The main periods of migrations involved the following migrants;

1830 -1860, during this period the immigrants were mainly from the British Isles and of middle
Rhine lands
This period of migration reached its peak in 1840 and the main reason of these movement were the

agricultural reforms which involved sheep farming in Scotland where many peasants

were left landless by of land and this decision was followed by terrible famine in 1940’s.

1860 -1890; The main source of migration were Germany and Scandinavian countries & England due to

agricultural revolution.

1900 – 1914; both Anglo American countries (Canada and USA) received large number of immigrants.

In USA immigrants were from Eastern Europe and Mediterranean lands. Migration

in USA reached its peak in 1907 where it admitted 1.3m migrants in one year.

Most of the migrants were running away from wars that were in Europe and other catastrophes like

diseases.

By 1927, when many people had entered USA ,“A quota” system was introduced to control

entry of people into the country

The quota system favoured the British entrance to USA however was unlimited to people born in

Canada, Mexico and Latin America.

In 1965 the quota system was finally abolished. This was because migrants from European countries
were diminishing compared to those from Latin America and Asia.

USA had received 601,000 immigrants of whom 243,000 were from Asia and 284,000 were from Latin
America and only 76,000 was from Europe.

CANADA then introduced a green card system which invited new immigrants into the country and some
Ugandans have benefited from this system.

The government policy in Canada was designed to faster the growth of population through bringing two
waves/ groups of migrants.

The first one was 1900-1914 wave, people were admitted to Canada in order to open up the prairie
provinces. Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta ( wheat growing).

This migration reached the climax in 1913 when about 400,870 people settled in Canada. This group
consisted of mainly the Britons and some people from eastern Europe and Germany.
2rd wave 1945-1969; This wave brought into the country nearly 3.3m immigrants.

Canada’s migration act of 1978 abolished the national quota system instead kinship

ties and possession of marketable skills were the criteria to admitting new immigrants.

The black population migration.

The migration of the black population weren’t voluntary. These are the people who were forced

into the continent of Anglo America to provide labour.

The 1 st Africans were taken to James Town, Virginia in 1619 and slavery was made legally hereditary in
1662

A law was made in 1705, classifying slaves as a form of real estate. Slavery flourished in the hot

humid and east states where plantation owner needed cheap abundant labour for cultivation of

tobacco, rice, cotton etc.

Any questions that existed about the moral legitimacy of slavery were answered by the demands

for labour as cotton growing spreads across of south eastern coast in the early 19 th century

The greatest tragedy for the blacks occurred when the south committed itself to carry out a completely
slave based cotton cultivation such that in the end despite the many voices that were raised against
Slavery, it was believed that cotton growing could not survive without slaves.

The Role Of Internal Migration in population distribution ( Movements Within Anglo America):

This involves movement within each of the Anglo American countries as well as movement of people
from USA To Canada & vice versa. For example after 1900 when agricultural lands in USA had been
taken, settlers poured into the newly opened Canadian prairies.

During the 1950’s the west Words movements in Canada was mainly because of un hospitable

Canadian shields especially the middle east of Lawrence valley and Ontario peninsular

 In the Prairie region people have migrated to go and settle in towns in B.C

which reduced the number of farm operators if the province by 1000 between 1971 and 1976.

 Migrants have also left other parts of Canada to come and settle in the fast growing cities of the

Prairie province, this urban growth was due to industrial development which was partly geared by

the spectacular rise of oil and natural gas in the provincial region.

