Astrophysics and Astronomy

Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

Part I : Observation from the Images:

Day x_centre y_centre MI MA Spot x y R x-x0 y-y0

12 440.26 429.99 383.92 384.38 1 650.86 342.58 384.15 210.6 -87.41
12 440.26 429.99 383.92 384.38 2 370.22 298.02 384.15 -70.05 -131.97
12 440.26 429.99 383.92 384.38 3 423.46 118.63 384.15 -16.81 -311.37
12 440.26 429.99 383.92 384.38 4 499.27 94.32 384.15 59.01 -335.67
12 440.26 429.99 383.92 384.38 5 528.2 81.01 384.15 87.94 -348.98
13 440.61 430.53 383.94 384.37 1 651.58 412.26 384.16 210.96 -18.27
13 440.61 430.53 383.94 384.37 2 370.91 385.06 384.16 -69.71 -45.47
13 440.61 430.53 383.94 384.37 3 430.51 176.14 384.16 -10.1 -254.38
13 440.61 430.53 383.94 384.37 4 503.43 145.47 384.16 62.82 -285.05
13 440.61 430.53 383.94 384.37 5 531.79 121.75 384.16 91.17 -308.78
14 440.3 430.56 383.86 384.32 1 651.37 490.74 384.09 211.07 60.18
14 440.3 430.56 383.86 384.32 2 370.69 479.74 384.09 -69.61 49.18
14 440.3 430.56 383.86 384.32 3 436.01 253.47 384.09 -4.29 -177.09
14 440.3 430.56 383.86 384.32 4 508.43 215.27 384.09 68.13 -215.29
14 440.3 430.56 383.86 384.32 5 536.78 182.87 384.09 96.48 -247.7
15 440.31 430.75 383.89 384.32 1 650.73 563.09 384.1 210.41 132.34
15 440.31 430.75 383.89 384.32 2 371.79 562.51 384.1 -68.52 131.76
15 440.31 430.75 383.89 384.32 3 440.08 335.66 384.1 -0.23 -95.09
15 440.31 430.75 383.89 384.32 4 513.57 294.57 384.1 73.26 -136.18
15 440.31 430.75 383.89 384.32 5 541.35 254.64 384.1 101.04 -176.11
16 440.3 430.55 383.86 384.28 1 648.13 628.05 384.07 207.82 197.49
16 440.3 430.55 383.86 384.28 2 369.19 637.31 384.07 -71.11 206.75
16 440.3 430.55 383.86 384.28 3 442.69 423.76 384.07 2.38 -6.79
16 440.3 430.55 383.86 384.28 4 516.76 381.52 384.07 76.46 -49.04
16 440.3 430.55 383.86 384.28 5 543.96 335.8 384.07 103.66 -94.75

Now we can see that x-x0 = R sin(θ) and y-y0 = R cos(θ) sin(ϕ), from which we can calculate the
value of θ and ϕ and then by using the linear regression for Time and ϕ we can see that the residual
is very less which means t vs ϕ has a linear fit.

Spot 1:

Days Predicted ϕ ϕ Residual(ϕ)

12 -0.281954468418406 -0.275541982953022 0.00641248546538409
13 -0.0471258705358961 -0.0569425638466529 -0.00981669331075678
14 0.187702727346613 0.188635655771807 0.000932928425193574
15 0.422531325229123 0.42446560644947 0.00193428122034661
16 0.657359923111633 0.657896921311466 0.000536998199832661
 Astrophysics and Astronomy
Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

t vs res(phi)
0.008

0.004

0 Column C
10 12 14 16 18
-0.004

-0.008

-0.012
Calculation of P:
0.23482859788251 = slope = 2π/P ⇔ P = 2π/slope = 26.756474142571 days

Spot 2:

Days Predicted ϕ ϕ Residual(ϕ)

12 -0.352246958550407 -0.356925990325648 -0.00467903177524132
13 -0.117242216937475 -0.120654268480367 -0.00341205154289229
14 0.117762524675457 0.130568817918871 0.0128062932434138
15 0.352767266288389 0.356106961531205 0.0033396952428163
16 0.587772007901321 0.579717102733225 -0.0080549051680957

0.015

0.01

0.005
Column C
0
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-0.005

-0.01

Calculation of P:
0.235004741612932 = slope = 2π/P ⇔ P = 2π/slope = 26.7364192911835 days

Spot 3:

Days Predicted ϕ ϕ Residual(ϕ)

12 -0.949762641103993 -0.946400049164987 0.00336259193900579
13 -0.716632537278916 -0.724031116089255 -0.00739857881033879
 Astrophysics and Astronomy
Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

