Deep Learning Based Fusion Approach For Hate Speech Detection

A Project Report
on
“Deep Learning Based Fusion Approach for Hate Speech Detection”
submitted in practical fulfillment to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological UniversityAnantapur,

of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by
P.S.SHIVA PRASAD (17FH1A0546)
S.RAFEEQ AHMED (17FH1A0553)
A.UDAY SAI AKHIL (17FH1A0559)
V.VENKATA RAMANA (16FH1A0553)
Under the esteemed guidance of

H.ATEEQ AHMED M.Tech
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Dr.K.V.SUBBA REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUA,Anantapur & Approved by AICTE)
Kurnool-518218
(2020-2021)
Dr.K.V. SUBBAREDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNUTA, Ananthapur & Approached by AICTE)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Entitled “Deep Learning Based Fusion Approach for Hate
Speech Detection” being submitted by P.S.SHIVA PRASAD (17FH1A0546), S.RAFEEQ
AHMED (17FH1A0553), A.UDAY SAI AKHIL (17FH1A0559), V.VENKATA RAMANA
(16FH1A0517) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering to theDr.K.V. Subba Reddy
Institute of Technology Affiliated to JNTU Anantapur is Record of Bonafied work carried out
during the year 2020-2021.
The Results presented in this thesis has been verified and found to be Satisfactory.
The results embodied in this thesis report have not been submitted to any other University for
the award of any other degree or diploma.
ProjectGuide HOD
H.Ateeq Ahmed Mtech Dr. C. MohammedGulzar Mtech, Phd
Assistant professor Associate professor
Department of CSE Department of CSE
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
ANANTAPUR
CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINER
Dissertation work entitled “Deep Learning Based Fusion Approach for Hate Speech Detection”
submitted by P.S.Shiva Prasad (17FH1A0546), S.Rafeeq Ahmed (17FH1A0553), A.Uday Sai Akhil
(17fh1a0559), V.Venkata Ramana (16FH1A0553) is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Computer Science and Engineering.
Examiners:
1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our privilege and pleasure to express our profound sense of respect,
gratitude and Indebtedness to our guide, H.Ateeq Ahmed,MTech, Assistant
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Dr.K.V.Subba
Reddy Institute of Technology, for this indefatigable inspiration, guidance,
cogent discussion and encouragement throughout this dissertation work
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr.C.Gulzar, M,Tech, P.hd, Associate

Professor & HOD, Department of CSE, Dr.K.V. Subba Reddy Institute of
Technology, for his precious suggestions, motivation and co-operation for the
successful completion of this project work.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr.C.Dhanraj Cheelu,Principal of

Dr.K.V.Subba Reddy institute of Technology,Dupadu(V),Kurnool, for his
encouragement and constant help.
This acknowledgement will be incomplete without mentioning our sincere

gratefulness to our honourable chairman Dr.K.V.Subba Reddy Garu , who has
been observed posing valance in abundance, forwarding our individuality to
acknowledge our project work tendentiously.
Last but not least, we Wish to acknowledge our friends, family members
and colleagues for giving moral strength and helping us to complete this
dissertation.
PROJECT TEAM:
P.S.SHIVA PRASAD (17FH1A0546)

S.RAFEEQ AHMED (17FH1A0553)
A.UDAY SAI AKHIL (17FH1A0559)
V.VENKATA RAMANA (16FH1A0553)
INDEX
Chapter Page No.
List of Figures i
List of Tables ii
Abstract 01
CHAPTER 1 07
Introduction 07
CHAPTER 2 09
System Environment 09
2.1 Python 09
2.2 History of python 10
2.3 Python Features 10
2.4 Python Methods and Functions 11
CHAPTER 3
UML Models 50
3.1 Class Diagram 50
3.2 Data Flow Diagram 51
3.3 Sequence Diagram 52
3.4 Use Case Diagram 53
3.5 Flow Chart-Remote User and Service Provider 54-55
3.6 Preliminary Investigation 56
3.7 Input and Output 58-59
CHAPTER 4 63
Architecture 63
CHAPTER 5
System Testing 64
5.1 Types of Testing 64-71
5.2 User Training 72
5.3 Testing Methodologies 73-78
5.4 Maintenance 78
CHAPTER 6
Result 80-85
CHAPTER 7
Conclusion 86
CHAPTER 8
` Referernce 88-89
Bibliography 90
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Name Page No.

Table 2.3.1 Arithmetic Operators 12
12-13
Table 2.3.2 Assignment Operators
Table 2.3.3 Identification Operators 15

Table 2.3.4 Comparison Operators 15-16
Table 2.3.5 Logical Operator 16
Table 2.3.6 Member Operator 17
Table 2.3.7 Python Functions and Methods 18-27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of the Figure Page No.

Fig 3.1 Class Diagram 49
Fig 3.2 Data Flow Diagram 50
Fig 3.3 Sequence Diagram 51
Fig 3.4 Use Case Diagram 52
Fig 3.5 Flow Chart – Remote User 53
Fig 3.5.1 Flow Chart – Service Provider 54
Fig 4.0 Architecture 62
Deep Learning Based Fusion Approach for Hate Speech Detection
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the increasing prevalence of hate speech in social media has been considered as a
serious problem worldwide. Many governments and organizations have made significant
investment in hate speech detection techniques, which have also attracted the attention of the
scientific community. Although plenty of literature focusing on this issue is available, it remains
difficult to assess the performances of each proposed method, as each has its own advantages and
disadvantages. A general way to improve the overall results of classification by fusing the various
classifiers results is a meaningful attempt. We first focus on several famous machine learning
methods for text classification such as Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo), Bidirectional
Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN),
and apply these methods to the data sets of the SemEval 2019 Task 5. We then adopt some fusion
strategies to combine the classifiers to improve the overall classification performance. The results
show that the accuracy and F1-score of the classification are significantly improved.
Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 1

EXISTING SYSTEM
 Hate speech leads to discrimination against particular categories of people and

undermines equality. Immigrants and women are usually the main targets.
Over the past few decades, hate against immigrants has grown rapidly as a
result of the refugee crisis and political changes. Some governments and
policy makers are currently trying to address this issue, and making a special
effort for the identification and monitoring of hate speech against immigrants.
Hate against the female gender is a well-known form of discrimination,
ongoing for a long time and generally manifested in the form of abuse,
belittling and discrimination against women in the work, social and family
environments.
 Hate speech is subject to a form of conceptual decomposition and involves
some concepts: (1) it targets groups or classes of people by targeting particular
characteristics; (2) it demonstrates emotions, feelings, or attitudes of hate or
hatred [9]. Hate speech detection belongs to the category of sentiment and
emotion analysis, which can be expressed explicitly or implicitly [10]. It is
generally expressed as negative opinion, abusive messages, stereotypes, humor,
irony and sarcasm. For example, “go back to your own country” and
“Women's views don't count” these words are classified as hate speech.
However, in some cases some words may be negative but they may not hate
speech in the whole context. For example, “I hate them wasting time”, even
though there is the word “hate” employed here, the given sentence is not hate
speech.