 While in British Columbia, Vancouver has been a destination for many immigrant.
 In USA the Americans are geographically mobile and not fixed & are prepared travel long
distance in search for economic gains or some pleasant economic conditions. Out of this
mobility, they have come up with three great movements of the population in the recent years
namely, movement of people from the Country sides to the cities and this kind of movement is
 seen in 1960’s and 70’s when there was an exodus of people from American farms to the urban
centers. About 50% of the population migrated from the farms and there was very little back
flow. The major factor behind this was mechanisation which led to labour redundant.
 There was also a greater increase in demand for agricultural products which led to people
buying up farm lands to form agricultural businesses.
 By 1980’s 73% of the USA population was classed as urban population.
 The 2rd movement; this was from the center of the cities to suburbs. This come as a result of
large numbers of the people enjoying high standards of living coupled with improved transport
from the periphery to city centers, this type of movement has resulted into the stagnation of
the central city population size but has led to the exploitation of the suburb resources.
 3rd movement: inter regional migration

Ever since the migrants arrived there has been a particular movement from east to west. For

decades the most movement was mainly in California until 1950’s when it became the most

popular state in USA. Also from the east people moved into the pacific coast especially in

Vancouver and others moved to Texas.

 Movement became a traditional part of everybody’s experience as an American.

The movement being intended for search for space, independence wealth or prosperity. Spaces and
independence were to be provided by the sparse population and cheap land within the continent while
wealth was to be provided by mineral and various opportunities that were found in various areas.

From California which had been crowded people started to move to Arizona among others.

 In addition to space, freedom and wealth there was also search for amenities people started to
move in order to get good jobs and better living standards.
 There has also been a general shifts of people from the cold north to warmer south ,this is
because it costs less to live in a warmer climate people are attracted to live in places where they
can carry out all out door activities.
 The migrants had attendance of setting in national areas (areas settled by a group of people

speaking the same language). This was because the earliest arrivals encouraged their friends

to join them.

It could also be a product of organized immigration e.g early French took over the provinces of Ontario
And Quebec, and also those who came later many settled in the same areas.

The Blacks originally concentrated in the South East states where they were taken to work in
plantations of cotton, tobacco as slaves but even after the civil war & emancipation of slaves to became
free men some of these people were still tied economically to the same plantation as before.

There is still a concentration of the blacks in south east but it is less marked. After the civil war the

blacks moved North wards to the cities. Their movement resulted into a big population of the
blacks being considered urban dwellers in the 1920’s , There were many blacks in the New York Chicago
Philadelphia. Well as in 1920 , 27 % of the blacks had been classified as urban, in

1970 were at 81%. However in 1975 the figure was only 52%, the immigrants went to areas like Illinois,
eventually became more populated than many other areas

eg Texas and Georgia.

 When the black arrived in the cities they concentrated in the ghettos and this was mainly for

security purposes. The blacks were eventually confined to the ghettos by the pressure from

outside ie they were not allowed to move to the surrounding areas that were occupied by the

whites.

 The blacks continued moving into ghettos and each house had ever increasing number of
immigrants. As a result the pressure with in the ghetto exceeded the pressures from outside,
the ghetto area expanded into adjacent areas of the whites.
 This forced the whites to sell the lands and moved elsewhere.

The single family dwellings of the whites were replaced by many families which deteriorated the

living conditions of such areas. In large cities the same process led to the take over of large commercial
areas by the blacks and the destroyed them just like their residential areas.

