BJSTR MS Id 001533

ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018
DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.07.001533
RSH Eldesouky. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res
Research Article Open Access
Medical Errors Among Nurses in The University

Hospital of Benha, Egypt: Forms, Underlying
Factors and Reporting
EM Araby1, RSH Eldesouky*2 and HA Abed3
1
Lecturer of Public Health, Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicinem, Benha University, Egypt
2
Assistant Professor of Public Health, Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicinem, Benha University, Egypt
3
Lecturer of Public Health, Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicinem, Benha University, Egypt
Received: July 28, 2018; Published: August 06, 2018
*Corresponding author: RSH Eldesouky, Assistant Professor of Public Health, Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicinem,
Benha University, Benha, Egypt
Abstract
Background: Medical Errors (ME) are inevitable part of any health care system and pose a threat to patient safety.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence, forms, consequences and the underlying factors of ME among nurses in the University Hospital of
Benha and to detect the prevalence of reporting ME and causes of un-reporting.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted up on 257 nurses. Data were collected during December 2017, using an
English self-administered, anonymous questionnaire sheet.
Results: 36.2% of the studied nurses committed ME, 48.4% of them committed errors more than once. The most frequent form was giving
wrong dose of medications (35.5%). Tiredness due to excessive overtime work and inadequate training of the nurses were the mostly reported
underlying factors (62.6% and 39.3% respectively). The prevalence of ME was significantly higher among junior nurses (P=0.029), those graduated
from nursing school and technical institute of nursing than faculty of nursing (41.6%, 29.6% and 16.7% respectively) (P=0.017), among single,
widowed and divorced nurses than married ones (81.2%, 60%, 50% and 32.5% respectively) (P<0.001). Also, it was higher among Nurses of work
experience <10 years (51.9%) compared with those of 20-30 or more years (33.3% and 30.2% respectively) (P=0.024). One third (33.3%) of nurses
who committed ME did not report it. Fear of legal issues was the most common cause of un- reporting (80%).
Conclusion: ME is a serious problem that threatens patient safety. Staff training, non-punitive work environment and properly working
reporting system are the best solutions to prevent ME.
Keywords: Medical errors; Nurses; Forms; Reporting; Administering Treatment; Un-Reporting; Fisher’s Exact Test
Introduction
to Institute of Medicine (IOM) approach, ME comprise a wide
Medical Errors (ME) represent a serious public health problem
range of events. It may be diagnostic; “error or delay in diagnosis”,
and pose a threat to patient safety [1]. It is extremely important
failure to employ indicated tests ,use of outmoded tests or therapy,
to adopt a standard definition for ME throughout the world,
failure to act on results of monitoring or testing, treatment error;
because lack of agreement on standard definition makes it difficult
“wrong performance of an operation , procedure, or test”, error in
for researchers to obtain valid and reliable data, and to assess
administering treatment; “error in the dose or method of using a
the impact of specific organizational interventions [2]. The most
drug, avoidable delay in treatment or in responding to an abnormal
common definition for ME is that it is an unintended act (either of
test and inappropriate care”, preventive error; “failure to provide
omission or commission) or one that does not achieve its intended
prophylactic treatment or inadequate monitoring or follow-up of
outcome, [3] the failure of a planned action to be completed as
treatment “ and finally, failure of communication ,equipment and
intended (an error of execution), the use of a wrong plan to achieve
other system failure [1]. Although medical errors can be caused by
an aim (an error of planning), [4] or a deviation from the process of
all members of health care team, nursing medical errors are the
care that may or may not cause harm to the patient [5]. According
most common [6].
Biomedical Journal of
Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR)
6020
Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research Volume 7- Issue 4: 2018
In developed countries, with sufficient funds and modern Statistical Analysis