 The deep learning methods can be roughly divided into two categories: one
focuses on front-end processing which optimizes the word embedding
technology, and the other on mid-end processing which usually uses simple
word or character based embedding technology and pays more attention to the
middle neural networks processing. The most famous methods focused on
front-end processing are Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) [6][13],
which trains word vectors with context, and Bidirectional Encoder
Representation from Transformers (BERT) [14][15]. BERT is the first deeply
bidirectional, unsupervised language representation from unlabeled text by
jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. It shows
overwhelmingly good performance and has attracted great attention. The most
popular network architectures focused on neural networks processing are
typically based on long short-term memory networks, such as Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) [16][17], Recurrent Neutral Network (RNN) and some
processing versions of them [18]. As mentioned above, firstly, we focus on
several well-behaved deep learning methods in this paper.
 Text representation is the first pivotal step in NLP because the digitization of
text features is fundamental to enabling automated processing. At the
beginning, discrete representations like one-hot coding method and bag-of-
words model are used. They are simple and easy to implement. However, the
representation is sparse with high dimensions and does not consider the
semantic information of words in the sentence. Then word embeddings which
are obtained by training a language model on a large-scale corpus are widely
used. One of the most well-known representative works is Word2Vec [19].
Word2Vec showed that we can use a vector to properly represent words in a

way that captures semantic or meaning-related relationships as well as

syntactic, or grammar-based, relationships.
 The distributed representation in the low-dimensional space in Word2Vec not
only mitigates the dimensional problem but also implicates the association
between words. So Word2Vec has the potential to improve the semantic
accuracy of vectors. However, it has one shortcoming that it is unable to
express the polysemy in different vectors. It means that, for the same word,
even if it has different meanings in the context, its vector is unchanged. It is
unacceptable for the higher accuracy requirements for many NLP missions.
Therefore, training word vectors with context is proposed, such as ELMo [13].
Instead of using a fixed embedding for each word, ELMo introduces context
as new features to dynamically adjust embeddings of words.
Disadvantages
o In the existing work, the system is difficult to judge which learning
algorithm results in a better performance on all feature sets.
o This system is less performance due to lack of framework and
combination rules of classifier fusion, and analyze the factors affecting
the fusion results.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
 Although great contributions have been made in this area of proposed work,
each research method has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is still
difficult to compare their performance, largely due to the use of different
datasets and different feature extraction techniques. Different methods usually
provide disparate suitability on feature sets, even for the same datasets. The
most important question, perhaps, is not which method is the best, but how the
results can be better used in general. It is therefore more worthwhile to find a

way to improve the results of each classification. Ensemble learning tries to
improve the overall performance of the system efficiently by combining the
outputs from various candidate systems.
 The underlying idea of ensemble learning is that even if one weak classifier
gets the wrong prediction, other classifiers can correct the error back to some
extent. The two most common ways of ensemble learning are bagging and
boosting [8]. However, these two methods are unsuitable for ensemble
learning between different classifiers. Adopting some simple algebraic rules of
fusion for multiple classifiers results may prove meaningful.
 In this paper, we focus on several famous deep learning methods. We then

apply fusion methods to combine the classifiers to improve the overall
classification performance.
Advantages
 The idea of ensemble learning in machine learning can advance the overall
classification performance and improve the overall accuracy in prediction.
 Bagging or boosting is based on the same classification algorithm, focusing on
the diversity of the data samples, and is short of diversity creation through
different algorithms.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
➢ H/W System Configuration:-
➢ Processor - Pentium –IV

➢ RAM - 4 GB (min)
➢ Hard Disk - 20 GB
➢ Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard
➢ Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse
➢ Monitor - SVGA
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Operating system : Windows 7 Ultimate.
 Coding Language : Python.
 Front-End : Python.
 Back-End : Django-ORM
 Designing : Html, css, javascript.
 Data Base : MySQL (WAMP Server).

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The popularity of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube,
etc. provide channels for internet users to express their opinions and share comments
that are visible to all. Some people express aggressive, hateful or threatening speech
online arbitrarily. Hate speech is commonly defined as any public speech that
expresses disparagement to a person or a group on the basis of some characteristics
such as race, color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or
other characteristics [1][2]. Social networks encourage the interactions between
people to be more indirect and anonymous thus providing anonymity for some
people making them feel safer even though they express hate speech. It can easily
lead to disruptive anti-social outcomes if it continues to be unregulated and
uncontrolled. Hate speech is therefore considered as a serious problem worldwide,
and many countries and organizations resolutely resist it [3].
The polarity detection of speech on platforms is the first step and is critical to
government departments, social security services, law enforcement and social media
companies which expect to remove accounts with offensive content from their
websites[4]. Compared with manual filtering which is very time consuming,
automatic identification of hate speech will enable the platform to detect the hate
speech and remove them much more quickly and efficiently. The problem of online
hate speech detection has raised interest in both the scientific community and the
business world. There have been many research efforts aimed at automating the
process which is usually modeled as a supervised classification problem. Recently,
machine learning approach which can learn the different associations between pieces
of text, and that a particular output is expected for a particular input by using pre-

labeled examples as training data is popular in scientific studies for hate speech
detection. Among various machine learning methods, deep learning which is a
subset of machine learning, is very prominent in Natural Language Processing (NLP)
to tackle the issue of text classification [5][6].
Although great contributions have been made in this area of work, each research
method has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is still difficult to compare their
performance, largely due to the use of different datasets and different feature
extraction techniques. Different methods usually provide disparate suitability on
feature sets, even for the same datasets.
The most important question, perhaps, is not which method is the best, but how the
results can be better used in general. It is therefore more worthwhile to find a way to
improve the results of each classification. Ensemble learning tries to improve the
overall performance of the system efficiently by combining the outputs from various
candidate systems[7]. The underlying idea of ensemble learning is that even if one
weak classifier gets the wrong prediction, other classifiers can correct the error back
to some extent. The two most common ways of ensemble learning are bagging and
boosting [8]. However, these two methods are unsuitable for ensemble learning
between different classifiers. Adopting some simple algebraic rules of fusion for
multiple classifiers results may prove meaningful.

Chapter 2
2.1 PYTHON
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting

language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently
where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions
than other languages.
 Python is Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do

not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and
PHP.
 Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with
the interpreter directly to write your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique

of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
 Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-

level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications
from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.
2.2 History of Python
Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at
the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the
Netherlands.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-
68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.

Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU
General Public License (GPL).
Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido
van Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.
2.3 Python Features

Python's features include:
 Easy-to-learn: Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
 Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library: Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-
platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode: Python has support for an interactive mode which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the
same interface on all platforms.
2.4 Python Methods and Functions
 Extendable: You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These
modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more
efficient.
 Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

 GUI Programming: Python supports GUI applications that can be created and
ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows
MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
 Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than
shell scripting.
Python has a big list of good features:
 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building

large applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.
 IT supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

2.3.1 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Operator Description Example
+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a+b=

30
- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a–b=-
10
* Multiplies values on either side of the operator a*b=

Multiplication 200
/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2
% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and b%a=
returns remainder 0
** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10

to the
power 20
// Floor Division - The division of operands where the 9//2 = 4

result is the quotient in which the digits after the and
decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands 9.0//2.0
is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away = 4.0, -
from zero (towards negative infinity): 11//3 = -
4, -
11.0//3 =
-4.0

2.3.2 ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
= Assigns values from right side operands to left c=a+b

side operand assigns
value of a
+ b into c
+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and c += a is

assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c +
a
-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left operand c -= a is

AND and assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c –
a
*= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand c *= a is

AND and assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c *
a
/= Divide It divides left operand with the right operand and c /= a is

AND assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c /
ac /= a is
equivalent
to c = c /
a
%= Modulus It takes modulus using two operands and c %= a is

AND assign the result to left operand equivalent to c =

c%a
**= Performs exponential (power) calculation c **= a is

Exponent on operators and assign value to the left equivalent to c = c
AND operand ** a
//= Floor It performs floor division on operators c //= a is

Division and assign value to the left operand equivalent to c = c
// a
2.3.3 IDENTITY OPERATOR
Is Evaluates to true if the variables on x is y,

either side of the operator point to the here is results
same object and false otherwise. in 1 if id(x)
equals id(y).
is not Evaluates to false if the variables on x is not y,

either side of the operator point to the here is
same object and true otherwise. not results in
1 if id(x) is
not equal to
id(y