Qn Describe the nature of migration in Anglo-America between

1800 and 1990

 MELTING POT
 Melting pot both internal and external migrations have contributed to the
characteristic mix of the America population which is referred to as the
Melting Pot.
 Melting pot is a phrase to describe the way in which the elements of
population of the continents have been settled down in USA and Canada
and have emerged into one distinctive society.
 Where as the constitution of USA was set deliberately to achieve a society
in which there is political, social and religious neutrality to produce a new
distinctive way of life, in Canada a link of culture of those countries that
have contributed to most of this way of life have been preserved.
  In Canada the numerical pre-dominancy of the British and the French is
marked and make up 70% of these two groups of the population in Canada.
While in USA in the late 18th century the British represented 80%
of the population and 1920’s it was less than 50%.
Germany and other countries of the south east Europe also made their
contributions to the melting pot.
 Although the term melting port can be applied in many countries like
France, Brazil etc,it is predominantly used in Reference to USA and a
creation of America nation as a “distract” new bleed of people
Amalgamated from various groups of immigrants.
 Melting Pot is closely linked to the process of Americanisation the aim of
the melting port is that all cultures become reflected as one common
culture and generally the culture of the dominant group. While promoting
the mixing of cultures, the ultimate results of the melting port happened to
be of the white Anglo Saxon men with minimum impact on the minority
cultures
 Implying that the term melting pot is focused on the West Heritage and
excluded non European immigrants eg the from the middle east, chinse,
Japanese etc.
 Although considered the melting, those results have been assimilation.
Also, despite its proclaimed “melting” character its results have been
assimilationist.
- In the case of the melting pot the aim is that all cultures become reflected in
one common culture, however this is generally the culture of the dominant
group
They were those Americans who feared that the immigrations were introducing
so much labour in the economy which undermined the American workers. The
fact that this fear had not became a reality is probably because of the rapid
growth and development of USA which led to continuous demand for labou.r
Generally labour has been in short supply.
 Still in Anglo America there was a certain group that was taking up the unskilled
work ie Asians and people from middle East while other group doing white color
jobs.
The French Canadians being united culturally by language and religion and being
presented
critically by Quebec which is the 2rd most populated province in Canada insisted
on maintaining their culture, cause they had a strong bargaining power through
their numerical strength and their concentration in one key province eg 1867, the
French insisted on the federal system of
government and for the whole of Canada and that the new province of Quebec
should preserve
its distinctiveness institutions eg education system, military system, judiciary,
religion etc.
Most of the French areas used French language. The American blacks in 1980 they
were 26.5% in USA and farmed 11% of the population yet in 1960 they were
10.5%.These were descents of the slaves who were brought into North America
by the slave traders eg people of Portugal, Spain, England etc. In the 19 th when
slavery was abolished, free migration of the black into the melting port was
hindered by peoples attitude towards slavery. People were wondering whether
the blacks could compete for jobs on equal terms with the white workers. And
also whether the blacks could be free to live anywhere on streets, confronted
with these questions, the blacks were affected, felt isolated, which brought about
racial discriminations. Blacks were economically living below poverty level.
They also had the highest un employment rate than any group in America.
Socially the black distinctiveness is most prominently marked by the location of
the black homes which are found in the ghettos which are considered to be areas
with poor conditions. And pressures from outside the ghetto had banned them
from extending to the surrounding arears which were occupied by the Whites.

Although equality of the black people had been legally affirmed on many
occasions in recent
years, their restriction to the black areas did not allow them to participate fully to
the melting
Pot not until when a black president was voted into power.
To what extent can Anglo American society be referred to as a Melting Pot?

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF ANGLO – AMERICA

Anglo America is composed of mainly nine (9) surface regions which provide
varied environment that has in some areas promoted various social and economic
development eg transport ,agriculture, tourism etc
While in other areas it has acted as a barrier to development.
1- The coastal plains (low lands along the coast
 The Coastal Plains are a lowland, mostly flat area that stretches 3200 km,
from Cape Cod, then along the Atlantic Coast, into Mexico. There are also
traces in the Islands of Nantucket and the Martha’s Vine yard
 The average elevation is less than 200m above sea level.
 More than half of the Coastal Plains is less than 30m above sea level.
 Contains much wetland, mostly swamps & marshes, which are sources of
shellfish & many other aquatic lifeforms.
 Before, the gradual sinking of the land allowed the sea to submerge the
lower reaches of streams that cross the plains
 The Mississippi Delta is where the Mississippi River empties into the Gulf
of Mexico, creating large areas of fertile land, used for agriculture.
  Soils are mostly sand
 The natural vegetation in the plains have adapted to the snd,
especially in some areas where lush jungles have grown.
 The vegetation originally consisted of mainly pine forests
before the sandy environment was formed
 The coastal Plains are divided into;

Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains.

