as the equations of motion. For convenience, a set of three such equations are given below:
v = u + at s = ut + ½ at2 2a s = v2 – u2
Where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t, v is the
final velocity and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t.

i) Equation of motions are applicable to motion with

a) uniform acceleration c) non uniform acceleration
b) constant velocity d) none of these
ii) The distance travelled by a body is directly proportional to the square of time taken its acceleration
a) increases b)decreases c) becomes zero d) remains constant
iii) The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 10 m/s 2 in the opposite direction to the motion. If the
car takes 1 s to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the distance traveled during this time by car.
iv) An object is dropped from a tower falls with a constant acceleration of 10 m/s2. Find its speed 10 s after it
was dropped.
v) A bullet hits a target with a velocity of 10 m/s and penetrates it up to a distance of 5 cm. Find the
deceleration of the bullet in the target

2. The average velocity tells us how fast an object has been moving over a given time interval but does not tell
us how fast it moves at different instants of time during that interval. For this, we define instantaneous velocity
or simply velocity v at an instant t. The velocity at an instant is defined as the limit of the average velocity as
the time interval dt becomes infinitesimally small.
In other words v =Limit Δt 0 Δs/Δt, v = ds/dt
The variation in velocity with time for an object moving in a straight line can be represented by a velocity-time
graph. In this graph, time is represented along the x-axis and the velocity is represented along the y-axis. The
area enclosed by velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the displacement and
slope of velocity time graph represents acceleration of object.
Answer the following questions based on paragraph given.
i) The area under velocity time graph gives
a) Displacement over given time interval c) Acceleration
b) Velocity d) None of these

ii) Slope of velocity time graph gives

a) Acceleration c) Velocity b) Distance d) Displacement.
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iii) A body is thrown up.What will be velocity and acceleration at the top
a) v=0 ,a= -g b)v= 0 ,a=g c) v = maximum, g= 0 d) v=0, g=0
iv) Draw velocity time graph for an object, starting from rest. Acceleration is constant and positive.

v) Is it possible to have negative value in speed and displacement?

Answer 1. i)a ii) d iii) 5m iv) 100m/s v) -10m/s2

2. i)a ii) a iii) b

IV. TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define average velocity and average acceleration. And its formulas

2. A body thrown vertically upwards. Draw its i) velocity time graph ii) acceleration time graph
3.Define instantaneous acceleration and its formula
4.What are positive and negative acceleration in a straight line motion?
5. Can a body have zero velocity and still be accelerating ? if yes give an example.
6.Give position time graph for one object moving with negative velocity, moving with positive velocity and at
rest.
7. What is common between the two graphs shown in the fig.below
x x
t t

V. THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1.From a velocity time graph, Explain how do you calculate the average acceleration of a moving body
2. Draw the v-t graph for motions with constant acceleration.
a) Motion in positive direction with positive acceleration
b) Motion in negative direction with negative acceleration
c) Motion of an object with negative acceleration that changes direction. at time.
3. Define the following terms
i)Instantaneous acceleration ii)Average acceleration iii) Non uniform acceleration.
4. Draw the following graphs for an object under free fall
i) Variation of acceleration with respect to time
ii) variation of velocity with respect to time
iii) variation of distance with respect to time

VI. FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1.Derive the second equation of motion by using velocity time graph with neat diagram.
2. Derive position velocity relation for uniformly accelerated motion from v-t graph.

VII. NUMERICALS

1. A body starts from point P and moves to Q. If the body returns to the same point(P),
find i) displacement ii)distance iii) velocity iv) average speed
Ans i)zero ii)twice iii)zero iv) v m/s
2. A man runs across the roof top of a tall building and jumps horizontally with the hope of landing on the roof
top of the next building which is of lower height than the first. If his speed is 9m/s,the horizontal distance
between the two buildings is 10m and the height difference is 9m, will he be able to land on the next building
take g = 10m/s2
Ans x` =12.06x, So he can able to land on next building

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3. On a 60 km straight road,a bus travels the first 30km with uniform speed of 30km/hr.How fast must the bus
travel the next 30km so as to have average speed of 40km/hr for the entire trip
Ans : 60km/hr

4. The acceleration of a particle is given by a = 3t 2 + 2t +2,where time t is in second.If the particle starts with a
velocity v = 2m/s at t = 0, then find the velocity at the end of 2s.
Ans : 18m/s
5. A body covers 200cm in the first 2 seconds and 220cm in next 2 seconds.What will be its velocity at the end
of 7 seconds ? Also find the displacement in 7 seconds.
Ans 33.75m.

6. The velocity time graph of an object moving along a straight line is as shown

Calculate the distance covered by object between

i) t = 0 to t = 5 sec.
ii) t = 0 to t = 10 sec.

Ans i) 80m ii) 130m

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 MOTION IN A PLANE

Motion in a plane is called as motion in two dimensions e.g., projectile motion, circular motion etc. For the
analysis of such motion our reference will be made of an origin and two co-ordinate axes X and Y.
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantities. The physical quantities which are completely specified by their magnitude or size alone are
called scalar quantities.
Examples. Length, mass, density, speed, work, etc.
Vector Quantities. Vector quantities are those physical quantities which are characterised by both magnitude
and direction.
Examples. Velocity, displacement, acceleration, force, momentum, torque etc.

Unit Vector
A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a particular direction. It is used to specify the direction
only. Unit vector is represented by putting a cap (^) over the quantity
A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a particular direction. It is used to specify the direction
only. Unit vector is represented by putting a cap (^) over the quantity.

Equal Vectors

Zero Vector

Coplanar Vectors
Vectors are said to be coplanar if they lie in the same plane or they are parallel to the same plane, otherwise
they are said to be non-coplanar vectors.

Displacement Vector
Position Vector

Multiplication of Vectors
(i) Scalar product (Dot product). Scalar product of two vectors is defined as the product of the magnitude of two
vectors with cosine of smaller angle between them.
Displacement Vector
The displacement vector is a vector which gives the position of a point with reference to a point other than the
origin of the co-ordinate system.

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Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
If two vectors, acting simultaneously at a point, can be represented both in magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then the resultant is represented completely both in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point.

Resolution of Vectors
It is a process of splitting a single vector into two or more vectors in different directions which together produce
the same effect as is produced by the single vector alone.
The vectors into which the given single vector is splitted are called component of vectors. In f act, the
resolution of a vector is just opposite to composition of vectors.

Projectile Motion
The projectile is a general name given to an object that is given an initial inclined velocity and which
subsequently follows a path determined by the gravitational force acting on it and by the frictional resistance of
the air. The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory.
Equation of projectile motion. The general case of projectile motion corresponds to that of an object that has
been given an initial velocity u at some angle 8 above (or below) the horizontal. The horizontal and vertical
displacements x and y are given by

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Angular Displacement Angular displacement of the object moving around a circular path is defined as the
angle traced out by the radius vector at the centre of the circular path in a given time.
θ (angle) = arc/radius
θ —> the magnitude of angular displacement. It is expressed in radians (rad).
Angular Velocity
Angular velocity of an object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of change of its angular
displacement.
Uniform Circular Motion
When a body moves in a circular path with a constant speed, then the motion of the body is known as uniform
circular motion.
The time taken by the object to complete one revolution on its circular path is called time period. For circular
motion, the number of revolutions completed per unit time is known as the frequency (v). Unit of frequency is 1
Hertz (1 Hz). It is found that F acts inwards towards centre

v
v

v v

I . MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A vector quantity with both magnitude and direction obeys

a)triangle law addition c)law of inertia
b)law of momentum d)none
2. The angle of projection, for which the horizontal range and the maximum height of a projectile are equal, is:
(a) 45° (b) T = tan–1 (0.25) (c) T = tan–1 (4) (d) none of these
3. Which of the following is the essential characteristic of a projectile?
(a) Zero velocity at the highest point
(b) Initial velocity inclined to the horizontal
(c) Constant acceleration perpendicular to the velocity
(d) None of these

4.The direction of the angular velocity vector is along

(a) the tangent to the circular path (c) the inward radius
(b) the outward radius (d)the axis of rotation
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5. Which represents addition two vectors A and B.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

6. A particle moves in a plane with a constant acceleration in a direction different from the initial velocity. the
path of the particle is a/an
(a) ellipse (b) straight (c) arc of a circle (d)parabola

7.The time of flight of the projectile motion is given by

a)2ucosθ/g b) usinθ/g c) 2 usinθ/g d)4cosθ/g

Answers: 1(a) 2(c) 3(c) 4(a) 5(a) 6(d) 7(c)

II . ASSERTION AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS

Here two statements are given- one labeled Assertion(A) and the other labeled as Reason(R).Select the
correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
a) Both A and R is true, and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.
b) Both A and R is true, but R is not the correction explanation of the assertion.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, R is also false.

1. Assertion: The scalar product of two vectors can be zero.

Reason: If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their scalar product will be zero

2. Assertion: In the motion of projectile the horizontal component of velocity remains constant
Reason: The force on the projectile is gravitational force which acts only in vertically downwards
direction.
3. Assertion: Horizontal range is same for angle of projection θ and (90 – θ).
Reason: Horizontal range is independent of angle of projection.
4. Assertion : A scalar quantity is one that is conserved in a process
Reason : Scalar quantity depends on direction

5. Assertion : If dot product and cross product of A and B are zero,it implies that one of the vector A and B must
be Null vector
Reason : Null vector is a vector of zero magnitude

6. Assertion : If there were no gravitational force,the path of the projected body always be straight line
Reason: Gravitational force makes the path of projected body always parabolic

Answers: 1. (a) 2(a) 3(c) 4(d) 5(b) 6 (c)

III .CASE BASED QUESTIONS

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 1. Physical quantities which have a sense of direction are known as vectors Resolution of a vector is the
splitting of a single vector into two or more vectors in different directions which together produce a
similar effect as is produced by a s single vector itself. The vectors formed after splitting are called
component vectors.

i) Vectors cannot be added algebraically. The statement is

a)always true b) always false c) not always true d) None of the above
ii) A vector which has zero magnitude and arbitrary direction is known as ...

iii) The scalar product of two vectors = 3 -4 +5 and = -2 + -3 is

a) 25 b) 35 c) -35 d) -25

iv) Resolve and name the components of u in the fig. given below

2.When an object follows a circular path at a constant speed, the motion of the object is called uniform circular
motion. The word “uniform” refers to the speed, which is uniform (constant) throughout the motion. Suppose
an object is moving with uniform speed v in a circle of radius R Since the velocity of the object is changing
continuously in direction, the object undergoes acceleration. Let us find the magnitude and the direction of this
acceleration. Thus, the acceleration of an object moving with speed v in a circle of radius R has a magnitude
V2/R and is always directed towards the centre. This is why this acceleration is called centripetal acceleration (a
term proposed by Newton).
i) SI unit of angular velocity is
a) rev/sec b) m/s c) m/s2 d) None of these
ii) A centripetal acceleration is not a constant vector. True or false?
a) True b) False
iii)Name the physical quantity which remains same in an uniform circular motion
iv) Centripetal acceleration can be mathematically expressed as

a) ac = b) ac = ω/R2 c) ac= R2/ω d) ac = ω2R

v) If both speed of a body and radius of the circular path are doubled, what will be the change in centripetal
force ?
Answers: 1. i) c ii) null vector iii) -25 iv)usinθ and ucosθ
2 i) a ii)a iii) K.E and speed d iv) d v) doubled

IV .TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1.Under what condition ,the resultant of two vectors will be equal to either of them.
2. Is circular motion possible at constant speed or at constant velocity ? Explain
3.Why the magnitude of the rectangular component of a vector can`t be greater than the magnitude of vector
itself. (Hint Ax = A cos θ )

4.A body is thrown with a velocity v from a tower of height H .After how much time and what distance from
the base of the tower will the body strike the ground ? Ans t = √2H/T , x = v√2H/T
5. Obtain relation between angular velocity and linear velocity.
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V .THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Prove that maximum horizontal range is four times the maximum height attained by the projectile.
2. Define uniform circular motion .Derive expression for centripetal acceleration.
3. Find the resultant vector of the summation of two vectors A and B having D between them.
4. If both the speed of a body and radius of its circular path are doubled, what will happen to centripetal
acceleration?
5. A projectile is fired at an angle θ with the horizontal with velocity v .Derive the expression for maximum
height attained by it.
6. If the time of flight of a projectile projected with velocity u at an angle θ is (2u sin θ) / g , write the condition
for maximum range and find its expression.

VI .FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1.State and prove parallelogram law of vector addition. Hence derive the expression for magnitude and
direction of resultant vector.
2.What is projectile motion ? Prove that trajectory of projectile projected at an angle θ with the horizontal
is a parabola. Hence derive its time of flight and horizontal range .