2.3.4 COMPARISON OPERATOR
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both (a & b)
operands (means
0000 1100)
| Binary OR It copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (a | b) = 61

(means
0011 1101)
^ Binary XOR It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. (a ^ b) = 49
(means
0011 0001)
~ Binary Ones It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. (~a ) = -61
Complement (means
1100 0011
in 2's
complement
form due to
a signed
binary
number.
<< Binary Left Shift The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits a << 2 =
specified by the right operand. 240 (means
1111 0000)
>> Binary Right The left operands value is moved right by the number of a >> 2 = 15
Shift bits specified by the right operand. (means
0000 1111)

2.3.5 LOGICAL OPERATOR
and Logical If both the operands are true then condition (a and b)
AND becomes true. is true.
or Logical OR If any of the two operands are non-zero then (a or b)

condition becomes true. is true.
not Logical Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. Not(a
NOT and b) is
false.
2.3.6 Membership Operators
In Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified x in y, here in

sequence and false otherwise. results in a 1 if x
is a member of
sequence y.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the x not in y, here
specified sequence and false otherwise. not in results in a
1 if x is not a
member of
sequence y.
2.3.7 Python Operators Precedence

Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are
+@ and -@)
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'
^| Bitwise exclusive ÒR' and regular ÒR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= Assignment operators

**=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
LIST

The list is a most versatile data type available in Python which can be written as a list of
comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a list is
that items in a list need not be of the same type.
Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between square

brackets. For example −
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
Basic List Operations

Lists respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation and
repetition here too, except that the result is a new list, not a string.
Python Expression Results Description
len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length
[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation
['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition
3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership
for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 123 Iteration
Built-in List Functions & Methods:

Python includes the following list functions −
SN Function with Description

1 cmp(list1, list2)
Compares elements of both lists.
2 len(list)
Gives the total length of the list.
3 max(list)
Returns item from the list with max value.
4 min(list)
Returns item from the list with min value.
5 list(seq)
Converts a tuple into list.
Python includes following list methods
SN Methods with Description
1 list.append(obj)
Appends object obj to list
2 list.count(obj)
Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list
3 list. extend(seq)
Appends the contents of seq to list

4 list.index(obj)
Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears
5 list.insert(index, obj)
Inserts object obj into list at offset index
6 list.pop(obj=list[-1])
Removes and returns last object or obj from list
7 list.remove(obj)
Removes object obj from list
8 list.reverse()
Reverses objects of list in place
9 list.sort([func])
Sorts objects of list, use compare function if given
TUPLES
A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists.
The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists
and tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values. Optionally we

can put these comma-separated values between parentheses also. For example −
tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );
tup3 = "a", "b", "c", "d";
The empty tuple is written as two parentheses containing nothing −

tup1 = ();
To write a tuple containing a single value you have to include a comma, even though
there is only one value −
tup1 = (50,);
Like string indices, tuple indices start at 0, and they can be sliced, concatenated, and so
on.
 Accessing Values in Tuples:

To access values in tuple, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index. For example –
tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 );
print "tup1[0]: ", tup1[0]

print "tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]
When the code is executed, it produces the following result −
tup1[0]: physics
tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Updating Tuples:
Tuples are immutable which means you cannot update or change the values of tuple
elements. We are able to take portions of existing tuples to create new tuples as the
following example demonstrates −
tup1 = (12, 34.56);
tup2 = ('abc', 'xyz');
tup3 = tup1 + tup2;
print tup3
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

(12, 34.56, 'abc', 'xyz')
Delete Tuple Elements

Removing individual tuple elements is not possible. There is, of course, nothing wrong
with putting together another tuple with the undesired elements discarded.
To explicitly remove an entire tuple, just use the del statement. For example:
tup = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
print tup
del tup;
print "After deleting tup : "
print tup
Basic Tuples Operations:

Python Expression Results Description
len((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length
(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation
('Hi!',) * 4 ('Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!') Repetition
3 in (1, 2, 3) True Membership
for x in (1, 2, 3): print x, 123 Iteration
Built-in TupleFunctions

1
cmp(tuple1, tuple2):Compares elements of both tuples.
2
len(tuple):Gives the total length of the tuple.
3
max(tuple):Returns item from the tuple with max value.
4
min(tuple):Returns item from the tuple with min value.
5
tuple(seq):Converts a list into tuple.
DICTIONARY
Each key is separated from its value by a colon (:), the items are separated by commas,
and the whole thing is enclosed in curly braces. An empty dictionary without any items is
written with just two curly braces, like this: {}.
Keys are unique within a dictionary while values may not be. The values of a dictionary
can be of any type, but the keys must be of an immutable data type such as strings,
numbers, or tuples.
Accessing Values in Dictionary:

To access dictionary elements, you can use the familiar square brackets along with the
key to obtain its value. Following is a simple example −
dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}
print "dict['Name']: ", dict['Name']

print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age']
Result –
dict['Name']: Zara
dict['Age']: 7
Updating Dictionary
We can update a dictionary by adding a new entry or a key-value pair, modifying an
existing entry, or deleting an existing entry as shown below in the simple example −
dict['Age'] = 8; # update existing entry

dict['School'] = "DPS School"; # Add new entry
print "dict['School']: ", dict['School']
Result −
dict['Age']: 8
dict['School']: DPS School
Delete Dictionary Elements

We can either remove individual dictionary elements or clear the entire contents of a
dictionary. You can also delete entire dictionary in a single operation.
To explicitly remove an entire dictionary, just use the del statement. Following is a
simple example –
del dict['Name']; # remove entry with key 'Name'

dict.clear(); # remove all entries in dict

del dict ; # delete entire dictionary

print "dict['School']: ", dict['School']
Built-in Dictionary Functions & Methods –

Python includes the following dictionary functions −
1 cmp(dict1, dict2)
Compares elements of both dict.
2 len(dict)
Gives the total length of the dictionary. This would be equal to the number of
items in the dictionary.
3 str(dict)
Produces a printable string representation of a dictionary
4 type(variable)
Returns the type of the passed variable. If passed variable is dictionary, then it
would return a dictionary type.
Python includes following dictionary methods −

SN Methods with Description
1 dict.clear():Removes all elements of dictionary dict
2 dict. Copy():Returns a shallow copy of dictionary dict
3 dict.fromkeys():Create a new dictionary with keys from seq and values set to value.
4 dict.get(key, default=None):For key key, returns value or default if key not in

dictionary
5 dict.has_key(key):Returns true if key in dictionary dict, false otherwise
6 dict.items():Returns a list of dict's (key, value) tuple pairs
7 dict.keys():Returns list of dictionary dict's keys
8 dict.setdefault(key, default=None):Similar to get(), but will set dict[key]=default

if key is not already in dict
9 dict.update(dict2):Adds dictionary dict2's key-values pairs to dict
10 dict.values():Returns list of dictionary dict's values
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action.
Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of code reusing. Python
gives you many built-in functions like print(), etc. but you can also create your own functions.
These functions are called user-defined functions.
Defining a Function
Simple rules to define a function in Python.

 Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and
parentheses ( ( ) ).
 Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses.

You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.
 The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the documentation

string of the function or docstring.
 The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.
 The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an

expression to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as
return None.
def functionname( parameters ):

"function_docstring"
function_suite
return [expression]
Calling a Function
Defining a function only gives it a name, specifies the parameters that are to be included
in the function and structures the blocks of code.Once the basic structure of a function is
finalized, you can execute it by calling it from another function or directly from the Python
prompt. Following is the example to call printme() function −
# Function definition is here

def printme( str ):
"This prints a passed string into this function"
print str

return;
# Now you can call printme function
printme("I'm first call to user defined function!")
printme("Again second call to the same function")
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
I'm first call to user defined function!

