Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot
Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot
Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Some Physical Characteristics of H2O2 :

Melting point (K) 272.4 Density (liquid at 298 K) (g cm–3) 1.4425
Boiling point
423 Viscosity at 298 K (Centipoise) 1.245
(extrapolated) (K)
Vapour pressure at 298
1.9 Dielectric constant of 298 K 70.7
K (mm Hg)
Density (solid at 268.5)
1.6434 15.1 × 10–8
(g cm–3)
Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot
Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot
Hydrogen Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Properties of Alkali metals

Atomic and Ionic radii: Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs.

Ionisation Energy: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
Electropositive character or metallic character: Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Hydration of ions: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
Electronegativity: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
Density: Li < K < Na < Rb < Cs
Melting points: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
Boiling points: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
Specific heat: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals

Atomic and Ionic radii: Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba

Ionisation Energy: Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba
Electropositive character or metallic character: Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba
Hydration of ions: Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ >Ba2+
Density:
(i) Heavier than alkali metals.
(ii) Density decrease slightly up to Ca after which it increases.
(iii) Density of Mg is greater than Ca.
Melting points: Be > Ca > Sr >Ba > Mg
Boiling points: Be > Ba > Ca > Sr > Mg
Specific heat: values are lesser than that of alkali metals, decreases down the group.
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Action with O2 and N2 (Alkali Metal)

s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Action with O2 and N2 (Alkaline Earth Metal)

s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Action with water (Alkali Metal)

2M + 2H2O → 2MOH (aq.) + H2(g)

2M + 2C2H5OH → 2C2H5OM + H2
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Action with water (Alkaline Earth Metal)

M + 2H2O → M(OH)2 + H2
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Hydrides (Alkali Metal)

MH + H2O → MOH + H2
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Hydrides (Alkaline Earth Metal)

BeCl2 +LiAlH4 → 2BeH2 + LiCl + AlCl3

s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Halides (Alkali Metal)

2M + X2 → 2 M+X–

Order of reactivity towards F2: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs

KI + I2 → KI3
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Halides (Alkaline Earth Metal)

s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Reducing nature (Alkali Metal)

Reducing Nature in gas phase = Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs.

Reducing Nature in aqueous condition = Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na.
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Reducing nature (Alkaline Earth Metal)

s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Basic nature of hydroxide (Alkali Metal)

Basic nature/Solubility in water/Thermal stability

= LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH

Thermal stability/Solubility in water.

Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3

Solubility in water
NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < RbHCO3 < CsHCO3
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Basic nature of hydroxide (Alkaline Earth Metal)

The stability of carbonates increases with increase in electropositive character of metal.

BeCO3 < MgCO3 < CaCO3 < SrCO3 < BaCO3

Solubility of carbonates decrease on moving down the group.

BeCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Reaction with acids

Alkali Metal Alkali Earth Metal

Reacts vigorously with acids The alkaline earth metals readily react
2M + H2SO4 → M2SO4 + H2 with acids liberated dihydrogen.
M + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Sulphates

Alkali Metal Alkali Earth Metal

Thermal stability /solubility in water Thermal stability:

Li2SO4 < Na2SO4 < K2SO4 < Rb2SO4 < Cs2SO4 BeSO4 < MgSO4 < CaSO4 < SrSO4 < BaSO4

Solubility in water
BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Potassium sesquioxide
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Periodic Properties of s-Block

Thermal stability: LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH
Basic strength: BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO
Basic Strength or Solubility in water or thermal stability
LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
Basic Strength or Solubility in water: Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
Thermal stability: Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
Solubility in water or thermal stability: Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3
Solubility in water: BaCO3 < CaCO3 < MgCO3 < BeCO3
Thermal stability: BeCO3 < MgCO3 < CaCO3 < BaCO3
Solubility in water: BaSO4 < SrSO4 < CaSO4 < MgSO4 < BeSO4
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Metal Li Na K Rb Cs
Crimson Yellow Pale violet Red violet Blue
670.8 589.2 766.5 780.0 455.5
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
s-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Boron Family
Covalent Radius/pm: B < Ga < Al < In < Tl
Ionic Radius X– / pm: B < Al < Ga < In < Tl
Ionization enthalpy (kJ mol–1): B > Al < Ga > In < Tl
Electronegativity: B > Al < Ga < In < Tl
Boiling point / K: B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
Density/[g cm–3 ( at 293 K): B < Al < Ga < In < Tl
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Carbon family
Covalent Radius/pm: C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
Ionic Radius M+4 / pm: Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
Ionization enthalpy (kJ mol–1): C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb
Electronegativity: C > Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn ≈ Pb
Density/[g cm–3 ( at 293 K): C (diamond) > Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Catenation is C > > Si > Ge ≈ Sn

The thermal stability of hydrides of carbon family is in order :

CH4 > SiH4 > GeH4 > SnH4 > PbH4
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Inert pair effect : Al3+ > Ga3+ > In3+ > Tl3+
Electron deficient act as Lewis acids : BX3 > AlX3 > GaX3 > InX3
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Oxidation States and trends in a chemical reactivity

Bi3+ > Sb3+ > As3+ ; Bi5+ < Sb5+ < As5+
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Oxides of the group 15 elements

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Properties of Hydrides of Group 15 Elements

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Properties of Hydrides of Group 15 Elements

The order of volatility is : PH3 > AsH3 > NH3 > SbH3
The order of basic nature : NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
The order of stability : NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
The order of reducing nature : SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 > NH3
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Halides of the group 15 elements

