NERVOUS SYSTEM

"The control center of the body"

NERVOUS SYSTEM stored as memory, or be
ignored.
"One of the smallest yet most
complex body system" 3.CONTROLLING MUSCLES AND
GLANDS
NEUROLOGY
● Skeletal muscles normally
● Deals with normal
contract only when
functioning and disorders of
stimulated by the nervous
the nervous system.
system. Thus, by controlling
NEUROLOGISTS skeletal muscle, the nervous
system controls the major
● A physician who diagnose
movements of the body. The
and treat disorders of the
nervous system also
nervous system
participates in controlling
FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, and many glands.
1.RECEIVING SENSORY OUTPUT
4.MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS
● Sensory receptors monitor
numerous external and ● The nervous system plays an
internal stimuli. We are aware important role in maintaining
of sensations from some homeostasis. This function
stimuli, such as vision, depends on the nervous
hearing, taste, smell, touch, system’s ability to detect,
pain, body position, and interpret, and respond to
temperature. Other stimuli, changes in internal and
such as blood pH, blood external conditions. In
gasses, and blood pressure, response, the nervous system
are processed at a can stimulate or inhibit the
subconscious level. activities of other systems to
help maintain a constant
2.INTEGRATING INFORMATION
internal environment.
● The brain and spinal cord are
the major organs for
processing sensory input and
initiating responses. The
input may produce an
immediate response, be
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
5.ESTABLISHING AND DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS
MAINTAINING MENTAL ACTIVITY SYSTEM

● The brain is the center of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

mental activity, including
● Consists of
consciousness, memory, and
the brain
thinking
and spinal
THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF cord.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
BRAIN
1. SENSORY
● Part of the
-Sensory CNS that is
receptors located in
detect internal the skull
or external and
stimuli. contains about 85 billion
neurons

SPINAL CORD
2. INTEGRATIVE
● Connected to the brain
Processes
through the FORAMEN
sensory
MAGNUM of the occipital
information
bone and is encircled by the
by analyzing it
bones of the vertebral
and making
column.
decisions for appropriate response.

3. MOTOR

Eliciting
appropriate
motor
response by
activating
effectors through cranial and spinal
nerves.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM are tapered from their bases
at the neuron
● Consists of the nervous tissue
outside the CNS 3.AXON

NERVE ● Single long process

extending from the neuron
● A bundle of hundred to
cell body SENSORY
thousands of axons plus
NEURONS
associated connective tissue
● Afferent Neurons
and blood vessels.
● Conduct action potentials
CRANIAL NERVE towards the CNS

● Nerves that emerge directly MOTOR NEURONS

from the brain
● Efferent Neurons
● 12 pairs
● Conduct action potentials
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM away the CNS

NEURONS (NERVE CELLS) 4.MYELIN SHEATH

● Receive ● Specialized layers that wrap

stimuli around the axons of some
● neurons
Conduct ● Increases the speed and
action efficiency of action potential
generations along the axon
potentials Formed by:
● Transmit signals to other o CNS- Oligodendrocytes
neurons or effector organs o PNS- Schwann cells

PARTS OF NEURON 5.NODES OF RANVIER

1.CELL BODY (SOMA) ● Gaps in myelin sheath

● The source of information for 6.GLIAL CELLS

gene expression. ● Primarily supportive cells of
2.DENDRITES the CNS and PNS
● Do not conduct action
● Short, often highly branching potential
cytoplasmic extensions that
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
● (d) Oligodendrocyte, forming
a myelin sheath around parts
of three axons within the
CNS.
● (e) Schwann cell forming part
of the myelin sheath of
● an axon in the PNS

COMPARISON OF MYELINATED &

UNMYELINATED AXONS
TYPES OF NEURON

TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS

● (a)Astrocytes,with foot
processes surrounding a
blood capillary.
● (b)Ependymal cells, with cilia
extending from the surfaces
● (c)Microglial cell
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
GENERATION OF RESTING ● Muscle and nerve cells are
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL excitable cells, meaning that
the resting membrane
VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS
potential changes in response
AND THE ACTION POTENTIAL
to stimuli that activate gated
ion channels. The opening
and closing gated channels
can change the permeability
characteristics of the cell
membrane and hence change
the membrane potential.