Again second call to the same function
Function Arguments
You can call a function by using the following types of formal arguments:
 Required arguments
 Keyword arguments
 Default arguments
 Variable-length arguments
Scope of Variables
All variables in a program may not be accessible at all locations in that program. This
depends on where you have declared a variable.
The scope of a variable determines the portion of the program where you can access a
particular identifier. There are two basic scopes of variables in Python −
Global variables Local variables
Global vs. Local variables

Variables that are defined inside a function body have a local scope, and those defined
outside have a global scope.

This means that local variables can be accessed only inside the function in which they
are declared, whereas global variables can be accessed throughout the program body
by all functions. When you call a function, the variables declared inside it are brought
into scope. Following is a simple example −
total = 0; # This is global variable.
# Function definition is here
def sum( arg1, arg2 ):
# Add both the parameters and return them."
total = arg1 + arg2; # Here total is local variable.
print "Inside the function local total : ", total
return total;
sum( 10, 20 );
print "Outside the function global total : ", total
Result −
Inside the function local total : 30
Outside the function global total : 0
A module allows you to logically organize your Python code. Grouping related code into
a module makes the code easier to understand and use. A module is a Python object
with arbitrarily named attributes that you can bind and reference.Simply, a module is a
file consisting of Python code. A module can define functions, classes and variables. A
module can also include runnable code.
Example:
The Python code for a module named aname normally resides in a file named aname.py.
Here's an example of a simple module, support.py
def print_func( par ):

print "Hello : ", par
return
The import Statement

The import has the following syntax:
import module1[, module2[,... moduleN]
When the interpreter encounters an import statement, it imports the module if the module
is present in the search path. A search path is a list of directories that the interpreter
searches before importing a module. For example, to import the module support.py, you
need to put the following command at the top of the script −
A module is loaded only once, regardless of the number of times it is imported. This
prevents the module execution from happening over and over again if multiple imports
occur.
Packages in Python
A package is a hierarchical file directory structure that defines a single Python
application environment that consists of modules and sub packages and sub-sub
packages.
Consider a file Pots.py available in Phone directory. This file has following line of source
code −
def Pots():
print "I'm Pots Phone"
Similar way, we have another two files having different functions with the same name as
above −
 Phone/Isdn.py file having function Isdn()

 Phone/G3.py file having function G3()
Now, create one more file __init__.py in Phone directory −
 Phone/__init__.py
To make all of your functions available when you've imported Phone,to put explicit import
statements in __init__.py as follows −
from Pots import Pots
from Isdn import Isdn
from G3 import G3
After you add these lines to __init__.py, you have all of these classes available when you
import the Phone package.
# Now import your Phone Package.
import Phone
Phone.Pots()
Phone.Isdn()
Phone.G3()
RESULT:
I'm Pots Phone
I'm 3G Phone
I'm ISDN Phone
In the above example, we have taken example of a single functions in each file, but you
can keep multiple functions in your files. You can also define different Python classes in
those files and then you can create your packages out of those classes.

This chapter covers all the basic I/O functions available in Python.
PrintingtotheScreen
The simplest way to produce output is using the print statement where you can pass
zero or more expressions separated by commas. This function converts the expressions
you pass into a string and writes the result to standard output as follows −
print "Python is really a great language,", "isn't it?"
Result:
Python is really a great language, isn't it?
ReadingKeyboardInput
Python provides two built-in functions to read a line of text from standard input, which by
default comes from the keyboard. These functions are −
 raw_input
 input
Theraw_inputFunction
The raw_input([prompt]) function reads one line from standard input and returns it as a
string (removing the trailing newline).
str = raw_input("Enter your input: ");

print "Received input is : ", str
This prompts you to enter any string and it would display same string on the screen.
When I typed "Hello Python!", its output is like this −
Enter your input: Hello Python

Received input is : Hello Python
TheinputFunction
The input([prompt]) function is equivalent to raw_input, except that it assumes the input
is a valid Python expression and returns the evaluated result to you.
str = input("Enter your input: ");

print "Received input is : ", str
This would produce the following result against the entered input −
Enter your input: [x*5 for x in range(2,10,2)]

Recieved input is : [10, 20, 30, 40]
OpeningandClosingFiles
Until now, you have been reading and writing to the standard input and output. Now, we
will see how to use actual data files.
Python provides basic functions and methods necessary to manipulate files by default.
You can do most of the file manipulation using a file object.
TheopenFunction
Before you can read or write a file, you have to open it using Python's built-
in open() function. This function creates a file object, which would be utilized to call other
support methods associated with it.
Syntax
file object = open(file_name [, access_mode][, buffering])
Here are parameter details:

 file_name: The file_name argument is a string value that contains the name of the
file that you want to access.
 access_mode: The access_mode determines the mode in which the file has to be
opened, i.e., read, write, append, etc. A complete list of possible values is given
below in the table. This is optional parameter and the default file access mode is
read (r).
 buffering: If the buffering value is set to 0, no buffering takes place. If the

buffering value is 1, line buffering is performed while accessing a file. If you
specify the buffering value as an integer greater than 1, then buffering action is
performed with the indicated buffer size. If negative, the buffer size is the system
default(default behavior).
Here is a list of the different modes of opening a file −
Modes Description
R Opens a file for reading only. The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the file. This is the
default mode.
Rb Opens a file for reading only in binary format. The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the
file. This is the default mode.
r+ Opens a file for both reading and writing. The file pointer placed at the beginning of the file.
rb+ Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary format. The file pointer placed at the
beginning of the file.
W Opens a file for writing only. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If the file does not exist,
creates a new file for writing.

Wb Opens a file for writing only in binary format. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If the file does
not exist, creates a new file for writing.
w+ Opens a file for both writing and reading. Overwrites the existing file if the file exists. If the file
does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing.
wb+ Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary format. Overwrites the existing file if the file
exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing.
A Opens a file for appending. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. That is, the
file is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for writing.
Ab Opens a file for appending in binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file
exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for
writing.
a+ Opens a file for both appending and reading. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file
exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for
reading and writing.
ab+ Opens a file for both appending and reading in binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the
file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new
file for reading and writing.
ThefileObjectAttributes
Once a file is opened and you have one file object, you can get various information
related to that file.
Here is a list of all attributes related to file object:
Attribute Description
file.closed Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise.

file.mode Returns access mode with which file was opened.
file.name Returns name of the file.
file.softspace Returns false if space explicitly required with print, true otherwise.
Example
# Open a file
fo = open("foo.txt", "wb")
print "Name of the file: ", fo.name

print "Closed or not : ", fo.closed
print "Opening mode : ", fo.mode
print "Softspace flag : ", fo.softspace
This produces the following result −
Name of the file: foo.txt

Closed or not : False
Opening mode : wb
Softspace flag : 0
Theclose()Method
The close() method of a file object flushes any unwritten information and closes the file
object, after which no more writing can be done.Python automatically closes a file when
the reference object of a file is reassigned to another file. It is a good practice to use the
close() method to close a file.
Syntax
fileObject.close();
Example
# Open a file

print "Name of the file: ", fo.name

# Close opend file
fo.close()
Result −
Name of the file: foo.txt
ReadingandWritingFiles
The file object provides a set of access methods to make our lives easier. We would see
how to use read() and write() methods to read and write files.
Thewrite()Method
The write() method writes any string to an open file. It is important to note that Python
strings can have binary data and not just text.The write() method does not add a newline
character ('\n') to the end of the string Syntax
fileObject.write(string);
Here, passed parameter is the content to be written into the opened file. Example
# Open a file
fo.write( "Python is a great language.\nYeah its great!!\n");
# Close opend file

fo.close()
The above method would create foo.txt file and would write given content in that file and
finally it would close that file. If you would open this file, it would have following content.
Python is a great language.