Reducing nature of trihalides : PI3 > PBr3 > PCl3 > PF3
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Positive oxidation states :

NO2 or
Compound NH3 NH2NH2 NH2OH N2 N2O NO N2O3 N2O5
N2O4
Oxidation
–3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
state

Ionization enthalpy :
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Bond angle : NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
Basic character : NH3 > PH3 while AsH3, SbH3 and BiH3
Boiling point : PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3 < BiH3
Melting point : PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < NH3
Thermal stability : NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
Reducing character : NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < BiH3
Acidic strength : N2O < NO < N2O3 < N2O4 < N2O5
Lewis bases : NF3 < NCl3 < NBr3 < NI3
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Properties of Hydrides of Group 16 Elements

The order of volatility is : H2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2O
The order of stability : H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
The order of boiling points : H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S
The order of Ka values : H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Oxides of Group 16 Elements

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Halides of Group 16 Elements

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Boiling point : H2S < H2Se < H2Te << H2O

Volatility : H2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2O
Bond angle : H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
Acidic character : H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
Thermal stability : H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
Reducing power : H2Te > H2Se > H2S > H2O
Enthalpy of dissociation : Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
Oxidising power : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

The Halogen Family

Covalent Radius / pm: F < Cl < Br <I

Ionic Radius X– / pm: F < Cl < Br <I
Ionization enthalpy / (kJ mol–1): F > Cl > Br > I
Electron gain enthalpy /(kJ mol–1): Cl > F > Br > I
Distance X-X/pm: F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2
Enthalpy of dissociation (X2)/kJ mol–1: Cl – Cl > Br – > F – F > I –I
Electronegativity: F > Cl > Br > I
Melting point / K: F < Cl < Br < I
Boiling point / K: F < Cl < Br < I
ΔHydH (X–) / kJ mol–1: F > Cl > Br > I
E–/ V (SRP) ; X2 (g)+ 2e– → 2X– (aq): F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Reducing power : I– > Br– > Cl– > F–

Hydrogen halides : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Boiling points : HF > HI > HBr > HCl
Melting points : HI > HF > HBr > HCl
Dipole moments : HF > HCl > HBr > HI
Bond lengths : HI > HBr > HCl > HF
Thermal stability : HF > HCl > HBr > HI
Acid strength : HI > HBr > HCl > HF
Reducing power : HI > HBr > HCl > HF
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

CHLORINE DIOXIDE (ClO2):

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Dichlorine Monoxide (Cl2O)

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

BLEACHING POWDER
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Some important order

(a) Acid strength

(i) H > HBr > HCl > HF
(ii) HOCl > HOBr > HO
(iii) HClO4 > HClO3 >HClO2 > HClO
(b) Oxidising powder
(i) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
(ii) BrO4– > IO4– > ClO4–
(c) Order of disproportionations
3XO– → 2X– + XO3– (hypohalite ion) ; O– > BrO– > ClO–
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Thermal stability of AB type interhalogen compounds decreases with the decrease in

electronegativity difference between A and B atoms.
IF > BrF > ClF > ICl > IBr > BrCl
The order of reactivity of some interhalogens is as follows :
ClF3 > BrF3 > IF7 > BrF5 > BrF
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Group 18: Atomic and physical properties

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

XeF6 + H2O XeOF4 + 2HF

XeF6 + 2H2O XeO2F2 + 4HF

XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF

2XeF2 + 2H2O 2Xe + 4HF + O2

6XeF4 + 12H2O 4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2

p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

XENON FLUORIDES
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

XeF2
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

XeF4
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

XeF6
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

General valence shell configuration : (n – 1) d2 4s2 (n = 4 to 6)

Characteristics : TiCl4, ZrCl4, HfCl4 or TiO2, ZrO2 and HfO2
General Electronic configuration : (n – 2) f1–14 (n – 1) d0–1 ns2
Transition Series :
1st transition series : (3d series) for n = 4 (21Sc – 30Zn)
2nd transition series : (4d series) for n = 5 (39Y – 48Cd)
3rd transition series : (5d series) for n = 6 (57La, 72Hf – 80Hg)
4th transition series : (6d series) for n = 7 (89Ac, 104Ku onwards)
d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

FeSO4.7H2O (Green Vitriol)

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Zinc Sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O (white Vitriol)

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Copper sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O (blue vitriol)

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Ferric Oxide, Fe2O3

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

ZnO, Zinc oxide (Chinese white or Philosopher’s wool)

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Cupric oxide, (CuO)

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Silver oxide (Ag2O)

d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Zinc Chloride
d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Reactions of KMnO4
d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Reactions of KMnO4
p-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot

Complex formation : K4 [Fe(CN)6], [Cu(NH3)4] SO4

Complete E.C. of 1st lanthanoid : [Xe]54 4f1 5d1 6s2
Complete E.C. of 2nd lanthanoid : [Xe]54 4f7 5d0 6s2
Oxidation states of 1st lanthanoid : +2 (4f 2), + 3 (4f 1), + 4 (4f 0)
Oxidation states of 2nd lanthanoid : +2 (4f 7) and +3 (4f 6)
Electronegativity of halogens decreases : F > Cl > Br
Halides decreases : M – F > M – Cl > M – Br
Noble gas configuration : 21Sc = [Ar] 3d1 4s2, Sc3+ = [Ar]
Completely filled configuration : 30Zn = [Ar] 3d10 4s2, Zn2+ = [Ar] 3d10
d & f-Block Elements Complete Inorganic in One Shot
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