technology, one out of ten patients are injured. Ten to eighteen
The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS
percent of hospitalized patients are injured due to ME [7]. The
version 16 software (SpssInc, Chicago, ILL Company). Categorical
problem is greater in developing countries where there is an
data were presented as number and percentages, using Pearson’s
inappropriate infrastructure, poor technology and insufficient or
chi square test (X2) or Fisher’s Exact test (FET) for their analysis.
even unskillful human resources. These factors have caused higher
Continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and
possible risk of harm to the patient in hospitals and in primary care
range. Two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered significant.
compared with developed countries [8]. Lack of a well-developed
system of ME reporting in developing countries has increased the Results
ambiguity [7-15]. The objectives of this study were to determine Socio-Demographic Characteristics of The Studied
the prevalence, forms and consequences of MEs among nurses in Elderly
the University Hospital of Benha, to outline the underlying factors
of ME from the nurses’ point of view and to detect the prevalence of This study included 257 nurses; their age ranged from 20 to
reporting ME and causes of un-reporting. 55 years old with mean value 36.2±8.7, 26.5% of them aged 20 to
< 30, 65.4% were 30 - < 50 years old while 8.2% were 50 or more
Methodology years old. Only 5.8% were males. Seventy-one-point two percent
This cross-sectional study was conducted up on 257 nurses of were from rural areas, 67.3% were graduated from nursing school,
the university hospital of Benha, Egypt. All departments [16] were 91.1% were married, and 51.4% works more than 50 hours per
represented with average response rate of 87.1% ranging from 80% week. Their years of work experience ranged from 1-32 years
(Department of ENT) to 95% (Department of Neuropsychiatry). and average of 16.1±8.2. Nine males (3.5% of total) were tobacco
smokers (Table1).
Ethical Consideration
Table 1: Socio-demographic characters of the studied sample.
An approval from the Research Ethics Committee in Benha
Faculty of Medicine was obtained to conduct this work. An Frequency Percent
Variable
(N=257) (100.0)
administrative approval from each department Head was also
Age (in years) 68 26.5
obtained to interview the nurses. A written informed consent was
obtained from each nurse before participation. It included data 20- 90 35
about title, objectives, methods, expected benefits and risks of the 30- 78 30.4
work and confidentiality of data. 40- 21 8.2
Collection of Data ≥ 50
36.2±8.7 (20-55)
Data were collected during December 2017. An English self-ad- Mean±SD (range)
ministered, anonymous questionnaire sheet was used to collect Sex
data from nurses. This questionnaire was developed and modified 15 5.8
Male
from Shahrokhi et al. [9], Aboshaiqah et al. [10] and Mohammad et 242 94.2
Female
al. [11]. Two hundred ninety-five questionnaires were distributed,
278 questionnaires were returned (94.2%), 257 were completely Residence
183 71.2
filled in a right way (87.1%). The questionnaire comprised of four Rural
74 28.8
sections: The first one included socio demographic and work infor- Urban
mation of the nurses. The second section included questions about
Graduation
the prevalence of committing ME during the year 2017 (named cur- 30 11.7
rent year), its frequency, past history of ME in the previous years, Faculty of nursing
173 67.3
forms of ME and if the committed error resulted in a harm to the Nursing school
54 21
patients. The third section asked about the underlying factors of ME Technical institute of nursing
from the nurse point of view. Marital status
234 91.1
These factors were classified into nurse related factors, work Married
environment related factors and managerial factors. The fourth 2 0.8
Divorced
part included data about reporting of ME, reasons for not reporting 5 1.9
Widowed
and the specifications should be available in the ME reporting sys- 16 6.2
tem. The questionnaire was revised by 3 academic professors to as- Single
sess its construct validity. Content and face validity were assessed Years of work experience
54 21
by a pilot study conducted during November 2017 up on 20 nurses. < 10
The required modifications in the tool were done, arising difficul- 20-Oct 117 45.5
ties in data collection were planned to be overcome. The results of
> 20 86 33.5
pilot study were not included in the study.
Mean±SD (range) 16.1±8.2 (1-32)
Cite this article: EM Araby, RSH Eldesouky, HA Abed. Medical Errors Among Nurses in The University Hospital of Benha, Egypt: Forms,
Underlying Factors and Reporting. Biomed J Sci&Tech Res 7(4)- 2018. BJSTR. MS.ID.001533. DOI: 10.26717/ BJSTR.2018.07.001533. 6021
Working hours per week Nonscheduled doses

