UNDSELF – LONG QUIZ REVIEWER 4.

Adaptability
5. Self-compassion
EMOTIONAL SELF 6. Emotional support
Emotional Regulation
- The process by which individuals Science-Based Emotion Regulation Strategies
influence which emotions they have, Reappraisal
when they have them, and how they - Cognitive reappraisal ensures long-term
experience and express their feelings well-being and offers a permanent
three components: solution to emotional distress
1. Initiating actions triggered by Attentional Control
emotions - This starts with reappraisal. It aims to
2. Inhibiting triggered by emotions divert our attention away from the
3. Modulation responses by triggered negative emotion and allows us to look
emotions at it from a rewarding perspective
Types of Basic Emotions Self-soothing
1. Happiness - Can reduce the toxic effects of anger,
- A pleasant emotional state that is sadness, and agony that negative
characterized by feelings of experiences bring
contentment, joy, gratification, Self-soothing exercises: self-
satisfaction, and well-being compassion and loving-kindness
2. Sadness meditation, music meditation, reminisce
- A transient emotional state therapy, breathing exercises, simple
characterized by feelings of self-care
disappointment, grief, hopelessness,
disinterest, and dampened mood Emotional Intelligence
3. Fear - Refers to the ability to perceive, control,
- The emotional response to an and evaluate emotions.
immediate threat Components of Emotional Intelligence
- Fight or flight response – when you face 1. Perceiving emotions
some sort of danger and experience fear 2. Reasoning with emotions
- Anxiety – repeated exposure to fear 3. Understanding emotions
object or situation can lead to familiarity 4. Managing emotions
and acclimation Tips for Improving Emotional Intelligence
4. Disgust - Listen
- The sense of revulsion can originate - Empathize
from a number of things, including an - Reflect
unpleasant taste, sight, or smell
5. Anger
- A particularly powerful emotion
characterized by feelings of hostility,
agitation, frustration, and antagonism
towards others
6. Surprise
- Is usually quite brief and is
characterized by a psychological startle
response following something
unexpected

6 Useful Emotional Regulation Skills

1. Self-awareness
2. Mindful awareness
3. Cognitive appraisal
SOCIAL SELF Self-Perception Theory: when internal cues are
- Humans are known as gregarious, difficult to interpret, people gain insight by
group-based creatures observing their own behavior
- A significant portion of our “self” and its - People can learn about themselves in
“behavior” is socially directed and ways that set them apart from other in
influenced their immediate vicinity
- It is sometimes argued that the self is Influences of Other People
entirely a function of the environment - The self is “relative”
- We define ourselves in part by using
The ABCs of the SELF others as a benchmark
- Affect: how we evaluate ourselves, Social Comparison Theory
enhance our self-images, and defend Festinger (1954): when uncertain about our
against threats to our self-esteem abilities or opinions, we evaluate self through
- Behavior: how we regulate our actions comparisons with similar others
and present ourselves according to Autobiographical Memories
interpersonal demands - Essential for a coherent self-concept
- Cognition: how we come to know - Typically report more events from the
ourselves, develop a self-concept, and recent than the distant past
maintain a stable sense of identity - Flashbulb memories serve as prominent
Self-concept landmarks in our autobiographies
- The sum total of beliefs that people have - Autobiographical memory is a vital part
about themselves of, and can be shaped by our identity
- Made up of schemas - Often motivated to distort the past in
o Self-schema: beliefs about ways that are self-inflated
oneself that guide processing of Cultural Influences on the Self-Concept
self-relevant information - Self-concept is also influenced by
Rudiments of Self-Concept cultural factors
- Except for human beings, only the great - Contrasting cultural orientations:
apes appear to be capable of self- o Individualism: one’s culture
recognition values the virtues of
Purpose of the Self independence, autonomy, and
- Gain social acceptance self-reliance
- Play social roles o Collectivism: one’s culture values
o Society dictates and defines the the virtues of interdependence,
roles cooperation, and social harmony
o Individuals decide to adopt or go
against them
Where does our self-concept come from?
Introspection
- Self-knowledge through looking inward
at one’s own thought and feelings
- Wilson (2002): Introspection can
sometimes impair self-knowledge
Durability Bias
- For negative events, we do not fully
appreciate our psychological coping
mechanisms. We focus only on the
emotional impact of a single event,
overlooking the effects of other life
experiences
Perceptions of Our Own Behavior
SPIRITUAL SELF Animism Nonhuman Indigenous
Spirituality Vs. Religiosity beings nature worship,
shinto
Spirituality – relates to and affects the human
spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical The Babaylans
things - Considered as the first psychologist in
Religiosity -a bout believing in a God or group the Philippines; a spiritual leader and a
of Gods and consciously adhering to the beliefs medium. Our ancestors believed that
of their religion souls can exist outside the body and
Importance of Spirituality that they continue to exist even after
- Spiritual practices are associated with death and become multo.
optimal health and well-being
- Bein in tune with your spirituality allows Dungan, Spirit, Soul
you to take time to reflect and build Dungan
lasting memories of your experience - Is a life force, an energy, an ethereal
Contemplative Practices entity with a will of its own that resides in
- A method of deep concentration, the human body and provides essence
deepedns understanding and insight, to life; can temporarily leave the body
and cultivates awareness and Ginhawa – (visayan word for breath or breathe)
compassion is responsible for the hearts ability to beat; may
1. Mindfulness – meditation be affected by foreign elements
2. Prayer – reading sacred text Kaluluwa – (kalag) is associated with wisdom
3. Journaling – resting and is believed to be in the head. Kakambal is
The Practice of Religion the soul of the living
- Religion is defined as belief and worship
of a superhuman controlling power, Rituals
especially a God or gods Imitative rituals – are patterned after a myth
Four Dimension of Religion and the ritual repeats the myth
1. Beliefs – generalized system of ideas Negative ritual – focuses on the rules of
and values prohibition
2. Rituals – repeated gestures or activities Specific rituals – are seen as the earliest form
such as prayers and mantras of religion
3. Spiritual experience – feeling of Life crisis rituals are traditions of one mode or
immediate connection with a higher stage of life into another
being
4. Unique social forms of community –
unite in one single community called
Church
Religious What/who is example
Classification divine
Polytheism Multiple Hinduism,
Gods ancient
Greeks/romans
Monotheism One God Judaism,
Islam,
Christianity
Atheism No deities Atheism,
Buddhism,
Taoism
ECONOMIC SELF 3. It can’t provide many of the things that
are truly important
Materialism 4. It restricts our choices and lives
- A tendency to consider material 5. It affects our worldviews and characters
possessions and physical comfort as 6. It is unsustainable
more important than spiritual values How to avoid the trap?
- A preoccupation with or stress upon - Remember that CONSUMERISM
material rather than intellectual or o Is intrinsically woven into the
spiritual things fabric of modern society
- A doctrine that the only or the highest o Society needs a cultural shift to
values or objectives lie in material well- move away from this culture
being and in the furtherance of material o Social changes do not happen
progress overnight, therefore it is best to
Consumerism take immediate step in your own
- The theory that an increasing life to release yourself from this
consumption of goods is economically 1. Know the difference between needs and
desirable wants
- A preoccupation with and inclination - Self-fulfillment needs ( TIGNAN MO NA
toward the buying of consumer goods LANG MARIANNE SA PPT NI MISS
Capitalism NAKAKATAMAD NA)
- An economic system characterized by 2. Exercise intellectual independence
private or corporate ownership of capital 3. Consume more, live more
goods, by investments that are 4. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon/Door-in-
determined by private decisions, and by the-face phenomenon
prices, production, and the distribution of 5. Conscious consumption
goods that are determined mainly by 6. Psychological/sociological consumption
competition in a free market
Hedonic adaptation SELF AWARENESS IS THE FIRST STEP
- The notion that after positive (or
negative) events, a subsequent increase In short, wag kang magastos the dahil di ka
in positive (or negative) feelings, people weathyvility
return to a positive (or negative)
feelings, people return to a relatively
stable, baseline level of affect (Diener,
Lucas, & Scollon, 2006)
Empirical Self
- Refers to all various ways people
answer the question “who am I”
- William James named three
subcategories of: Material self, social
self, spiritual self
Material self
- Refers to tangible objects, people, or
places that carry the designation my or
mine
o Bodily self
o Extracorporeal self – extended
self (beyond the body)
The Problem with Consumerism
1. It is intrusive
2. It is manipulative
POLITICAL SELF effectively either alone or with other high
achievers
Politics (leadership motivation patterns)
- Derived from the Greek word “politika” 4. Affective identity motivation
- Etymologically defined as “affairs of the - The motivation to lead comes as a result
cities” of a desire to be in charge and lead
- Process of making decisions that others
applies to all members of a group 5. Noncalculative motivation
How can people be influenced by others? - Those who seek leadership positions for
Normative influence the resulting personal gain
- A type of social influence based on 6. Social-normative motivation
conforming to the positive expectations - The desire to lead comes from the
of others and helps avoid punishment sense of duty or responsibility (EHEM
- Ex. Entering a relationship because all VHIEVHIEEM CNT RL8)
your friends have partners (path-goal theory types of leadership)
HWUUSWHDHDHAANOBAAAAAAA 7. Instrumental
Informational influence - Leaders who plan and organize for their
- A type of social influence based on subordinates
accepting the information obtained from 8. Supportive
others as evidence of reality - Leaders who show concern to their
- Ex. First time entering a spa and subordinates
following the lead of people around you 9. Participative
- Leaders who allow subordinates to
What makes a good leader? 🌸 participate in decision making
Leadership – is the process by which certain 10. Achievement-oriented
group members motivate and guide the group - Sets challenges and rewards
achievement
Theories of Leadership
(leadership Leadership style u guysss
1. Need for power (nPow) - A pattern of leadership behavior which is
- People who work best when they’re in repeatedly shown as evident across a
charge. They enjoy competition so they variety of situation
do well with goal-oriented project or 1. Autocratic leader – this type of leader
tasks. These people are effective in centralizes power and decision-making
negotiations or in situations in which in themselves. They give orders, assign
someone may need to be convinced of tasks and duties w/o consulting the
an idea or goal. group (LUH). The leader takes full
2. Need for Affiliation (nAff) authority and assumes full responsibility.
- People motivated by affiliation work best 2. Democratic leader – this type of leader
in a group environment, integration with decentralizes authority. It is
a team instead of working alone is best. characterized by consultation with the
These are individuals who wants to be subordinates and their participation in
liked and will often go along with what a the formulation of plans and making
group wants since they don’t like high policies. These leaders encourage
risk or uncertainty participation in decision-making.
3. Need for achievement (nAch) 3. Laissez-faire leader – free-rein leaders
- People motivated by ahievement need avoid powers and responsibility. These
challenging, but not impossible, projects. leaders pass on the responsibility for
They thrive on overcoming difficult decision-making to their subordinates
problems or situations. People and take minimum of initiative in
motivated by achievement work very administration. They give no direction
 and allow the group to establish its own Note to self: WOOWWW!! U made it this far
goals and work out its own problems. tuhruuyyy #studious #studygirl #daddy
GOODLUCK SA QUIZ, YANYANNN IK U’LL
Political Self ACE IT HIHI
- Refers to a representation of oneself
about him/herself
- Political position based on the interest
and perspective of ones social
organization
- Conceptually discrete categories of
“inner” and “outer” reality constantly
interacting, shaping, and informing each
other.
Political Self Theories
Social learning theory
By albert Bandura
- A person can acquire learning through
observation and imitation
- Observation and imitation is important in
a process known as political
socialization
- Political socialization is the life long
process by which individuals gain
knowledge about politics
Cognitive theory
- Suggest that mental activities of
individuals are important determinants of
behavior
o Ex. Individuals interpret meaning
of politics and then choose and
decide what actions they will
make.
Theory of symbolic interaction
- Suggests that behaviors are a product of
communication, meaning, &symbols.
- People give meanings to symbols and
they express these meanings through
language communication
o Ex. Children develop their
political attitudes according to the
symbols and meaning that their
parents communicate to them.
Theory of political participation
- Defined as the citizen’s actions or
activities anchored in politics
- The extent and scope of political
participation amy be an important
criteria for assessing value or quality
symbols and meanings that people
ascribe to politics.