INDEX

Acknowledgment
Index
Chapter-1: Abstraction
1.1 Introductions
1.2 Literature review
1.3 Importance of study tour
1.4 Aim and Object
1.5 Study Area
1.6 Methodology
1.7 data collecting methods
1.8 Supporting instrument
1.9 Conclusion
Chapter-2: Land use pattern of Saint Martin Island.
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of lad use
2.3 Land use system of st,.Martin
2.4 land use Types of st. martin
2.5 Factor influence in land use pattern
2.6 Challenge to insure sustainable land use in Saint Martin
2.7 Effect on coral land of st. martin
2.8 Conclusions
Chapter-3: Environmental profile of Saint Martin
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Environmental element of Saint Martin
3.3 Flora
3. 4 Fauna
3.5 Biodiversity of st. martin
3.6 Environmental condition of st. martin
3.7 Environmental threat for st. martin
3.8 Conclusion
Chapter-4: Market economy of Saint Martin
4.1 Introduction
4.2 markets
4.3 Economy
4.4 Market economy
4.5 Major economics activities in St. Martin
4.6 Seller and buyer of St. Martin
4.7 Market management of St. Martin
4.8 Challenge to insure sustainable economic development of Saint Martin
4.9 Conclusion
Chapter-5: Waste management of Saint Martin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Waste
5.3 Types of waste
5.4 Waste management
5.5 Waste management system in st martin
5.6 Impact of waste mismanagement
5.7 prospect of waste management
5.8 Conclusion
Chapter-6: Finding and recommendation
Chapter-7: Conclusion

1
 CHAPTER-1: ABSTRACTION:
The unique island of St. Martin, the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found, is a
natural treasure of Bangladesh that attracts thousands of tourists. A study tour on Geographical
expedition space time environment and society of Saint Martin island organized on 22nd Jan to 26th Jan
2016 for the student of 2013-14 session of department of Geography and Environment of
Jahangirnagar University. I was a member of this study tour. As a member of this study tour I prefer
a report which refers the socio-environment of St. Martin Island such as land use pattern,
environmental profile, local marketing and waste management system of Saint Martin Island.

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
We observe St. Martin island study area in a planned structure frame work and we use instrument for
collect data therefore some methods are followed by us to gain our aim and object. In Geography and
Environment, we visualize everything in a spatial method. We analyze everything based on its
location and resource.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Literature review plays an important in the research work. By the previous work related to the
research topic we can get clear conception about the research which will be conducted. It is also
helpful to know the problems of the previous research work which encourage us to depict problems of
the perspective research thoroughly. The Field study graph explains the logic of conducting the next
research. To fulfill report I have taken help from the following literature review. Though these are not
exactly related to our Field study, I have been benefited in a great an extend. The literature review of
Field study is given below.
Bunsha.D.2012:

This research examines two approaches to ecosystem-based management (EBM)in coastal British
Columbia (B.C.) – Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of VancouverIsland and the Great Bear
Rainforest (GBR) in the central and north coast of B.C. Thefirst paper is an evaluation of the
implementation of the Clayoquot Sound ScientificPanel‘s (CSSP) recommendations, which
introduced EBM in Clayoquot Sound. The second paper focuses on community-based monitoring by
the Coastal GuardianWatchmen Network (CGWN) in the GBR and how they could incorporate
lessons fromother case studies around the world. The CGWN is a network of stewards from ten
FirstNations communities in the GBR, who monitor their natural and cultural resources.Together,
these two papers provide insights into new approaches to conservation thatare collaborative and
holistic, incorporating local knowledge and concerns.

UNEP.2006:

This paper ―Ecosystem-based Management: Markers for assessing progress‖ offers a framework for
disaggregating the goal of sustainable development into a sequence of tangible levels of achievement.
The focus is on outcomes rather than management processes. Sets of markers or indicators are offered
that can be used to assess progress in integrated management of river basins, coasts or large marine
ecosystems and in program that link across these systems. The markers are organized into a
framework composed of four Orders of Outcomes. The First Order is achieved by assembling the
enabling conditions for the sustained practice of ecosystem-based management. The implementation
of a plan of action is addressed in the Second Order, as changes occur in the behavior of institutions
and relevant user groups, and the program succeeds in generating the funds required to sustain a
program over the long term. The Third Order marks the achievement of the specific societal and
environmental quality goals that prompted the entire effort. In ecosystems that are much altered by
human activities the achievement of a sequence of Third Order goals over long time periods.

2
 Alam, T. L. Deng M. N. Uddin and M. Alamgir. 2015:

This ‗Application of Environmental Ethics for Sustainable Development and Conservation of Saint
Martin‘s Island in Bangladesh‘ article discuss application of environmental ethics can minimize
further damages as-well-as rehabilitate the island anew. Lately, the government and some NGOs have
already taken and implemented several steps to protect the island but not fruitful still due to some
drawbacks. This study reveals that population control, ecotourism, appropriate zoning system for
sustainable development, introducing renewable energy, and spreading education amid mass people
can resolve the dispute and resettle.

Brian n. Tissot, william j. Walsh and mark a. Hixon. 2013

There has been interest in, and progress toward, key elements of ecosystem-based management
(EBM) in Hawaii, including networks of MPAs and community-based co-management. However,
progress has been slow and largely driven by increased attention to the risks facing coral reef
ecosystems, enabling both legislation and emergence of local engagement in fishery issues. Key
elements of EBM in Hawaii include enhanced coordination among multiple agencies, establishment
of place-based and community-based (orHawaiian ahupua‗a‘-based) co-management, and acquisition
of data on both the ecology of the nearshore system and the role of human impacts for use in
management decisions.

1.3. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY TOUR:

Geography is not only ‗the study of unification of a number of earth sciences dealing with the nature
of man‘s environment‘ but also involves the study of spatial patterns of interactions between physical
environment and human activities and the remedial measures of adverse responses emanating from
such interactions.

I think that, the study tour is essential task for us. The way of study in Geography is completely
different from other subjects. The curriculum is based on practical analysis rather than descriptive
method. We value things spatially and as a matter of fact, we need to more practical in all aspects.
Usually as a student of Geography and Environment, we get a yearly tour somewhere around in
Bangladesh. We learn many important things through it.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECT:

The main aim and object of study tour –

 To identify the land use pattern, local resource of Saint Martin and how land use of Saint

 To explore the cultural landscape of St. Martin Island.

Martin influence to the environment.

 To trace out local problems and solution.

 To identify environmental profile of St. Martin Island and the factor of impact on

 To explore of trading activities of the local market of St. Martin Island.

environment of saint martin.

 To identify waste management system of St. Martin Island.

 To explore importance of a good waste management system for St. Martin Island.

 Finally to know and understand about research methodology on a particular place and make a
report on observed place that means onSt. Martin Island.

3
1.5 STUDY AREA:

Our studied area was St. Marin Island which is only one coral island of Bangladesh.

1.5.1 Absolute Location:

The Island lies between latitude 20.34 degree to 20.39 degree north and Longitude 92.18 degree to
92.21 degree east.

1.5.2 Relative Location:

Saint Martin‘s island n is located in the northeast of the Bay of Bengal about 9 km. south of the cox‘s
bazar-taknaf peninsular tip and about 8 km west of the northwest coast of Mayanmar at the mouth of
the Naf River.

Figure 1: Map of Saint Martin Island

1.5.3 St. Martin Island:

The area of the Island itself is about5.9 km2 and with the rocky platforms extending into the sea the
total area of the island is about 12 km2. There are five distinct physiographic areas within the Island:

Uttar Para: Is the northern part of the Island with a maximum length,along the north-south axis, of
2,134 m, and a maximum width (along theeast-west axis) of 1,402 m.

Golachipa: Is a narrow neck of land connecting Uttar Para with MadhyaPara. One of the impressive
sunsets seen in the Island
Madhya Para: directly south of Golachipa is 1,524m long and 518mwide at its maximum.
Dakhin Para: lies next to the south and is 1,929 m long, with an additional narrow tail of 1,890m
towards the southeast, and at its maximum is 975 m wide.

Cheradwip: The southernmost tip off the Island and extending southsouth-east from Dakhin Para is a
rocky reef that is about 1.8 km long and between 50 and 300m wide. It is separated from Dakhin Para
during high tide, and located on this inter-tidal reef are three small vegetated islands known as
Cheradwip, of which the middle one is the largest.

4
 Uattarpa

NORTH ZONE

Golachipa
MIDDLE ZONE
Golachip
a

Dokkhinn
SOUTH
ZONE

Cheradwip

Figure 2: Zonal division of St. Martin

1.6 METHODOLOGY:

Methodology is the name of the process in which we collected data and use it in our study tour.
Methodology of our study tour is given bellow-
The methodologies are-

 Methods of Data collection.

 Interpreting collected data.
 Analyzing the objectives and related facts.

1.7. DATA COLLECTING METHOD:

The system which we were follows to collect data this process is known as Data collecting Method.
There are two source exist for data collecting methods.

1.7.1 PRIMARY SOURCE:

The primary sources of data related to my research topic are directly related to the field survey.
Various primary sources of data are used in my research. Those are mention below

Questionnaire Survey:

We have conducted a questionnaire survey in my research study area. We have completed a set of
questions on our study area. All the questions of our questionnaire are related to our objectives of the
research.

Figure 3 Questionnaires are talk with a temporary shopkeeper

5
Transact work:

Transact work is in Participatory rural appraisal (PRA). To identify the local resource and land
use pattern we walk along the beach side and observe each side. Therefore observe and consult with
local people, tourist. We trace out the problem of beach management and its future prospect.

Observation:

Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings,
observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the recording of data via the
use of instruments
In our field study we have visited to our study area as Saint Martin‘s Island and we observed the
different phenomena related to our study aim.

Focus group discussion:

Group Discussion is a methodology or in a simple language you may call it an interview process or a
group activity. It is used as one of the best tools to select the prospective candidates in a comparative
perspective.

Taken photograph:

A photograph or photo is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually

photographic film or an electronic medium such as a CCD or a CMOS chip.
I have taken some photograph from my study area related to my research objectives such pollution,
mismanagement, and the real features of physiography, ecosystem of the study area.

GPS reading:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system. GPS satellites circle the
earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take
this information and use trilateration to calculate the user's exact location.

Figure: Structure model of a GPS. Source: http://www8.garmin.com/products/spIII/

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least 3 satellites to calculate a 2-D position
(latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can
determine the user's 3-D position (latitude, longitude and altitude)

We have been used for collect longitude and latitude from pointed eight place of St. Martin Island.

1.7.2 SECONDARY SOURCES:

Secondary sources involve generalization, analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of the
original information. Primary and secondary are relative terms, and some sources may be classified as
primary or secondary, depending on how they are used.

6
Secondary sources of data are mainly the published and unpublished books Journal etc. In our field
study we have followed the below mentioned secondary sources.

Books
Different kinds of books of the different authors related to my research I have followed. Though in
this book I have not got my topics exactly but I have been benefited in a great extent.

Figure 4: Book

Journals:

To complete my research work I have taken help form several journals and publications which has
been published formed the different sources.

Reports:

Some reports I have followed related to my research work of the department of geography and
environment.

Articles:

Articles are the source of all knowledge. To complete my research I have read the different kind of
column published in the different kinds of articles in the different time.

Internet:

For the development of the technologies the difficult work has become easier and time saving. In
completing of my research I have got helped form the internet. To achieve my goal I have to visit in
the different web side.

1.8 SUPPORTING INSTRUMENTS:

To complete a successful study tour some Personal, Educational, field work related and group
instruments are necessary. In our St. Martin tour we use several instruments; such as-
Table: supporting instrument in our study tour

Digital camera. Cutter.

Scientific calculator. Pen and pencil.
Measuring tape. Erasers and others.
Base map. Drawing paper.
Photocopy of Top sheets. GPS.
Sample bags. questionnaire
Images. Cutter.
Clip board.

1.9 CONCLUSION:

The study tour 2015 of 2nd year – Department of Geography and Environment of JU completed in
Saint Martin Island. Use of methods to collect data and a planned structural system were followed for
get idea about land use, market system, environment profile and waste management system of St.
Martin.

7
CHAPTER-2: LAND USE PATTERN OF SAINT MARTIN ISLAND.

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

Saint Martine is generally known as Narikel Zinzira in Bengali and it is only coral relief island in
Bangladesh. It is a small island in the north eastern part of the Bay of Bengal created the southernmost
part of our country. During the British occupation the island was named as St. Martine Island. The
first land use of Saint Martine started about 250 years ago with the come of Arabian sailors. But land
use of Saint Martine is unplanned today.

2.2 DEFINITION OF LAND USE:

Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built
environment such as settlements and semi natural habitats such as arable fields pastures and managed
woods. It has been defined as ―the total of arrangements , activities and input that people undertake in
a certain land cover type.

According to FAO/UNEP, 1999- Land use is characterized by the arrangements activities an input
people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it.

2.3 LAND USES HISTORYOF SAINT MARTIN:

Saint Martin land was first used by the development of human settlement in 1880s when several
families migrated from Mayenmar. With the development of human settlement agricultural activities
were started primarily. In 1920s agricultural activities were widely practiced. Paddy cultivation
started from that period. Vegetable and other food crops also cultivated.
The arte of agricultural activities are increased with the increasing of habitat at St. Martin. St. Martin
Island is now about 12000. But at 1996 the population was 3700. That means at St. Martin land use is
increased every year to develop human settlement & agricultural activities.

Figure 5: land use distribution of St. Martin

At a glance In the St. Martin Island there are 2.5% wetland, 33.9% Forest, 48.2% Agriculture, 5.3%
commercial/urban and 4.1% Beaches area.

8
2.4 LAND USE TYPES OF ST. MARTIN ISLAND:

Land use system of St. Martin Island is several types. As a village of coastal region of Bangladesh
settlement and cultivation are main category for land use of St. Martin.

Source: SPARSO, June -2011

Figure 6: Land use and Resource inventory mapping of St. Martin.
2.4.1 Land Used For Human Settlement:

About people are live in this island where for the settle of human lands are used. In the tour session
tourist are come for entertainment and freshness in St. Martin for this reason there are many resort
located here.

2.4.2 Land under Cultivation:

Cultivation in the lands exists in the Middle part of Northern St. Martin Area. And huge coconut tree
are present in several place of Whole Island.

Figure 7: Pumpkin and Onion Cornfield (Agriculture) of St. Martin

9
2.4.3 Beach Land:

Beach is a landform along the coast of an ocean or sea. It usually consists of loose particles, which are
often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, or cobblestones. The particles
comprising a beach are occasionally biological in origin, such as mollusc shells or coralline algae
.

Figure 8: Tourists on beach land at St. Martin

Main attraction of tourist people is beach land; they come at beach for freshness and fell happiness
therefore follow to sunset and blue sea environment. In winter session November to January is
suitable time for tourist
.
2.4.4 Recreational land use:

Recreational land is used for human pleasure. This mostly includes parks, museums, sports grounds,
and the sites of other activities that aren't essential to life but are pleasurable. In Saint Martin 1% areas
are recreational

Figure 9 Photograph of recreational land use

2.5 FACTOR INFLUENCE IN LAND USE PATTERN:

Factors Affecting Land Use Physical Factors Economic Factors Human Factors Relief- influences the
extent to which farm machinery can be used and the rate of erosion of the soil. St. Martin Island‘s
land used pattern affected by several factors

2.5.1. Tourism:

St. Martin's Island has become a popular tourist spot. Currently, three shipping liners run daily trips to
the island, including Sea-Truck and Keary-Sindbad.

10
Figure 10 : Keari Sindbad'an advanced sea-going vessel with modern facilities for tourists.

Forty-eight kilometers from Teknaf, St. Martin's is the country's only coral island and an unspoilt
paradise. Named Narikel Jinjira (Coconut Island) by the locals, the dumbbell shaped St. Martin‘s has
an area of only 8 sq. km. which reduces to about 5 sq. km. and in places from 1-4 meters. Tourists can
book their trip either from Chittagong or from Cox's Bazar. The surrounding coral reef of the island
has an extension named Chera Dwip.

2.5.2 Residential:

In this island number of Population is approximately 4,000. Local people‘s settlement and tourist
resorts place me be cover 11% of total St. Martin.
10% of the Island dwellings have a roof and wall made of polythene and bamboo and pillars of
bamboo and tree branches (Pandanus sp.). Floor is of soil.

Figure 11: Humayun Ahmed's Shomudro Bilash . Figure 12 : House as land use.

60% of the houses have no toilets and no electricity. We were told by the UP chairperson that
the islanders have to get written permission from the environment department to construct
toilets. Most islanders use a kerosene wick lamp for lighting and firewood for cooking. A few
houses have solar panels but most are dependent on the 4 community generators to provide
electricity for 4-5 hours in the evening from 6-10 p.m. The situation is slightly better at the
north end of the island where electricity is supplied from a diesel generator from 6-11 p.m.
every day.

2.5.3 Vegetation:

Among the naturally occurring trees, two species of Pandanus (locally called keya) and one species of
Streblus dominate (Zaman, 2006).

11
 Figure 13 Coconut tree at St. Martin Island and other’s vegetation.

As noted earlier the small strips of mangroves on Dakhin Para at Cheradia and Gola Chipa
hold a very small mangrove formation mostly of Sonneratia apetala and Lumnitzera
racemosa. A number of trees such as coconut palms have been introduced and planted by the local
inhabitants to obtain food, fibre, fuel, and construction materials for houses and boats.

2.5.4 Road And Transport:

The only way to reach St. Martin's Island is by water transportation: boats and ships (mostly for
tourists) from Teknaf. There are few or no taxis, tarred roads, or electricity. Except for the larger
hotels that run on generators, there is no electricity supply from the national grid since a hurricane in
1999. The island is all about sun, sea and palm trees. During the day, it comes alive with water and
beach sports, with beach parties and bonfires lighting up the evening skies

2.6 CHALLENGE TO INSURE SUSTAINABLE LAND USE IN ST. MARTIN:

2.6.1 Awareness:

There is no alternative to raising awareness locally and more widely about the significance of the
biodiversity of St. Martin‘s Island and surrounding areas and how they are being adversely affected.

2.6.2. Policy harmonization and Enhancement:

Jurisdictional overlaps and inconsistencies among policies and institutional mandates heighten the
challenge of ensuring wise use of biodiversity.
2.6.3. Enhancing institutional capacity:

Development of a strong collaborative conservation constituency with fully trained and motivated
staff is a condition for facilitating.

2.6.4 Activating a marine protected area system:

Although a number of protected areas have been declared under the provisions of the Wildlife
Act and the Environmental Conservation Act, an effective management system for these areas is
not yet in place, and wetlands and marine habitats are poorly represented. A number of project
initiatives are attempting to demonstrate viable approaches to manage protected areas of the
country.

12
2.7 EFFECT ON CORAL LAND OF ST. MARTINE:

Coral growth and the ocean biodiversity are largely affected by human agricultural action. For
agricultural production at St. Martine human use various chemical fertilizers that moves to ocean
through rain water flow and mixed with ocean water. It increase the ocean water acidity and due to
that ocean chemistry is changed. That has a harmful impact on coral growth and ocean biodiversity.

Figure 14: Coral at St. Martin

The following are the key environmental (natural and anthropogenic) concerns in Narikel Jinjira
which pose threats to environment and resource degradation. A summary of the potential threats is
also provided in Table 2 with their relative contribution to environment and resource degradation.

2.7.1 Anthropogenic Threats :

· Overexploitation of renewable marine and coastal resources (e.g. rocky reef fisheries, coral and shell
extraction, removal of coastal vegetation)
· Large scale removal of key-stone species from intertidal sub tidal habitats (I.e. corals, cucumbers
and molluscs).
· Destructive fishing practices, mainly the use of rock weighted gill nets over the inshore boulder
reefs.
· Increased water turbidity and sedimentation from agricultural practices, deforestation and
urbanization,
· Waste disposal, particularly fish offal from large number of fish dry farms.
· Tourists activities (e.g. collection of sample specimens other destructive activities)

2.7.2 Natural Threats:

· Cyclonic storms and tidal surge probably cause serious damage to coral communities by shifting and
overturning substrate boulders.
· Silts coming with Naaf discharge causing turbidity problems on the east coast of the island.
Suspension of sediments also helps to increase water turbidity and directly impeding the coral
development and survival.
· Increased discharge of freshwater flood water from Naaf River during rainy season causes salinity to
fall to a suboptimal level.

2.8 CONCLUSIONS:
St. Martin located in the Bay of Bengal, approximately 9 km south of the Cox‘s Bazar-Teknaf
peninsula. It is a small island in the north eastern part of the Bay of Bengal created the southernmost
part of our country. For the development of human settlement at St. Martin, ocean biodiversity and
coral growth are largely affected. Human use several fossil fuel for their daily purposes. Due to that,
huge carbon is generated.

13
CHAPTER-3: ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF ST. MARTIN

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

The unique island of St. Martin, the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found, is a
natural treasure of Bangladesh that attracts thousands of tourists. St. Martin‘s Island is significant for
biodiversity value and important for exclusive economic zone in Bangladesh.

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENT OF ST. MARTIN:

Environment (biophysical), the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions
that affect an organism or a group of organisms.The major environmental elements are land, air,
water, flora, fauna etc.

3.2.1 Land:

The area of the island itself is about5.9 km2 and with the rocky platforms extending into the sea the
total area of the island is about 12 km2.there are five distinct physiographic areas within the island

3.2.2 Water:

Fresh water is naturally occurring water on Earth's surface in ponds, lakes, rivers and streams,
and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is
generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total
dissolved solids.

Figure 15: Hole for fresh water in salinity session at Saint Martin

In Saint Martin‘s island fresh water used in some purpose. They are:
1. Dinking
2. Bathing
3. Cooking
4. Sanitation service

14
3.3 FLORA AND FAUNA:

3.3 FLORA:

Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or
indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animal life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other
forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also
referred to as flora, as in the terms gut flora or skin flora.

3.3.1. Herbs:

The main herb of note is the Beach Morning Glory or Goat‘s Foot Ipomoea pes-caprae (locally called
Shagor lota). This is an abundant creeping vine belonging to the Convolvulaceae family.

3.3.2. Terrestrial vegetation:

Since St. Martin‘s Island is by origina sedimentary continental island, which was connected to the
mainland of the Teknaf peninsula as recently as 6,000-7,000 years ago, the flora of the Island is
similar to that of the mainland. However, it has been significantly changed due to human interventions
since the island was first settled in the 1880s. At that time the Island most probably was covered with
evergreen forest reportedly with an abundance of teak trees (Tomascik, 1997). Following loss of the
original forest, continuing intensive agriculture, and the recent increased number of tourists have
further changed the vegetation and landforms of the island resulting in the loss of many of the flora
and fauna species that once were abundant on the Island.

3.3.3 Trees:

Among the naturally occurring trees, two species of Pandanus (locally called keya) and one species of
Streblus dominate (Zaman, 2006). A number of trees such as coconut palms have been introduced and
planted by the local inhabitants to obtain food, fibre, fuel, and construction materials for houses and
boats. As noted earlier the small strips of mangroves on Dakhin Para at Cheradia and Gola Chipa hold
a very small mangrove formation mostly of Sonneratia apetala and Lumnitzera racemosa.

3.3.4. Palm Trees:

Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera (locally called Narikel) is abundantly cultivated on the Island and has
given the Bangla name of St. Martin‘s – Narikel Jhinjira.

15
 Figure 16: Palm tree

3.3.5 Moraceae:

Streblus asper (locally called shaora) is considered to be the most abundant tree on the Island, and is
known by several common English names, including Siamese Rough Bush, Khoi, and Toothbrush
Tree.

Figure 17 Moraceae

3.3.6 Mangrove species:

In the remnant patch of mangrove forest are found the following mangrove associated species:
Acanthus ilicifolius, Hibiscus tiliceous, Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia marina and Clerodendrum
inerme.

16
 Figure 18 Mangrove trees during high tide

3.3.7 Shrubs:

Areas of shrubs are dominated by the abundant Vitex trifolea (locally known as nil nishinda) and
Vitex negundo, both belonging to the Amiacea family, and by some species of Leguminosae.

3.3.6. Screw Pines:

One of two dominant tree genera, Pandanaceae, is represented by two species, namely the screw pines
Pandanus fascicularis (formerly P. odoratissimus) locally called keya and Pandanus foetidus (locally
known as keyawata).

Figure 19 screw pine

3.3.8 Indigenous onion:

A small-bulbed variety of onion Allium sp. (Family Alliaceae) is indigenous to the Island and is
cultivated nowhere else in Bangladesh.

17
 Figure 20 Indigenous onions and onion bulbs

3.4 FAUNA:

Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is
flora. Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. Zoologists
and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or
place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess Shale fauna". Paleontologists sometimes refer
to a sequence of faunal stages, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils.
5.3.1
3.4.1 Echinoderms (Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers):

A total of only nine species belonging to eight genera in four classes of the phylum Echinodermata
have been identified to species level from the Island, these comprise four species of sea urchin, one
species of sea star, three species of nudibranchs, and one species of sea cucumber.

3.4.2. Cnidaria (Jellyfishes, Corals, Sea Anemones):

The coral communities of the Island are highly significant as there are only a few examples
worldwide where coral communities‘ dominate rock reefs as they do at St. Martin‘s. The coral
colonies are affected by many factors, both natural and anthropogenic.

Coral fauna of St. Martin's island; a total of 66 scleraclinian coral species were recorded belonging to
22 genera. The suicidal rocky habitat also supports a low diversity coral reef-associated fauna and
flora.

Table: Different types of coral at St.Martin

Fossil Corals (Dead Living Corals Soft Corals

corals)

18
 A total of 19 species in 9 A total of 36 species in 16 Soft corals belong to the Sub-
genera and 4 families of genera of 7 reef-building class
fossil (dead) corals were coral families Octocorallia. Taxonomy of soft
collected and identified (OrderScleractinia) corals is difficult and needs
from were specialist attention. Presence of a
the island. The genera collected and identified community off the east coast of
are: from the island. However, St.
Acropora, Cyphastrea, Tomascik ( 1997) found Martin's Island is a unique
Favia, Favites, Galaxea, 65 species of 22 genera in feature
Goniastrea, Goniopora, I 0 families from St. of the island. The dominant
Montipora and Porites. Martin's Island. families of soft corals on the
However, many of them According to Tomascik island
do not represent the (1997) the genera Porites, are the following six families.
realreef Forming Favites, A. Gorgonian sea fans:
species. Cyphastrea Acanthogorgidae, Malithaeidae,
Goniopora, Plexauridae and Suberogorgidae
and B. Small sea fans: Anthothelidae
Gonlastrea were the most C. Sea whips:
abundant. EllisellidaeStephanometra
is also present, but
rare (Tomascik, 1997).

3.4.3. Molluscs :

Marine molluscs are the most abundant large invertebrates found on the Island, however, they are
declining due to unregulated harvesting. A total of 187 species of molluscs have been recorded from
the Island (MoEF, 2001b).

3.4.4. Crustaceans (Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimps):

Over 12 species of crab have been recorded from the Island, including commercially important crab
species such as the mangrove crab Scylla olivacea, which is widely distributed in the Bay of Bengal
(Islam, 2006). Some of the other crab species recorded are: Red Egg Crab Atergatis integerrimus,
Moon Crab Matuta lunaris, Flower Moon Crab Matuta planipes, Crucifix Crab Charybdis feriatus,
Flower Crab Portunus pelagicus, Three-spot Swimming Crab Portunus sanguinolentus

3.4.5 Fish:

A total of 234 species of fish havebeen identified from the waters around the Island, 89 of which are
coral associated species, and only 16 of which are freshwater fish. Though coral reefs have not
developed, the coral community supports fishfauna characteristic of coral reef environments. The
most abundant coral or reef-associated herbivores are the damsel fish (Pomacentridae), parrot fish
(Scaridae) and surgeon fish (Acanthuridae). Important coral or reef associated predators found here
are Serranidae (groupers), Lutjanidae (snappers) and Lethrinidae (emperors).

3.4.6. Birds:

St. Martin‘s Island lies on the boundary or overlap zone of the East Asia-Australasian Flyway and the
Central Asian Flyway and provides a stepping stone for a number of migratory wader or shorebird
species.

3.4.7. Mammals :

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A total of 19 species of mammals were reported from the Island during a survey in 1995-1996, of
which none of the land-based mammals are carnivorous.

HUMAN BEING:

Human settlement started on the Island in the 1880s when several families migrated from what is now
Myanmar to live on the Island permanently. In the 1920s the hardwood trees of the Island, reportedly
mostly teak, were cut and sold to Myanmar (then Burma). From the 1940s onwards it is reported that
land was gradually converted to paddy cultivation, and from the 1960s onwards this involved
converting the main lagoon to cultivation.

3.5 BIODIVERSITY OF ST. MARTIN:

St. Martin's island is endowed with vast marine and land resources having a global
biodiversity significance. The island is a good example of co-occurrence of corals, algae,
Sea weeds, grasses and mangroves. It contains some of the most unique, but thus far
Not studied benthic community association in Bangladesh, in fact not found any where
else in the South Asia region.

A total of 234 species of fish have been recorded from the coastal water of St. Martin's
Island which 16 are fresh water species. Among the fish species, 89 are coral
Associated. The most abundant coral or reef associated fish are Damsel, Parrot,
Surgeon, Groupers, Snappers, Emperors, Butterfly fish. The mollusk on the St.
Martin's is the largest and most beautiful in Bangladesh. 186 species of mollusk & oyster,
7 species of crab, 9 species of echinoderms, 4 species of sea urchin, 1 species of sea
Cucumber & some brittle stars were reported.

3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF SAINT MARTIN:

The environmental condition was evaluated by measuring sea surface temperature, salinity, turbidity
and ph. Table 2 represents the obtained environmental condition and optimal condition for the
survival of coral.

TABLE : The existing environmental condition in the Saint Martin Island and optimal condition for
coral development

Parameter Values Optimal

conditions
Sea surface temperature 22-29 20-30
(°C)
Salinity (ppt) 27-35 25-42
Turbidity (Secchi discin 2. 9-4.6 >7.0
meters)
pH 7.4 -7.9 7.0 –8.5

3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS FOR ST. MARTIN:

Some factors are threat for a saint Martin‘s environment;

20
3.5.1Climate change:

The effects of climate change, particularly sea level rise, pose significant threats to the whole region
of South Asian Seas. As a result of global warming, the penetration of heat into the ocean leads to the
thermal expansion of the water; this effect, coupled with the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, results
in a rise in sea level. Sea level rise will not be uniform globally but will vary with factors such as
currents, winds, and tides;

3.5.2 Overexploitation of natural resources

The large scale removal of keystone species and other marine resources (e.g. seaweeds, molluscs,
lobsters) for food or as ornamental souvenirs is an on-going threat to the biodiversity of the inter-tidal,
sub-tidal and coastal habitats of St. Martin‘s Island and its adjacent coastal waters.

3.5.3 Seaweeds:

As noted earlier, one species of seaweed is reported to be harvested in large quantities by the local
community and traded to Myanmar, with numerous boatloads amounting to up to 60 metric tons of
dried seaweed exported in 2001 (Islam, 2001). The dragging of seine nets across the inter-tidal zone
also adversely affects algae. Use of seine nets in these areas needs to be limited. Pollution is also an
issue: in the north of the Island fish catches are landed Local people collecting seaweed Majeda Haq
Dried seaweed – source of income for local communities Majeda Haq and dressed/washed on the
beach where the waste subsequently enters coastal waters, and this may affect marine algae growth.

3.5.4 Crustaceans:

While there is no data on which to base an assessment of the conservation status of the crabs and
lobsters of St. Martin‘s Island, it is known that several species are harvested deliberately or caught as
by-catch. While Muslims in general do not eat crabs, crabs and lobsters are harvested for their high
market value and are sent on ice for sale in mainland markets where they are ultimately consumed
locally or exported

3.5.5 Construction activities:

Construction of buildings and infrastructure causes direct physical damage to sub-tidal habitats and
the adjacent coastline, it increases the influx of sediments from land based and marine operations,
introduces toxic chemicals, and has immediate physical impacts through extraction and trampling.

3.5.6 Water contamination:

Floods and heavy runoff during the rainy season introduce high quantities of sediments, nutrients and
pesticides from poorly managed agricultural lands to inshore waters, and this has a negative impact on
coastal ecosystems.

3.5.7 Erosion:

Shoreline erosion has been raised in a number of reports as an environmental problem. What seems
not to be recognised is that coastal erosion is a natural cyclic process, part of the Island‘s evolution.
Failure to recognise this important process as a natural phenomenon has resulted in a massive and ill-
informed coastal works project that started in 1993.

3.5.8 Deforestation

21
The use of wood for cooking and timber for constructing houses have been the main factors resulting
in the deforestation of the Island. The daily requirement of fuelwood for a dense population of around
5,700 people (POUSH, 2006a) is large. While many purchase wood imported from Teknaf
(contributing to on-going deforestation of protected areas of tropical forest there), poorer families
cannot afford to do so. Another major cause of recent deforestation is the clearing of vegetation
including mangroves to make claims on land..

3.5.9 Boat anchoring, operation and maintenance:

Boat operators are continually scooping and throwing overboard oily water that accumulates in the
holds of poorly maintained boats. Marine water quality is very important for the ongoing health of
marine biodiversity, particularly the coral communities, thus measures to prevent oil spillage, solid
waste and sewerage disposal into the marine environment are necessary

3.6 CONCLUSION:

A study of the environmental impacts on the coral resources in the vicinity of the Saint Martin Island,
Bangladesh was conducted with a view to making an assessment of the current status of coral
resources in the island and identifying major natural and anthropogenic environmental threats to the
future sustainability of these resources. It is evident that the coral resources have been reduced
significantly, and currently, only 41 coral species are available.

22
CHAPTER-4: MARKET ECONOMY OF SAINT MARTIN
4.1 INTRODUCTION:

The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that investment decisions and the allocation
of producer goods are mainly made by negotiation through markets. The market economy of St.
Martin is based on fish and tourism related.

4.2 MARKET:

A market is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in area or region under consideration.
The area may be earth or countries, regions, states or cities.

4.3 ECONOMY:

An economy is a system which tries to balance the available resources of a country (land, labor,
capital, and enterprise) against the wants and need of consumers. It deals with three key issues:



What is produced?


How it is produced?
Who gets what is produced?
4.4 MARKET ECONOMY:

A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and

distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a
free price system.. This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production
decisions are embodied in a plan of production
People exchange resources, such as money, for other resources, such as goods or services, on a
voluntary basis in the market

4.5 MAJOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:

4.5.1 Fishing:

The majority of the household heads in the Saint Martin Island are fishermen, and therefore, fishing is
the dominant earning source in the island. However, many fishermen have alternative options related
to farming (mainly paddy and vegetable cultivation) and other businesses.

23
4.5.2 Agriculture:

About 116 ha of land on the Island are cultivated, with homestead gardens occupying a further 7.4 ha,
representing in total 37% of land use (POUSH, 2006a). Farming mainly occurs in the north of the
Island (Uttar Para) with the main crops being chilli and watermelon. An indigenous small bulb onion
variety is also cultivated and a small amount of maize is intercropped with chilli. A small amount of
transplanted Aman rice is cultivated in the rainy season.

4.5.3 Tourism:

The Island has been a tourist destination for many years, but with recent developments in tourism
infrastructure it has become one of Bangladesh‘s most popular tourist destinations. Tourism has
increased steadily since it first began on the Island.

4.6 SELLER AND BUYER OF SAINT MARTIN:

As the system there is two groups present for establish a market they are known as seller and buyer.
And in the St. Martin island two types of market place one is temporary and another is permanent.

4.6.1 Seller:

Who sells products there are two types of sellers in Saint Martin market area.
The economic condition of permanent sellers is low because of sellers come from outside.
This activities occurred by the Permanent and Temporary market.

Figure 21: Temporary market. Figure 22: Permanent market.

4.6.2 Buyer:

Tourist and some local people is main buyer of this market area. More than 80% product of this
market is used by tourist.

Figure 22: Buyer in the market at St. Martin

24
Table : Major Products Of St. Martin and Source Of Product

Major Products Of Source Of Product:

St.Martin:
Fish, Shoe Saint Martin
Dry fish, Pickles Myanmar
Chocolate, Snail Teknaf
Coconut, Mineral water Cox‘sBazar

4.7 MARKET MANAGEMENT OF SAINT MARTIN ISLAND:

The market management of this island is not good. In market area, much of the shopkeeper and
businessmen are come outside of this area so that they income money more and local people do work
in atypically so their income is very poor. As the out businessmen are there so they harm the
environment such as- they strip waste anywhere. The government cannot take any step to develop this
market area or whole area.

4.8 CHALLENGE TO INSURE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SAINT

MARTIN:

4.8.1 Policy Issues Relevant To St. Martin’s Island:

The depletion of biodiversity resources in Bangladesh is an indicator of other larger underlying

problems, two of which aren‘t over population‘ and ‗poverty‘. A population management strategy is a
pre-requisite for any development to be sustainable. While a degraded environment can cause
poverty; poverty can also result in serious degradation of environment and natural resources.

4.8.2 Managed Resource Zone:

This zone covers the northern part of the Island (ECA) south to Golachipa and represents almost 25%
of the total area of the ECA. It will function as a multiple-use zone where sustainable development is
encouraged to ensure a sustainable flow of natural products and services for the local community
without impinging upon the overall objective of the ECA. The key rules of this zone are:

4.8.3 Development Of Ecotourism:

IUCN (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996) defines ecotourism as ―environmentally responsible travel and

visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any
accompanying cultural features - both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low negative
visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations

4.8.4 Alternative Livelihoods:

Realistically, the local community cannot reduce their dependence on natural resources without
alternatives, but fortunately there is sufficient scope for that in the ecotourism sector.

4.9 CONCLUSION:

Saint Martin is the marine paradise of Bangladesh. This island is very important for its landscape,
climate, biodiversity and tourists. Currently Saint Martins is most attractive place for tourists. As a
result, here economic activities of market economy are increasing day by day. The rapidly increasing
population of the Island creates a growing pressure on land and resources due to the expanding need
for housing, food and incomes.

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 CHAPTER-5: WASTE MANAGEMENT OF SAINT MARTIN:
5.1 INTRODUCTION:

Waste management is transportation and disposal of garbage , sewage and other waste products.
Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have use in a safe and efficient
manner

5.2 WASTE:

Waste is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or
toxins that are expelled from living organisms. In the saint martin island, we find different wastes
such as house-hold waste , agricultural waste and tourism waste.
Solid wastes include household garbage, rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation
residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. Wastes generated from farming activities. These
substances are mostly biodegradable. Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively
found in coastal & estuarine areas.

Figure 23 model of waste

5.3 TYPES OF WASTE:

We can define waste in mainly two types. Such as: Solid & Liquid but it also has some sub-types.
Now we make a chart table by the basement of the wastage of Saint Martin.

Solid Li uid

House hold House hold

Ag i ultu al
sou e Ag i ultu al

Tou ist ased Tou ist ased

26
Two types of wastes are found in Saint Martin Island. They are-

5.3.1. Solid wastes:

Wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes.

Examples: Plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash.

Figure 24 : Photographs of Solid Waste

5.3.2. Liquid Wastes:

Wastes in liquid are also come from same way.

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing and other
sources.

Figure 25: Liquid Waste from Ship to Ocean Water.

5.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Waste Management is designed for scientists, engineers, and managers, regardless of their discipline,
who are involved in scientific, technical and other issues related to solid waste management.
Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches. These approaches require the blending of technical and
non-technical factors. The dissemination and application of innovative technical information is
extremely important.
So, waste management is the management of waste by the following some rules which helps to get
benefited from this wastage.

27
5.5 WASRE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF ST. MARTIN:

Waste management system of St. Martin Island don‘t maintain seriously. But it is a great
threat for this Island existing. We find out condition of conscious level by the questioner
survey about waste management system in St. Martin.

Table: Tourist conscious levels littering waste in St. Martin Island

Conscious levels Responded (person) Percentage

Careful 3 8.57
Careless 12 34.28
Highly Careful 2 5.714
Highly Careless 3 8.57
Moderate Careless 15 42.85
Total 35 100

Tourist careless level littering waste

Careness %

42.86%
34.29%

5.71% 8.57% 8.57%

Highly Careful Careful Moderate Careless Highly Careless

Careness

Figure: Tourist conscious levels littering waste in St. Martin Island

Those table and figure shows that the responded person to get idea about in Saint Martin is
Waste management system in saint martin is 35 . But care about waste management is so less about
5.71%. Moderate careless is 42% and less of care is 8.57%. so we can say that waste management
system of St. Martin is general.

5.6 IMPECT OF MISMANAGEMENT OF WASTE:

The main impact on Coastal and marine environment which are affected by waste .for these reason
biodiversity is breaking down of different way. Local people are affected their health, socio-economic
conditions and climatic condition etc. this could also affect animals and many types of ecosystem.
Regional climate could alter forests crop yields and water supplies

5.6.1. Impacts on Human Health:

28
Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation Low birth weight Cancer Neurological disease
Nausea and vomiting Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury

5.6.2. Impacts on Animals and Aquatics Life:

Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers. Plastic found in oceans
ingested by birds. In our study tour we are observe a dead turtle in the beach of dokkhinpara of St.
Martin.

5.6.3. Impacts on Environment

Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas

Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter
soil and ground water and contaminating them.

5.7 PROSPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SAINT MARTIN ISLAND:

Saint Martin Island is one of the very important physical part of our country. But the future of this
island is in a threat. Our government tries to save it but their activities are not enough to protect it.
The inhabitant of this island is not conscious about the harmful effect of waste.
For example, if every tourist takes one coral with them when they leave Saint Martin island then total
coral will go from that place in above two year. This island stands on the coral of Bay of Bangle but
the maximum people of this island don‘t know that.

5.8 CONCLUSION:

The collected wastage is stored in selected dust bin but before that they transport it by small baskets.
At the term of Saint Martin Island, recycle and treatment parts are absence. So all the wastage gone
for disposal

29
CHAPTER-6: FINDING AND RECOMMENDATION:
6.1 FINDING:

Finding refers that what is find out as weakness and positive side of our study area. Saint Martin
obviously a wonderful place which donation of nature in Bangladesh therefore there are important
things (weakness or happiness) find out by our observation at St. Martin as bellow.

6.1.1 Normal land use pattern :

In Saint Martin Island there are no exceptional establish planned for land use pattern. Normal land
use pattern exist like as others costal village of Bangladesh.

6.1.2 Siphoning the coral materials:

It is very dangerous threat for any coral island. We observed that every member of a tourist group
carry some coral materials from beach or others sources and come back with it.

6.1.3 Harass tourist by monopolistic market:

Tourists come at Saint Martin for happiness like as sea the twilight moment and sunset, but for the
monopolistic market a large number of tourists are harassed by expensive cost.

6.1.4 Unconscious about waste categories system:

Our observe say that waste management system as categorize process is not available in saint martin
which fundamental for a tourist area.

6.1.5 Tourists are responsible for Pollution:

A strange experience that tourist are main responsible for environmental pollution of Saint Martin
Island; they threw out to the sea from ship the remnant part of coffee, the water bottle and others thing
that are not excepted to environment.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION:

I think that the positive thing of Saint Martin Island will be continuing on the other hand weaknesses
are obviously rejected. So I hope and beliefs our government will be take a serious step to solute those
weakness with the help of local people and tourist. Because tourist and local people are vital element
of person of Saint Martin island.

Tourist and local people are responsible and they are victim of those unconscious activates.

CAPTER-7: -CONCLUSION:
Saint Martin Island is a resource of Bangladesh; it is a largest coral island. Finally it can say
that our pride is St. Martin, so save of saint martin our responsibility.

30