Science 8

Science – Grade 8
Quarter 3 – Module 14: Development of the Atom and Sub-atomic Particles of
Ions
First Edition, 2020

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 Science 8
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 14

Development of Atom
and Sub-atomic
Particles of Ions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 9 Self-Learning Module 14 on the Development of Atom and

Sub-atomic Particles of Ions.
This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module 14 on Development of Atoms

and Sub-atomic Particles of Ions.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATION
This lesson aims to help you understand the historical development of
atom and its sub-atomic particles of ions. Furthermore, you are expected
to:
1. name the scientists that contributed to the discovery of atom;
2. give their contributions in the development of atom;
3. determine the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in
positive and negative ions and isotopes;
4. predict whether a given element will more likely form a cation
or an anion; and
5. appreciate the medical applications of some isotopes.

PRE–TEST
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which of the following atomic models is proposed by Ernest Rutherford as a

result of his alpha-scattering experiment?

a b c d
. . . .

2. He concluded from his studies and experiment that the electrons are moving on
its orbits with specific energies around the nucleus called energy level.
a. Dalton c. Rutherford
b. Thomson d. Bohr
3. A Ca ion differs from a Ca atom in that the Ca ion has
2+ 0 2+

a. more electrons c. fewer electrons

b. fewer protons d. no electrons
4. When the number of electrons is less than the number of proton, the charge of
the ion is
a. Positive c. Neutral
b. Negative d. No charge
5. Isotopes of an atom may exist naturally. Which statement best describes
isotopes?
a. atoms of the same elements having different atomic masses
b. atoms of different elements having the same mass number
c. Atoms of different elements
d. Atoms of the same elements
 RECAP
In your previous lesson, you have learned about sub-atomic
particles. To refresh your understanding about sub-atomic
particles, let’s have a review.

Directions: Determine the number of protons, electron, and neutrons of neutral

atoms by completing the table below.
Name of Element Atomic Mass
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Element Symbol Number Number
Silicon Si 14 28

Carbon C 6 12

Iron Fe 26 56

Chlorine Cl 17 35

Lead Pb 82 207

L E S S ON

DEVELOPMENT OF ATOM
Atoms are the building blocks of matter that make up everything that we
encounter every day; your ball pen and its ink, the page of this book, and even your
body is composed of atoms because you are considered as a matter. Even if we
cannot see atom, without the aid of the microscope, we can still represent atoms
using ourselves.
From the time the word science was introduced, many people gained interest
with the things around them and become fond of asking questions about their
surroundings. Up to this time, scientists never stop investigating things. The history
of the study of the atomic nature of matter illustrates the thinking process that goes
on in the philosophers’ and scientists’ heads. Some early Greek philosophers have
played pivotal roles concerning the atomic structure. The table below summarizes
the history of how the atom was studied during the ancient times up to the modern
times.
Table: Timeline of Atomic Nature
SCIENTISTS / DISCOVERY/CONTRIBUTION IN THE
DATE PHILOSOPHERS
ATOMIC MODEL
DEVELOPMENT OF ATOM
Aristotle proposed that all substances
Between are composed of four elements: air,
384-322 earth, fire and water in different
B.C. proportion
Democritus proposed that everything
is composed of very small bit of matter
Around
that is indivisible and called it atom
500 B.C.
(from the Greek word atomos, which
means “indivisible”.)
 John Dalton gathered all the findings
made by the ancient philosophers and
results of various experiments. He
1803
came up with Atomic Theory. His
model of the atom is also known as
Billiard Ball Model.

J.J. Thomson discovered electrons

1898 using cathode ray tube experiment and
developed the plum pudding model.

Ernest Rutherford discovered proton

and that an atom has a massive center
1909- core called nucleus through his alpha-
1911 scattering experiment or gold foil
experiment. He developed the nuclear
atomic model of the atom.

Neils Bohr concluded from his studies

and experiment that the electrons are
moving on its orbits with specific
1913
energies around the nucleus called
energy level. He developed the
planetary atomic model.

Louis De Broglie discovered that

electrons had a dual nature similar to
1923
both particles and waves. He called it
particle/wave duality.

Werner Heisenberg said that it is not

1925 possible to identify the exact location of
the electrons in an energy level.

Erwin Schrodinger explained

movement of an electron in an atom as
wave and formulated a wave equation
1926 to determine the probable location of
electrons in an orbit. The model of the
atom is called the Electron Cloud
Model.
James Chadwick measured the energy
of protons emerging from the hydrogen
1931
atoms. He also discovered sub-atomic
particle neutron.

