JAVA

Pranaya
 Java Control Statements

The statements that control the execution flow of the program

are known as control statements.

When we try to execute a program, we modify and repeat the

data several times. We need some tools for these modifications
that will control the flow of the program, and perform this type
of task Java Provides control statements.

There are three types of control statement

1- Decision Making statements

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* if statements
Simple if statement
if-else statement
if-else-if ladder
Nested if-statement

* switch statement

2- Loop statements
do while loop
while loop
for loop
for-each loop

3- Jump statements ( we will learn it on the next PDF)

break statement
continue statement
 if Statement

In Java, the "if" statement is used to evaluate a condition.

Simple if-statement

Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition

is true. Use else to specify a block of code to be executed if the same
condition is false. Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the
first condition is false.

SYNTAX:

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if(condition) {
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}

Example:

public class one{

public static void main(String[] args) {

int markes=100;
if(markes>33)
{
System.out.println("pass");
}
}
}

Output:
pass
The if-else statement
is an extension to the if-statement, which uses another block of code,
i.e., else block. The else block is executed if the condition of the if-
block is evaluated as false.

Syntax:

if(condition) {
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}
else{
statement 2; //executes when condition is false
}

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Example

public class ifelseex {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int markes=100;
if(markes<33)
{
System.out.println("pass");
}
else
{
System.out.println("failed");
}

}
if-else-if :
The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by
multiple else-if statements. In other words, we can say that it is the
chain of if-else statements that creates a decision tree where the
program may enter the block of code where the condition is true.
We can also define an else statement at the end of the chain.
Syntax:
if(condition 1) {
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
}
else if(condition 2) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
}
else {
statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false

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}
Example

public class Student {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String city = "Delhi";
if(city == "Meerut") {
System.out.println("city is meerut");
}
else if (city == "Noida") {
System.out.println("city is noida");
}
else if(city == "Agra") {
System.out.println("city is agra");
}
else {
System.out.println(city);
}
}
Output: Delhi

Nested if-statement

In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain an if or if-else

statement inside another if or else-if statement.
Syntax.
if(condition 1) {
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
if(condition 2) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
}
else{
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
}

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Example

public class Student {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String address = "Delhi, India";

if(address.endsWith("India")) {
if(address.contains("Meerut")) {
System.out.println("Your city is Meerut");
}
else if(address.contains("Noida")) {
System.out.println("Your city is Noida");
}
else {
System.out.println(address.split(",")[0]);
}
}
else {
System.out.println("You are not living in India");
}
}
}
Output:- Delhi

Switch Statement:

In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-else-if statements. The

switch statement contains multiple blocks of code called cases and a
single case is executed based on the variable which is being
switched. The switch statement is easier to use instead of the if-else-
if statements. It also enhances the readability of the program.

Points to be noted about the switch statement:

1. The case variables can be int, short, byte, char, or enumeration.

String type is also supported since version 7 of Java
2. Cases cannot be duplicated
3. A default statement is executed when any of the cases doesn't
match the value of the expression. It is optional.

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4. The break statement terminates the switch block when the
condition is satisfied.
5. It is optional, if not used the next case is executed.
6. While using switch statements, we must notice that the case
expression will be of the same type as the variable. However, it
will also be a constant value.
Syntax
1. switch (expression){
2. case value1:
3. statement1;
4. break;
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. case valueN:
9. statementN;
10. break;
11. default:
12. default statement;
13. }

 example

public class switchassn {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String country="nepal";
switch(country)
{
case "india":
System.out.println("Capital of india is New Delhi");
break;
case "nepal":
System.out.println("capital of nepal is kathmandu");
break;
case "uk":
System.out.println("capital of uk is london");

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break;
case "usa":
System.out.println("capital of usa is Washingtone-Dc");
break;
case "uae":
System.out.println("capital of uae is abu dhabi");
break;
case "australia":
System.out.println("capital of australia is canberra");
break;
default:
System.out.println("There is no information about this name");
}
}
}
Output:
capital of nepal is Kathmandu

 Loop Statements

In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code

repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true. However, loop
statements are used to execute the set of instructions in a repeated
order. The execution of the set of instructions depends upon a
particular condition.

In Java, we have three types of loops that execute similarly

1. while loop
2. for loop
3. do-while loop

for loop

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When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a
block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop:
Syntax
for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3) {
// code block to be executed
}

Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code

block.
Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.
Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been
executed.

Example

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Output : 0 1 2 3 4
for-each loop
Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data structures like
array or collections. In the for-each loop.

Syntax:

for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name)

{
//statements
}

Example

1.public class Calculation {

2.public static void main(String[] args) {

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3.// TODO Auto-generated method stub
4.String[] names = {"Java","C","C++","Python","JavaScript"};
5.System.out.println("Printing the content of the array names:\n");
6.for(String name:names) {
7.System.out.println(name);
8.}
9.}
10. }

Output:
Printing the content of the array names:

Java
C
C++
Python
JavaScript

While Loop

The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified

condition is true:
Syntax
while (condition)
{
// code block to be executed
}
Example

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {

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System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
}
}

Output: 0 1 2 3 4

Note: Do not forget to increase the variable used in the condition,

otherwise the loop will never end!

Do/While Loop

The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute
the code block once, before checking if the condition is true, then it
will repeat the loop as long as the condition is true.
Syntax
do {
// code block to be executed
}
while (condition);

 Example

public class whileex {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a=0;
do
{
System.out.println("nice");

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a++;
}
while(a<=3);

Output: nice
nice
nice
nice

Thank
y !
o u
Pranaya !