ACTION POTENTIAL

THE SYNAPSE

● A synapse is a junction where

the axon of one neuron
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
interacts with another ● A reflex arc is the neuronal
neuron or with cells of an pathway by which a reflex
effector organ, such as a occurs. The reflex arc is the
muscle or gland. The end of basic functional unit of the
the axon forms a presynaptic nervous system because it is
terminal. The membrane of the smallest, simplest
the dendrite or effector cell is pathway capable of receiving
the postsynaptic membrane, a stimulus and yielding a
and the space separating the response.
presynaptic and postsynaptic
membranes is the synaptic ● A reflex arc generally has five
cleft. Chemical substances basic components:
called neurotransmitters are (1) a sensory receptor;
stored in synaptic vesicles in (2) a sensory neuron;
the presynaptic terminal. (3) in some reflexes,
interneurons, which are
neurons located
between and
communicating with two
other neurons;
(4) a motor neuron; and
(5) an effector organ
(muscles or glands).
The simplest reflex arcs do
not involve interneurons.
Most reflexes occur in the
spinal cord or brain stem
rather than in the higher
REFLEXES
brain centers
● A reflex is an involuntary
reaction in response to a
stimulus applied to the
periphery and transmitted to
the CNS. Reflexes allow a
person to react to stimuli
more quickly than is possible
if conscious thought is
involved.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
SPINAL
CORD

● The
spinal
cord

NEURONAL PATHWAYS

● Neurons are organized within

the CNS to form pathways
ranging from relatively simple
to extremely complex. The
two simplest pathways are
converging and diverging
pathways. extends from the foramen
o In a converging pathway, two magnum at the base of the
or more neurons synapse skull to the second lumbar
with (converge on) the same vertebra. Spinal nerves
neuron. This allows communicate between the
information transmitted in spinal cord and the body. The
more than one neuronal inferior end of the spinal cord
pathway to converge into a and the spinal nerves exiting
single pathway. there resemble a horse’s tail
o In a diverging pathway, the and are collectively called the
axon from one neuron cauda equina
divides (diverges) and
synapses with more than one
other neuron. This allows
information transmitted in
one neuronal pathway to
diverge into two or more
pathways
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
CROSS SECTION OF THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEXES

● The function of the

withdrawal reflex, or flexor
reflex, is to remove a limb or
another body part from a
painful stimulus. The sensory
receptors are pain receptors.
Following painful stimuli,
sensory neurons conduct
action potentials through the
dorsal root to the spinal cord,
where the sensory neurons
SPINAL CORD
synapse with interneurons,
which in turn synapse with
motor neurons. These
SPINAL CORD REFLEXES
neurons stimulate muscles,
KNEE- JERK REFLEXES

● The simplest reflex is the

stretch reflex, in which
muscles contract in response
to a stretching force applied
to them. The knee-jerk reflex,
or patellar reflex, is a classic
example of the stretch reflex.
When the patellar ligament is
tapped, the quadriceps
femoris muscle tendon and
the muscles themselves are
stretched. Sensory receptors usually flexor muscles, that
within these muscles are also remove the limb from the
stretched, and the stretch reflex is source of the painful
activated. Consequently, contraction stimulus.
of the muscles extends the leg,
producing the characteristic knee-jerk
response.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
● Area of skin supplied with
sensory innervation by a pair
of spinal nerves

CERVICAL PLEXUS

● From spinal
nerves C1 to
C4 Supplies
the skin and
muscles of
the head,
neck,
superior
portion of
the
SPINAL NERVES shoulders
SPINAL NERVES & CLINICAL and chest,
CONNECTION and
diaphragm
SPINAL NERVE
PHRENIC NERVES
● Peripheral nerve
exiting from the ● One of the most important
spinal cord branches of the cervical
● 31 pairs plexus Innervates the
● Cervical nerves (8 diaphragm
pairs)
● Thoracic nerves CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
(12 pairs)
● Injuries to the Phrenic nerves
● Lumbar nerves (5
pairs) Breathing stops because the
● Sacral nerves (5 phrenic nerves no longer
pairs) send nerve impulses to the
● Coccygeal nerves diaphragm
(1 pair)

BRACHIAL PLEXUS
DERMATOMES
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
● From spinal nerves C5 to T1 anteromedial aspect of the
● Supplies the upper limb and thigh.
shoulder
BRAIN
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS

● Injuries to the Brachial plexus

● ERB-DUCHENNE PALSY
▪ aka Waiter's tip position
▪ Adducted shoulder
▪ Medially rotated arm
▪ Extended elbow
▪ Pronated forearm
▪ Flexed wrist

LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS CEREBRUM

● From spinal nerves L1 to ● Largest

S4 part of
● Supplies the lower limb the brain
● Divided
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
into left
● Injuries to the Lumbar and right
plexus hemispheres by a
● Injuries to the Femoral longitudinal fissure
nerve
● Inability to extend the leg
and by loss of sensation in
the skin over the
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
SULCUS TEMPORAL LOBE

● A furrow, depression or ● Auditory center

groove in the cerebral cortex. ● Wernicke's area for
comprehension of speech
GYRUS
OCCIPITAL LOBE
● Numerous folds in the brain
that greatly increase the ● Visual area
surface area of the cortex
DIENCEPHALON
FISSURE
● Part of the brain between the
● A deep groove that separates cerebrum and brainstem
the two hemispheres of the
THALAMUS
brain
● The largest part of the
diencephalon Principal relay
station for sensory impulses
Perception of pain

HYPOTHALAMUS

● Most inferior part of the

diencephalon
● Regulates autonomic
FRONTAL LOBE responses of the sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous
● Broca's area for production of
system
speech
● The hypothalamus plays a
● Morals, emotions, reasoning
central role in the control of:
and judgment, concentration,
Stress response
and abstraction.
● Body temperature Sleep
PARIETAL LOBE ● Appetite Emotions Fluid
balance
● Interpretation of
taste, pain touch, BRAINSTEM
temperature, and pressure
● Connects the spinal cord to
● Spatial perception.
the remainder of the brain
Contains:
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
▪ Midbrain Pons
▪ Medulla Oblongata
▪

MIDBRAIN

▪ The smallest region of the

brainstem Functions:
▪ Superior colliculus- visual
reflexes and receive touch,
and auditory input
▪ Inferior colliculi- Major relay
center for the auditory nerve
pathways in the CNS
Substantia Nigra- Black
nuclear mass involved in
regulating general body
movements

PONS

▪ A functional bridge between CRANIAL NERVES

the cerebrum and cerebellum CRANIAL NERVES & CLINICAL
Relay information between CONNECTION
the cerebrum and the
OLFACTORY NERVE
cerebellum
ANOSMIA
MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Cardiovascular center:

▪ Regulation of heart rate and

blood vessel diameter

Respiratory center:

▪ Breathing

Vomiting, Swallowing, Sneezing,

Coughing, Hiccupping
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
● Loss of sense of smell TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
● Causes:
● A condition characterized by
⮚ Infection of the nasal
paroxysms of sudden pain in
mucosa
the area innervated by any of
⮚ Head injuries Meningitis

OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, &

ABDUCENS NERVE

STRABISMUS - A condition in
which both eyes do not fix on the
same object, since one or both eyes
may turn inward or outward the branches of the nerve

PTOSIS - Drooping of the upper TIC DOULOUREUX

eyelid
Causes:
DIPLOPIA -Double vision
● Tumor
● Compression of Trigeminal
Nerve
● Multiple Sclerosis

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE

VESTIBULAR - Carries impulses for

equilibrium

COCHLEAR - Carries impulses for

hearing
OPTIC NERVE

ANOPIA -Blindness due to a defect

in or loss of one or both eyes

Causes:

● Fractures in the orbit

● Damage along the visual
pathways
● Multiple sclerosis
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
VESTIBULAR BRANCH VERTIGO - A AGEUSIA - Inability to taste
subjective feeling that one's own
body or the environment is rotating
HYPERACTIVE PHARYNGEAL
ATAXIA - Muscular incoordination
REFLEX
COCHLEAR BRANCH
- Excessive contraction of the
NYSTAGMUS pharyngeal muscles

Involuntary rapid movement of the VAGUS NERVE

eyeball
DYSPHAGIA - Difficulty in
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE swallowing

GLOSSO -Tongue

PHARYNGEAL -Throat

SENSORY - Taste buds and

sensation on the posterior 1/3 of the
tongue

MOTOR - Pharyngeal muscle

contraction

ACCESSORY NERVE

PARALYSIS - Inability to raise the

shoulders and has difficulty in
turning the head

AHYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

DYSARTHRIA - Difficulty in
speaking

DYSPHAGIA -Difficulty in
swallowing

DYSPHAGIA - Difficulty in
swallowing

APTYALIA - Reduced secretion of

saliva
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"

TACHYCARDIA -Increased heart

rate
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
"The control center of the body"