VII .NUMERICALS

X = .
1 If what is the angle between two vectors
2. Determine a unit vector which is perpendicular to both = 2̂i + ̂j + ̂k and = ̂i - ̂j + 2̂k
3.A stone falls from a building that is descending at a uniform rate of 12m/s.The displacement of the stone from
the point of release after 10 sec is
4.Find the direction for an umbrella when rain falls vertically with a speed 20m/sand the wind blows from east
to west with a speed of 15m/s.
5. A cyclist starts from centre O of a circular park of radius 1km and moves along a path OPRQO as shown.If
he maintains constant speedof 10m/s ,what is his acceleration at point R in magnitude and direction ?
Q
R
Ooooo P

6.Two bodies are thrown with the same initial velocity at angle θ and (900 - θ)to the horizontal.Determine the
ratio of maximum heights reached by the bodies.
7. The sum of two forces acting at a point is 16N and their resultant force is 8N and its direction is
perpendicular to a smaller force .Calculate the two forces.
8. An aeroplane travelling at a speed of 500km/hr tilts at an angle of 30 0 as it makes a turn.What is the radius of
the curve?
Answers:
1. θ = 1200 2. 3.s = 610m 4 θ = 370 5. 0.1m/s2 along RQO 6. tan2θ
3
7. A= 6N B = 10N 8. r = 3.41 x 10 m

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 LAWS OF MOTION

Force : It is as external agency which charges or tries to charge the state of rest or motion of a body
or the direction of motion of the body. It is a vector quantity. It SI unit is newton (N).
Dimensionally F = [MLT–2].
Some important forces in nature are:
(a) Gravitational force
(b) Electrostatic force
(c) Electromagnetic force
(d) Interatomic or intermolecular forces
(5) Nuclear force

Inertia: It is the property of a body by which it continues to be in state of rest or uniform motion
along a straight path unless an external unbalanced force acts on the body. Inertia is of three types:
(a) Inertia of rest
(b) Inertia of motion
(c) Inertia of direction
Inertia to linear motion is measured by the mass of the body. Larger the mass; greater is the inertia of the
body i.e. it is more difficult to change the state of rest or uniform motion of the body.
In absence of friction between a passenger and the bus, the passenger will not move with the bus when it
starts. As a result, he will hit the back of the bus (Inertia of rest).
Likewise, when the brakes are applied to the moving bus in above situation, the passenger will hit the front
of the bus (Inertia of motion).
If the bus takes a turn to left, the passenger will the thrown towards right (Inertia of direction). This is
because the directional inertia of the body of the passenger.

Linear Momentum: It is the quantity of motion present in a body. Mathematically, it is measured as

product of mass and velocity v of the body.
Momentum p = m v
It is a vector in the direction of velocity. Its SI unit is kg ms –1 or Ns. Dimensionally momentum is MLT –1.

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Newton’s First Law of Motion
It states that everybody continues to be in a state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line unless
an external unbalanced force is applied to change its state. The law gives qualitative definition of force.
Here the significance of the words external and unbalanced must be clearly understood. Internal
forces are forces exerted on one another by the bodies making the system. The external forces are forces
exerted on the system by everything else, except the system, known as surroundings. There
is no overall motion of a system due to internal forces. For example, it is not possible to move a car
by pushing it when we are sitting inside the car. The force is this case is internal force.
Similarly, an individual may not be able to move a loaded truck by pushing or pulling if. The force
applied in this case is balanced by an equal and opposite force (or friction) which is apparently not visible.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

According to second law the rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to
the net external applied force. The change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force.
The law gives a relation between force and momentum. It also gives a quantitative definition or
measure of the force.
Mathematically,
F =dp/dt=d/dt(mv)=m dv/dt (for a system with constant mass)
F=ma
Where, a=dv/dt is Instantaneous acceleration of body.
 For a constant mass and changing velocity, F=m dv/dt
 For constant velocity and changing mass, F=v dm/dt

Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

It states: To very action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Mathematically, FBA=(-)FAB
Where F BA is force on B due to A and F AB is force on A due to B.
The forces of action and reaction do not cancel each other because they act on different bodies.

Units of Force: Absolute unit of force in SI system is newton. IN = 1 kg. m/s2

The gravitational unit of force in kg wt or kg f.
1 kg wt = 1 kg f = 9.8 kg m/s2 = 9.8N

Impulse of a Force: A large force acting for a small-time interval is said to impart an impulse to the object.
The impulse of a force is numerically equal to the product of the force (F) applied and the time Δt for
which it acts, i.e. Impulse =F Δt
o The impulse of a force in equal to the change in momentum of the body.
Impulse = Force × Time= Change in momentum
o The change in momentum of a body is large if a larger force in applied or if the force is applied for a
larger duration of time.
o Impulse in a vector quantity in the direction of force.
o Impulse J =F.t ; if force is constant
o J= ʃF.dt ; if the force in variable
o J=p2-p1=m(v-u)
o Impulse of a force can also be measured as the area under the force
time graph.
A large force acting for a short duration is called impulsive force (See
figure). The shaded area gives the impulse of the force applied.
The SI Unit of impulse is N–s or kg ms–1.
Dimensionally impulse is MLT–1.
o Impulse and momentum have same dimensional formula and
same units

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Apparent Weight of a Body in a Lift
In a lift at rest or in uniform motion (upwards or downwards) i.e. when a = 0; the weight of a body
is its true weight.
We have R = mg
When a lift moves upwards with uniform acceleration ‘Q’, apparent wieght of
a body in the lift increase.
We have R – mg = ma
R = m (g + a) > mg
When a lift moves downwards with a uniform acceleration ‘a’; apparent weight
of a body is less than its actual weight.
From the figure: F + F fic=ma; R=m(g-a)<mg
In a lift falling freely, we have a = g
R=m(g-g)=0 ; The body experience weightlessness

Note-When a person of mass m climbs up a rope suspended from a rigid support with acceleration
‘a’; the tension in the rope in T = m (g + a)
When the person climbs down the rope with acceleration ‘a’; the tension in the rope is T = m (g – a).
If the rope supports the weight of the man (with man neither climbing up nor down); the tension in the rope
equals his weight i.e. T = m g

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum

According to this Law, the total linear momentum, of a given system, remains conserved if the net external
force acting on this system is zero.
If Fext=0, We have,
p1+p2+.....+pn=a constant
or m1v1 +m2 v2 +.....+mn vn = a constant
For a system of two bodies, undergoing a collision, we have,
m1u1 +m2 u2 = m1v1 +m2 v2
Let us apply this law to a bullet and the gun system. Here the system is at rest to start with.
Hence, when a bullet is fired from a gun we have,
Initial momentum = zero
So, Final momentum of the bullet & gun system must again be zero.
mv + MV = 0
Hence, Recoil velocity of the gun.
V= - (m/M) v

Concurrent Forces
The forces acting at the same point of a body are called concurrent forces.
Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces: For a number of concurrent forces acting on a body in equilibrium,
the forces can be represented by a closed polygon taken in order or the resultant force is zero.
F1+ F2 + F3+ .....+Fn=0

The Free Body Diagrams

A diagram for each body in a system indicating all the forces exerted on the body by the remaining parts of the
system and the external agents is called free-body diagram.
In mechanics, we usually come across systems consisting of a number of bodies / particles under the
action of a number of forces due to their mutual interaction; gravitational forces, frictional force, force due to
strings, springs (called tension); supports etc.
Solution of such problems can be simplified by using the following steps:
1. Draw a diagram showing various parts of the system with links, supports etc.
2. Select any convenient part of the system.
3. Draw a separate diagram for the part selected above showing all the forces on it by the remaining
parts of the system and also by external agents. This diagram is called the free body diagram.
4. Remember to include the information about the magnitude and direction of forces which are given
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 and which you are sure of. The remaining forces are treated as unknown. Use Newton’s second law
of motion to get an equation of motion for the chosen part i.e. equate the net force acting in a
particular direction to the product of mass and acceleration of the body in that particular direction.
5. Follow the same procedure for any other part of the system to get more equations. You need as
many independent equations to solve the problem as the number of unknowns.
6. Solve the equations obtained for different parts of the system to obtain the values of the desired
unknowns or to get a desired equation.
Following points must be kept in mind while drawing the free body diagram (FBD)
The reaction force (called normal reaction) always acts normal to the surface in contact or on
which the body is placed. (See diagram below)

Tension in a string arises due to the restoring forces caused by intermolecular forces of
interaction. It is the force exerted by one part of the string on the other part. The tension in
each branch of the string must form action - reaction pair. It always acts towards the support
(Hand / pulley).

In the above system, tension on m1 is towards m2 and that on m2 is towards m1.

A pulley is used to change the direction of force to a more convenient direction. For a light
(massless); frictionless pulley with on inextensible string passing over it without any kinks, the
tension on either side of the string is the same.
In a FBD; take into account all the forces acting on the body.

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Friction:
Whenever a body moves or tends to move over the surface of another body, a force comes into play to
opposes their relative motion. This force is known as force of friction. It opposes motion and acts parallel
to the surface of contact of bodies.
Frictional force may sometimes act in the direction of motion of the body. The following examples illustrate the
situations where the force of friction ‘acts’ in the direction of motion of the object.

For a man walking due north, the frictional force also acts due north.
In a bicycle; the driving forces are connected to the rear wheel. The direction of frictional force on the rear
wheel at point of contact with the ground is in the direction of motion whereas that on the front wheel is
opposite to the direction of motion.
Static Friction:
The force of friction which comes into play between two bodies before one object actually begins to move over
the other is called static friction (fs). Static friction is a self adjusting force (both in magnitude as well as
direction). It is always equal and opposite to the applied force as long as there is no relative motion.
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Limiting Friction:
The maximum force of static friction which comes into play when a body just starts moving over the surface of
another body is called limiting friction or the maximum force of static friction fs max. The force of friction never
exceeds fsmax.
Kinetic Friction:
The force of friction which comes into play when a body is in motion over the surface of another body is
called kinetic or dynamic friction. It is denoted by f k and is less than limiting friction.
Laws of Limiting Friction
(1) The force of limiting friction depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact and their state of
roughness.
(2) The force of limiting friction acts tangential to the surfaces in contact and in a direction opposite to
that of the applied force.
(3) The force of limiting friction between any two surfaces is independent of the shape and the area of
contact so long as the normal reaction remains unchanged.
(4) The force of limiting friction between two given surfaces is directly proportional to the normal reaction
between the surfaces.
f is directly proportional to N or f = μsN; where μs is coefficient of limiting friction.
coefficient of limiting friction =Limiting Friction(f smax)/Normal Reaction(N)
and coefficient of kinetic friction μk=fk/N
We have μk <μs because fk is always less than fsmax.

Body on Level Circular Road:

The friction between the tyres and the road provides the centripetal force.
We have,
Mv2/r=μ mg
or v=√μrg
which gives maximum safe speed of a vehicle on road for negotiating a curve of radius ‘r’. (Without
skidding).
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Banking of Roads (Tracks):
Curved roads and tracks are banked to reduce the role of friction for providing centripetal force on curves.
For a track / road of radius ‘r’ banked at an angle θ; the maximum safe speed at which a vehicle can
negotiate a curve is given by
v=√gr tanθ
The above max safe speed does not take into account the friction between the tyres and the road.
If the force of friction is also taken into account; we have,
V=√rg(μ+tanθ)/(1-μtanθ)

Bending of a Cyclist:
In order to negotiate a circular turn of radius ‘r’ at a speed v; a cyclist must bend at an angle θ with the
vertical such that tanθ=v2/rg

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :

1. ‘Net force acting on an object is found to be zero.’ It can be inferred that the object
a) May be at rest
b) May be in uniform motion
c) May be in uniformly accelerated motion
d) Both a) & b)

2. Inertia is the property of a body linked to tendency of a body

(a) to change its position
(b) to change its direction
(c) to change the momentum
(d) to resist any change in its state

3. Newton's first law of motion describes the

(a )energy (b) work (c) inertia (d) moment of inertia

4. A ball is travelling with uniform translatory motion. This means that

(a) it is at rest.
(b) the path can be a straight line or circular and the ball travels with uniform speed.
(c) all parts of the ball have the same velocity (magnitude and direction) and the velocity is constant.
(d) the centre of the ball moves with constant velocity and the ball spins about its centre uniformly.

5. According to Galileo's experiment for a double inclined plane, if slope of second plane is zero and
planes are smooth, then a ball is released from rest on one of the planes rolls down and move on the
second plane ...X... distance. Here, X is
(a) zero (b) infinite (c) equal to length of first plane (d) None of these

6. No force is required for

(a) an object moving in straight line with constant velocity
(b) an object moving in circular motion
(c) an object moving with constant acceleration
(d) an object moving in elliptical path.

7. Impulse equals
(a) rate of change of momentum
(b) change in momentum
(c) momentum multiplied by time
(d) rate of change of force

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 8. The direction of impulse is
(a) same as that of the net force (b) opposite to that of the net force
(c) same as that of the final velocity (d) same as that of the initial velocity

9. China wares are wrapped in straw of paper before packing. This is the application of concept of
(a) impulse (b) momentum (c) acceleration (d) mass

10. Which one of the following is not a force?

(a) Impulse (b) Tension (c) Thrust (d) Air resistance

11. If the net external force on a body is ...X..., its acceleration is zero. Acceleration can be ...Y... only, if
there is a net external force on the body. Here, X and Y refer to
(a) zero, zero (b) zero, non-zero (c) non-zero, zero (d) non-zero, non-zero
12. The same change in momentum in ...X... time needs ...Y... force applied. Here, X and Y refer to
(a) longer, lesser (b) shorter, greater (c) both (a) and (b) (d) longer, greater

13. Newton’s second and third laws of motion lead to the conservation of
(a) linear momentum (b) angular momentum
(c) potential energy (d) kinetic energy

14. A cannon after firing recoils due to

(a) conservation of energy (b) Newton’s second law of motion
(c) Newton’s third law of motion (d) Newton’s first law of motion

15. Identify the correct statement.

(a) Static friction depends on the area of contact
(b) Kinetic friction depends on the area of contact
(c) Coefficient of kinetic friction does not depend on the surfaces in contact
(d) Coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction

16. Frictional force that opposes relative motion between surfaces in contact is called ………..
(a) static friction (b) kinetic friction (c) kinetic friction (d) static friction

17. The coefficient of static friction between two surfaces depends upon
(a) the normal reaction (b) the shape of the surface in contact
(c) the area of contact (d) None of the these

18. If μs, μk and μr are coefficients of static friction, kinetic friction and rolling friction, then
(a) μs < μk < μr (b) μk < μr < μs (c) μr < μk < μs (d) μr = μk = μs

19. It is difficult to move a cycle with brakes on because

(a) rolling friction opposes motion on road
(b) sliding friction opposes motion on road
(c) rolling friction is more than sliding friction
(d) sliding friction is more than rolling friction

20. Which of the following statements about friction is true?

(a) Friction can be reduced to zero
(b) Frictional force cannot accelerate a body
(c) Frictional force is proportional to the area of contact between the two surfaces
(d) Kinetic friction is always greater than rolling friction

21. When a car moves on a level road, then the centripetal force required for circular motion is provided by ___
(a) weight of the car (b) normal reaction
(c) component of friction between the road & tyres along the surface. (d) All of these
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22. On a banked road, which force is essential to provide the necessary centripetal force to a car to take a turn
while driving at the optimum speed?
(a) Component of normal reaction (b) Component of frictional force
(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
23. A particle revolves round a circular path. The acceleration of the particle is inversely proportional to

(a) radius (b) velocity (c) mass of particle (d) both (b) and (c).

