Important Questions For Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 - Human Reproduction
Important Questions For Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 - Human Reproduction
Biology
Chapter 3 - Human Reproduction
Ans: The high temperature of the abdomen kills the spermatogenic tissue of the
testes, so no sperm are formed.
a) Primary spermatocyte
Ans: 46 in primary spermatocyte
b) Spermatid
Ans: 23 in spermatid.
Ans: The ovum and sperm should arrive at the ampullary – isthmic junction at
the same time.
13. Name the substance present in the sperm acrosome & which help in
sperms entry into egg.
14. Name the layer of cells that forms the outer wall of blastocyst.
Ans: Trophoblast.
16. Despite the presence of So many sperms in the vicinity of an egg cell, only
one sperm enters the ovum. Why?
Ans: Because when sperm comes in contact with ovum (zona pellucida) &
induces changes in membrane to block entry of other sperms.
17. How many polar bodies are given out in production of one egg during
cogenesis?
Ans: Two polar bodies are given out in production of one egg during cogenesis.
a) Corpus luteum
Ans: Corpus luteum: It secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium
of the uterus for implantation and normal development of the fetus.
b) Endometrium
Ans: Endometrium: It undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle and
prepares itself for implantation of the blastocyst.
2. In the given figure, give the name and functions of parts labeled A and B.
(b) The second half of the menstrual cycle is called the luteal phase as well
as the secretory phase.
Ans: In the second half of the menstrual cycle, the Corpus luteum is fully formed
and secretes a large quantity of Progesterone.
The ovulatory phase becomes most important in the terms of luteinizing hormone
(LH) surge. In the follicular phase, at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, the
follicle is developed. This cycle begins with the menstrual period, the shedding
of the uterine lining and the shedding cleanses the lining of the uterus in
preparation for ovulation during the ovulatory phase.
Ans: The development of human sperm cells is not possible at body temperature.
Spermatogenesis and maintenance of the seminiferous tubules require a
temperature slightly lower than that of the body. Hence, the scrotum provides this
which lies outside the abdominal cavity.
Ans: The sperm of the human is of a microscopic structure with a head, middle
piece, and tail. The head comprises the haploid nucleus and an anterior acrosome
which contains the enzymes required for the fertilization of the egg. The middle
piece contains numerous mitochondria which are responsible to produce the
energy for the mobility of the tail of the sperm.
Ans: The Placenta is the structural and functional unit between the developing
embryo and the mother which facilitates the supply of nutrients, oxygen to the
embryo and is also responsible for the removal of carbon dioxide and other
excretory products produced by the embryo. It also functions as an endocrine
tissue, producing a variety of hormones.
Primary oocyte: 23 pairs. Secondary oocyte: 23. Ootid: 23. Follicle: 23 pairs.
Ans:
Ans:
Ans: The colostrum is the milk secreted from mammary glands just after birth
for 2 or 3 days. It is rich in proteins & low in fats. It also contains the antibody
IgA which provides immunity to newborn infants.
1. Mention the name and role of hormones which are involved in regulation
of gamete formation in human male.
b)
c)
f)
3. The events of the menstrual cycle are represented below. Answer the
following questions.
(ii) In which of the above-mentioned phases does the egg travel to the
fallopian tube?
Ans: End of the follicular or proliferative phase.
Ans: Menstruation does not occur during pregnancy upon fertilization due to
high levels of progesterone secreted by persisting Corpus luteum and Placenta.
4. (a) Read the graph given below. Correlate the ovarian events that take
place in the human female according to the level of the pituitary hormone
during the following day.
(b) What are the uterine events that follow beyond the 29th day if the ovum
is not fertilizer?
Ans: After the 29th day there is a menstrual flow involving the discharge of blood
and cast off endometrium lining.
Functions:
6. What are the various male accessory glands? Give their function.
Ans: The male accessory glands is made up of paired seminal vesicles, a prostate
gland, and paired bulbourethral glands. These glands secrete seminal plasma rich
in fructose, calcium, and certain enzymes. Secretions of bulbourethral glands aid
in the lubrication of the penis.
a) Menstrual Phase: In females, the menstrual phase lasts for 3-5 days and
during this period the endometrial lining of the uterus is cast off and is slowly
passed out from the vagina as a mixture of blood.
b) Proliferative or Follicular Phase: Between the 6th and 16th day of the cycle,
it lasts 11 days. One ovarian follicle is converted to a Graafian follicle during this
phase, and the endometrial layer is regenerated, as well as the burst blood vessels
are repaired. Estrogen levels rise. It comes to an end with ovulation.
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c) Secretory Phase: It exists for 12 days and between 17-28 days. The Graafian
follicle gets converted to Corpus Luteum. The endometrium grows and thickens
further. Progesterone increases. It ends with the conversion of the corpus luteum
to corpus albican.