 The Atlantic coastal plain stretches from the cape cod along the Atlantic
coast to Florida Peninsular.
 It is narrow in the north, its widest extent occurs in the south.
 The area has many natural harbors especially in the north which include
Massachusetts, New York, Chesapeake, long Island sound, Delaware sound,
Pamlico sound (S is a long generally narrow HO2 in let of the sea).
 There are also sandy beaches along the shower line.
 Off shore Islands from Virginia to Georgia are separated from the mainland by
marshes and lagoons. (Shallow water bodies connected to large ones)
 The coastal plains have forest with conifers and broad leaf deciduous trees
with the coniferous forest mainly in the southern parts.
 Marshes are common and there are many non torrent rivers that cross the
southern plains eg Satilla
 There are swamps eg Everglades in Florida.
 The Gulf plain, is also of varying width ranging from 150miles – 600miles

The widest part occurs in the Mississippi valley where the plain extends in lands
the southern Illinois.
 The Mississippi river is the longest river in North America and it empties in the
Gulf of Mexico. This part of the Gulf coastal plain is also made of up of
marshes.
Some parts of the coastal plain are covered with rich dark colored soil
especially in the Atlantic coastal plains with a huge property of humus eg
Texas, Prairies, Alabama etc.
 While others like the barrens of Georgia have infertile soils and were sparsely
settled by the 19th century when the plantation agriculture flourished.
 Other areas which did not attract early settlers were the poorly drained and
those with limited accessibility to the coast eg Dismal swamp, the
Okefenokee and Everglades.
 There are no major surface areas or features that inhibited the movement of
the ,early settlers.
 The flat land is liable to flooding during the Tropical storms/ Hurricanes that
are a characteristic the area e.g in July 2016, 3.5 million people were affected
by Hurricanes in Haiti, Georgia and Florida.
 The plain is of recent origin and composed of sedimentary materials
deposited when over lain by the sea.
 In the gently folded sedimentary strata of south Texas there are deposits of
oil and natural gas and salt dooms which are some times associated with
Sulphur.

Economic Activities
 Industries found in the Coastal Plains include processing, manufacturing and
marketing products, mainly seafood and wood. 
 Others are tourism & recreation, shipping, papermaking, commercial fishing
and forestry.
 Swamps & Marshes are sources of shell fish and many other aquatic life forms


 Climate and temperature ;vary by each part of the region ie the north has
cold snow winters and hot humid summers.
 Climates & temperatures vary by each part of the region
 The north has cold, snowy winters, and hot, humid summers
 The south has worm to sub-tropical weather, with mild to warm winters, and
hot summers as well. 
 Although snow is common, the overall precipitation in the north is less than
that of the south. Florida, for example, experiences about 200mm of rains in
the summer.
 Environmental Concerns
 Pollution is a major environmental issue of the Coastal Plains
 There is also submarine groundwater discharge (SGD).
Groundwater is released to beaches & nearshore environments, and
degrades seawater quality, bottom habitats & coral reefs.
 2. Appalachian highlands
The highlands are found west of the Atlantic coastal Plains, named from the
Appalachian mountains.
 They cover a vast area extending from Alabama to the New Found land in
the north. They form the natural barrier between the eastern coastal plains
and the interior low lands of Anglo America.
 They are made up of distinct topographic regions which include ie
Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, Appalachian Plateau and New
England- Canadian Maritime.
i. Piedmont is a low plateau Ranging from 500 – 1000 ft. The zone of contact
between coastal plain and the Piedmont is called Fall line.
 The land drops sharply from piedmont to the plains creating falls along the
fast moving rivers.
 There are number of cities associated with the fall line eg Columbia,
Washington, Boston, Philadelphia, Richmond etc.
 Piedmont is one of the most rapid growing industrial region of USA
ii. Blue ridge; Some areas in the blue ridge extend raise beyond 6,000ft and so--
this occurs in wider southern parts of Georgia, Northern Carolina and Tennessee
and Virginia.
 The blue ridge is much narrow and lower.
iii. The Ridge and the Valley;
This extends from Alabama to New York. This area experienced severe folding and
faulting of the earth crust. The original layers of horizontal sedimentary rock
when deformed, exposed strata of varying resistance forming valleys and ridges
eg Coosa in Alabama, The valley of East Tennessee, the Cumberland, Shenandoah
and Hudson Valley.