24. A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car passenger taking the same turn is thrown outwards. The
reason is
(a) car is heavier than cycle
(b) car has four wheels while cycle has only two
(c) difference in the speed of the two
(d) cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while in the case of car only the passenger is thrown by
this force

25. A cyclist bends while taking turn in order to

(a) reduce friction (b) provide required centripetal force
(c) reduce apparent weight (d) reduce speed

26. Which of the following is a self- adjusting force?

(a) Static friction (b) Rolling friction (c) sliding friction (d Dynamic friction

27. A constant force acts on a body of mass 5 kg and changes its speed from 5m/s to 10 m/s in 10 seconds,
without changing the direction of motion. The force acting on the body is
(a) 1.5 N (b) 2N (c) 2.5 N (d) 5 N

28. One end of a string of length l is connected to a particle of mass m and the other to a small peg on a smoth
horizontal table. If the particle moves in a circle with speed v, the net force on the particle is
(a) T (b) T-mv2/l (c) T + mv2/l (d) 0

29. A body subjected to three concurrent forces is found to be in equilibrium. The resultant of any two forces
(a) is equal to third force (b) is opposite to third force
(c) is collinear with the third force (d) All of these

30. The mass of bicycle rider along with the bicycle is 100 kg. He wants to cross over a circular turn of radius
100m with a speed of 10 m/s. If the coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.6, the
frictional force required by the rider to cross the turn is
(a) 300 N (b) 600 N (c) 1200 N (d) 150 N

ANSWER KEY[MCQS SECTION]

1.d 2.d 3.c 4.c 5.b 6.a 7.b 8.a 9.a 10.a 11.b 12.c 13.a 14.c
15.d 16.c 17.a 18.c 19.d 20.d 21.c 22.a 23.a 24.d 25.b 26.a
27.c 28.a 29.d 30.b

II .ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:

Directions : Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b),
(c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
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 (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
1. Assertion : Mass is a measure of inertia of the body in linear motion.
Reason : Greater the mass, greater is the force required to change its state of rest or of uniform motion.

2. Assertion : If the net external force on the body is zero, then its acceleration is zero.
Reason : Acceleration does not depend on force.

3. Assertion : Impulse of force and momentum are same physical quantities.

Reason : Both quantities have same unit.

4. Assertion: A cricketer moves his hands forward to catch a ball so as to catch it easily without
hurting.
Reason: He tries to decrease the distance travelled by the ball so that it hurts less.

5. Assertion: Same force applied for the same time causes the same change in momentum for
different bodies
Reason: The total momentum of an isolated system of interacting bodies remains conserved.

6. Assertion : A rocket works on the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

Reason : Whenever there is change in momentum of one body, the same change occurs in the
momentum of the second body of the same system but in the opposite direction.

7. Assertion : A block placed on a table is at rest, because action force cancels the reaction force on
the block.
Assertion : The net force on the block is zero.

8. Assertion : On a rainy day, it is difficult to stop a moving car or bus at high speed.
Reason : The value of coefficient of friction is lowered due to wetting of the surface.

9. Assertion: Friction is a necessary evil

Reason: Though friction dissipates power, but without friction we cannot walk.

10. Assertion: There is a stage when frictional force is not needed at all to provide the necessary
centripetal force on a banked road.
Reason: On a banked road, due to its inclination the vehicle tends to remain inwards without any
chances of skidding.

11. Assertion : Linear momentum of a body changes even when it is moving uniformly in a circle.
Reason : In uniform circular motion, velocity remains constant.

12. Assertion : No external force is required to keep a body in uniform motion.

Reason :If the net external force is zero , a body at rest continues to remain at rest and the body in
motion continues to move with a uniform velocity.

13. Assertion: It is difficult to move a cycle along the road with brakes on.
Reason: Sliding friction is greater than rolling friction.

14. Assertion: The apparent weight of a body in an elevator moving with some downward
acceleration is less than the actual weight of the body.
Reason: The part of the weight of the body is spent in producing downward acceleration, when body
is in elevator.

15. Assertion: A horse has to pull the cart harder during first few steps of his motion.
Reason: The first few steps are always difficult.

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 16. Assertion :Use of ball-bearing between two moving parts of a machine is common practice.
Reason: Ball bearing reduces vibrations and provides good stability.

ANSWER KEY [ASSERTION-REASON SECTION]

1.a 2.c 3.d 4.d 5.b 6.a 7.d 8.a 9.a 10.c 11.c 12.a 13.a 14.a
15.c 16.c

III . CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1. Friction between any two surfaces in contact is the force that opposes the relative motion between them. The
force of limiting friction (F) between any two surfaces in contact is directly proportional to the normal reaction
(R) between them i .e . , F ∝ R or F= µs R, where µs is coefficient of limiting friction , then µs = tan θ
With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each of the following
questions:
1. A force of 49N is just able to move a block of wood weighing 10kg on a rough horizontal surface. The
coefficient of friction is
(a) 0.5 (b) 4.9 (c) 10/49 (d) 49/9.8

2. The angle of friction in the above question is

(a) 34026’ (b) 300 (c) 26034’ (d) 450

3. A horizontal force of 1.2kg is applied on a 1.5 kg block, which rests on a horizontal surface. If the coefficient
of friction is 0.3 , force of friction is
(a) 0.45 kg f (b) 1.2kg f (c) 1.5kg f (d) 0.3kg f

4. The acceleration produced in the block in the above question is

(a) 9.8m/s2 (b) 0.3m/s2 (c) 1.5m/s2 (d) 4.9m/s2

2. According to Newton’s second law of motion ,F = m .a ,where F is the force required to produce an
acceleration a in a body of mass m .If a= 0 then F = 0 , i. e , no external force is required to move a body
uniformly along a straight line .If a force F acts on a body for t seconds , the effect of the force is given by
impulse = F xΔt = change in linear momentum of the body .

1. A cricket ball of mass 150g is moving with a velocity of 12m/s and is hit by a bat so that the ball is turned
back with a velocity of 20m/s. If duration of contact between the ball and the bat is 0.01 sec. The impulse of the
force is
(a) 7.4Ns (b) 1.2Ns (c) 4.8Ns (d) 4.7Ns

2. Average force exerted by the bat is

(a) 480N (b) 120N (c) 1200N (d) 840N

3. The retardation of the ball is

(a) 1600m/s2 (b) 320 m/s2 (c) 3200m/s2 (d) 160 m/s2

4. An impulsive force of 100N acts on a body for 1s. What is the change in its linear momentum?
(a) 10Ns (b) 100Ns (c) 1000Ns (d) 1Ns

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3 .BANKING OF ROADS
The maximum permissible velocity with which a vehicle
can go round a level curved road without skidding depends
on µ, the coefficient of friction between the tyres and the
road. The value of µ decreases when road is smooth or
tyres of the vehicle are worn out or the road is wet and so
on. Thus force of friction is not a reliable source for
providing the required centripetal force to the vehicle. A
safer course of action would be to do the ‘banking’ of such roads.

1. The phenomenon of raising …………..of the curved road above the inner edge is called banking of
roads
(a) Inner edge (b)Centre (c)Outer edge (d)None of these

2. Normal reaction R of the banked road acts

(a) Along the surface of contact (b)Opposite to the weight w
(c) Perpendicular to the surface of contact (d)Any arbitrary direction

3. Centripetal force in case of a car moving on a banked circular road is provided by the following
components of various forces
(a) R sinθ, f cosθ (b)R cosθ, f sinθ (c)R, f (d)R, weight

4. The speed at which- a banked road can be rounded even when there is no friction
(a). (rg/ tan θ)1/2
(b) (rg tan θ)1/2 (c)Zero (d)Infinity

5. A circular race track of radius 300m is banked at an angle of 15degrees. If the co-efficient of friction
between wheels and the road is 0.2, what is the optimum speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear on
its tyres
(a) . 10√(30 tan15) m/s (b)10√(30 /tan15) m/s (c) 300m/s (d)15m/s

ANSWER-KEY[Case Study Based Questions]

I) 1.A 2.c 3.a 4.d
II) 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.b
III) 1.c 2.c 3.a 4.b 5.a

IV .TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Name the physical quantity which gives a measure of quantity of motion contained in a moving body.
Also draw the graph showing the variation of this physical quantity with velocity for an object with
constant mass.
2. Give two important applications of Newton’s second law.
3. What do you understand by impulse? Use it to explain why does a cricket player lower his hands while
catching a ball?
4. State and explain Newton’s third law. Identify the action-reaction pairs in case of firing of a gun.
5. Comment on -“Newton’s first law is contained in Second law”.
6. State the law of conservation of linear momentum and derive it by using Newton’s second law.
7. Derive an expression to show that the recoil velocity of gun is directly proportional to the velocity of the
bullet.
8. A balloon with mass M is descending down with an acceleration a, where a<g. What mass m of its
contents must be removed so that it starts moving up with acceleration a? [Ans: 2Ma/(g+a)]
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41
 9. What are concurrent forces? Write the condition under which the body will said to be in equilibrium.
10. Two masses M and m are connected at the two ends of an inextensible string. The string passes over a
frictionless pulley. Calculate the acceleration of the masses.
11. What is friction. A heavy box is kept (at rest) on a table. Will there be friction in the given case, if yes,
name the type of the friction involved here.
12. Explain why the static friction is called as self-adjusting force.
13. Using the knowledge of different types of friction, draw a plot to show the variation of force of friction
with the applied force.
14. A physical quantity X is obtained when limiting friction is numerically divided by the normal reaction.
Identify the quantity X and write its SI unit.
15. Define angle of Repose and hence deduce its relation with co-efficient of static friction.
16. The distance travelled by a moving body is directly proportional to time. Is any external force acting on
it?

V .THREE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. A vehicle is moving on a horizontal road with speed v. If the coefficient of friction between the tyres
and the road is μ, show that the shortest distance in which the vehicle can be stopped is v2/2μg.
2. Find the expression for the work done against friction when a body is made to slide up an inclined
plane.
3. By giving three advantages and disadvantages, show that the friction is a necessary evil.
4. Why is it easier to pull a roller than to push it? Explain.
5. Explain why (i) China wares are wrapped in straw papers before packing (ii) shockers are used in
vehicles.
6. Why does a cyclist lean inward when moving along a curved path. Determine the angle through which
the cyclist bends from the vertical to negotiate a curve.
7. A horse has to apply more force to start a cart than to keep it moving explain.

VI .THREE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by banking of roads? Explain the need for it. Obtain an expression for the maximum
speed with which a vehicle can safely negotiate a curved road banked at angle θ. The coefficient of
friction between road and wheels is μ.
2. (i) Find the expression for the recoil velocity of a gun.
(ii) A person of mass m is standing in a lift. Write expression for his apparent weight when the lift is
(a) moving upward with uniform acceleration ‘a’ (b) moving downward with uniform acceleration
‘a’ (a<g) and (c) falls freely.