ATOMS VS IONS
Atoms are neutral; they contain the same number of protons as electrons. By
definition, an ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing
electrons from a neutral atom to give a positive ion or adding
electrons to a neutral atom to give a negative ion. When an ion is formed, the number
of protons does not change.

Neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or more
electrons. A neutral sodium atom, for example, contains 11 protons and 11 electrons.
By removing an electron from this atom we get a positively charged Na + ion that has
a net charge of +1.

Atoms that gain extra electrons become negatively charged. A neutral chlorine atom,
for example, contains 17 protons and 17 electrons. By adding one more electron we
get a negatively charged Cl- ion with a net charge of -1.
• Ions form from elements when they gain or lose an electron causing the
number of protons to be unequal to the number of electrons, resulting in a
net charge.
• If there are more electrons than protons (from an element gaining one or more
electrons), the ion is negatively charged and called an anion.
• If there are more protons than electrons (via loss of electrons), the ion is
positively charged and is called a cation.
• Ionic bonds result from the interaction between a positively charged cation
and a negatively charged anion.
• Remember: only the number of electrons is changed, either lost or added. The
number of protons is always equal to its atomic number.

Figure 1. Cation and Anion

https://www.ecofarmingdaily.com/build-soil/soil-inputs/the-anion-cation-connection-in-soil/

ISOTOPES
Isotopes of an element share the same number of protons but have different numbers
of neutrons. Let’s use carbon as an example.

Figure 2. Three naturally occurring carbon isotopes

https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-an-isotope-10688
There are three isotopes of carbon found in nature – carbon-12, carbon-13, and
carbon-14. All three have six protons, but their neutron numbers - 6, 7, and 8,
respectively - all differ. This means that all three isotopes have different atomic
masses (carbon-14 being the heaviest), but share the same atomic number (Z=6).

Chemically, all three are indistinguishable, because the number of electrons in each
of these three isotopes is the same.

So different isotopes of the same element are identical, chemically speaking. But
some isotopes have the ability to circumvent this rule by transforming into another
element entirely.

ACTIVITIES
Let’s check your understanding, by performing the three sets of activities.

Activity 1: Historical Development of Atom

A. Directions: Match the name of scientist to its contribution in the development

of atom. Write your answer to the space provided.
Answer Contribution Scientists

1. He discovered electron A. J. Chadwick

2. He discovered proton B. Democritus
3. He discovered neutron C. J.J. Thomson
4. A famous philosopher who proposed that all
substances are composed of four elements: air, D. E. Schrodinger
earth, fire and water in different proportion
5. He concluded from his studies that electrons are
moving on its orbits with specific energies around
the nucleus called energy level. He developed the
E. N. Bohr
Nuclear Atomic Model.
6. He discovered proton and that an atom has a
massive center core called nucleus.
F. E. Rutherford
7. He said that it is not possible to identify the exact
location of the electrons in an energy level.
G. J. Dalton
8. He proposed that everything is composed of very
small bit of matter that is indivisible and called it
atom (from the Greek word atomos, which means
H. E. Rutherford
“indivisible”.)
9. He came up with the Atomic Theory. His model of
the atom is also known as Billiard Ball Model.
I. W. Heisenberg
10. He explained the movement of an electron in an
atom as wave and formulated a wave equation to
determine the probable location of electrons in an
J. Aristotle
orbit.
 B. Using any drawing materials, Illustrate the following atomic models and briefly
describe.
Dalton’s Model Thomson’s Model Rutherford’s Model Bohr’s Model Heisenberg/
Schrodinger’s Model

Activity 2: Sub-atomic Particles of Ions

Directions: Use the periodic table to determine the atomic number and atomic
mass and determine its sub-atomic particles.
Cation
Symb Atomic Atomic # of # of # of
Element Name /
ol Number Mass Protons Electrons Neutrons
Anion
1. Oxygen O-2
2. Lithium Li+1
3. Aluminum Al+3
4. Iodine I-1
5. Strontium Sr+2
6. Iron Fe+3
7. Tin Sn+4
8. Carbon C-4
9. Nitrogen N-3
10. Copper Cu+2

Activity 3: Sub-Atomic Particles of Isotopes

Directions: Use the periodic table to determine the atomic number and determine
the sub-atomic particles of the following isotopes. Note: The number after the
element name is the atomic mass of the isotope.
Atomic Atomic # of # of # of
Element Name Symbol
Number Mass Protons Electrons Neutrons
1. Krypton-78 Kr-78
2. Krypton-82 Kr-82
3. Krypton-86 Kr-86
4. Oxygen-17 O-17
5. Oxygen-18 O-18
6. Silicon-28 Si-28
7. Silicon-30 Si-30
8. Zinc-66 Zn-66
9. Zinc-67 Zn-67
10. Zinc-70 Zn-70
 WRAP–UP
To summarize what you have learned today, let’s answer these.