Yeah its great!!
Theread()Method
The read() method reads a string from an open file. It is important to note that Python
strings can have binary data. apart from text data.
Syntax
fileObject.read([count]);
Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be read from the opened file. This
method starts reading from the beginning of the file and if count is missing, then it tries to
read as much as possible, maybe until the end of file.
Example
Let's take a file foo.txt, which we created above.
# Open a file
fo = open("foo.txt", "r+")
str = fo.read(10);
print "Read String is : ", str

# Close opend file
fo.close()
Read String is : Python is
FilePositions
The tell() method tells you the current position within the file; in other words, the next
read or write will occur at that many bytes from the beginning of the file.
32
The seek(offset[, from]) method changes the current file position. The offset argument
indicates the number of bytes to be moved. The from argument specifies the reference
position from where the bytes are to be moved.

If from is set to 0, it means use the beginning of the file as the reference position and 1
means use the current position as the reference position and if it is set to 2 then the end
of the file would be taken as the reference position.
Example
Let us take a file foo.txt, which we created above.
# Open a file
fo = open("foo.txt", "r+")
str = fo.read(10);
print "Read String is : ", str
# Check current position

position = fo.tell();
print "Current file position : ", position
# Reposition pointer at the beginning once again

position = fo.seek(0, 0);
str = fo.read(10);
print "Again read String is : ", str

# Close opend file
fo.close()
Read String is : Python is

Current file position : 10
Again read String is : Python is
RenamingandDeletingFiles
Python os module provides methods that help you perform file-processing operations,
such as renaming and deleting files.

To use this module you need to import it first and then you can call any related functions.
Therename()Method
The rename() method takes two arguments, the current filename and the new filename.
Syntax
os.rename(current_file_name, new_file_name)
Example
Following is the example to rename an existing file test1.txt:
import os
# Rename a file from test1.txt to test2.txt

os.rename( "test1.txt", "test2.txt" )
Theremove()Method
You can use the remove() method to delete files by supplying the name of the file to be
deleted as the argument.
Syntax
os.remove(file_name)
Example
Following is the example to delete an existing file test2.txt −
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
# Delete file test2.txt

os.remove("text2.txt")
DirectoriesinPython

All files are contained within various directories, and Python has no problem handling
these too. The os module has several methods that help you create, remove, and
change directories.
Themkdir()Method
You can use the mkdir() method of the os module to create directories in the current
directory. You need to supply an argument to this method which contains the name of
the directory to be created.
Syntax
os.mkdir("newdir")
Example
Following is the example to create a directory test in the current directory −
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
# Create a directory "test"

os.mkdir("test")
Thechdir()Method
You can use the chdir() method to change the current directory. The chdir() method
takes an argument, which is the name of the directory that you want to make the current
directory.
Syntax
os.chdir("newdir")
Example
Following is the example to go into "/home/newdir" directory −
#!/usr/bin/python
import os

# Changing a directory to "/home/newdir"

os.chdir("/home/newdir")
Thegetcwd()Method
The getcwd() method displays the current working directory.
Syntax
os.getcwd()
Example
Following is the example to give current directory −
import os
# This would give location of the current directory

os.getcwd()
Thermdir()Method
The rmdir() method deletes the directory, which is passed as an argument in the method.
Before removing a directory, all the contents in it should be removed.
Syntax:
os.rmdir('dirname')
Example
Following is the example to remove "/tmp/test" directory. It is required to give fully
qualified name of the directory, otherwise it would search for that directory in the current
directory.
import os
# This would remove "/tmp/test" directory.
os.rmdir( "/tmp/test" )

File& DirectoryRelatedMethods
There are three important sources, which provide a wide range of utility methods to
handle and manipulate files & directories on Windows and Unix operating systems. They
are as follows −
 File Object Methods: The file object provides functions to manipulate files.
 OS Object Methods: This provides methods to process files as well as directories.
Python provides two very important features to handle any unexpected error
in your Python programs and to add debugging capabilities in them −
 Exception Handling: This would be covered in this tutorial. Here is a

list standard Exceptions available in Python: Standard Exceptions.
 Assertions: This would be covered in Assertions in Python
List of Standard Exceptions −
EXCEPTION DESCRIPTION
NAME
Exception Base class for all exceptions
StopIteration Raised when the next() method of an iterator does not point to any
object.
SystemExit Raised by the sys.exit() function.
StandardError Base class for all built-in exceptions except StopIteration and
SystemExit.

ArithmeticError Base class for all errors that occur for numeric calculation.
OverflowError Raised when a calculation exceeds maximum limit for a numeric

type.
FloatingPointError Raised when a floating point calculation fails.
ZeroDivisionError Raised when division or modulo by zero takes place for all numeric
types.
AssertionError Raised in case of failure of the Assert statement.
AttributeError Raised in case of failure of attribute reference or assignment.
EOFError Raised when there is no input from either the raw_input() or input()
function and the end of file is reached.
ImportError Raised when an import statement fails.
KeyboardInterrupt Raised when the user interrupts program execution, usually by

pressing Ctrl+c.
LookupError Base class for all lookup errors.
IndexError Raised when an index is not found in a sequence.
KeyError Raised when the specified key is not found in the dictionary.
NameError Raised when an identifier is not found in the local or global

namespace.
UnboundLocalError Raised when trying to access a local variable in a function or

method but no value has been assigned to it.
EnvironmentError
Base class for all exceptions that occur outside the Python
environment.
IOError Raised when an input/ output operation fails, such as the print
statement or the open() function when trying to open a file that does
IOError
not exist.
Raised for operating system-related errors.
SyntaxError Raised when there is an error in Python syntax.
IndentationError Raised when indentation is not specified properly.
SystemError Raised when the interpreter finds an internal problem, but when this
error is encountered the Python interpreter does not exit.
SystemExit Raised when Python interpreter is quit by using the sys.exit()

function. If not handled in the code, causes the interpreter to exit.
TypeError Raised when an operation or function is attempted that is invalid for

the specified data type.
ValueError Raised when the built-in function for a data type has the valid type
of arguments, but the arguments have invalid values specified.
RuntimeError Raised when a generated error does not fall into any category.
NotImplementedError Raised when an abstract method that needs to be implemented in an

inherited class is not actually implemented.

What is Exception?
An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts
the normal flow of the program's instructions. In general, when a Python script
encounters a situation that it cannot cope with, it raises an exception. An exception is a
Python object that represents an error.
When a Python script raises an exception, it must either handle the exception
immediately otherwise it terminates and quits.
Handlinganexception
If you have some suspicious code that may raise an exception, you can defend your
program by placing the suspicious code in a try: block. After the try: block, include
an except: statement, followed by a block of code which handles the problem as
elegantly as possible.
The Python standard for database interfaces is the Python DB-API. Most Python
database interfaces adhere to this standard.
You can choose the right database for your application. Python Database API supports a
wide range of database servers such as −
 GadFly
 mSQL
 MySQL
 PostgreSQL
 Microsoft SQL Server 2000
 Informix

 Interbase
 Oracle
 Sybase
The DB API provides a minimal standard for working with databases using Python
structures and syntax wherever possible. This API includes the following:
 Importing the API module.
 Acquiring a connection with the database.
 Issuing SQL statements and stored procedures and closing the module.