VII . NUMERICALS

1. Forces of 5√2N and 6√2N are acting on a body of mass 1000kg at an angle 60degrees to each other.
Find the acceleration and distance covered of the mass after 10s.
[Ans: 0.01349m/s2; 0.6745m]
2. A body of mass m moves along X-axis such that its position coordinate at any instant t is x=at 4-bt3+ct;
where a,b,c are constants. What is the force acting on the particle at any time t.
3. A bullet of mass 100g moving with 20m/s strikes a wooden plank and penetrates upto 20cm. calculate
the resistance (reaction force) offered by the wooden plank. [Ans: 100N]
4. A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of bowler without changing its initial speed of12m/s.
If the mass of the ball is 0.15kg, determine the impulse imparted to the ball (assuming linear motion).
[Ans: -3.6Ns]
5. A ball moving with a momentum p strikes against a wall at an angle of 45degrees and is reflected at the
same angle. Calculate the change in momentum. [Ans: -2p cos45]
6. The velocity of a 2 kg object initially moving at (–2i+3j–5k) m/s changes to (i+3j+4k) m/s after
3 s. Calculate the magnitude of force acting on the body. [Ans:: 2√10N ]
7. A force of 49N is just sufficient to pull a block of wood weighing 10kg on a rough horizontal surface.
Calculate the coefficient of friction and angle of friction. [Ans: 0.5; 26degrees]
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42
 8. A block slides down an incline of 30degree with an acceleration equal to g/4. Find the coefficient of
kinetic friction. [Ans: 1/(2√3)]
9. Find the maximum speed at which a car can take turn round a curve of 30m radius on a level road, if the
coefficient of friction between tyres and road is 0.4. [Ans: 11m/s]
10. For traffic moving at 60kmph, what should be the correct angle of banking of the road if the radius of
the curve is 0.1km. [Ans: 15.5 degrees]
11. 6. An object of mass 3 kg is at rest. Now a force of F = 6t 2i + 4t j is applied on the object. Calculate the
velocity of object at t = 3s. [Ans: 18i+6j]
12. A body of mass M hits normally a rigid wall with velocity V and bounces back with the same velocity.
The impulse experienced by the body is……. [Ans: 2MV]
13. One end of string of length l is connected to a particle of mass m and the other end is connected to a
small peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the particle moves in circle with speed v, what will be the net
force on the particle (directed towards centre;T represents the tension in the string).
[Ans: T]
14. A person of mass 60 kg is inside a lift of mass 940 kg and presses the button on control panel. The lift
starts moving upwards with an acceleration 1.0 m/s2 . If g = 10 m s–2, calculate the tension in the
supporting cable. [Ans: 11000N]
15. A man weighs 80 kg. He stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving upwards with a uniform
acceleration of 5 m/s2 . What would be the reading on the scale ? (g = 10 m/s2)
[Ans: 1200N]
16. A mass of 1 kg is suspended by a thread. It is (i) lifted up with an acceleration 4.9 m/s 2 (ii) lowered with
an acceleration 4.9 m/s2. Find the ratio of the tensions. [Ans: 3:1]
17. A man standing on a weighing machine in a lift records his weight in the machine as under:
(i) w1 when the lift acceleration upwards at 5 m/s2
(ii) w2 when the lift acceleration downwards at 5 m/s2
(iii) w3 when the lift moves up at 5 m/s
(iv) w4 when the lift moves down at 5 m/s
Write the correct relation between their relative values [Ans: w1>( w3= w4)> w2]

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 WORK ENERGY AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force;

The work done by the force is defined to be the product of the component of the force in the direction of the
displacement and the magnitude of this displacement.

W = (F cosθ) d
= F. d

We see that if there is no displacement, there is no work done even if the force is large. Thus, when you push
hard against a rigid brick wall, the force you exert on the wall does no work.

Unit of Work
● SI unit of work is joule (J),
● CGS unit is erg.
● 1 J = 107 erg

No work is done if
● The displacement is zero. (A weightlifter holding a 150 kg mass steadily on his shoulder for 30 s does
no work on the load during this time).
● The force is zero. (A block moving on a smooth horizontal table is not acted upon by a horizontal force,
but may undergo a large displacement).
● The force and displacement are mutually perpendicular. [since, for θ = π/2 rad (= 90o), cos (π/2) = 0].

● Work done by a variable force is given by

W = ∫ F .ds
It is equal to the area under the force-displacement graph along with the proper sign.

Kinetic Energy

● kinetic energy K of an object of mass m is given as

● K = 1 / 2 mv2
● It is a scalar quantity.
● It is a measure of the work an object can do by the virtue of its motion.

Work- Energy theorem

● It states that work done by a force acting on a body is equal to the change produced in the kinetic energy
of the body.
● Kf − Ki =W
● This theorem is valid for a system in presence of all types of forces (external or internal, conservative or
non-conservative).
Power

● Power of a body is defined as the rate at which the body can do the work.
● Average power (Pav) = W/ t
● The instantaneous power is defined as the limiting value of the average power as time interval
approaches zero,
● P = dW dt
● The work dW done by a force F for a displacement dr is
● dW = F.dr
● The instantaneous power can also be expressed as
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44
 ● P = F. dr/dt
= F.v (where v is the instantaneous velocity when the force is F).
● Dimension: [P] = [ML2T-3]
● Units: watt or joule/sec [S.I.]
● Practical Units: Kilowatt (kW), Megawatt (MW) and Horsepower (hp)
● Relations between different units: 1 watt = 1 joule/sec
= 107 erg/sec
1hp = 746 watt

Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring

● The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or condition is known as its potential energy.
● There are two common forms of potential energy: gravitational and elastic.
● Gravitational potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position
above the surface of the earth.
● It is given by
● (U)P.E. = mgh
● where m —> mass of a body
● g —> acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth.
● h —> height through which the body is raised.
● When an elastic body is displaced from its equilibrium position, work is needed to be done against the
restoring elastic force. The work done is stored up in the body in the form of its elastic potential energy.
● If an elastic spring is stretched (or compressed) by a distance x from its equilibrium position, then its
elastic potential energy is given by
● U= 1/2 kx2
● where, k —> force constant of given spring
Conservative Forces:
● The force is called conservative if work done by the force is dependent only on the initial and final
position of the body, not on the path followed by the body.
● The work done by the conservative force in the close path is zero.
● For example, Gravitational Force, Electrostatic Force

Non-conservative forces:
● The force is called non-conservative force if work done by the force is dependent on the path followed
by the body.
● The work done by the non-conservative force in a closed path is not zero.
● For example, Frictional Force
Collisions:
● Collision between two or more particles is the interaction for a short interval of time in which they apply
relatively strong forces on each other.
● In a collision physical contact of two bodies is not necessary.
● There are two types of collisions:
Elastic collision - The collisions in which both the momentum and the kinetic energy of the system
remains conserved are called elastic collisions. In an elastic collision all the involved forces are conservative
forces. Total energy remains conserved.
Inelastic collision
Collisions in which only the momentum remains conserved but kinetic energy does not remain conserved are
called inelastic collisions.
In an inelastic collision some or all the involved forces are non-conservative forces. Total energy of the system
remains conserved.

● If the colliding molecules displace along the same straight-line path both before and after the collision,
the collision is said to be one dimensional.
● In a one-dimensional elastic collision, the relative velocity of approach before collision is equal to the
relative velocity of separation after collision.
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45
 ● If two objects of mass m1 and m2 displacing with velocities u 1 and u2 resp. collide head on such that v1
and v2 be their respective velocities after collision, then,

I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The rate of doing work is called ——————-.

a) Force
b) Acceleration
c) Power
d) Displacement
2. Which is the type of collision in which both the linear momentum and the kinetic energy of the system
remain conserved?
a) Inelastic Collision
b) Elastic Collision
c) Destructive collision
d) None of the options
3. Find the potential energy stored in a ball of mass 5 kg placed at a height of 3 m above the ground.
a) 121 J
b) 147 J
c) 227 J
d) 182 J
4. What is the power utilised when work of 1000 J is done in 2 seconds?
a) 100 W
b) 200 W
c) 20 W
d) 500 W
5. An electric heater of rating 1000 W is used for 5 hrs per day for 20 days. What is the electrical energy
utilized?
a) 100 kWh
b) 200 kWh
c) 120 kWh
d) 500 kWh
6. A ball moves in a frictionless inclined table without slipping. The work done by the table surface on the ball
is
a) Negative
b) Zero
c) Positive
d) None of the options
7. No work is done if
a) displacement is zero
b) force is zero
c) force and displacement are mutually perpendicular
d) All of these
8. When the force retards the motion of body, the work done is
a) zero
b) negative
c) positive
d) Positive or negative depending upon the magnitude of force and displacement

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46
9. Work is always done on a body when
a) a force act on it
b) it moves through a certain distance
c) it experiences an increase in energy through a mechanical influence
d) None of these
10. According to work-energy theorem, the work done by the net force on a particle is equal to the change in its
a) kinetic energy
b) potential energy
c) linear momentum
d) angular momentum
11. If a light body and heavy body have same kinetic energy, then which one has greater linear momentum?
a) Lighter body
b) Heavier body
c) Both have same momentum
d) Can’t be predicted
12. A light and a heavy body have equal momentum. Which one has greater K.E.?
a) The lighter body
b) The heavier body
c) Both have equal K.E.
d) Data given is incomplete
13. A bullet is fired and gets embedded in a block kept on a table. If table is frictionless, then
a) kinetic energy gets conserved
b) potential energy gets conserved
c) momentum gets conserved
d) both (a) and (c)
14. Unit of energy is
a) kwh
b) joule
c) electron volt
d) All of these
15. Which of the following is not a conservative force?
a) Gravitational force
b) Frictional force
c) Spring force
d) None of these
16. The speed of an object of mass m dropped from an inclined plane (frictionless), at the bottom of the plane,
depends on:
a) height of the plane above the ground
b) angle of inclination of the plane
c) mass of the object
d) All of these
17. A particle is taken round a circle by application of force. The work done by the force is
a) positive non–zero
b) negative non–zero
c) Zero
d) None of the above
18.Four particles given, have the same momentum. Which has maximum kinetic energy
a) Proton
b) Electron
c) Deuteron
d) Alpha-particles
19. If two particles are brought near one another, the potential energy of the system will
a) increase b)decrease
c ) remains the same d) equal to the K.E

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20. When two spheres of equal masses undergo perfect inelastic collision with one of them at rest, after
collision they will move
a) opposite to one another
b) in the same direction
c) together
d) at right angle to each other
21. In an inelastic collision
a) momentum is not conserved
b) momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved
c) both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
d) neither momentum nor kinetic energy is conserved
22. The potential energy of a system increases if work is done
a) upon the system by a non-conservative force
b) by the system against a conservative force
c) by the system against a non-conservative force
d) upon the system by a conservative force
23. In an elastic collision, what is conserved?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Momentum
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Neither (a) nor (b)
24. A vehicle is moving on a rough road in a straight line with uniform velocity. Then
a) no force is acting on the vehicle
b) a force must act on the vehicle
c) an acceleration is being produced in the vehicle
d) no work is being done on the vehicle

25. A body projected vertically from the earth reaches a height equal to earth's radius before returning to the
earth. The power exerted by the gravitational force is greatest
a) at the instant just before the body hits the earth
b) at the highest position of the body
c) it remains constant all through
d) at the instant just after the body is projected.

II. ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason(R).

Mark the correct choice as:
A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
C) If the assertion is true but the reason is false.
D) If the assertion and reason both are false.
E) If the assertion is false but the reason is true.

1) Assertion: When a body moves along a circular path, no work is done by the centripetal force.
Reason: The centripetal force is used in moving the body along the circular path and hence no work
is done.

2) Assertion: When the force retards the motion of a body, the work done is zero.
Reason: Work done depends on angle between force and displacement.

3) Assertion: The work done in bringing a body down from the top to the base along a frictionless incline
plane is the same as the work done in bringing it down the vertical side.
Reason: The gravitational force on the body along the inclined plane is the same as that along the
vertical side.
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 4) Assertion: If momentum of a body increases by 50% its kinetic energy will increase by 125%.
Reason: Kinetic energy is proportional to square of velocity.

III. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1.Potential Energy of Spring

There are many types of spring. Important among these are helical and spiral springs.
Usually, we assume that the springs are massless. Therefore, work done is stored in the spring in the form of
elastic potential energy of the spring. Thus, potential energy of a spring is the energy associated with the state
of compression or expansion of an elastic spring.

(i) The ratio of spring constants of two springs is 2: 3. What is the ratio of their potential energy, if they are
stretched by the same force?
(a) 2: 3 (b) 3: 2 (c) 4: 9 (d) 9: 4

(ii) The potential energy of a body is increases in which of the following cases?
(a) If work is done by conservative force
(b) If work is done against conservative force
(c) If work is done by non-conservative force
(d) If work is done against non- conservative force

(iii) The potential energy, i.e., U (x) can be assumed zero when
(a) x =0 (b) gravitational force is constant
(c) infinite distance from the gravitational source (d) All of the above

(iv) The potential energy of a spring when stretched through a distance x is 10 J. What is the amount of work
done on the same spring to stretch it through an additional distance x?
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J (c) 30 J (d) 40 J

(v) The potential energy of a spring increases by 15 J when stretched by 3 cm. If it is stretched by 4 cm, the
increase in potential energy is
(a) 27 J (b) 30 J (c) 33 J (d) 36 J

2. Potential energy is the energy stored within an object, due to the object’s position, arrangement or state.
Potential energy is one of the two main forms of energy, along with kinetic energy. Potential energy depends on
the force acting on the two objects.

(i) A body is falling freely under the action of gravity alone in vacuum. Which of the following quantities
remain constant during the fall?
(a) kinetic energy (b) potential energy (c) mechanical energy (d) none of these

(ii) When does the potential energy of a spring increase?

(a) only when spring is stretched (b) only when spring is compressed
(c) both a and b (d) none of these

(iii) What is the dimension of k/m where k is the force constant and m is the mass of the oscillating object?
(a) [T2] (b) [T-2] (c) [T1] (d) [T-1]

(iv) A vehicle of mass 5000kg climbs up a hill of 10 m. The potential energy gained by it
(a) 5 J (b) 500 J (c) 5 × 104 J (d) 5 × 105 J
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49
3 .Collision is an isolated event in which a strong force acts between two or more bodies for a short time as a
result of which the energy and momentum of the interacting particle change.
In collision particles may or may not come in real touch e.g. in collision between two billiard balls or a ball and
bat, there is physical contact while in collision of alpha particle by a nucleus (i.e. Rutherford scattering
experiment) there is no physical contact.

(A) Momentum conservation: In a collision, the effect of external forces such as gravity or friction are not taken
into account as due to small duration of collision (At) average impulsive force responsible for collision is much
larger than external force acting on the system and since this impulsive force is 'Internal' therefore the total
momentum of system always remains conserved.