125 48.6 14 15.1
≤ 50 Giving patient’s drug to another one
132 51.4 11 11.8
> 50 Wrong infusion rate
12 12.9
Tobacco Drug instead of another
248 96.5 18 19.4
No Wrong concentration
9 3.5 6 6.5
Yes Giving expired medication
2 2.2
Prevalence, Forms, Consequences and Underlying Failure to prepare the patient prior to
16 17.2
surgical operation
Factors of Medical Errors
5 5.4
Failure to identify the patient
The study revealed that 36.2% of the studied nurses committed
2 2.2
medical error during the current year. 51.6% of them (47/93) Failure to prevent patient fall
7 7.5
committed errors once, 28% committed errors twice and 20.4% Wrong/ incomplete medical record
committed errors 3 times with total 157 errors. Eighty-two nurses Did the error cause harm to the
(31.9%) reported positive past history of medical error, 65 of them patient? (n=93) 84 90.3
(25.3% of total 257 nurses) are among those who did not commit No 9 9.7
error during the current year. The most frequently committed error
Yes
among nurses was giving wrong dose (33/93, 35.5%), followed by
What is the harm? (n=9)
giving drug instead of another (19.4%), wrong route and failure 1 11.1
to prepare the patient prior to surgery (17.2% each), delayed Death
3 33.3
or missed dose (16.1%), giving nonscheduled doses (15.1%), ICU admission due to arrhythmia
wrong infusion rate (12.9%), giving patient drug to another one 5 55.6
Anaphylaxis
(11.8%), wrong or incomplete medical record (7.5%), giving drug
with wrong concentration (6.5%), failure to identify the patient Table 3: Underlying factors of MEs from the nurses’ point of
(5.4%) and lastly giving expired medications and failure to prevent view.
patient fall (2.2% each). Nine nurses declared that the error they Frequency Percent
Variable
committed caused harm to the patient. This harm was death (one (N=257) (100.0)
case), ICU admission (3 cases) and anaphylaxis (5 cases) (Table Nurse related factors
2). The results also showed no significant (P>0.05) difference Tiredness due to excessive over-time 161 62.6
between the departments regarding prevalence of medical errors. work 101 39.3
The underlying factors of medical errors were classified into nurse Inadequate training of the nurses 49 19.1
Nurses’ affective and mood problems 27 10.5
related, work environmental and managerial factors.
Personal or familial problems 29 11.3
Table 2: Prevalence, forms and consequences of MEs during the Financial / economic problems 40 15.6
current year among the studied nurses. Lack of job interest
Work environmental factors
Frequency Percent
Variable Noisy ward environment
(N=257) (100.0) Messy arrangement of devices, and 110 42.8
Committing ME during the current equipment’s in the ward 70 27.2
year Large variety of drugs in medication 78 30.4
164 63.8
cabinet 43 16.7
No 93 36.2 Bad drug storage conditions in the ward 60 23.3
Yes Equipment malfunction or equipment was 33 12.8
Frequency of the error (n=93) not adjusted properly
48 51.6 Inadequate lighting of the ward
Once
26 28 Managerial factors
Twice Insufficient knowledge
19 20.4 62 24.1
Thrice Improper dose calculation 52 20.2
Past history of ME No rigorous regulations for high-alert 48 18.7
175 68.1 medications
134 52.1
No Inadequate staffs in each working shift
82 31.9 69 26.8
Yes Physician’s medication orders were
66 25.7
incomplete
Forms of the committed MEs (n=93) 80 31.1
15 16.1 Physician repeatedly changed medication
orders 45 17.5
Delayed / missed dose
33 35.5 Working in night shift 75 29.2
Wrong dose
16 17.2 Variety of drugs used by each patient
Wrong route
Shortage of time characters of the studied nurses where (Table 4) illustrates that
Using abbreviations of names 75 29.2 the prevalence of medical errors significantly (P<0.05) decreased
Taken oral orders instead of writing 74 28.8 by age (45.6% of nurses of 20- year age group, 40% of those
orders of 30- years, 29% of 40- years and only 14.3% of those of ≥50
years age group. Prevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher
Tiredness due to excessive overtime work and inadequate
among the nurses graduated from nursing school and technical
training of the nurses were the mostly reported factors (62.6% and
institute of nursing than faculty of nursing (41.6%, 29.6% and
39.3% respectively) by the studied nurses. Noisy ward environment
16.7% respectively. Also, medical errors were higher among
and large variety of drugs in medication cabinet were the most
single, widowed and divorced nurses than married ones (81.2%,
common (42.8% and 30.4%) among the environmental factors.
60%, 50% and 32.5% respectively), P<0.001. The prevalence was
Regarding managerial factors, inadequate staffs in each working
significantly higher among nurses of work experience less than 10
shift and working in night shift were the mostly reported (52.1%
years (51.9%) compared with those of 20-30 or more years of work
and 31.1% respectively) (Table 3). The study also investigated the
experience (33.3% and 30.2% respectively), P<0.0.5.
association between committing errors and socio-demographic
Table 4: Association between committing MEs and socio-demographic characters of the studied nurses.
Not committed errors (n=164) Committed errors (n=93) X2
Variable
No. % No. % (P)
Age (in years)
37 54.4 31 45.6
20-
54 60.0 36 40.0 9.05
30-
55 70.5 23 29.5 (0.029)
40-
18 85.7 3 14.3
≥ 50
Sex
9 60.0 6 40.0 0.1
Male
155 64.0 87 36.0 (0.75)
Female
Residence
117 63.9 66 36.1 0.004
Rural
47 63.5 27 36.5 (0.95)
Urban
Graduation
25 83.3 5 16.7
Faculty of nursing 8.16
101 58.4 72 41.6
Nursing school (0.017)
38 70.4 16 29.6
Technical institute of nursing
Marital status
158 67.5 76 32.5
Married FET=
1 50.0 1 50.0
Divorced 16.4
2 40.0 3 60.0
Widowed (<0.001)
3 18.8 13 81.2
Single
Years of work experience
26 48.1 28 51.9
< 10 7.47
78 66.7 39 33.3
10-20 (0.024)
60 69.8 26 30.2
>20
Work hours per week
82 65.6 43 34.4 0.34
≤ 50
82 62.1 50 37.9 (0.56)
> 50
Tobacco (n=15 males)
7 77.8 2 22.2 FET
No
2 33.3 4 66.7 (0.13)
Yes
Reporting of Medical Mrror, its Determinants and

