Unit-3

Diesel Power Plant

Contents:

➢ Introduction of diesel power plant.

➢ Layout of Diesel power plant.

➢ Advantages, Disadvantages and site selection of Diesel

power station.

➢ Application of Diesel power station.

➢ P-V and T-S plots of diesel cycle and expression of

efficiency.

➢ Auxiliary equipment of diesel power plant.

➢ Heat balance sheet and Numerical problem.

 Introduction of Diesel power plant

❖ Diesel engine power plants are installed where supply of coal and water is not available in

sufficient quantity or where is to be generated in small quantity or where standby sets are

required for continuity of supply such as in hospital, telephone exchange, radio station and

cinemas. These plants in the range of 2 to 50 MW capacity are used as central stations.

❖ In several countries, the demand for diesel power plants is increased for electric power

generation because of difficulties experienced in construction of new hydraulic plants and

enlargement of old hydro-plants.

❖ The diesel units used for electric generation are more reliable and long-lived piece of

equipment compared with other types of plants.

Layout of Diesel power plant.
The following are the essential components of a diesel power plant:

1. Engine: Engine is the main components of the plant which develops required power. It is

directly coupled with the generator.

2. Exhaust system: this includes the silencer and connecting ducts. As the temperature of

exhaust gas is high, so heat of exhaust gas is used to heat the oil of air, which is to supply to

the engine.

3. Air filter: the function of air filter is to remove the dust from air which is taken by the

engine.

4. Super charger: the function of super charge is to increase the pressure of the air supplied to

the engine. To increase the power of the engine.

5. Fuel tank: it includes the storage tank, fuel pump, fuel transfer pump, strainers and heater.

The fuel is supplied to the engine according to load of the plant.

6. Lubrication system: the function of lubrication system is to reduce the friction of moving

parts and to reduce the wear and tear of the engine parts.

7. Cooling system: The main purpose of the cooling system is to carry the heat from the

engine cylinder to keep the temperature of the cylinder in safe range and extend its life.

8. Starting system: this includes compressed air tanks. The function of this system is to start

the engine from cold by supplying the compressed air.

9. Governing system: the function of the governing system is to maintain the speed of the

engine constant irrespective of load on the plant.

 Advantages of Diesel power plant

1. Design and installation are very simple.

2. Can respond to varying loads without any difficulty.
3. The standby losses are less.
4. Occupy less space.
5. Can be started and put on load quickly.
6. Require less quantity of water for cooling purposes.
7. Overall capital cost is lesser than for steam plants.
8. Require less operating cost and supervising staff as compared to that for steam plants.
9. The efficiency of such plants at part loads does not fall so much as that of a steam plant.
10.The cost of building and civil engineering works is low.
11.Can burn fairly wide range of fuels.
12.The diesel power plants are more efficient than steam power plants in the range of 150
MW capacity.
 Disadvantages of Diesel power plant

1. High operating cost.

2. High maintenance and lubrication cost.
3. Diesel units capacity is limited. These cannot be constructed in large size.
4. In a diesel power plant noise is a serious problem.
5. Diesel plants cannot supply overloads continuously where as steam power plant can work
under 25% overload continuously.
6. The diesel power plants are not economical where fuel has to be imported.
7. The life of a diesel power plant is quite small (2 to 8 years or less) as compared to that of a
steam power plant(25 to 30 years).
 Site selection of Diesel power plant

The following factors should be considered while selecting the site for a diesel power plant:

1. Foundation sub-soil condition: the conditions of sub-soil should be such that a foundation

at a reasonable depth should be capable of providing a strong support to the engine.

2. Access to the site: the site should be so selected that it is accessible through rail and road.

3. Distance from the load center: the location of the plant should be near the load center. This

reduce the cost of transmission lines and maintenance cost. The power loss is also

minimized.

4. Availability of water: sufficient quantity of water should be available at the site selected.

5. Fuel transmission: the site selected should be near to the source of fuel supply so that

transmission charge are low.