(B) Energy conservation: In a collision 'total energy' is also always conserved. Here total energy includes all
forms of energy such as mechanical energy, internal energy, excitation energy, radiant energy or even mass
energy.
These laws are the fundamental laws of physics and applicable for any type of collision but this is not true
for conservation of kinetic energy. An elastic collision is a collision in which there is no net loss in kinetic
energy in the system as a result of the collision. Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved quantities
in elastic collisions.

(i) In which motion, momentum changes but K.E does not?

(a) circular motion (b) parabolic motion (c) straight line motion (d) none of these

(ii) Two balls at the same temperature collide. What is conserved?

(a) momentum (b)velocity (c) kinetic energy (d) none of these

(iii) Momentum of two objects moving with the same speed but in opposite direction upon collision is
(a) increased (b) decreased (c) zero (d) none of these

(iv) In elastic collision, the relative speed of approach and separation is:
(a) equal (b) unequal (c) zero (d) infinite

IV. TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1) What are conservative forces?
2) Give the conditions for a collision to be elastic and inelastic.
3) How much work is done by a coolie walking on a horizontal platform with a load on his head? Explain.
4) Comets move around the sun in highly elliptical orbits. The gravitational force on the comet due to the
sun is not normal to the comet's velocity in general. Yet the work done by the gravitational force over
every complete orbit of the comet is zero. Why?
5) An artificial satellite orbiting the earth in a very thin atmosphere loses its energy gradually due to
dissipation against atmospheric resistance, however small. Why then does its speed increase
progressively as it comes closer and closer to the earth?
6) In Fig.(i), the man walks 2 m carrying a mass of 15 kg on his hands. In Fig. (ii), he walks the same
distance pulling the rope behind him. The rope goes over a pulley, and a mass of 15 kg hangs at its other
end. In which case is the work done greater?

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50
 7) Write the differences between conservative and non-conservative forces. Give two examples each.

V . THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1) State and prove work energy theorem.

2) Explain with graphs the difference between work done by a constant force and by a variable force.
3) What is inelastic collision? In which way it is different from elastic collision.
4) What is an elastic collision? Show that in case of elastic collision in one dimension of two bodies, the
relative velocities of the bodies after collision are equal to the relative velocities of the two bodies
before the collision.

VI . FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1) How does a perfectly inelastic collision differ from a perfectly elastic collision? Two particles of mass
m1 and m2 having velocities U1 and U2 respectively make a head on collision. Derive the relation for
their final velocities. Discuss the following special cases.
(i) m1 = m2
(ii) m1 >> m2 and U2 = 0
(iii) m1 << m2 and U1 = 0

2) A block of mass 1 kg is pushed up a surface inclined to horizontal at an angle of 30∘ by a force of 10 N

parallel to the inclined surface. The coefficient of friction between block and the incline is 0.1. If the
block is pushed up by 10m along the incline, calculate
(i) work done against gravity.
(ii) work done against force of friction.
(iii) increase in potential energy.
(iv) increase in kinetic energy
(v) work done by applied force.

3) Define spring constant, Write the characteristics of the force during the elongation of a spring. Derive
the relation for the PE stored when it is elongated by X. Draw the graphs to show the variation of P.E.
and force with elongation.

VII . NUMERICALS

1) Calculate the work done by a car against gravity in moving along a straight horizontal road. The mass of
the car is 400 kg and the distance moved is 2m.
2) Calculate the power of a crane in watts, which lifts a mass of 100 kg to a height of 10 m in 20 seconds.
3) A 10 kg ball and 20 kg ball approach each other with velocities 20 m/s and 10 m/s respectively. What
are their velocities after collision if the collision is perfectly elastic?
4) An object of mass 0.4kg moving with a velocity of 4m/s collides with another object of mass 0.6kg
moving in the same direction with a velocity of 2m/s. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, what is the
loss of K.E. due to impact?

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51
 5) A trolley of mass 200 kg moves with a uniform speed of 36 km/h on a frictionless track. A child of mass
20 kg runs on the trolley from one end to the other (10 m away) with a speed of 4 m/s relative to the
trolley in a direction opposite to its motion, and jumps out of the trolley. What is the final speed of the
trolley? How much has the trolley moved from the time the child begins to run?
6) A pump on the ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30 m3 in 15 min.
If the tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is
consumed by the pump?
7) The bob of a pendulum is released from a horizontal position. If the length of the pendulum is 1.5 m,
what is the speed with which the bob arrives at the lowermost point, given that it dissipated 5% of its
initial energy against air resistance?
8) A body moving along the Z – axis of a co – ordinate system is subjected to a constant force F given by
F = -i + 2j + 3k N.
where i,j,k are unit vectors along the x, y and z – axis of the system respectively. What is the work
done by this force in moving the body a distance of 4m along the Z – axis?

ANSWER KEY
MCQ
1) (c) Power
2) (b) Elastic Collision
3) (b) 147 J
4) (d) 500 W
5) (a) 100 kWh
6) (b) Zero
7) (d) All of these
8) (b) negative
9) (c) it experiences an increase in energy through a mechanical influence
10) (a) kinetic energy
11) (b)Heavier body
12) (a) The lighter body
13) (a) kinetic energy gets conserved
14) (d) All of these
15) (b) Frictional force
16) (a)height of the plane above the ground
17) (c) Zero
18) (b) Electron
19) (a) increase
20) (c) together
21) (b) momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved
22) (b) by the system against a conservative force
23) (c)Both (a) and (b)
24) (b) a force must act on the vehicle
25) (a) at the instant just before the body hits the earth

Assertion reason questions

1) C) the assertion is true but the reason is false.

2) A) both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
3) C) the assertion is true but the reason is false.
4) A) both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Case study
1) b, b, d, c, a
2) c, c, b, d
3) a, a, c, a

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Numericals
1) WD = Fs cos θ
WD = Fs cos 90o = 0
Hence, the work done by the car against the gravity is zero.

2) m=100 kg; g =10 m/s2; h=10 m; t= 20 s

W=mgh
=100×10×10
=10000 J
P= W/t
= 10000/20
= 500 W

3)

4)

5) Here, Volume of water =30 m3

t=15 min=15×60 s=900 s; Height h=40 m
Efficiency, η=30%
Density of water =103kg m−3
∴ Mass of water pumped =Volume×Density
=(30 m3)(103 kgm−3)=3×104kg
P output=W/t
=mgh/t
= (3×104kg) (10 ms−2)(40 m)/ 900 s
=4/3×104W
Efficiency, η=Pinput /Poutput
Pinput = η Poutput
=44.4×103W
=44.4 kW.
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 6)

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 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONALMOTION

Centre of Mass

Centre of mass of a system is the point that behaves as whole mass of the system is
concentrated at it and all external forces are acting on it.

For rigid bodies, centre of mass is independent of the state of the body i.e., whether it is in rest or in
accelerated motion centre of mass will remain same.

Centre of Mass of System of n Particles If a system consists of n particles of masses m1, m2, m3 ,…
mn having position vectors rl, r2, r3,… rn. then position vector of centre of mass of
Centre of Mass of Two Particle System

Choosing O as origin of the coordinate axis.

(ii) Position of centre of mass from m2 = (m1d) / m1 + m2

iii) If position vectors of particles of masses m 1 and m2 are r1 and r2respectively, then

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 (iv) If in a two particle system, particles of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities v1 and
v2respectively, then velocity the centre of mass

(v) If accelerations of the particles are a1, and a1respectively, then acceleration of the centre of mass

(vi) Centre of mass of an isolated system has a constant velocity.

(vii) It means isolated system will remain at rest if it is initially rest or will move with a same velocity if
it is in motion initially.
(viii) The position of centre of mass depends upon the shape, size and distribution of the mass of the
body.
(ix) The centre of mass of an object need not to lie with in the object.
(x) In symmetrical bodies having homogeneous distribution mass the centre of mass coincides with the
geometrical centre the body.
(xi) The position of centre of mass of an object changes translatory motion but remains unchanged in
rotatory motion, Translational Motion
A rigid body performs a pure translational motion, if each particle the body undergoes the same displacement
in the same direction in given interval of time.

Rotational Motion

A rigid body performs a pure rotational motion, if each particle of the body moves in a circle, and the centre of
all the circles lie on a straight line called the axes of rotation.

Rigid Body

If the relative distance between the particles of a system do not changes on applying force, then it called a
rigid body. General motion of a rigid body consists of both the translational motion and the rotational motion.

Moment of Inertia
The inertia of rotational motion is called moment of inertia. It is denoted by L.

Moment of inertia is the property of an object by virtue of which it opposes any change in its state of
rotation about an axis.

The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is equal to the sum of the products of the masses of its
constituent particles and the square of their respective distances from the axis of rotation.

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 Its unit is kg.m2 and its dimensional formula is [ML2]. The

moment of inertia of a body depends upon

 position of the axis of rotation

 orientation of the axis of rotation
 shape and size of the body
 distribution of mass of the body about the axis of rotation.

The physical significance of the moment of inertia is same in rotational motion as the mass in linear
motion.

Radius of Gyration

The root mean square distance of its constituent particles from the axis of rotation is called the radius of
gyration of a body.

It is denoted by K.

The product of the mass of the body (M) and square of its radius gyration (K) gives the same moment of inertia
of the body about rotational axis.

Therefore, moment of inertia I = MK2 ⇒ K = √1/M

Moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects

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 Equations of Rotational Motion

(i) ω = ω0 + αt
(ii) θ = ω0t + 1/2 αt2
(iii) ω2 = ω 20+ 2αθ
where θ is displacement in rotational motion, ω0 is initial velocity, omega; is final velocity and a is
acceleration.
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 Torque

Torque or moment of a force about the axis of rotation τ = r x F

= rF sinθ n

It is a vector quantity.
If the nature of the force is to rotate the object clockwise, then torque is called negative and if rotate the
object anticlockwise, then it is called positive.

Its SI unit is ‘newton-metre’ and its dimension is [ML2T-2].

In rotational motion, torque, τ = Iα

where a is angular acceleration and 1is moment of inertia.

Angular Momentum
The moment of linear momentum is called angular momentum.
It is denoted by L.
Angular momentum, L = I ω = mvr
In vector form, L = I ω = r x mv
Its unit is ‘joule-second’ and its dimensional formula is [ML2T-1]. Torque, τ

= dL/dt

Conservation of Angular Momentum

If the external torque acting on a system is zero, then its angular momentum remains conserved.
If τext 0, then L = I(ω) = constant ⇒ I1ω1== I2ω2

Angular Impulse

Total effect of a torque applied on a rotating body in a given time is called angular impulse. Angular
impulse is equal to total change in angular momentum of the system in given time. Thus, angular
impulse

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I.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.Three identical balls each of radius 10cm and mass 1kg each are placed touching each other on a horizontal
surface. Where is their C.M. located?
(a) At the centre of one ball. (b) On the horizontal surface.
(c) At the point of contact of any two spheres. (d) None of these.

2.A body rolls without slipping. The radius of gyration of the body about an axis passing through its centre of
mass is K. If radius of the body be R, then what is the ratio of its rotational K.E. to transitional K.E.?
(a) K2 / R2 (b) K2/ (K2 + R²) (c) R2/(K2 + R²) (d) K² + R2

3.A body is under the action of two equal and oppositely directed forces and the body is rotating with constant
acceleration. Which of the following cannot be the separation between the lines of action of the forces?
(a) zero (b) 0.25m (c) 0.4m (d) 1.0m

4.A body of mass M slides down an inclined plane and reaches the bottom with velocity v. If a ring of same
mass rolls down the same inclined plane, what will be its velocity on reaching the bottom?
(a) v2 (b) v/√2 (c) v (d) √2v

5.A ring of radius R slides down an inclined plane and reaches the bottom with speed v. If the radius of the ring
is doubled keeping its M.I. constant, the speed at the bottom of the inclined plane will be
(a) v (b) 2v (c) √2v (d) v/√2

6.A uniform rod of length l is rotating horizontally with uniform angular speed co about a vertical axis passing
through its one end. The force exerted on the rod is
(a) mlω² (b) ml²ω² (c) 12 ml²ω² (d) 12 mlω

7. The pendulum consists of a sphere of mass m suspended with a flexible wire of length l. If the breaking
strength of the wire is 2mg, then the angular displacement that can be given to the pendulum is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°

8.A string of length l fixed at one end carries a mass M at the other end. The string makes 2π revolutions per
second around a vertical axis through the fixed end. The tension in the string is
(a) Ml (b) 2Ml (d) 4Ml (d) 16Ml

9.A wheel has radius 10cm and is coupled by a belt to another wheel of radius 30cm. The smaller wheel
increases its speed from rest at a uniform rate of π rads-2. The speed of larger wheel become 100 rpm after
(a) 2s (b) 5s (c) 20s (d) 10s
10.Three thin iron rods each of mass M and length l are welded so as to form an equilateral triangle. The M.I.
about the axis passing through the C.M. and perpendicular to its plane is
(a) Ml² (b) Ml2/3 (c) Ml2/2 (d) Ml2/4
11.If the rods in Q.10 are joined to form letter H, thenM.I. of the system about one of sides of H will be
(a) Ml2/3 (b) Ml2/4 (c) 2Ml2/3 (d) 4/3 Ml²
12.In Q. 11, M.I. about side joining the outer sides will be
(a) Ml2/6 (b) Ml2/4 (c) Ml2/3 (d) Ml2/12

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II. ASSERTION - REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions : Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also
has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a),
(b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

1. Assertion : The centre of mass of a body may lie where there is no mass.
Reason : Centre of mass of body is a point, where the whole mass of the body is supposed to be concentrated.