Attitude of the Studied Nurses What specifications should be available
The results showed that one third (33.3%) of nurses who in the ME reporting system? (n=257)
committed medical error did not report it. Among those who Confidentiality 252 98.1
reported the error (62/93, 66.7%), 47 nurses (75.8%) informed Non-punitive 219 85.5
the physician in duty, 24.2% told the head nurse. Fear of legal issues 189 73.5
Well known and agreed upon by all
after reporting was the most common cause of lack of reporting, working in healthcare system 152 59.1
followed by unknown error reporting mechanism (38.7%), lack
Transparent and the action taken against
of clear definition of the term medical error (29%), reporting the offender is revealed
medical error will make others underestimate one’s capability
(22.6%), fault management /lack of support (19.4%) and lastly
sophisticated reporting mechanisms and forgetting to report Discussion
(6.5% each). However, 20.7% of nurses who did not commit errors
Our results were that (36.2%) of study participants committed
declared that if they did an error, they would not report it. Also,
at least one ME in the current year of the study and the most
18.3% of those who committed errors decided that they would not
frequently committed ME among nurses were medication errors
report if they committed errors again. The studied nurses agreed
especially giving wrong dose (35.5%) followed by giving drug
on confidentiality (98.1%), being non-punitive (85.5%), being
instead of another (19.4%), then wrong route & failure to prepare
well known and agreed upon by all working in healthcare system
the patient prior to surgery(17.2% each), delayed or missed
(73.5%) and being transparent and the action taken against the
dose(16.1%), giving non-scheduled doses (15.1%) and finally,
offender is revealed (59.1%)as specifications of the medical error
wrong infusion rate (12.9%). These finding came in agreement
reporting system (Table 5). The results illustrated that reporting
with most of studies that considered medication errors are the
was significantly (P=0.024) lower among nurses of <10 years
most common MEs but there were differences in percentage of
work experience (46.4%) than those 10-20 or more (74.4 and 76.9
each cause of medication errors that we estimated and that of other
respectively).
studies. For example, our findings were not supported by Ehsani et
Table 5: Prevalence and determinants of reporting MEs and the al. who found that the most common errors were wrong infusion
attitude of the studied nurses. rates and giving two doses of medicine instead of one [12].
Frequency Percent Al-Shara in Jordan found that wrong patient and wrong dose
Variable
(n=93) (100.0)
were the most common errors [13]. Other studies concluded that
Did you report the error? wrong dosage, medication omission and medication administration
31 33.3
No at inappropriate times were more common sources of medical
62 66.7
Yes errors [14-16]. Higher percentage of medication errors were
To whom? (n=62)
reported by other studies such as Cheragi et al. who reported that
47 75.8 (64.6%) of the Iranian nurses committing errors and mean number
Physician
15 24.2 of medication errors committed by each nurse during the 3-month
Head Nurse period of the study was (7.4) [17]. in Jordan, Mrayyon et al. reported
Causes of un reporting (n=31) that at least (42.1%) of nurses had committed one medication
Lack of clear definition of the term ME 9 29.0 error and within 3 months [18]. Lisby et al. performed a study in
25 80.0 the hospitals of Denmark and found the rate of nursing medication
Fear of legal issues after reporting
errors to be higher than what we found (43%) [19].
Sophisticated reporting mechanisms 2 6.5
12 38.7 This considerable difference between our findings and rates
Unknown error reporting mechanism
of medication errors reported in other countries can be due to
Reporting ME will make others 7 22.6
negative reactions of colleagues and administrators after reporting
underestimate one’s capability 6 19.4 an error, fear of legal responsibilities, lack of drug monitoring, and
Fault management /lack of support 2 6.5 absence of a definite medication error reporting and archiving
Forgotten to report system. On attempt to explore the most common causes of MEs
If you committed an error, would you we found that tiredness due to excessive overtime work and
report it? (n=164) 34 20.7 inadequate training of the nurses (62.6% and 39.3% respectively)
No were the most reported nurse related factors of ME, and on asking
130 79.3
about work environment as a cause of ME we found that noisy
Yes
ward environment and large variety of drugs in medication cabinet
If you repeated the error, would you
report it? (n=93) were the most common (42.8% and 30.4%). Regarding managerial
17 18.3
factors, inadequate staffs in each working shift and working in
No 76 81.7 night shift were the most reported (52.1% and 31.1% respectively).
Yes
Our results were consistent with Ehsani et al. [12] who was confirmed by other studies [35-38] as they found that young
found that shortage of nursing staff, inadequate pharmacological nurses were reluctant to report, perceived more reporting barriers
knowledge and fatigue resulting from high workload were among and had more negative attitude to error reporting than senior