Ans: Below given are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis:-
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
It occurs inside the testes. It occurs inside the ovary.
All the stages are completed inside the Majority stages occur inside the ovary
testes. but the last stages occur inside the
oviduct.
The germinal epithelial lining of the Oogonia develop from the germinal
seminiferous tubules gives rise to epithelium overlying the ovary.
spermatogonia.
Ans: The father's genetic information is carried by the sperm in the form of 23
chromosomes (including the male sex chromosome X or Y), whereas the
mother's genetic information is carried by the egg (including the female sex
chromosome X). Thus during fertilization, the fusion of the male and the female
gametes produces a new genetic combination that introduces variation in the
progeny. The zygote or the fertilized egg contains the genetic information which
accordingly controls the development of the embryo.
11. Describe the hormonal control of the human male reproductive system
with the help of a flow chart & highlight the inhibitory & stimulatory
directions in it?
Ans:
1. The increased levels of GnRH act on the anterior pituitary stimulate the
secretion of two gonadotropins i-e. luteinizing hormone (LH) & follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. FSH acts on Sertoli cells & stimulates secretion of some factors that help in
spermatogenesis.
2. BLASTOCYST:- 3-4 days after fertilization, the morula twins into a large
mass of cells called blastocyst Outer peripheral cells enlarge & flatten further &
form trophoblast. Trophoblast cells secrete a fluid into the interior & form a
cavity called the blastocoel. The embryonic stage with blastocoel is called a
blastula.
13. Where oogenesis does take place. Describe the stages of this process?
Ans: The process of formation & maturation of the ovum is called oogenesis. It
takes place in the ovary & is initiated during the embryonic development of the
female fetus. It consists of 3 phases:--
3. Maturation phase:- The first division is meiotic as a result two haploid (n) cells
are produced. In this division, cytokinesis is unequal, a large daughter cell with
almost all cytoplasm is called a secondary oocyte & a smaller me with less
cytoplasm is called a polar body. The secondary oocyte then undergoes a second
meiotic division to form an ovum & a second polar body.
1.
Ans: The Fusion of the sperm and the egg in humans results in the formation of
the diploid structure called a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic division as it
travels through the oviduct into the uterus to form 2,4,8,16 daughter cells which
are called blastomeres. The stage is called a morula. The Morula divides further
and differentiates into blastocysts. The outer layer of blastomeres called the
The blastocysts are divided and encased by the uterine wall, which is referred to
as implantation. The embryo is formed by the inner layer of blastomeres in the
blastocysts.
3. What is menstruation? What are the specific actions of FSH, LH, estrogen
& progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
Ans: During the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle which starts on the 28th
day, the endometrial lining of the female genital tract breaks down due to lack of
progesterone As a result bleeding occurs. This monthly flow of blood is called
menstruation.
During menstrual cycles, the various changes occur in the ovary under the
influence of various hormones:-
1. Menstrual phase:- The levels of hormones LH, FSH estrogen & progesterone
is very less which results in the breakdown of the endometrial lining of the uterus.
2. Follicular phase:- In this phase, the levels of pituitary hormones FSH & LH
increase which causes ovarian hormone estrogen to release, FSH controls the
follicular phase, it stimulates the growth of follicles. Both FSH & LH reach their
peak level in the middle of the cycle (14th day)
3. OVULATORY PHASE:- The level of LH hormones reaching its peak (called
LH swing) induces the ruptures of mature Graffian follicle & thereby release of
ovum.
4. Luteal phase:- The LH & FSH hormones begin to decline. After ovulation,
the follicle ruptures & is transformed into the corpus Luteum which secretes large
quantities of progesterone.
4. A woman has conceived & implantation has occurred within her uterus.
Discuss the sequence of changes up to parturition which will take place
within her body under the influence of various hormones.
Ans: The following changes take place in the body of women after implantation:-
1. The trophoblast differentiates into two layers; the outer layer secretes enzymes
to dissolve the endometrium of the uterus.
3. Placenta secretes hormones like HCG, HPL, estrogen & progesterone that are
necessary to maintain pregnancy
4. The umbilical cord, the structure that connects the placenta with the fetus is
formed.
6. The primary germ layers give rise to all the tissues & organs of the adults e.g.
after one month the heart is formed & after the second month the digits & limbs
are formed.
7. By the end of the ninth month of pregnancy, the foetus is completely developed
& is ready for delivery.
8. During parturition, the ovary secretes a hormone called relaxin that facilitates
parturition which softens the connective tissue. Mild contraction called foetal
ejection reflex is induced. This triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior
pituitary. Oxytocin induces stronger leads to the expulsion of the baby from the
uterus, through the birth canal.