2. Assertion : The earth is slowing down and as a result the moon is coming nearer to it.
Reason : The angular momentum of the earth moon system is conserved

3. Assertion : When you lean behind over the hind legs of the chair, the chair falls back after a certain angle.
Reason : Centre of mass lying outside the system makes the system unstable.

4. Assertion : The centre of mass of system of n particles is the weighted average of the position vector of the n
particles making up the system.
Reason : The position of the centre of mass of a system in independent of coordinate system.

5. Assertion: Centre of mass of a ring lies at its geometric centre though there is no mass.
Reason: Centre of mass is independent of mass.
6. Assertion : The centre of mass of an isolated system has a constant velocity.
Reason : If centre of mass of an isolated system is already at rest, it remains at rest.
7. Assertion : The position of centre of mass of body depend upon shape and size of the body.
Reason : Centre of mass of a body lies always at the centre of the body
8. Assertion : If no external force acts on a system of particles, then the centre of mass will not move in any
direction.
Reason : If net external force is zero, then the linear momentum of the system remains constant
9. Assertion : A particle is moving on a straight line with a uniform velocity, its angular momentum is always
zero.
Reason : The momentum is not zero when particle moves with a uniform velocity.
10. Assertion : The centre of mass of a two particle system lies on the line joining the two particle, being closer
to the heavier particle.
Reason : Product of mass of particle and its distance from centre of mass is numerically equal to product of
mass of other particle and its distance from centre of mass.

V. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1. The cross product of two vectors is given by Vector C = A × B. The magnitude of the vector defined from
cross product of two vectors is equal to product of magnitudes of the vectors and sine of angle between the
vectors. Direction of the vectors is given by right hand corkscrew rule and is perpendicular to the plane
containing the vectors.
∴ |vector C| = ABsinθ and Vector C = ABsinθ n
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Where, cap n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors A and B. Following are
properties of vector product

a) Cross product does not obey commutative law. But its magnitude obeys commutative low.
b) It obeys distributive law
c) The magnitude cross product of two vectors which are parallel is zero. Since θ = 0;
vector |A x B| = AB sin 0° = 0
d) For perpendicular vectors, θ = 90°, vector |A x B| = AB sin 90° |cap n| = AB
îxî=ĵxĵ=ƙxƙ=0
î x ĵ = ƙ; ĵ x ƙ = î; ƙ x î = ĵ
ĵ x î = – (î x ĵ) = – ƙ ; ƙ x ĵ = – (ĵ x ƙ) = – î ; î x ƙ = – (ƙ x î) = – ĵ
e) The expression for a × b can be put in a determinant form which is easy to remember

Answer the following questions from above case study.

1) If θ is angle between two vectors then resultant vector is maximum when θ is

(a) 0 b) 90 c) 180 d) None of these

2) Cross product is operation performed between

a) Two scalar numbers b) One scalar other vector c) 2 vectors d) None of these

3) Define cross product of two vectors

4) State right hand screw rule for finding out direction of resultant after cross product of two vectors.

5) Give properties of cross product of parallel vector.

Answer key-1 1) a 2) c

VI. TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1.What will be the effect on the day-length if the polar ice caps of the planet melt?
2.Suppose you have been given two spheres of the same mass and radius, one is solid and the other is hollow.
Which of them has a larger moment of inertia about its diameter?
3.What is a rigid body?
4.Distinguish between internal and external forces.
5.What is the advantages of concept of centre of mass?
6.Why are spokes fitted in the cycle wheel?
7.Why cannot a single force balance the torque?
8.What is the physical significance of M.I?
9.Is the centre of mass is reality?
10.Why should we prefer to use a wrench of longer aim?

VII. THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Using the expression of power and K.E. of rotational motion, derive the relation τ = lɑ.
2. Define Torque .What is its physical significance?
3. Derive the expression for radius of gyration?
4. What is the difference between centre of gravity and C.M?

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VIII. NUMERICALS

1. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the
angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30 N? What is the linear acceleration of
the rope? Assume that there is no slipping.
Answer: Here, M = 3 kg, R = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder about its axis.
I = MR2 = 3(0.4)2 = 0.48 kg

2.To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of 200 rad s-1, an engine needs to transmit a torque of 180
Nm. What is the power required by the engine?
Note: Uniform angular velocity in the absence of friction implies zero torque. In practice, applied torque is
needed to counter fricitional torque). Assume that the engine is 100 efficient.
Answer: Here, a = 200 rad s-1; Torque, τ= 180 N-m
Since,Power, P = Torque (τ) x angular speed (w)
= 180 x 200 = 36000 watt = 36 KW.
ANSWERS - MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Qn.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Answer B A A B A D C D D C D A

ANSWERS - ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

Qn.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer A D C B B B C A D A

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 GRAVITATION

Gist of Lesson

 Gravitation and gravity

 Properties of gravitational force
 Newton’s law of gravitation
 Acceleration due to gravity
 Variation of acceleration due to gravity with altitude, depth and latitude
 Inertial and gravitational mass
 Gravitational field and gravitational field intensity
 Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential
 Kepler’s laws of Planetary motion.
 Escape and Orbital Velocity
 Time period, height and energy of a satellite
 Formula and Flow chart

Gravitation is the acting force between two bodies. On the other hand, gravity is the force occurring between an
object and the very big object earth.
Gravitation represents that this force is directly proportional to the product of the masses of both objects. And,
also it is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Usually, gravity is being considered as the natural property of earth, due to which the objects are attracted
towards earth

Properties of Gravitational Force

1: The gravitational force is a long-range force, which exists between two particles, regardless of the medium
that separates them.
2: The gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of the mass of the two bodies. This means a
larger mass will yield a larger force.
3: The force obeys the inverse square law. The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
4: On the surface of the earth, the gravitational force produces a constant acceleration, g = 9.8 m/s2.
5: Gravitational force always acts as a force of attraction. It tries to pull masses together, it never pushes them
apart.
6: It is independent of the intervening medium.
7: Gravitational force is the weakest of the four fundamental forces.
8: It acts along the line joining the centre of the two objects. Therefore, it is called the central force.
9: Gravitational force is directly proportional to the weight.
10: Gravitational force acts even when the objects are not in touch.

Newton’s law of gravitation:

Every particle of matter in this universe attracts every other particle with a force which varies
directly as the product of masses of two particles and inversely as the square of the distance between
them.

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 F= GMm/R 2
-11
Here, G is universal gravitational constant. G = 6.67 ´10 Nm 2 / kg2

Dimensional formula of G: G = Fr 2 /Mm =[MLT -2 ] [L2 ]/[M 2 ] = [M -1 L3 T -2 ]

Weight: Gravitational force with which a body is attracted towards the centre of the earth.

Acceleration due to gravity (g): Acceleration produced in a body due to gravitational pull of the
earth. g = GM/R 2
Variation of g with altitude:

g' = g(1- 2h/R), if h<<R. Here R is the radius of earth and h is the height of the body above the
surface of earth. The value of acceleration due to gravity decreases with the increase in height.

Variation of g with depth:

g' = g(1- d/R). Here g' be the value of acceleration due to gravity at the depth d. The value of
acceleration due to gravity decreases with the increase in depth.
Variation with latitude:

65
 At poles:-  = 90 ° , g' = g
At equator:-  = 0 ° , g' = g (1-ω2 R/g)
Here ω is the angular velocity.

As g = GM e /R e2 , therefore gpole > gequator

g = g-R

Mass is defined as the amount of matter contained in a body. mass of a body can be found by two different
methods. Those are
Inertial mass: The property of a body to measure its resistance to acceleration is called its inertial mass.
Gravitational mass: The property of a body responsible for the gravitational force it exerts on another body
is called gravitational mass.
Gravitational Mass: - m = FR 2 /GM
Gravitational field: Around a body within which its gravitational force of attraction can be
experienced.
Gravitational field intensity: Force experienced by a unit mass of an object placed at that point
E = F/m
= GM/r 2
Gravitational intensity on the surface of earth (E s ):
E s = 4/3 (πRρG)
Here R is the radius of earth, ρ is the density of e arth and G is the gravitational constant.

Gravitational potential energy (U): Amount of work done in bringing a body from infinity to a
given point in the gravitational field of the other.

U = -GMm/r
(a) Two particles: U = -Gm 1 m 2 /r
(b) Three particles: U = -Gm 1 m 2 /r 12 – Gm 1 m 3 /r 13 – Gm 2 m 3 /r 23

Gravitational potential (V): Amount of work done in bringing a body of unit mass from infinity to
that point.
V(r) = -GM/r
At surface of earth,
Vs = -GM/R
Here R is the radius of earth.

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion:

Kepler’s first law (law of elliptical orbit): A planet moves round the sun in an elliptical orbit with
sun situated at one of its foci.
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Kepler’s second law (law of areal velocities): A planet moves round the sun in such a way that its
areal velocity is constant.
Kepler’s third law (law of time period): A planet moves round the sun in such a way that the
square of its period is proportional to the cube of semi major axis of its elliptical orbit.
 T2 ∝ R3

 Here R is the radius of orbit.

 T 2 = (4π 2 /GM) R 3

Escape velocity (v e ): Escape velocity is, in astronomy and space exploration, the velocity needed for a
body to escape from a gravitational centre of attraction without undergoing any further acceleration.

It is defined as the least velocity with which a body must be projected vertically upward in order
that it may just escape the gravitational pull of earth.

ve =
or, v e = =
Here R is the radius of earth and D is the diameter of the earth.

Escape velocity (v e) in terms of earth’s density:- v e = R

Orbital velocity (v 0 ):

v0 =
If a satellite of mass m revolves in a circular orbit around the earth of radius R and h be the
height of the satellite above the surface of the earth, then,
r = R+h

So, v0 = =R
In the case of satellite, orbiting very close to the surface of earth, then orbital velocity will be,
v0 =

Relation between escape velocity v e and orbital velocity v 0 :- v0 = v e / (if h<<R)

Time period of Satellite: Time period of a satellite is the time taken by the satellite to complete one
revolution around the earth.
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 T = 2π =
If h<<R, T = 2π

Height of satellite: h = [gR 2 T 2 /4π 2 ] 1/3 – R

Energy of satellite:
Kinetic energy, K = ½ mv0 2 = ½ (GMm/r)
Potential energy, U = - GMm/r
Total energy, E = K+U
= ½ (GMm/r) + (- GMm/r)
= -½ (GMm/r)

Gravitational force in terms of potential energy:- F = – (dU/dR)

Acceleration on moon:
gm = GM m /R m 2 = 1/6 g earth
Here M m is the mass of moon and R m is the radius of moon.

FORMULA AND FLOW CHART

68
69
I .MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.What is the name of attractive force which act between any two bodies in our universe?
A: Gravitational force. B: Coulomb attractive force C: Nuclear force D: Magnetic force

2.What is the value of Universal Gravitational Constant (G) in C.G.S unit?

A: 6.67 * 10-6 cgs unit. B: 6.67 * 10-7 cgs unit. C: 6.67 * 10-8 cgs unit D: 6.67 * 10-10 cgs unit

3.What is the unit of Universal Gravitational Constant in SI unit?

A: N-m-Kg B: N/m-Kg. C: N-m/Kg2. D: N/m2-Kg

4.What is the value of gravitational acceleration on Earth?

A: 9.8 m-s2. B: 9.8 m/s2. C: 8.9 m-s2. D: 8.9 m/s2

5.The value of gravitational acceleration is –

A: increases as height increase form the earth. B: decreases as height increase from the earth.
C: remains constant. D: None of the above

6.Where the value of gravitational acceleration is less due to the diurnal motion of earth?
A: At Polar region. B: At equator.C: Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn D: None of this

7.In which region of earth the weight of a body is slightly greater?

A: At Polar region B: At equator. C: Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn D: None of this

8.If speed of rotation of earth increases then what would be the value of weight of a body?
A: Weight of a body will increases. B: Weight of a body will decreases
C: Weight of a body remain constant. D: Cannot be answered

9.What is the approximate mass of Sun?

A: 2 * 1034 kg. B: 2 * 1032 kg. C: 2 * 1030 kg. D: 2 * 1028 kg

10.What is the approximate mass of earth?

A: 3 * 1024 kg. B: 4* 1024 kg. C: 5* 1024 kg. D: 6 * 1024 kg

11.What is escape velocity?

A: Velocity of moon. B: Velocity of earth
C: Velocity of a body that allow it to go outside the earth D: Tangential velocity of equator.

12.What is the value of escape velocity of earth?

A: 9.8 km/sec. B: 10 km/sec C: 11.2 km/sec. D: 12 km/sec

13.Does time period of artificial satellite depend on its mass?

A: Yes. B: No

14.What would be the height of an artificial satellite so that it can be observed at same position with respect
to earth?
A: 36000 km above the earth surface. B: 40000 km above the earth surface
C: 26000 km above the earth surface. D: 63000 km above the earth surface

15.How much time a polar satellite take to complete one revolution around earth?
A: 1 hour 30 min. B: 2 hours. C: 2 hour 20 min D: 3 hour

16.What is the weight of a body inside an artificial satellite of earth?

A: It depends on the mass of the body. B: It depends on the velocity of satellite
C: Product of its mass and gravitational acceleration D: Zero
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17.Does the gravitational force same for two objects inside and outside the water?
A: Yes. B: No

18.What is the weight of a body of mass 1 kg?