human and managerial factors as well as usage of abbreviated nurses. This could be explained that young nurses are the front-line
names and similarities in drug names were among the medical personnel involved in administering drugs and the prevalence of
factors associated with medication errors. The same findings were committing MEs are higher among them than senior nurses. When
reported by other studies such as Al-Shara [13], Hosseinzadeh et al. they commit errors which are common, any negative consequences
[20] and the systematic review by Alsulami et al. which mentioned are likely to impact them directly and make them unwilling to
that poor knowledge of prescribed or administered medications was report them.
the most common reported contributory factor for MEs in Middle
Another important finding of our study was that the number of
Eastern countries [21] Also, hesitated that shortage of workforce
medication errors reported by the nurses was less than occurred
[20-25], heavy workload [23-27], poor physical or mental health
in real practice. This can be explained by fear of legal issues.
[24-28], are also common factors contributing to MEs in different
Among those who reported the error (62 out of 93, 66.7% of
studies and literature reviews.
nurses committing ME), (75.8%) of reporting nurses informed the
Pape et al. [29] reported that, inadequacy of job training and physician in duty, (24.2%) told the head nurse to take the suitable
insufficient knowledge of the graduates are causes of medication actions. This was the opposite to the situation of Yung et al. who
errors. Cheragi et al. [17] reported that low nurse to patient ratio demonstrates that (88.9%) of nurses had reported the error orally
among the managerial factors causing medication errors. Dibbi et and that most had done to the head nurse (67.6%) and physicians
al. [30] agree with our results as he showed that human factors (44.4%) [37]. The principle causes of un-reporting were fear of
were the most common cause (46.5%) of medication errors among legal issues, followed by unknown error reporting mechanism and
patients in Saudi Arabia`s hospital .Various studies have reported finally lack of clear definition of ME. Another study done by Yung et
that crowded and noisy environment, tiredness, lack of adequate al. [37] declared that fear (fear of blaming, labeled as incompetent
support, carelessness, increased workload as the most important nurses, a fear of judicial issues, a fear of being dis-trusted by
factors causing medication errors, mostly in intensive care units doctors; patients and families, and a fear of being exposed to the
[31]. On assessment of the association between committing MR and public by the media).
some sociodemographic factors of participating nurses ,we found
Also, our finding come in agreement with other several studies
that the prevalence of ME was significantly higher among young age
which found that personal fears were the major perceived barriers
nurses (45.6% of nurses of 20- year and only 14.3% of those of ≥50
of ME reporting [38-41]. However, most of nurses declared that
years age group). The prevalence was significantly higher among
if they committed an error, they would report it on condition
nurses of work experience less than 10 years (51.9%) compared
that the reporting system characterized by confidentiality, being
with those of 20-30 or more years of work experience (33.3% and
non-punitive, well known and transparent. Similar finding was
30.2% respectively).
demonstrated by Yung et al. who reported that (73.5%) of nurses
These results were not supported by Sozani et al. and Ghasemi considered that all medication errors should be reported, whether
et al. as they found that there was no significant association the patient is harmed or not [37]. There are many studies which
between the effective factors in causing the medicine-related errors emphasize on non-punitive [26,39], blame free [22,27,42] and
and variables of age and work experience [32,33]. This may be due supportive [22] work environment for ME reporting; being familiar
to difference in demographic characteristics among Egyptian and with clinical terminology, training and experience, regular feedback,
Iranian populations. Prevalence was significantly higher among mandatory and optional reporting are important requirements for
the nurses graduated from nursing school and technical institute good error reporting system [43].
of nursing than faculty of nursing (41.6%, 29.6% and 16.7%
respectively), and the possible explanation for this finding is that
Limitation of the study
faculty graduated nurses are knowledgably and more qualified. The participants were the nursing staff only of a university
We also noticed that ME were higher among single, widowed and hospital; future studies should include physicians and other para
divorced nurses than married ones (81.2%, 60%, 50% and 32.5% medical staff from university, private and teaching hospitals.
respectively), and this could be attributed to the psychological Moreover, self-reported data were collected, and this may be
problems facing single, divorced & widowed nurses. subjected to recall bias. However, bias is a part of any study.
We tried to estimate ME reporting rate and investigate the Conclusion