Chapter 3
UML Models

View All Person's Speech Data

Data Flow Diagram : Set Details,Search Person Speech
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 Use case View All Person's Speech Data Set

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View Hate
Speech
Register and Login,post

on person speech data
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Search on person speech Remote User
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View person speech data

sets
, View Positive Speech
View Negative Speech
View Score Results by Line Chart
View Score Results By Bar Chart, View

All Remote Users




PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
The first and foremost strategy for development of a project starts from the thought of
designing a mail enabled platform for a small firm in which it is easy and convenient of sending
and receiving messages, there is a search engine ,address book and also including some
entertaining games. When it is approved by the organization and our project guide the first activity,
ie. preliminary investigation begins. The activity has three parts:
 Request Clarification
 Feasibility Study
 Request Approval
REQUEST CLARIFICATION
After the approval of the request to the organization and project guide, with an
investigation being considered, the project request must be examined to determine precisely what
the system requires.
Here our project is basically meant for users within the company whose systems can
be interconnected by the Local Area Network(LAN). In today’s busy schedule man need
everything should be provided in a readymade manner. So taking into consideration of the vastly
use of the net in day to day life, the corresponding development of the portal came into existence.

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
An important outcome of preliminary investigation is the determination that the system

request is feasible. This is possible only if it is feasible within limited resource and time. The
different feasibilities that have to be analyzed are
 Operational Feasibility
 Economic Feasibility
 Technical Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Operational Feasibility deals with the study of prospects of the system to be developed.
This system operationally eliminates all the tensions of the Admin and helps him in effectively
tracking the project progress. This kind of automation will surely reduce the time and energy,
which previously consumed in manual work. Based on the study, the system is proved to be
operationally feasible.
Economic Feasibility
Economic Feasibility or Cost-benefit is an assessment of the economic justification for a

computer based project. As hardware was installed from the beginning & for lots of purposes thus
the cost on project of hardware is low. Since the system is a network based, any number of
employees connected to the LAN within that organization can use this tool from at anytime. The
Virtual Private Network is to be developed using the existing resources of the organization. So the
project is economically feasible.
Technical Feasibility
According to Roger S. Pressman, Technical Feasibility is the assessment of the technical
resources of the organization. The organization needs IBM compatible machines with a graphical
web browser connected to the Internet and Intranet. The system is developed for platform
Independent environment. Java Server Pages, JavaScript, HTML, SQL server and WebLogic

Server are used to develop the system. The technical feasibility has been carried out. The system is
technically feasible for development and can be developed with the existing facility.
4.3.3 REQUEST APPROVAL
Not all request projects are desirable or feasible. Some organization receives so many
project requests from client users that only few of them are pursued. However, those projects that
are both feasible and desirable should be put into schedule. After a project request is approved, it
cost, priority, completion time and personnel requirement is estimated and used to determine
where to add it to any project list. Truly speaking, the approval of those above factors,
development works can be launched.
SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
INPUT DESIGN
Input Design plays a vital role in the life cycle of software development, it requires very
careful attention of developers. The input design is to feed data to the application as accurate as
possible. So inputs are supposed to be designed effectively so that the errors occurring while
feeding are minimized. According to Software Engineering Concepts, the input forms or screens
are designed to provide to have a validation control over the input limit, range and other related
validations.
This system has input screens in almost all the modules. Error messages are developed to
alert the user whenever he commits some mistakes and guides him in the right way so that invalid
entries are not made. Let us see deeply about this under module design.
Input design is the process of converting the user created input into a computer-based
format. The goal of the input design is to make the data entry logical and free from errors. The
error is in the input are controlled by the input design. The application has been developed in user-

friendly manner. The forms have been designed in such a way during the processing the cursor is
placed in the position where must be entered. The user is also provided with in an option to select
an appropriate input from various alternatives related to the field in certain cases.
Validations are required for each data entered. Whenever a user enters an erroneous data,
error message is displayed and the user can move on to the subsequent pages after completing all
the entries in the current page.
OUTPUT DESIGN
The Output from the computer is required to mainly create an efficient method of
communication within the company primarily among the project leader and his team members, in
other words, the administrator and the clients. The output of VPN is the system which allows the
project leader to manage his clients in terms of creating new clients and assigning new projects to
them, maintaining a record of the project validity and providing folder level access to each client
on the user side depending on the projects allotted to him. After completion of a project, a new
project may be assigned to the client. User authentication procedures are maintained at the initial
stages itself. A new user may be created by the administrator himself or a user can himself register
as a new user but the task of assigning projects and validating a new user rests with the
administrator only.
The application starts running when it is executed for the first time. The server has to be started
and then the internet explorer in used as the browser. The project will run on the local area network
so the server machine will serve as the administrator while the other connected systems can act as
the clients. The developed system is highly user friendly and can be easily understood by anyone
using it even for the first time.

3.3 SYSTEM STUDY
2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal
is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates.
During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be
carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the
company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements
for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are
 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will
have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the
research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be
justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved
because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized
products had to be purchased.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the
technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high
demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the
available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the
client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or
null changes are required for implementing this system.
SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the
user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The
user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity.

The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are
employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His
level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive
criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.
Chapter 4

Architecture Diagram
Service Provider
Admin Accepting all user Information View All Person's Speech Data Set Details
View user data details Search Person Speech Review Data Set Details
View Hate Speech
View Positive Speech
Authorize View Negative Speech
the Admin Process all View Score Results by Line Chart
user queries View Score Results By Bar Chart
Store and retrievals View All Remote Users
Registering
the User
WEB
Database
Remote User
Register and Login
Tweet Server
Post person speech data set,
Search on person speech data set Details,
View Your Profile

Chapter 5
SYSTEM TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to

discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to
check the functionality of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished
product It is the process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the
Software system meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an
unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test type addresses a
specific testing requirement.
5.1 Types of Testing
TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs.
All decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of
individual software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an
individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on
knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at
component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs
accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and
expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to

determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more
concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate
that although the components were individually satisfaction, as shown by
successfully unit testing, the combination of components is correct and consistent.
Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from
the combination of components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are

available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system
documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to
identify Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive
processes must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete,
additional tests are identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An
example of system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test.
System testing is based on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven
process links and integration points.
White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least
its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black
box level.
Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most
other kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as
specification or requirements document, such as specification or requirements
document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as a black
box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs
without considering how the software works.
Unit Testing:

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test
phase of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit
testing to be conducted as two distinct phases.
Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or

more integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures
caused by interface defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software
applications, e.g. components in a software system or – one step up – software
applications at the company level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.
Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires

significant participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the
functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.
SYSTEM TESTING
TESTING METHODOLOGIES
The following are the Testing Methodologies:
o Unit Testing.
o Integration Testing.
o User Acceptance Testing.
o Output Testing.
o Validation Testing.
Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of Software design that is the
module. Unit testing exercises specific paths in a module’s control structure to ensure complete
coverage and maximum error detection. This test focuses on each module individually, ensuring
that it functions properly as a unit. Hence, the naming is Unit Testing.

During this testing, each module is tested individually and the module interfaces are
verified for the consistency with design specification. All important processing path are tested for
the expected results. All error handling paths are also tested.
Integration Testing
Integration testing addresses the issues associated with the dual problems of verification
and program construction. After the software has been integrated a set of high order tests are
conducted. The main objective in this testing process is to take unit tested modules and builds a
program structure that has been dictated by design.
The following are the types of Integration Testing:
1)Top Down Integration

This method is an incremental approach to the construction of program structure. Modules
are integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the main
program module. The module subordinates to the main program module are incorporated into the
structure in either a depth first or breadth first manner.
In this method, the software is tested from main module and individual stubs are replaced
when the test proceeds downwards.
2. Bottom-up Integration
This method begins the construction and testing with the modules at the lowest level in the
program structure. Since the modules are integrated from the bottom up, processing required for
modules subordinate to a given level is always available and the need for stubs is eliminated. The
bottom up integration strategy may be implemented with the following steps:
 The low-level modules are combined into clusters into clusters that perform
a specific Software sub-function.
 A driver (i.e.) the control program for testing is written to coordinate test case
input and output.
 The cluster is tested.

 Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving upward in the program
structure
The bottom up approaches tests each module individually and then each module is module is
integrated with a main module and tested for functionality.
OTHER TESTING METHODOLOGIES

User Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system
under consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the
prospective system users at the time of developing and making changes wherever required. The
system developed provides a friendly user interface that can easily be understood even by a person
who is new to the system.
Output Testing
After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed
system, since no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the specified
format. Asking the users about the format required by them tests the outputs generated or
displayed by the system under consideration. Hence the output format is considered in 2 ways –
one is on screen and another in printed format.
Validation Checking
Validation checks are performed on the following fields.
Text Field:
The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal to its size. The
text fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables. Incorrect entry always
flashes and error message.
Numeric Field:

The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character flashes
an error messages. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to perform.
Each module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually tested modules
are integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real data information is used in
the program the existence of any program defect is inferred from the output. The testing should be
planned so that all the requirements are individually tested.
A successful test is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate data and produces
and output revealing the errors in the system.
Preparation of Test Data

Taking various kinds of test data does the above testing. Preparation of test data plays a
vital role in the system testing. After preparing the test data the system under study is tested using
that test data. While testing the system by using test data errors are again uncovered and corrected
by using above testing steps and corrections are also noted for future use.
Using Live Test Data:

Live test data are those that are actually extracted from organization files. After a system is
partially constructed, programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data from their
normal activities. Then, the systems person uses this data as a way to partially test the system. In
other instances, programmers or analysts extract a set of live data from the files and have them
entered themselves.
It is difficult to obtain live data in sufficient amounts to conduct extensive testing. And,
although it is realistic data that will show how the system will perform for the typical processing
requirement, assuming that the live data entered are in fact typical, such data generally will not test
all combinations or formats that can enter the system. This bias toward typical values then does not
provide a true systems test and in fact ignores the cases most likely to cause system failure.
Using Artificial Test Data:

Artificial test data are created solely for test purposes, since they can be generated to test all
combinations of formats and values. In other words, the artificial data, which can quickly be
prepared by a data generating utility program in the information systems department, make
possible the testing of all login and control paths through the program.

The most effective test programs use artificial test data generated by persons other than those who
wrote the programs. Often, an independent team of testers formulates a testing plan, using the
systems specifications.
The package “Virtual Private Network” has satisfied all the requirements specified as per software
requirement specification and was accepted.
5.2 USER TRAINING

Whenever a new system is developed, user training is required to educate them about the working
of the system so that it can be put to efficient use by those for whom the system has been primarily
designed. For this purpose the normal working of the project was demonstrated to the prospective
users. Its working is easily understandable and since the expected users are people who have good
knowledge of computers, the use of this system is very easy.
MAINTAINENCE
This covers a wide range of activities including correcting code and design errors. To reduce the
need for maintenance in the long run, we have more accurately defined the user’s requirements
during the process of system development. Depending on the requirements, this system has been
developed to satisfy the needs to the largest possible extent. With development in technology, it
may be possible to add many more features based on the requirements in future. The coding and
designing is simple and easy to understand which will make maintenance easier.
5. 3 TESTING METHOD STRATEGY :

A strategy for system testing integrates system test cases and design techniques into a well planned
series of steps that results in the successful construction of software. The testing strategy must co-
operate test planning, test case design, test execution, and the resultant data collection and
evaluation .A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary
to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high level
tests that validate major system functions against user requirements.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate
review of specification design and coding. Testing represents an interesting anomaly for the
software. Thus, a series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the system is
ready for user acceptance testing.
SYSTEM TESTING:
Software once validated must be combined with other system elements (e.g. Hardware, people,
database). System testing verifies that all the elements are proper and that overall system function
performance is achieved. It also tests to find discrepancies between the system and its original
objective, current specifications and system documentation.
UNIT TESTING:
In unit testing different are modules are tested against the specifications produced during the
design for the modules. Unit testing is essential for verification of the code produced during the
coding phase, and hence the goals to test the internal logic of the modules. Using the detailed
design description as a guide, important Conrail paths are tested to uncover errors within the
boundary of the modules. This testing is carried out during the programming stage itself. In this
type of testing step, each module was found to be working satisfactorily as regards to the expected
output from the module.
In Due Course, latest technology advancements will be taken into consideration. As part
of technical build-up many components of the networking system will be generic in nature so that
future projects can either use or interact with this. The future holds a lot to offer to the
development and refinement of this project.
SYSTEM TESTING
TESTING METHODOLOGIES
The following are the Testing Methodologies:
o Unit Testing.
o Integration Testing.
o User Acceptance Testing.
o Output Testing.
o Validation Testing.
Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of Software design that is the
module. Unit testing exercises specific paths in a module’s control structure to
ensure complete coverage and maximum error detection. This test focuses on each module
individually, ensuring that it functions properly as a unit. Hence, the naming is Unit Testing.
During this testing, each module is tested individually and the module interfaces are
verified for the consistency with design specification. All important processing path are tested for
the expected results. All error handling paths are also tested.
Integration Testing
Integration testing addresses the issues associated with the dual problems of verification
and program construction. After the software has been integrated a set of high order tests are
conducted. The main objective in this testing process is to take unit tested modules and builds a
program structure that has been dictated by design.
The following are the types of Integration Testing:
1. Top Down Integration
This method is an incremental approach to the construction of program structure. Modules

are integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the main
program module. The module subordinates to the main program module are incorporated into the
structure in either a depth first or breadth first manner.

In this method, the software is tested from main module and individual stubs are replaced
when the test proceeds downwards.
2. Bottom-up Integration
This method begins the construction and testing with the modules at the lowest level in the
program structure. Since the modules are integrated from the bottom up, processing required for
modules subordinate to a given level is always available and the need for stubs is eliminated. The
bottom up integration strategy may be implemented with the following steps:
 The low-level modules are combined into clusters into clusters that perform
a specific Software sub-function.
 A driver (i.e.) the control program for testing is written to coordinate test case
input and output.
 The cluster is tested.
 Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving upward in the program
structure
The bottom up approaches tests each module individually and then each module is module is
integrated with a main module and tested for functionality.
User Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system
under consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the
prospective system users at the time of developing and making changes wherever required. The
system developed provides a friendly user interface that can easily be understood even by a person
who is new to the system.

Output Testing
After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed
system, since no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the specified
format. Asking the users about the format required by them tests the outputs generated or
displayed by the system under consideration. Hence the output format is considered in 2 ways –
one is on screen and another in printed format.
Validation Checking
Validation checks are performed on the following fields.
Text Field:
The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal to its size. The
text fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables. Incorrect entry always
flashes and error message.
Numeric Field:
The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character flashes
an error messages. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to perform.
Each module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually tested modules
are integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real data information is used in
the program the existence of any program defect is inferred from the output. The testing should be
planned so that all the requirements are individually tested.
A successful test is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate data and produces
and output revealing the errors in the system.
Preparation of Test Data

Taking various kinds of test data does the above testing. Preparation of test data plays a
vital role in the system testing. After preparing the test data the system under study is tested
using that test data. While testing the system by using test data errors are again uncovered and
corrected by using above testing steps and corrections are also noted for future use.
Using Live Test Data:
Live test data are those that are actually extracted from organization files. After a system is
partially constructed, programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data from their
normal activities. Then, the systems person uses this data as a way to partially test the system. In
other instances, programmers or analysts extract a set of live data from the files and have them
entered themselves.
It is difficult to obtain live data in sufficient amounts to conduct extensive testing. And,
although it is realistic data that will show how the system will perform for the typical processing
requirement, assuming that the live data entered are in fact typical, such data generally will not test
all combinations or formats that can enter the system. This bias toward typical values then does not
provide a true systems test and in fact ignores the cases most likely to cause system failure.
Using Artificial Test Data:
Artificial test data are created solely for test purposes, since they can be generated to test all
combinations of formats and values. In other words, the artificial data, which can quickly be
prepared by a data generating utility program in the information systems department, make
possible the testing of all login and control paths through the program.