A: 1 kg. B: 9.8 kg. C: 9.8 Kg-m/Sec2. D: 9.8 N

19.Weight of free fall object is

A: mass of the object × gravitational acceleration. B: Zero
C: greater than rest object. D: less than rest object

20.Does escape velocity of a body depend on its mass?

A: Yes. B: No

21.Let the escape velocity of earth is Ve. What would be the escape velocity of a planet whose mass and
radius is double from earth?
A: Ve. B: 2 Ve. C: 4 Ve. D: 16 Ve

22.If the radius of earth is decrease keeping mass constant, then the length of day will
A: decrease. B: Increase. C: remain same. D: cannot say

23.If the earth stop rotating then the weight of an object on north pole will
A: Increase. B: decrease. C: remain same. D: be zero

24.If a stone bring back to earth from moon then its

A: mass will be changed. B: mass and weight will be changed
C: Weight never be changed. D: mass remain constant but weight will be changed

25.Suppose an object is thrown upward with an angle θ providing velocity equal to escape velocity (V e). The
magnitude of escape velocity will be..
A: Ve. B: Ve Cosθ. C: Ve Sinθ. D: Ve tanθ

26.While revolving an artificial satellite around earth, the required centripetal force is provided by –
A: fuel contained in the satellite. B: gravitational force due to sun
C: gravitational force due to earth. D: Thrust produced by burning fuel

27.In case of planet’s motion –

A: velocity remain constant in its orbit. B: angular velocity remain constant
C: total angular momentum remain constant. D: radius of orbit remain constant.

28.An artificial satellite revolving around earth in a circular orbit. Its

A: linear velocity is constant. B: acceleration is constant
C: acceleration is changing. D: angular velocity constant
29.What is the value of gravitational acceleration inside the earth?
A: 9.8 m-s2. B: Infinite. C: Zero. D: Cannot be calculated

30.In case of free fall the gravitational acceleration on a spherical object depends on__
A: The mass of the object B: The radius of the object
C: The density of the object. D: None of the above

31.Gravitation force between two masses m1 and m2 is proportional to –

A: m1+m2. B: m1-m2. C: m1÷m2. D: m1×m2

32.Two masses m1 and m2 are kept at a distance R. Gravitation force between them is proportional to –
A: R. B: 1/R. C: 1/R2. D: R2
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33.Observe the following figures and answer the question.

Which figure showing gravitational vs distance graph is correct?

A: option A. B: option B. C: option C. D: option D

34.Gravitational potential is –
A: proportional to distance. B: inversely proportional to distance
C: proportional to the square of the distance. D: inversely proportional to the square of the distance

35.What is the escape velocity of moon?

A: 2.00 Km/sec. B: 2.38 km/sec. C: 3.28 km/sec. D: 2.83 km/sec

36.What is the escape velocity of sun?

A: 618 km/sec. B: 200 km/sec. C: 322 km/sec. D: 465 km/sec

37.If we throw a ball upward then gravitational acceleration on the ball will be –
A: zero. B: positive. C: negative. D: negligible

38.If we double the distance between two objects, gravitational force will be
A: double. B: half. C: one fourth. D: 4 times greater

39.Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

1. value of gravitational acceleration decreases with height or depth from earth’s surface.
2. gravitational acceleration is maximum at pole.
3. value of gravitational acceleration increase due to rotation of earth.
4. If angular speed of earth become 17 times its present value, a body on the equator becomes weightless.
A: Only option 1 is correct; B: Options 1 and 2 are correct;
C: Option 1, 2 and 3 are correct; D: options 1, 2 and 4 are correct;

40.If we double the mass of an artificial satellite then its orbital speed –
A: will be double: B: will be half of its initial speed;
C: will be one fourth of its initial speed: D: is independent of its mass;

41. If the masses of the Earth and Sun suddenly double, the gravitational force between them will
(A) remain the same. (B) increase 2 times. (C) increase 4 times (D) decrease 2 times

42. According to Kepler’s second law, the radial vector to a planet from the Sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time. This law is a consequence of
(A) conservation of linear momentum. (B) conservation of angular momentum
(C) conservation of energy. (D) conservation of kinetic energy

43. The gravitational potential energy of the Moon with respect to Earth is
(A) always positive. (B) always negative. (C) can be positive or negative. (D) always zero
44. The work done by the Sun’s gravitational force on the Earth is
(A) always zero. (B) always positive (C) can be positive or negative (D) always negative

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45. If the acceleration due to gravity becomes 4 times its original value, then escape speed
(A) remains same. (B) 2 times of original value
(C) becomes halved (D) 4 times of original value

ANSWER KEY : MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 A 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 B 9 C

10 D 11 C 12 C 13 B 14 A 15 B 16 D 17 A 18 C&D

19 B 20 B 21 B 22 A 23 C 24 D 25 A 26 C 27 B

28 C 29 C 30 D 31 D 32 C 33 C 34 B 35 B 36 A

37 C 38 C 39 D 40 D 41 C 42 B 43 B 44 C 45 B

II. ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding
statement of Reason is given just below it. Of the statements, given below, mark the correct answer as:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

1. Assertion : Universal gravitational constant G is a scalar quantity.

Reason : The value of G is same throughout the universe.

2. Assertion : When distance between two bodies is doubled and also mass of each body is doubled, then the
gravitational force between them remains the same.
Reason : According to Newton’s law of gravitation, product of force is directly proportional to the product
mass of bodies and inversely proportional to square of the distance between them.

3. Assertion : A man is sitting in a boat which floats on a pond. If the man drinks some water from the pond,
the level of water in the pond will decrease.
Reason : The weight of the liquid displaced by the body is greater than the weight of the body.

4. Assertion: During a journey from the earth to the moon and back, maximum fuel is spent to overcome the
earth’s gravity at take-off.
Reason : Earth’s mass is much greater than that of the moon.

5. Assertion : Any two objects in the universe attract each other by a force called gravitation force.
Reason : The force of gravitation exerted by the earth is called gravity.

6. Assertion : An object floats if it displaces an amount of liquid whose weight is greater than the actual
weight of the object.
Reason : During floatation an object experiences no net force in the downward direction.

7. Assertion : Weight of a body on earth is equal to the force with which the body is attracted towards the
earth.
Reason : Weight of a body is independent of the mass of the body.
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8. Assertion : If we drop a stone and a sheet of paper from a balcony of first floor, then stone will reach the
ground first.
Reason : The resistance due to air depends on velocity only.

9. Assertion : The density of a liquid depends upon the nature and temperature of the liquid.
Reason : The volume of the liquid depends upon temperature.

10. Assertion : The value of acceleration due to gravity changes with the height, depth and shape of the
earth.
Reason : Acceleration due to gravity is zero at the centre of the earth.

11. Assertion : It is the gravitational force exerted by the sun and the moon on the sea water that causes to
the formation of tides in the sea.
Reason : Gravitational force of attraction is a strong force.

12.Assertion: The time period of geostationary satellite is 24 hours.

Reason: Geostationary satellite must have the same time period as the time taken by the earth to complete
one revolution about its axis.

13.Assertion: Smaller the orbit of the planet around the sun, shorter is the time it takes to complete one
revolution.
Reason: According to Kepler’s third law of planetary motion, square of time period is proportional to
cube of mean distance from sun.

ANSWERS TO ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

1 a 2 a 3 d 4 a 5 B 6 b 7 C

8 C 9 a 10 b 11 C 12 c 13 c

III . CASE STUDY TYPE QUESTIONS

QUESTION : 1
LAW OF ORBIT: The orbit of every planet is an ellipse around the sun with sun at one of the two foci of
ellipse.

LAW OF AREAS: The line that joins a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Area covered by the planet while revolving around the sun will be equal in equal intervals of time. This
means the rate of change of area with time is constant.
LAW OF PERIOD: According to this law the square of time period of a planet is directly proportional to the
cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Suppose earth is revolving around the sun then the square of the time period (time taken to complete one
revolution around sun) is directly proportional to the cube of the semi major axis.
74
It is known as Law of Periods as it is dependent on the time period of planets. Answer the following.
1) Kepler’s second law is knows as
a) Law of period. b) Law of area. c) Law of gravity d) None of these
2) Kepler’s third law is knows as
a) Law of period. b) Law of area. c) Law of gravity. d) None of these
3) The velocity of a planet is constant throughout its elliptical trajectory in an orbit.
a) True. b) False. c) None of these
4) Two objects of masses 5kg and 10 kg separated by distance 10m. What is gravitational force between
them?

Answer Key : 1)c. 2) a. 3) a 4) F=3.33 x 10-11N

QUESTION : 2
Satellites in a circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with T = 24 hours are called
Geostationary Satellites. Clearly, since the earth rotates with the same period, the satellite would appear fixed
from any point on earth. It takes very powerful rockets to throw up a satellite to such large heights above the
earth but this has been done in view of the several benefits of much practical application. Weight of an object
is the force with which the earth attracts it. We are conscious of our own weight when we stand on a surface,
since the surface exerts a force opposite to our weight to keep us at rest. The same principle holds good when
we measure the weight of an object by a Spring balance hung from a fixed point e.g. the ceiling. The object
would fall down unless it is subject to a force opposite to gravity. This is exactly what the spring exerts on
the object. This is because the spring is pulled down a little by the gravitational pull of the object and in turn
the spring exerts a force on the object vertically upwards. Now, imagine that the top end of the balance is no
longer held fixed to the top ceiling of the room. Both ends of the spring as well as the object move with
identical acceleration g. The spring is not stretched and does not exert any upward force on the object which
is moving down with acceleration g due to gravity. The reading recorded in the spring balance is zero since
the spring is not stretched at all. If the object were a human being, he or she will not feel his weight since
there is no upward force on him. Thus, when an object is in free fall, it is weightless and this phenomenon is
usually called the phenomenon of weightlessness. In a satellite around the earth, every part and parcel of the
satellite has acceleration towards the centre of the earth which is exactly the value of earth’s acceleration due
to gravity at that position. Thus in the satellite everything inside it is in a state of free fall. This is just as if we
were falling towards the earth from a height. Thus, in a manned satellite, people inside experience no gravity.
Gravity for us defines the vertical direction and thus for them there are no horizontal or vertical directions, all
directions are the same.
1) Astronaut experiences weightlessness in space because
a) Acceleration due to gravity is zero. b) Actual weight of astronaut is zero
c) They are going with same acceleration due to gravity. d) None of these
2) Weighing machine measures
a) Mass of the person. b) Normal reaction exerted by machine on person
c) Both a and b. d) None of these
3) What is geostationary satellite?
4) What is weight? How it is measured?
5) What is weightlessness astronaut in satellite experienced by ?

Answer key : 1) c. 2) b
3) Satellites in a circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with T = 24 hours are called
Geostationary Satellites. Clearly, since the earth rotates with the same period, the satellite looks like
stationary object from earth.
4) Weight of an object is the force with which the earth attracts it. It is measured with the help of spring
balance.
5) Weightlessness is condition in which acceleration due to gravity is balanced by satellite as it is moving and
astronaut don’t feel any weight hence called weightlessness. In a satellite around the earth, every part and
parcel of the satellite has acceleration towards the centre of the earth which is exactly the value of earth’s
acceleration due to gravity at that position. Thus in the satellite everything inside it is in a state of free fall.
Thus, in a manned satellite, people inside experience no gravity.
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QUESTION : 3
If a stone is thrown by hand, we see it falls back to the earth. Of course using machines we can shoot an
object with much greater speeds and with greater and greater initial speed, the object scales higher and higher
heights. A natural query that arises in our mind is the following: can we throw an object with such high initial
speeds that it does not fall back to the earth ?
Thus, minimum speed required to throw object to infinity away from earth’s gravitational field is called
escape velocity = √(2gr)
Where g is acceleration due to gravity and r is radius of earth and after solving v e 11.2 km/s. This is called the
escape speed, sometimes loosely called the escape velocity. This applies equally well to an object thrown
from the surface of the moon with g replaced by the acceleration due to Moon’s gravity on its surface and r
replaced by the radius of the moon. Both are smaller than their values on earth and the escape speed for the
moon turns out to be 2.3 km/s, about five times smaller. This is the reason that moon has no atmosphere. Gas
molecules if formed on the surface of the moon having velocities larger than this will escape the gravitational
pull of the moon.
Earth satellites are objects which revolve around the earth. Their motion is very similar to the motion of
planets around the Sun and hence Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are equally applicable to them. In
particular, their orbits around the earth are circular or elliptic. Moon is the only natural satellite of the earth
with a near circular orbit with a time period of approximately 27.3 days which is also roughly equal to the
rotational period of the moon about its own axis.
1.) Time period of moon is
a) 27.3 days. b) 20 days. c) 85 days. d) None of these
2. Escape velocity from earth is given by
a) 20 km/s. b) 11.2 km/s c) 2 km/s. d) None of these
3.Define escape velocity. Give its formula
4.Why moon don’t have any atmosphere?
5.What is satellite? Which law governs them?

Answer key: 1) a. 2) b
3) Minimum speed required to throw object to infinity away from earth’s gravitational field is called escape
velocity = √(2gr)
Where g is acceleration due to gravity and r is radius of earth and after solving v e 11.2 km/s. This is called the
escape speed, sometimes loosely called the escape velocity.
4) The escape speed for the moon turns out to be 2.3 km/s, about five times smaller than that of earth.
Therefore all atmospheric gas can go easily out of atmosphere of moon. This is the reason that moon has no
atmosphere.
5) Earth satellites are objects which revolve around the earth. Their motion is very similar to the motion of
planets around the Sun and hence Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are equally applicable to them.

