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    Poisons in His Book de Materia Medica (Covers 600 Plants)

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    Loise
    This document provides a historical overview of the development of the field of toxicology from ancient times to modern day. It discusses early writings on poisons from the Ebers Papyrus and Book of Job in 1500 BC and 400 BC. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides who studied poisons and their effects. The document also discusses the subfields of toxicology like mechanistic, descriptive, regulatory, forensic, clinical, environmental, and reproductive toxicology. It provides definitions of terms like poison, dose-response relationships, thresholds, and routes of exposure.

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    Poisons in His Book de Materia Medica (Covers 600 Plants)

    Uploaded by

    Loise
    9 views2 pages
    This document provides a historical overview of the development of the field of toxicology from ancient times to modern day. It discusses early writings on poisons from the Ebers Papyrus and Book of Job in 1500 BC and 400 BC. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides who studied poisons and their effects. The document also discusses the subfields of toxicology like mechanistic, descriptive, regulatory, forensic, clinical, environmental, and reproductive toxicology. It provides definitions of terms like poison, dose-response relationships, thresholds, and routes of exposure.

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    This document provides a historical overview of the development of the field of toxicology from ancient times to modern day. It discusses early writings on poisons from the Ebers Papyrus and Book of Job in 1500 BC and 400 BC. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides who studied poisons and their effects. The document also discusses the subfields of toxicology like mechanistic, descriptive, regulatory, forensic, clinical, environmental, and reproductive toxicology. It provides definitions of terms like poison, dose-response relationships, thresholds, and routes of exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views2 pages

    Poisons in His Book de Materia Medica (Covers 600 Plants)

    Uploaded by

    Loise
    This document provides a historical overview of the development of the field of toxicology from ancient times to modern day. It discusses early writings on poisons from the Ebers Papyrus and Book of Job in 1500 BC and 400 BC. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides who studied poisons and their effects. The document also discusses the subfields of toxicology like mechanistic, descriptive, regulatory, forensic, clinical, environmental, and reproductive toxicology. It provides definitions of terms like poison, dose-response relationships, thresholds, and routes of exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    • Modern toxicology - exogenous agents

    • Scientist - explore the mechanisms

    • Ebers Papyrus (circ. 1500 B.C.) – oldest writing, poisons including hemlock…

    • Book of Job (circ. 1400 B.C.) - poison arrows “For the arrows of the Almighty are within me, Their
    poison my spirit drinks; The terrors of God are arrayed against me.”

    • Hippocrates (circ. 400 B.C.) - therapy and over dosage

    • Theophrastus (370-286 B.C.) - student of Aristotle, De Historia Plantarum

    • Dioscorides - Greek physician, first attempt at classifying poisons into plant, animal, and mineral
    poisons in his book De Materia Medica (covers 600 plants)

    • Sulla - Lex Cornelia (circ. 82 B.C), First law against poisoning, careless dispensers

    • Maimonides - Moses ben Maimon, AD 1135-1204, poisonings from insects, snakes, and mad dogs.
    (Poisons and their Antidotes, 1198)

    • Catherine de Medici - Tested toxic concoction (Onset of action, Potency, Specificity and site of
    action, Clinical signs and symptoms)

    • Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelsus (1493-1541) - “ All


    substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison
    from a remedy.”

    • Toxicology - adverse effects of the chemicals on living organisms

    • Toxicologist - trained to examine

    • Mechanistic toxicologist - cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanism

    - Data or Mechanistic data are used as reference to design and produce safer chemicals

    • Descriptive toxicologist - information for safety

    • Regulatory toxicologist - deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic
    toxicologist, Regulates the availability of chemicals

    • Forensic toxicologist - medicolegal aspects

    • Clinical toxicologist - uniquely associated with toxic substances

    • Environmental toxicology – pollutants

    • Developmental toxicology - developing organism that result from exposure to chemicals

    • Reproductive toxicology - the male and female reproductive system

    • Poison - deleterious response

    • Spectrum of Undesired Effects - Only one effect is associated with the primary objective of the
    therapy

    • undesirable or side effects – other effects


    • Allergic Reaction - hypersensitization, allergic reaction, & sensitization reaction

    • Idiosyncratic reaction - abnormal reactivity to a chemical, extreme sensitivity at low doses

    • Immediate toxicity - rapidly after a single administration

    • Delayed toxicity - lapse of some time

    • Reversible versus Irreversible Toxic Effects - affected tissue can regenerate

    • Local effects - between biological system and the toxicant

    • Systemic effect - absorption and distribution

    • Interaction of chemicals

    - Additive effect (1+1=2)


    - Synergistic effect (1+1=3) or (1+0=3)
    - Antagonism (1+1=0

    • Route and site of exposure


    - Contact
    - Ingestion
    - inhalation

    • Duration and frequency of Exposure


    - Acute – less than 24 hours
    - Subacute – repeated for 1 month or less
    - Sub chronic – 1 to 3 months
    - Chronic – 3 months and above

    • Dose-Response Relationship - biological system and the amount of toxicant administered


    • Individual dose-response relationship - individual organism
    • Quantal dose-response relationship - different doses

    • ED50 – Effective dose - elicit a qualitative amount


    • LD50 – Lethal dose - death in 50%
    •
    • Essential nutrients –physiologic function and survival

    • Hormesis – no nutritional toxic substances

    • Threshold – individual responding is zero.

    • Dose-response relationship - exists both quantifiable


    • Therapeutic index ( I) - ratio of the dose

    • VARIATION IN TOXIC RESPONSES


    - Selective Toxicity - injury to one kind.
    - Species Differences - different species.
    - Individual Differences in Response - large interindividual

    • Toxicogenomics - genes and toxicants

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