The most effective test programs use artificial test data generated by persons other than
those who wrote the programs. Often, an independent team of testers formulates a testing plan,
using the systems specifications.
The package “Virtual Private Network” has satisfied all the requirements specified as per
software requirement specification and was accepted.
USER TRAINING
Whenever a new system is developed, user training is required to educate them about the
working of the system so that it can be put to efficient use by those for whom the system has been
primarily designed. For this purpose the normal working of the project was demonstrated to the
prospective users. Its working is easily understandable and since the expected users are people who
have good knowledge of computers, the use of this system is very easy.
5.4 MAINTAINENCE
This covers a wide range of activities including correcting code and design errors. To
reduce the need for maintenance in the long run, we have more accurately defined the user’s
requirements during the process of system development. Depending on the requirements, this
system has been developed to satisfy the needs to the largest possible extent. With development in
technology, it may be possible to add many more features based on the requirements in future. The
coding and designing is simple and easy to understand which will make maintenance easier.
TESTING STRATEGY :
A strategy for system testing integrates system test cases and design techniques into a well
planned series of steps that results in the successful construction of software. The testing strategy
must co-operate test planning, test case design, test execution, and the resultant data collection and

evaluation .A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary
to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high level
tests that validate major system functions against user requirements.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate
review of specification design and coding. Testing represents an interesting anomaly for the
software. Thus, a series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the system is
ready for user acceptance testing.
SYSTEM TESTING:
Software once validated must be combined with other system elements (e.g. Hardware,
people, database). System testing verifies that all the elements are proper and that overall system
function performance is
achieved. It also tests to find discrepancies between the system and its original objective, current
specifications and system documentation.
UNIT TESTING:
In unit testing different are modules are tested against the specifications produced during
the design for the modules. Unit testing is essential for verification of the code produced during the
coding phase, and hence the goals to test the internal logic of the modules. Using the detailed
design description as a guide, important Conrail paths are tested to uncover errors within the
boundary of the modules. This testing is carried out during the programming stage itself. In this
type of testing step, each module was found to be working satisfactorily as regards to the expected
output from the module.
Chapter 6
Program on pycharm and user login in web browser:

Now pychram will execute the puthon program with command python manage.py
runserverit will gives an url http://127.0.0.1:8000/ we can browse
we need to register and login as user we have another option that we need to
login as service provider.

1. Register
2. Login as User
3. Login as Service Provider

Now we can access the data by uploading it.

1. View as a User

2.Control as a Administrator
We can view the Score result in the system as

1. Pie chart

2. Line chart
Here we can view the Score results as statistical view

We can view all remote users
Then we can logout from the system
Chapter 7

CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented the principle of three types of text classification methods,
ELMo, BERT and CNN, and applied them to hate speech detection, then improved
the performance by fusion from two perspectives: the fusion of the classification
results of ELMo, BERT and CNN, and the fusion of the classification results of
three CNN classifiers with different parameters. The results showed that fusion
processing is a viable way to improve the performance of hate speech detection. It
can be deemed reasonable to achieve the practical significance of performance at a
little extra cost. This paper focuses on the fusion after separate classification; the
degree of integration is not deep enough. In the future we will pay more attention to
the early cooperation before classification. We will try to replace the basic word
vector expression in CNN with the embedding technologies in ELMo or BERT. This
can integrate the advantages of excellent word embedding and powerful neural
networks deeply.

Chapter 8
Bibliography
[18] E. O. Olaniyi, O. K. Oyedotun, and K. Adnan, ``Heart diseases diagnosis
using neural networks arbitration,'' Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl., vol. 7, no. 12,
p. 72, 2015.
[19] R. Das, I. Turkoglu, and A. Sengur, `Èffective diagnosis of heart disease
through neural networks ensembles,'' Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 36, no. 4,
pp. 76757680, May 2009.
[20] O. W. Samuel, G. M. Asogbon, A. K. Sangaiah, P. Fang, and G. Li,
`Àn integrated decision support system based on ANN and Fuzzy_AHP
for heart failure risk prediction,'' Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 68, pp. 163172,
Feb. 2017.
[21] A. V. S. Kumar, ``Diagnosis of heart disease using fuzzy resolution
mechanism,''
J. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 4755, Jan. 2012.
[22] M. Gudadhe, K. Wankhade, and S. Dongre, ``Decision support system forheart
disease based on support vector machine and arti_cial neural network,''
in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Technol. (ICCCT), Sep. 2010,
pp. 741_745.
[23] H. Kahramanli and N. Allahverdi, ``Design of a hybrid system for the diabetes
and heart diseases,'' Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 35, nos. 1_2, pp. 82_89,
Jul. 2008.
[24] M. A. Jabbar, B. Deekshatulu, and P. Chandra, ``Classi_cation of heart disease
using arti_cial neural network and feature subset selection,'' Global
J. Comput. Sci. Technol. Neural Artif. Intell., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 4_8, 2013.
[25] X. Liu, X. Wang, Q. Su, M. Zhang, Y. Zhu, Q. Wang, and Q. Wang,
`À hybrid classi_cation system for heart disease diagnosis based on
the RFRS method,'' Comput. Math. Methods Med., vol. 2017, pp. 1_11,
Jan. 2017.

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A Project Report

submitted in practical fulfillment to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological UniversityAnantapur,

Under the esteemed guidance of

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr.C.Gulzar, M,Tech, P.hd, Associate

We extend our sincere thanks to Dr.C.Dhanraj Cheelu,Principal of

This acknowledgement will be incomplete without mentioning our sincere

P.S.SHIVA PRASAD (17FH1A0546)

Chapter Page No.

Table No. Table Name Page No.

Table 2.3.3 Identification Operators 15

Figure No. Name of the Figure Page No.

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 1

 Hate speech leads to discrimination against particular categories of people and

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 2

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 3

way that captures semantic or meaning-related relationships as well as

results can be better used in general. It is therefore more worthwhile to find a

 In this paper, we focus on several famous deep learning methods. We then

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 5

➢ H/W System Configuration:-

➢ Processor - Pentium –IV

 Operating system : Windows 7 Ultimate.

 Coding Language : Python.

 Designing : Html, css, javascript.

 Data Base : MySQL (WAMP Server).

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 6

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 1

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 2

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting

 Python is Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do

 Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique

 Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-

2.2 History of Python

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 3

2.3 Python Features

 Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

2.4 Python Methods and Functions

 Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 4

Python has a big list of good features:

 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building

 IT supports automatic garbage collection.

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 5

2.3.1 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a+b=

* Multiplies values on either side of the operator a*b=

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10

// Floor Division - The division of operands where the 9//2 = 4

Dept of CSE Dr.KVSRIT Page 6

2.3.2 ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left c=a+b

+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and c += a is

-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left operand c -= a is

*= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand c *= a is

Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators ab =10

= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand c = a is

= Performs exponential (power) calculation c = a is