True or False. Write (✓) before each number if the statement is CORRECT and (x)
if its FALSE.

1. A famous philosopher who proposed that all substances are composed of four
elements: air, earth, fire and water is John Dalton.
2. Ernest Rutherford conducted the alpha-scattering experiment and discovered
that an atom has a massive center core.
3. Planetary model of the atom was proposed by Neils Bohr.
4. J.J. Thomson proposed the Billiard Ball Model of the atom.
5. E. Schrodinger formulated a wave equation to determine the probable location
of electrons in an orbit.
6. Ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons
from a neutral atom.
7. If there are more electrons than protons the ion is negatively charged and
called cation.
8. If there are more protons than electrons, the ion is positively charged and is
called anion.
9. Isotopes of an element share the same number of protons but have different
numbers of neutrons.
10. Neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or
more electrons.

VALUING
Some Amazing Isotopes
Some isotopes can save lives! Isn’t that amazing? Isotopes are
used to find out if a person is sick or not. This is called radiation detection. Here
are some isotopes and their uses in medicine.
Table: Isotopes in the world of medicine
Isotope Uses in Medicine
▪ Used to determine the size, shape and activity of the
thyroid gland
Iodine – 131
▪ Treats cancer located in the thyroid gland
▪ Controls a hyperactive thyroid
Cobalt – 57 ▪ Determines whether you have enough intake of vitamin B12
Cobalt – 60 ▪ Used for radiation therapy treatment of cancer
▪ Used to determine bone mineralization especially for
Gadolinium – 153
women who suffer from osteoporosis
 ▪ Used to detect blood flow patterns in the heart
Technetium – 99
▪ Scans the brain, liver, kidney, and lungs
▪ With the PET (positron emission tomography) technology,
Carbon –11 it is used to scan and measure processes that occur in the
body
▪ Determines the volume of red blood cells and the total
Chromium – 51
volume of blood
▪ Detects skin cancer or cancer of body tissues that have
Phosphorus – 32
been exposed to surgery

POST TEST
Let’s measure how much you have learned from this module.

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following atomic models is proposed by Neils Bohr?

a b c d
. . . .

2. He explained the movement of an electron in an atom as wave and formulated a

wave equation to determine the probable location of electrons in an orbit.
a. Schrodinger c. Aristotle
b. Heisenberg d. Rutherford

3. When you change the number of electrons on an atom, you produce a/an
a. ion c. atom
b. isotope d. sub-atomic particle

4. How many protons, electron, and neutron does bromine ion has?
a. p+ = 35; e- = 35; n0 = 35

Br
b. p+ = 35; e- = 80; n0 = -1 80 -1
c. p+ = 36; e- = 35; n0 = 45 35
d. p = 35; e = 36; n = 45
+ - 0

5. Which of the following radioisotopes is used in controlling hyperactive thyroid?

a. Cobalt-60 c. carbon-13
b. iodine-131 d. phosphorus-32
 ACTIVITY 2: SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF IONS
Cation/
Anion
cation
cation
cation
anion
cation
cation
cation
anion
anion
cation
Activity 1: Historical Development of Atom
A.
1. C 6. H/F
2. F/H 7. I
3. A 8. B
4. J 9. G
5. E 10. D WRAP UP ACTIVITY
B.
1. X 6. ✓
2. ✓ 7. X
3. ✓ 8. X
4. X 9. ✓
5. ✓ 10. ✓
POST-TEST
1. D
2. A
RECAP 3. A
4. D
5. B
PRE-TEST
1. C
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. A
CORRECTION TO KEY
 ACTIVITY 3: SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF ISOTOPES

R E F E R E N CE S
Textbooks
• Science Grade 8. Learner’s Manual. “Atom: Inside Out”. Philippines: Department of
Education, May,2012.
• Malone & Dolter. Basic Concepts of Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010.

Websites

• Ions and Ionic Bond. Accessed Sept. 25, 2020.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/atoms-
isotopes-ions-and-
molecules/#:~:text=Ions%20form%20from%20elements%20when,charged%2
0and%20called%20an%20anion.

• Isotopes. Accessed Sept. 25, 20202.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/isotope

• Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, and Isotopes. Accessed Sept. 25, 2020.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-
life/elements-and-atoms/a/atomic-number-atomic-mass-and-isotopes-
article