 Appalachian plateau;
The Appalachian plateau are found in the north western part of the Appalachian
highland stretching from New York to Alabama.
 The have sedimentary rocks like those of the valley and the ridge.( Type
and Age) They were uplifted during mountain building that formed the
Appalachian mountains.
 The early settlers moving west into the Tennessee and Kentucky were
affected by the Cumberland escarpment on the eastern side of the
Appalachian plateau.
 In the southern Appalachian, the Tennessee and the Coosa river valleys
provided natural gaps and routs to the interior. Early settlers utilized these
gaps to access the interior rich farm lands in the limestone valley avoiding
the Plateau areas with acidic and thin soils.
 However, the area is affected by the land slides along the edges of the
plateau.
 New England (Canadian Maritime) ;
 The new England part of the Appalachian consists mainly of eroded and
glaciated Uplands that provide un even topography.
 Elevation decreases east wards towards the sea level.

 In general, the Appalachian highlands have got the largest coal field in the
country. There are other minerals like petroleum, natural gas etc.
 There are several national parks and forests eg smoky mountain and other
recreation areas that attract tourist every year.
The mountain are found in the eastern Tennessee and western part of
Carolina.
 

Autumn colours along Cataloochee Creek, Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
North Carolina.
National Park Service
 The park, easily accessible via a road bisecting its Centre, is one of the most
heavily visited in the country.
Its three visitor centers contain exhibits on natural history and culture,
such as the Mountain Farm Museum’s collection of historic log buildings.
 Popular activities include hiking some of the 800 miles of trails,
 Fishing, horseback riding, cross-country skiing, and going on driving tours;
Autumn draws many visitors to view the changing colours of the leaves.
 The mountains are sparsely settled and much of the area is in a primitive
natural state protected by the state law.
3. The Interior Highland
 It’s a mountainous region stretching from the eastern part of Oklahoma
going to west and Northern Arkansas. They continue of southern Missouri
and the extreme south east corner of Kansas the area is occupied by Ozark
mountain there is also the Ozaka plateau Quachitter.
  There are also forests with temperate broad leaf mixed forests found in
Oklahoma & Arkansas.
4. The Interior Plains.
 This is one of the largest continuous plains of the world they stretch from
central Tennessee and Kentucky in the south east and Texas and Oklahoma
in south west going north wards into Mackenzie valley in Canada
 Much of the plain is at low elevation apart from the western portion ( The
Great Plain)
The eastern part of the Great Plain raises up to 2000ft above sea level and in the
west it goes up 5000 feet at the boarder of the Rocky mountain system.
 They have good soils which facilitate agricultures and most of the land is
now under farming due to the fertile good soils.
 However the great variations in climate limits agriculture, some areas are
excessively dry while others have very short growing seasons.
.
5. North American Cordillera.
 It’s a broad mountain belt that extends from Mexico to Alaska. It consists of
almost continuous sequence of ranges that form the western back born of
not only America but also central and south America.
 The ranges include brooks, Mackenzie, front range etc.
 The mountain ranges are separated by plateaus and valleys
 The Rockies are the most eastern range in the Cordillera
 In the USA, the Cordillera extends towards the middle of the continent. The
coastal mountains ranges are volcanic while the interior Ones are folded
mountains.
 Western Cordillera is made up of new mountains that have not been
majorly affected by erosion
 Its as twice as high as the Appalachians
 Rivers west of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean
Climate

