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    W9.Stress in Complex Words

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    Hoang Hai Đỗ
    This document summarizes key points about stress in complex words from a lecture. It discusses: 1) Types of complex words including derived words formed with affixes and compound words. 2) Stress patterns in derived words, noting that affixes can shift or retain the stress of the stem word. Suffixes are categorized by their effects on stress. 3) Stress in compound words, noting the first or second element takes primary stress depending on the type of compound. 4) Examples of words with variable stress depending on usage. 5) Differences in stress for word-class pairs where the verb and noun have different stresses (e.g. desert). Exercises are

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    W9.Stress in Complex Words

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    Hoang Hai Đỗ
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    This document summarizes key points about stress in complex words from a lecture. It discusses: 1) Types of complex words including derived words formed with affixes and compound words. 2) Stress patterns in derived words, noting that affixes can shift or retain the stress of the stem word. Suffixes are categorized by their effects on stress. 3) Stress in compound words, noting the first or second element takes primary stress depending on the type of compound. 4) Examples of words with variable stress depending on usage. 5) Differences in stress for word-class pairs where the verb and noun have different stresses (e.g. desert). Exercises are

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    This document summarizes key points about stress in complex words from a lecture. It discusses: 1) Types of complex words including derived words formed with affixes and compound words. 2) Stress patterns in derived words, noting that affixes can shift or retain the stress of the stem word. Suffixes are categorized by their effects on stress. 3) Stress in compound words, noting the first or second element takes primary stress depending on the type of compound. 4) Examples of words with variable stress depending on usage. 5) Differences in stress for word-class pairs where the verb and noun have different stresses (e.g. desert). Exercises are

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views28 pages

    W9.Stress in Complex Words

    Uploaded by

    Hoang Hai Đỗ
    This document summarizes key points about stress in complex words from a lecture. It discusses: 1) Types of complex words including derived words formed with affixes and compound words. 2) Stress patterns in derived words, noting that affixes can shift or retain the stress of the stem word. Suffixes are categorized by their effects on stress. 3) Stress in compound words, noting the first or second element takes primary stress depending on the type of compound. 4) Examples of words with variable stress depending on usage. 5) Differences in stress for word-class pairs where the verb and noun have different stresses (e.g. desert). Exercises are

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    Lecture 9

    STRESS IN COMPLEX WORDS


    Contents
    1. Types of complex words

    2. Stress in complex words


    3. Variable stress
    4. Word-class pairs
    1. Types of complex words

    1.1. Derived words (words with affixes)


    ❖ …………………: E.g.: teacher, students
    ❖ …………………: E.g.: undo, retake
    1.2. Compound words
    ❖ ………………..: E.g.: armchair, sunflower
    ❖ ……………….:
    E.g.: Desk lamp, battery charger
    ❖ ………………..:
    E.g.: Gear-change, fruit-cake
    2. Stress in complex words

    2.1. Stress in Derived words


    2.2. Stress in Compound words
    2.1. Stress in Derived words

    Effects of affixes on word stress


    ❖ ………………………………………………..
    E.g. Person /'pə:sn/→ Personality /,pə:sə'næləti/
    ❖ ……………………………………………….
    E.g.: pleasant /'pleznt/ → unpleasant /ʌn'pleznt/
    ❖ …………………………………………………
    E.g.: magnet /'mægnit/ → magnetic /mæg'netik/
    Suffixes

    Suffixes that ……………… primary stress


    Suffixes that ………………………stress
    placement in the stem
    Suffixes that ……………….. stress
    placement in the stem
    Suffixes that …………. primary
    stress
    Commonly, primary stress is on the
    ………………………..of suffix. If stem consists
    of more than one syllable 🡪 secondary stress
    on the stem

    Stem Suffix carrying Derived word


    primary stress
    Japan -ese Japanese
    /ʤə'pæn/ /,ʤæpə'ni:z/
    Suffixes that …….. primary
    stress
    Suffix carrying Examples
    primary stress
    “-ain” Entertain /,entə'tein/ , Ascertain /,æsə'tein/
    (for verbs only)
    “-ee” Refugee /,refju:'ʤi:/, Evacuee /i,vækju'i:/

    “-eer” Mountaineer /,maƱntə'niə/ , Volunteer /,vɔ lən'tiə/

    “-ese” Portuguese /,pɔ:tju'gi:z/, Journalese /,ʤЗ:nə'li:z/


    “-ette” Cigarette /,sigə'ret/ , Launderette /,lɔ:ndə'ret/

    “-esque” Picturesque /,piktʃə'resk/

    “-ique” Unique /ju:'ni:k/


    Suffixes that …………………..stress
    placement

    -able -age -al -en

    -ful -ing -ish (adj) -like

    -less -ly -ment -ness

    -ous -fy -wise -y


    (adj or noun)
    Suffixes that ……………….stress placement

    ☞ Examples:

    • ‘-able’: comfort /'kʌmfət/ vs. comfortable /'kʌmfətəbl/


    • ‘-al’: refuse /ri'fju:z/ vs. refusal /ri'fju:zl/
    • ‘-en’: wide /waid/ vs. widen /'waidn/
    • ‘-ish’: devil /'devl/ vs. devilish /'devəli∫/
    Notes
    Adjectives end with suffix ‘-ish’ :
    ………………………………………………
    …..
    Verbs end with ‘-ish’:
    ………………………………………………
    ………………………………………………
    …………………………………..
    E.g.: devil (n) /ˈdevl/ - devilish (a) / 'devəli∫/
    demolish (v) /di'mɔli∫/
    Suffixes that …………….. stress placement
    in the stem

    Primary stress on the last syllable of the stem


    Suffixes Stem Derived words
    “-eous” advantage /əd'vɑ:ntiʤ/ advantageous/,ædvən'teidʤəs/
    “-graphy”: photo /ˈfəʊtəʊ/ photography /fə'tɔgrəfi/
    “-ial” proverb /ˈprɒvɜːb/ proverbial /prə'vЗ:biəl/
    “-ic”: climate /ˈklaɪmət/ climatic /klai'mætik/
    “-ion” perfect /'pЗ:fikt/ perfection /pə'fek∫n/
    “-ious” injure /'indʒə/ injurious /in'dʒuəriəs/
    “-ity”: tranquil /'træηkwil/ tranquility /træη'kwiləti/
    “-ive” reflex /'ri:fleks/ reflexive /ri'fleksiv/
    Notes
    Stem + ‘-ance’ / ‘-ant’ / ‘-ary’ 🡪 stress on stem
    ✔ Final syllable of stem is strong 🡪
    ………………………………………………
    ……………
    E.g.: importance /im'pɔ:təns/
    ✔ Final syllable of stem is not strong 🡪
    ………………………………………………
    ……………
    Prefixes
    No rule on stress like suffix

    Just preserve stress of stems


    2.2. Stress in Compound words

    When is primary stress


    placed on the first
    constituent word of the
    compound & when on the
    second???
    Stress on the first element
    Compound of 2 nouns
    • E.g.:
    ✔ ‘Typewriter /ˈtaɪpraɪtə(r)/
    ✔ ‘Car park /ˈkɑː pɑːk/
    ✔ ‘Sunrise /ˈsʌnraɪz/
    ✔ ‘Suitcase /ˈsuːtkeɪs/
    ✔ ‘Tea-cup /ˈtiːkʌp/
    Stress on the second element
    ❖…………………………………………………………

    E.g.: bad-tempered /ˌ bæd ˈ tempəd/


    ❖…………………………………………………………
    E.g.: second-class /ˌ
    sekənd ˈ klɑːs/
    ❖…………………………………………………………
    E.g.: head-first /hed ˈ
    fɜːst/
    ❖………………………………………………………………
    E.g.: downgrade /ˌ daʊnˈ ɡreɪd/
    3. Variable stress
    Stress placement may change for 2 reasons:

    ❖…………………………………………………
    ❖…………………………………………………
    …………………………………………………
    …..

    bad-'tempered A 'bad-tempered 'teacher

    heavy-'handed A 'heavy-handed 'man

    half-'hearted
    A 'half-hearted 'attempt
    ……………………………………
    …..
    Controversy Controversy

    Ice-cream Ice-cream

    Formidable Formidable
    4. Word-class pairs
    …………………………………………………………………………………………………
    …………………………………………………………………………………………….

    Prefix + stem
    Verbs Nouns/ Adjectives
    Stress on second syllable Stress on first syllable
    Desert /di'zə:t/ Desert /'dezət/
    Protest /prə'test/ Protest /ˈprəʊtest/
    Exercise 1: Put the following words into the
    suitable categories based on the effects of
    their affixes on words stress
    available environment specially effective
    official cigarette volunteer undo
    practical responsible celebrity overweight
    photography excellent picturesque unique
    courageous childish energetic invitation
    lengthen Vietnamese questionnaire refugee
    Exercise 1:
    Put the following words into the suitable categories
    based on the effects of affixes on words stress

    No. Primary stress Unchanged primary Changed primary


    on affix stress on stem stress on stem
    Exercise 2: Put the following words into the
    correct column according to stress pattern
    available environment specially afternoon
    official cigarette volunteer undo
    practical importance responsible celebrity
    overweight excellent assistant unique
    retake childish energetic invitation
    lengthen Vietnamese questionnaire refugee
    homesick darkroom download ladybird
    handwriting kind-hearted five-a-side downtown
    Exercise 2: Put the following words into the
    correct column according to stress pattern

    1. ■▪ 2. ▪■ 3. ■▪▪ 4. ▪■▪ 5. ▪▪■ 6. ▪■▪▪ 7. ▪▪■▪


    Exercise 3: Transcribe the following word
    pairs
    Abstract (n) Abstract (v)
    Perfect (adj) Perfect (v)
    Present (n) Present (v)
    Desert (n) Desert (v)
    Subject (n) Subject (v)
    Record (n) Record (v)
    Object (n) Object (v)
    Conduct (n) Conduct (v)
    Contrast (n) Contrast (v)
    Protest (n) Protest (v)
    Exercise 4: Find out stress in these following compound words

    1. Football
    2. Fire-raiser
    3. Car crash
    4. Snowball
    5. Railroad
    6. Volleyball
    7. Passer-by
    8. Mailbox
    9. Post office
    10. Mother-in-law
    THANK YOU!

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