causes of un-reporting and we found that one third (33.3%) of
The rapid progress in medical science and technology is creating
nurses who committed ME did not report it. This percentage was
an ever more complicated environment for nursing practice and
so much lower than declared by Weingart et al. [34] that found that
thus increase the opportunity of occurrence of MEs. Our results
(72.7%) of the nurses never reported medication errors [34]. More
revealed that more than one third of nurses committed MEs during
than fifty percent of Junior nurses (less than10y experience) did
current year due to multiple combined factors concerning the
not report medication errors in comparable to senior nurses(10-
nurses as tiredness, Inadequate training, noisy ward environment,
20y&>20y experience) (25.6% & 23.1% respectively) This finding
working in night shift and inadequate staffs in each working shift. 13. Al Shara M (2011) Factors contributing to medication errors in Jordan: a
The prevalence of errors was higher among junior nurses than nursing perspective. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 16(2): 158-161.
senior ones. The most frequently committed errors were giving 14. Nikpeyma N, Gholamnejad H (2009) Reasons for medication errors in
wrong dose followed by giving drug instead of another. About one nurses’ views. Journal of Nurse Midwifery 64(19): 18-24.
third of committed error were not reported due to fear of legal 15. Westbrook J, Rob M, Woods A, Parry D (2011) Errors in the administration
issues after reporting and unknown reporting mechanism. of intravenous medications in hospital and the role of correct procedures
and nurse experience. BMJ Qual Saf 20: 1027-1034.
Recommendation 16. Sorgini C, Fernandes V, Lubchansky S, Mehta S, Hallett D et al. (2012)
Errors Associated with IV Infusions in Critical Care. Can J Hosp Pharm
Health care is a complex system that includes a lot of processes 65(1): 19-26.
and procedures. ME represent a major threat to patient safety. They
17. Cheragi M, Manoocheri H, Mohammadnejad E, Ehsani S (2013) Types
are inevitable but could be prevented .It is essential to identify and causes of medication errors from nurse’s viewpoint. Iran J Nurs
causes and attempt to minimize them. Managers should have a Midwifery Res 18(3): 228-231.
positive attitude toward the reporting of MEs. They should consider
18. Mrayyan MT, Shishani K, Al faouri I (2007) Rate causes and reporting of
error reporting as an opportunity to understand the causes of errors medication errors in Jordan: nurse’s perspectives. J Nurs Manag 15(6):
and to analyze cause and effect relations to establish better policies 659-670.
to prevent errors and remove the barriers of reporting. Educating 19. Lisby M, Nielsen LP, Mainz J (2005) Errors in the medication process:
and training all those involved in patient care is an important step Frequency, type, and potential clinical consequences. Int J Qual Health
to ensure better patient safety. Care17(1):15-22.
20. Hosseinzadeh M, EzateAghajari P, Mahdavi N (2012) Reasons of nurses’
Acknowledgment medication errors and perspectives of nurses on barriers of error
reporting. Hayat 18(2): 66-75.
The authors are thankful for nurses for their collaboration in
this study. 21. Alsulami Z, Conroy S, Choonara I (2013) Medication errors in the
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ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018

Research Article Open Access

Medical Errors Among Nurses in The University

In developed countries, with sufficient funds and modern Statistical Analysis

Working hours per week Nonscheduled doses

Reporting of Medical Mrror, its Determinants and

We tried to estimate ME reporting rate and investigate the Conclusion

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