14 -0.483502433453839 -0.479232677091802 0.00426975636203714

15 -0.250372329628763 -0.250166473677843 0.000205855950919542
16 -0.017242225803686 -0.0176818512453095 -0.000439625441623549

t vs res(phi)
0.006
0.004
0.002
Column C
0
-0.002 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
Calculation of P:
0.233130103825077 = slope = 2π/P ⇔ P = 2π/slope = 26.9514112681647 days

Spot 4:

Days Predicted ϕ ϕ Residual(ϕ)

12 -1.08658645302494 -1.0850028071041 0.00158364592083626
13 -0.84753683821738 -0.851313394649622 -0.00377655643224173
14 -0.608487223409824 -0.605949245420211 0.00253797798961275
15 -0.369437608602268 -0.369518478968113 -8.08703658453092E-05
16 -0.130387993794711 -0.130652190907073 -0.00026419711236178

t vs residual(phi)
0.004
0.002
Residual(phi)

0
Column C
-0.002 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-0.004
-0.006
Time

Calculation of P:
0.239049614807556 = slope = 2π/P ⇔ P = 2π/slope = 26.2840218849036 days

Spot 5:

Days Predicted ϕ ϕ Residual(ϕ)

 Astrophysics and Astronomy
Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

12 -1.20581588300599 -1.20333287223482 0.00248301077117485

13 -0.969041841369974 -0.974510518799589 -0.00546867742961465
14 -0.732267799733954 -0.729165497211983 0.00310230252197097
15 -0.495493758097934 -0.495224373937727 0.000269384160206498
16 -0.258719716461913 -0.259105736485649 -0.000386020023735945

t vs res(phi)
0.004

0.002

0 Column C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-0.002

-0.004

-0.006
Calculation of P:
0.23677404163602 = slope = 2π/P ⇔ P = 2π/slope = 26.5366307208557 days

So, average time period of the Sun’s rotation is 26.654 days.

Part II: Linear regression of Time vs Y-Y0.

Spot 1:

Days Predicted Y-Y0 Y-Y0 Residual(Y-Y0)

12 -87.21772 -87.4098 -0.192080000000018
13 -15.1763100000001 -18.2714 -3.09508999999994
14 56.8651 60.175 3.30990000000001
15 128.90651 132.3403 3.4337900000001
16 200.94792 197.4914 -3.45651999999995

t vs res(y-y0)
4
3
2
1 Column D
0
-1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-2
-3
-4
 Astrophysics and Astronomy
Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

Spot 2:

Days Predicted Y-Y0 Y-Y0 Residual(Y-Y0)

12 -128.88 -131.97 -3.09
13 -43.42 -45.47 -2.05
14 42.05 49.18 7.13
15 127.52 131.76 4.24
16 212.99 206.75 -6.23

t vs res(y-y0)
8
6
4
2 Column C
0
-2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-4
-6
-8
Spot 3:

Days Predicted Y-Y0 Y-Y0 Residual(Y-Y0)

12 -322.63 -311.37 11.27
13 -245.79 -254.38 -8.59
14 -168.94 -177.09 -8.15
15 -92.1 -95.09 -2.99
16 -15.26 -6.79 8.47

t vs res(y-y0)
15

10

5 Column C

0
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-5

-10
 Astrophysics and Astronomy
Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

Spot 4:

Days Predicted Y-Y0 Y-Y0 Residual(Y-Y0)

12 -348.68 -335.67 13
13 -276.46 -285.05 -8.59
14 -204.25 -215.29 -11.04
15 -132.03 -136.18 -4.15
16 -59.82 -49.04 10.78

t vs Res(y-y0)
15
10
Res(y-y0)

5
0 Column C
-5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-10
-15
Time

Spot 5:

Days Predicted Y-Y0 Y-Y0 Residual(Y-Y0)

12 -363.49094 -348.9835 14.5074399999999
13 -299.37769 -308.7814 -9.4037100000001
14 -235.26444 -247.695 -12.4305600000001
15 -171.15119 -176.1087 -4.95751000000007
16 -107.03794 -94.7536 12.2843399999999

t vs res(y-y0)
20
15
10
Column D
5
0
-5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-10
-15
 Astrophysics and Astronomy
Lab session-2
Rajat Kumar P0191335

From all these plots of Time vs Residual(y-y0) we can see that the magnitude of the residual is very
high which simply implies that we can’t fit y-y0 as a linear fit. From this observation we can deduce
that the surface is curved and hence what we are seeing is a projection of a 3d curved surface on a
2d plane. So the sunspots are not equidistant from us, whereas if it were planets then they would
have been at a particular distance from us. Hence we can say that the sunspots are a part of sun only
and not any planet in between.

Part III: Obtaining the Butterfly Diagram from the given data.

Differential Rotation of Sun: