Connecting Kansas Classrooms to Agriculture

Edible Soil Profile

Earth Science, Social Studies, History, Economics and Technology

Materials:

Copies of worksheets a-b, pages 15-16, one for each student Equipment 3large mixing bowl for serving cereal 2 small mixing bowl fro serving M&Ms and Gummy Worms Mixing spoon Plastic cups, short, clear , 1 per student Clear plastic 4-6 oz. cups, 1 per student Ingredients (for X students) In Generic Cereal Aisle: Toasty Os : 1/4 c. per student Coco Roos 1/4 c. per student Mini Marshmallows: 2 tablespoons per student MMs: 2 Tablespoons per student Gummy Worms: 2 per student Have 1/4 cup (2) and two tablespoons for serving ingredients plastic gloves for person serving gummy worms.

Time: 30 minutes + 10 minutes teacher prep. Grade Level: 4

Standards:
The students will ... Identify the three layers of a soil profile. Define five factors in soil formation. Recognize two types of soil erosion. Recognize four methods Kansas farmers use to protect against erosion.

Background:

What is soil? Soil is the beginning of a healthy environment. Before we learn about growing crops, we must understand how soil forms and what makes up soil.

How Soil Forms:

Soil is composed of inorganic and organic components: minerals, air, water and plant and animal material. About 50% of the volume of soil is mineral elements and organic particles. The rest of the volume is space! These small spaces, or capillaries, transfer and hold water in soil. Oxygen and other gases also move through these spaces. This combination allows small animals, such as insects or worms, and plant roots to move through soil to collect the water and nutrients. There are five soil forming factors which shape the quality of soil climate, living organisms, parent material (bedrock), topography (lay of the land) and time (see worksheet b, page 16). Soils are classified according to their texture. Soil texture is determined by the amount of sand, silt or clay in the soil (see worksheet b, page 16). These components vary in size with sand particles being the largest and clay particles the smallest. All soil needs some clay to hold moisture in the soil. Sand helps keep soil from being too compact or solid. Soils with a medium texture and a relatively equal ratio of all particle sizes are ideal for Kansas crops. If you were to slice through soil, you could see that it has three layers: bedrock, subsoil and topsoil. Each layer can be various depths and plays an important role in growing crops. Bedrock, also called parent material, is the deepest layer of soil. In some parts of the world, the bedrock layer is exposed, such as in mountains or other rocky areas. The roots of plants cannot penetrate this layer, although air and water do. They create a weathering effect on the bedrock and break it down into smaller pieces. Over a long period of time this mineral-based, solid layer breaks down to form subsoil. Subsoil is the layer of soil directly above bedrock. Deep-rooted plants such as sunflowers and soybeans can grow deep into the subsoil to retrieve moisture and nutrients. The amount of organic matter in the subsoil layer is less than that in the topsoil. Fertile topsoil contains organic matter and nutrients and supports many forms of life, from bacteria to worms. Topsoil is the layer that farmers till and plant their crops in. Plants with branching root systems, such as wheat, grain sorghum and corn, depend on this layer for moisture and
adapted from Utah Ag in the Classroom - www.agclassroom.org/ut

phone - (785) 532-7946

toll free - (866) 759-8031

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Connecting Kansas Classrooms to Agriculture

Edible Soil Profile

Earth Science, Social Studies, History, Economics and Technology Discussion Questions:

nutrients. Scientists estimate that it takes 300 to 500 years to form one inch of topsoil!

How Soil is Lost:

Erosion occurs when soil is moved by water, wind or gravity. Conservation practices and responsible land management can help protect the soil from erosion. Several methods that help prevent soil erosion include: slowing the speed of the wind with trees, securing topsoil with plant roots, and carrying run-off water safely away from bare topsoil. There are many methods farmers and conservationists have utilized to protect the fertile, productive soil in Kansas. They include reducing the frequency of tillage, planting cover crops during dormant seasons, farming along the contour of the land (contour farming), planting crops in a strip cropping pattern, utilizing crop rotations, planting and maintaining shelterbelts (windbreaks), and planting grass waterways and terraces.

Teacher Preparation: Prepare Ahead:

1. Which layer is represented by the cookie crumbs? (Bedrock) 2. The chocolate chip mixture represents _______. (Subsoil) 3. _______ is represented by the whipped topping/pudding mixture. (Topsoil) 4. Where have you seen the three soil layers exposed? (In a creek bed where hill was cut away for a road, etc.) 5. Where have you seen erosion? (Ditches in a field or road, soil blowing during dry spring, canyon) 6. Describe how the erosion looked and tell if it was it done by wind or water. 7. How might it have been prevented?

1. Purchase ingredients for Edible Soil Profil In Generic Cereal Aisle: Toasty Os : 1/4 c. per student Coco Roos 1/4 c. per student Mini Marshmallows: 2 tablespoons per student MMs: 2 Tablespoons per student Gummy Worms: 2 per student 2. Purchas short clear party cups to put soil profile in. 3. Have 5 bowls to put ingredients in to serve from. 4. Have 1/4 cup (2) and two tablespoons and plastic gloves for person serving gummy worms. 5. Arrange ingredients along a long table buffet style.

Activity:

1. Students should wash their hands 2. Students each get a clear cup. 2. Have students layer the ingredients in a clear plastic cup, allowing them to have different amounts of each layer to show how soil layers differ. a) Cover the bottom of the plastic cup with mini marshmellows. ( represents bedrock or parent material) b) Toasty Os (represents subsoil) c) Coco Roos (represents topsoil) d) Top with a few M&Ms. (represents organic matter) e)Two gummy worms (represent decomposers 2. Hand out worksheets a-b, pages 15-16. Discuss the layers of a soil profile, particle size and factors that build soil, while the students enjoy their Soil Profile dessert. have them repeat what the parts of the soil are represented in the soil profile. phone - (785) 532-7946 toll free - (866) 759-8031 ksfac@ksu.edu www.ksagclassroom.org

Student Name

Worksheet a:

Directions: Label the three layers of soil using the words from the word bank.

Soil Layers

1.

2.

3.
Word Bank
Subsoil Bedrock Topsoil

Student Name

Factors That Build Soil

Directions: Fill in the blanks using the words in the word bank.

2.

Climate refers to general weather including temperature and rainfall. Living organisms such as microbes, plants, insects, animals, and humans exert considerable influence on the formation of soil. Bacteria help break down plant and animal residues in the soil. Parent material is the layer of unconsolidated material from which a soil develops. Fertility, which affects the ability to grow crops, is greatly influenced by the parent material of a soil. Topography affects how soil moves across the surface of the land. The slope, hills and valleys affect the way that water drains and carries soil particles. The amount of water held in soil due to the topography causes the soil to form slower or faster. Soil forms from the chemical and physical weathering of parent material over time, as affected by climate. Some soils form faster than others.

5. 1.

Particle Size
6.

Remember, individual silt and clay particles cannot be seen unless they are magnified. Sand particles can be seen by the naked eye.

7. 8.

Worksheet b:

Word Bank: Climate Living organisms

Parent material Topography Time

Clay Sand Silt