QUESTION : 4
Satellites in a circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with T = 24 hours are called
Geostationary Satellites. Clearly, since the earth rotates with the same period, the satellite would appear fixed
from any point on earth. It takes very powerful rockets to throw up a satellite to such large heights above the
earth but this has been done in view of the several benefits of many practical applications. Thus radio waves
broadcast from an antenna can be received at points far away where the direct wave fails to reach on account
of the curvature of the earth. Waves used in television broadcast or other forms of communication have much
higher frequencies and thus cannot be received beyond the line of sight. A Geostationary satellite, appearing
fixed above the broadcasting station can however receive these signals and broadcast them back to a wide
area on earth. The INSAT group of satellites sent up by India is one such group of geostationary satellites
widely used for telecommunications in India.
Another class of satellites is called the Polar satellites. These are low altitude (500 to 800 km) satellites, but
they go around the poles of the earth in a north-south direction whereas the earth rotates around its axis in an
east-west direction. Since its time period is around 100 minutes it crosses any altitude many times a day.
However, since its height h above the earth is about 500-800 km, a camera fixed on it can view only small
strips of the earth in one orbit. Adjacent strips are viewed in the next orbit, so that in effect the whole earth
76
can be viewed strip by strip during the entire day. These satellites can view polar and equatorial regions. at
close distances with good resolution. Information gathered from such satellites is extremely useful for remote
sensing, meteorology as well as for environmental studies of the earth.

1) Time period of geostationary satellite is

a) 24 hours. b) 48 hours. c) 72 hours. d) None of these
2) Polar satellites are approximately revolving at height of
a) 500 to 800km. b) 1500 to 2000 km c) 3000 to 4000 km d) None of these
3) Which satellite used to view polar and equatorial regions?
4) Write note on polar satellites
5) Write a note on geostationary satellite. Give its applications.

Answer Key: 1) a. 2) a
3) Polar satellites are used to view polar and equatorial regions as they rotate on poles of earth.
4) Polar satellites are low altitude (500 to 800 km) satellites, but they go around the poles of the earth in a
north-south direction. Since its time period is around 100 minutes it crosses any altitude many times a day.
Information gathered from such satellites is extremely useful for remote sensing, meteorology as well as for
environmental studies of the earth.
5) Satellites in circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with time period same as earth are
called Geostationary Satellites.
Applications:- Radio waves broadcast. Satellites widely used for telecommunications in India. GPS system,
navigation system , defence etc.

QUESTION : 5
We know that the earth attracts every object with a certain force and this force depends on the mass (m) of
the object and the acceleration due to the gravity (g). The weight of an object is the force with which it is
attracted towards the earth. Mathematically
Where, W = weight of object m = mass of object g = acceleration due to the gravitational force
As the weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth, the SI unit of weight is the
same as that of force, that is, Newton (N). The weight is a force acting vertically downwards; it has both
magnitude and direction. We have learnt that the value of g is constant at a given place. Therefore at a given
place, the weight of an object is directly proportional to the mass, say m, of the object, that is, W α m. It is
due to this reason that at a given place, we can use the weight of an object as a measure of its mass. Answer
the following questions.
1) Dimensions of acceleration due to the gravity (g) is
a) [ML1 T-2 ]. b) [ML-1 T-2 ]. c) [ML1 T-3 ]. d) None of these
2) SI unit of weight is same as
a) Force. b) Mass. c) Acceleration due to gravity d) None of these
3) Which of the following has same unit?
a) Mass and weight. b) Weight and force. c) Pressure and stress. d) Both b and c
4) Whether weight is scalar quantity or vector quantity? Justify your answer.
5) Differentiate between mass and weight.

Answer key: 1) b. 2) a. 3) b
4) Weight is vector quantity as it has magnitude as well as direction which is always towards centre of a
earth.
5) Difference between mass and weight is given below
No Mass Weight

Mass is amount of matter in Weight is the measure of force acting on a

1
a body. mass due to acceleration due to gravity.

2 it is a scalar quantity it is a vector quantity

77
 SI unit of mass is Kilogram
3 SI unit of weight is Newton (N).
(Kg).

4. Mass can never be zero Weight can be zero where gravity is zero.

QUESTION : 6
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to the product of
their masses (m1*m2) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d 2) between them. The force
is along the line joining the centres of two objects.

(i)Gravitational force does not depend on

(a) Masses of objects.(b) Separation between objects (c) Charges on objects (d) None of these
(ii) Force of gravitation varies with masses of object as
(a) Product of masses. (b) Sum of masses. (c) Difference of masses (d) None of these
(iii) When mass of one body is doubled then force of gravitation will become
(a) Force will remain same. (b) Force will become double
(c) Force will become halved. (d) None of these
(iv)What is universal gravitational constant? What is its SI unit?
Answer key : (i) c. (ii) a. (iii) b
(iv) The force of attraction between any two unit masses separated by a unit distance is called universal
gravitational constant denoted by G measured in Nm2/kg2.
IV ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1.Why is gravitational potential energy always negative?
2.At what height above the surface of the earth value of acceleration due to gravity is reduced to one fourth of its value
on the surface of the earth?
3.Name two factors which determine whether a planet has atmosphere or not?
4.A body is weightless at the centre of earth. Why?
5.Where will a body weigh more at Delhi or at Shimla? Why?
6.On which fundamental law of physics is Kepler’s second law is based?
7.The mass of moon is nearly 10% of the mass of the earth. What will be the gravitational force of the earth on the
moon, in comparison to the gravitational force of the moon on the earth?
8.Why does one feel giddy while moving on a merry round?
9.Name two factors which determine whether a planet would have atmosphere or not.
10.The force of gravity due to earth on a body is proportional to its mass, then why does a heavy body not fall faster
than a lighter body?
11.A body of mass 5 kg is taken to the centre of the earth. What will be its (i) mass (ii) weight there.
12.Why is gravitational potential energy negative?
13.A satellite revolves close to the surface of a planet. How is its orbital Velocity related with escape velocity of that
planet.
14.Does the escape Velocity of a body from the earth depend on (i) mass of the body (ii) direction of projection.
15.Identify the position of sun in the following diagram if the linear speed of the planet is greater at C than at D.

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16.A satellite does not require any fuel to orbit the earth. Why?
17.ls it possible to place an artificial satellite in an orbit so that it is always Visible Over New Delhi.
18.If the density of a planet is doubled without any change in its radius, how does "g" change on the planet.
19.Write one important use of (i) geostationary satellite (ii) polar satellite.
20.A binary star system consists of two stars A and B which have time periods TA and TB, radius RA and RB and
masses ma and me which of the three quantities are same for the stars. Justify.

SOLUTIONS TO 1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Gravitational potential energy is always negative because gravitational force is always attractive in nature.

2. g h = g/4 = g

R=h
2R – R = h
3. (1) Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of planet (2) Surface temperature of the planet.
4. At the centre of the earth g = o

5. A body will weigh more at Delhi because at higher altitudes the value of g decreases.
6. Law of conservation of angular momentum.
7. Both forces will be equal in magnitude as gravitational force is a mutual force between the two bodies.
8. When mowing in a merry go round, our weight appears to decrease when We move down and increases when we
move up, this change in Weight makes us feel giddy.
9. (i) Value of acceleration due to gravity (ii) surface temperature of planet.

10. but and does not depend on "m" hence they bodies fall with same "g".
11. Mass does not change.
12. Because it arises due to attractive force of gravitation.

13. When r = R

14. No,
15. Sun should be at B as speed of planet is greater when it is closer to sun.
16. The gravitational force between satellite and earth provides the necessary centripetal force for the satellite to orbit
the earth.
17. No, A satellite will be always visible only if it revolves in the equatorial plane, but New Delhi does not lie in the
region of equatorial plane.
18. "g" gets doubled as g (density)
19. Geostationary satellite are used for tele communication and polar satellite for remote sensing.

20. Angular velocity of binary stars are same is ωA = ωB,

V TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1.What is Kepler’s law of periods? Show it mathematically?
2.With two characteristics of gravitational force?
3.Assuming earth to be a uniform sphere finds an expression for density of earth in terms of g and G?
4.State two essential requisites of geostationary satellite?
5. Does the escape speed of a body from the earth depend on
(a) the mass of the body, (b) the location from where it is projected,
(c) the direction of projection, (d) the height of the location from where the body is launched?
6.Two satellites are at different heights from the surface of earth which would have greater velocity.
Compare the speeds of two satellites of masses m and 4m and radii. 2R and R respectively.
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7.What is (i) inertial mass, (ii) gravitational mass. Are the two different?
8.Why the space rockets are generally launched West to East?
9.The figure shows elliptical orbit of a planet m about the sun S. The shaded area of SCD is twice the
shaded area SAB. If t1 is the time for the planet to move from D to C and t 2, is time to move from A to B,
what is the relation between t1 and t2?

10.State universal law of gravitation. How the force between the two bodies is affected if the distance
between them is tripled?
SOLUTIONS TO TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. It states that the square of the period of revolution of a planet around the sun is proportional of a planet to the cube of
the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit.
i.e. T2 R3
T2 = KR3
where T is time period of revolution
R is the length of semi major axis
K is constant for all planets
2. (1) It is a central force (2) It is a conservation force
(3) It obeys inverse square law. (4) It is a universal force and is always attractive in nature.

3. Since g =
If earth is uniform sphere of mean density P

g=

g=

P=
4. (1)The period of revolution of a satellite around the earth should be same as that of earth about its own axis
(T=24hrs)
(2)The sense of rotation of satellite should be same as that of the earth about its own axis i.e. from west to
east in anti-clockwise direction
5. (a) No. (b) No. (c) No. (d) Yes

6.

where M is mass of the planet,

v0 is independent of mass of the satellite.

7. Inertial mass is the measure of inertia of the body

Gravitational mass of a body determine the gravitational pull between earth and the body.

Both inertial mass and gravitational mass are not different but are equivalent.

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8. Since the earth revolves from West to east, so when the rocket is launched from west to east the relative velocity of
the rocket increases which helps it to rise without much consumption of fuel.

9. According to Kepler’s second law areal velocity for the planet is constant

VI THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1.A satellite is revolving is a circular path close to a planet of density P. find an expression for its period of revolution?
2.How far away from the surface of earth does the value of g is reduced to 4% of its value on the surface of the earth
Given radius of earth = 6400km
3.Obtain on expression showing variation of acceleration due to gravity with height?
4.Find expressions for (1) potential energy (2) kinetic energy (3) total energy for an artificial satellite.
5.Suppose there existed a planet that went around the sun twice as fast as the earth. What would be its orbital size as
compared to that of the earth?6.Define gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational field. Obtain a relation for
it. What is the position at which it is (i) maximum (ii) minimum.
7.Briefly explain the principle of launching an artificial satellite. Explain the use of multistage rockets in launching a
satellite.
8.Mention at least three conditions under which weight of a person can become Zero.
9.If the distance between two bodies is increased by 4 times, by what factor should the mass of the bodies be altered so
that gravitational force between them remains the same?
10.What is the force between two spheres each weighing 20 kg and separated by 50 cm.

VII FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define and derive the expression for gravitational potential energy.
2. Derive an expression for escape velocity and orbital velocity.
3. Explain the variation of g with latitude.
4. Explain the variation of g with altitude and with depth from the Earth’s surface.

VIII . NUMERICALS

1.The gravitational force between two blocks is F what would happen if a mass of both the blocks as well as
distance between them is doubled?
2.Which is greater the attraction of the earth for 1 kg of aluminium or aluminium or attraction of 1kg of
aluminium for the earth?
3.Distance between two bodies is increased to three times its original value. What is the effect on the
gravitational force between them?
4.The gravitational force between two bodies in 1 N if the distance between them is doubled, What will be the force
between them?
5.The time period of the satellite of the earth is 5 hr. If the separation between earth and satellite is increased
to
4 times the previous value, then what will be the new time period of satellite.
6.If radius of earth is 6400km, what will be the weight of 1 quintal body if taken to the height of 1600 km
above the sea level?
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7.The distance of the planet Jupiter from the sun is 5.2 times that of the earth. Find the period of the Jupiter’s
revolution around the sun?
8.Two planets of radii r1, and r2 are made from the same material. Calculate the ratio of the acceleration due
to gravity on the surface of the planets.
9.If earth has a mass 9 times and radius 4 times than that of a planet "P". Calculate the escape velocity at the
planet "P" if its value on earth is 11.2 kms -1.
10.At what height from the surface of the earth will the value of "g" be reduced by 36% of its value at the
surface of earth.
11.Which planet of the solar system has the greatest gravitational field strength? What is the gravitational
field strength of a planet where the weight of a 60 kg astronaut is 300 N.

ANSWER KEY TO NUMERICALS

1. We know F=
Here m1 = m2 (2m)
r1 = r2 = 2r

i.e. force will remains the same.

2.In accordance with the universal law of gravitation both the forces are equal and opposite.

3. Since r1 3r Force will be decreased to 1/9 times

4. F = 1

5.
6. R = 6400km = 6400 x 103m
h = 1600km
w = mg = 1 quintal = 100 kg = 100x9.8 N
weight (w) = mgh

w = mg

w = 100x9.8
w = 64x9.8N = 64kg
7. Te = 1 year RJ = 5.2 Re

TJ =(5.2) 3/2 x 1year

TJ = 11.86 year

8.

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9.

= 7.47 km/sec

10.

11. Jupiter has maximum gravitational field strength gravitational field strength

= 5 N kg -1

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