 West coast in general has a maritime climate, meaning that it is influenced

by the presence of a large body of water
 Temperature range is small and precipitation tends to be high
 Cordillera is moist and mild. Some locations in the Cordillera are among
the wettest regions of the planet
 Because the Pacific Ocean moderates the temperatures, winters are above
freezing and summers are cooler than other regions
 Valleys are warmer than mountain slopes. windward slopes are wetter than
leeward ones
 In one example of an area inside the Western Cordillera, Vancouver, BC
receives around 150mm of rain in the winter, and receives around 50mm -
sometimes even less - in the summer months

Vegetation

 The vegetation of the Western Cordillera varies greatly

 On moist, windward sloped mountains, evergreens such as Douglas fir,
western hemlock, and western red cedar, grow to enormous heights and
ages on the lower slopes
 Trees are smaller in size on the higher slopes
 At the very tops of the mountains, vegetation either becomes similar to that
of a tundra's, or does not exist
 Grasses and cacti grow on the dryer leeward slopes
 Evergreens do not grow in the southern parts of the Cordillera, because
there is not enough precipitation to support their growth
Economic Activity

 The forestry, pulp and paper industries are major economic factors of most
of the Western Cordillera because of the large amount of trees & vegetation
present in the region
 For example, in 2009, British Columbia earned about $3.5 billion in pulp &
paper exports
 Other industries include agriculture, mining (iron, lead, zinc, silver, coper
etc), and fishing mainly of salmon is a very well known commodity of the
west coast.
Environmental Concerns;

 Pollution is one the problem in the Western Cordillera

 Pollutants include vehicle exhaust, wood smoke, and smoke & waste from
factories
 This issue is prominent in California, especially in Los Angeles, where a
permanent smog is present because of pollution
 Another environmental issue is salmon farming
 Excessive farming of salmon can damage their ecosystems and population,
and as a major commodity of the west coast would cause an economic
problem as well
6.Pacific Coast Land. It’s the coastal line along which western Anglo America
meets the Northern Pacific Ocean.
 Its made of various coastal mountain such as Alaska range, sierra Nevada
 the Rockies, mountain Helens which has erupted several times in the recent
years
 There are few natural harbors eg Puget sound, San Francisco and San-Diego
bays in California
 There are valleys like san Joaquin valley, Willamette Imperial Valley etc.
 The valleys have rich soils and are important farm lands.
 It has varied climate for instance the northern part has oceanic climate,
from California boarder towards Mexico there’s Mediterranean climate.
 Generally the Coastline has significantly mild temperatures compared to
the in land area, during summer cold currents in Pacific Ocean moderate
the coastal temperatures and the mountains ranges block the maritime air
from moving further in land.
 Coastal Fog also keeps the shoreline temperatures cool

7. The Interior Plateau

 This covers a lager areas of central B.C. It lies between Cariboo and
Monashee mountains on the east & Hazelton
 mountains the coastal mountains and cascade ranges in the west. In some
areas It extends in wards in USA where its known as Columbian plateau.
 It raises beyond 3000ft above sea level, however there are some exception
like in Yukon plain of Alaska and Death valley of California which is at 86m
below sea level.
 The Basin and the large segment of Nevada, California & Utah is
characterised by faulted mountain ranges and half buried in alluvial.
 8. The Canadian Shield. It encircles the Hudson Bay
 The Canadian Shield extends from Canada south wards to the USA . This is
said to have the oldest rocks in Anglo America. It has the hardest rocks and
some hills in the area were worn down by erosion forming rugged
landscape.
 It has many rivers which have rapids and falls.
 The Northern part of the region has most the Tundra Vegetation while the
southern part has great forests of needleleaf ever green trees.
 The soils are thin hence support limited agricultural activities
 However the area has some wealth fur timber & minerals.
9. The Hudson Bay Low Land.
 It’s a sedimentary region along the southern margin of the bay where the
rocks of the Canadian shield are beneath the surface.
It’s a flat area which is poorly drained. Through waters from lakes& rivers have
formed bogs(wet muddy ground) & swamps hence poor soils.
The area is cold and poorly developed due to extreme coldness

DRAINAGE SYSTEM