 Application of Diesel power plant

1. Peak load plant.

2. Mobile plant.
3. Standby units.
4. Emergency plant.
5. Nursery station.
6. Starting station.
7. Central stations-where capacity required is small( 5 to 10 MW).
8. Industrial concerns where power requirement is small say of the order of 500 kW, diesel
power plants become more economical due to their overall efficiency.
 P-V and T-S plots of diesel cycle and expression of efficiency

Heat Engine: any type of engine or machine which derives heat energy from the combustion
of fuel or any other sources and converts this energy into mechanical work is termed as a
heat engine.
 expression of efficiency

𝑉1
Compression ratio = 𝑟.
𝑉2

𝑉3
Let cut off ratio =⍴.
𝑉2

𝑉4 𝑉1 𝑉 𝑉3 𝑟
The expansion ratio is = = 1× = .
𝑉3 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑉2 ⍴

Process 1-2:-
Ƴ−1
𝑇2 𝑉1
=
𝑇1 𝑉2

Ƴ−1 …….(i)
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟
Process 2-3:- constant pressure (P=C). Charles law

𝑉3 𝑇3
=
𝑉2 𝑇2

𝑉3
𝑇3 = 𝑇
𝑉2 2

Ƴ−1
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 𝑟 ⍴………(ii).

Process 3-4:-
Ƴ−1
𝑇4 𝑉3
=
𝑇3 𝑉4

Ƴ−1
𝑉3
𝑇4 = 𝑇3
𝑉4

⍴ Ƴ−1
𝑇4 = 𝑇1 𝑟 Ƴ−1 ⍴ 𝑟

𝑇4 = 𝑇1 ⍴Ƴ …….(iii)
 𝐻𝑅 𝑚𝐶𝑉 (𝑇4 −𝑇1 )
η𝑃 = 1 − =1− .
𝐻𝐴 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 −𝑇2 )

1 (𝑇4 −𝑇1 )
η𝑃 = 1 − .
Ƴ (𝑇3 −𝑇2 )

From equation (i) , (ii) and (iii)

1 (𝑇1 ⍴Ƴ −𝑇1 )
η𝑃 = 1 − .
Ƴ (𝑇1 𝑟 Ƴ−1 ⍴ − 𝑇1 𝑟 Ƴ−1 )

1 1 ⍴Ƴ−1
η𝑃 = 1 − × .
Ƴ 𝑟 Ƴ−1 ⍴−1
 Auxiliary equipment of diesel power plant

The auxiliary equipment of diesel engine power plant are as follows:

(i) Fuel supply system:

It consists of storage tank, strainer, fuel transfer pump and all day fuel tank. The fuel oil is
supplied at plant site by rail or road. The oil is stored in the storage tank, from the storage tank, oil
is pumped to smaller all day tank at daily or short intervals. From this tank, fuel oil is passed
through strain to remove suspended impurities. The clean oil is injected into the engine by fuel
injection pump.
(ii) Air intake system:
This system supplies necessary air to the engine for fuel combustion. It consist of pipe for the
supply of fresh air to the engine manifold. Filter are provided to remove dust particles from air
which may be act as abrasive in the engine cylinder.
(iii) Exhaust system:
This system leads the engine exhaust gas outside the building and discharge it to the atmosphere.
The exhaust system of diesel engine performs their function. First exhaust system riutes the
spent combustion gases away from the engine, where they are diluted by the atmosphere. Thus
keeps the area around the engine habitable. second the exhaust system confines and routes the
gases to the turbo charge, if used. Third, the exhaust system allows mufflers to be used to reduce
the engine noise.
(iv) Lubrication system:
The system minimizes the wear of rubbing surface of the engine. It comprises of lubricating oil
tank, pump, filter and oil cooler. The lubricating oil drawn from the lubricating oil tank by the
pump and it passed through filter to remove impurities. The clean lubricating oil is delivered to the
point which require lubrication. The oil cooler incorporated in the system keep the temperature of
the oil low.
 Heat balance sheet and Numerical problem

The performance of an engine is generally given by heat balance sheet.

To draw a heat balance sheet for I.C. engine, it is run at constant load. Indicator diagram
is obtained with the help of an indicator. The quantity of fuel used in given time and its calorific
value, the amount, inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water and the weight of exhaust
gases are recorded. After calculating I.P. and B.P., the heat in different items is found.

Item kJ Percent
Heat supplied by fuel ….. …..
(i) Heat absorbed in I.P. …… …..
(ii) Heat taken away by cooling water. ….. …..
(iii) Heat carried away by exhaust gases. …… …..
(iv) Heat unaccounted for(by different) ….. …..
Total ….. …..
1.Heat supplied by fuel:
For petrol and oil engines, heat supplied =𝑚𝑓 × 𝐶, where 𝑚𝑓 and C are
mass used per minutes(Kg) and lower calorific value (kJ or Kcal) of the fuel
respectively.

2.Heat absorbed in I.P.:

Heat equivalent to Indicated power(per unit) =I.P.×60 kJ.

3.Heat taken away by cooling water.:

If , 𝑚𝑤 = mass of cooling water used per minute.
𝑡1 = initial temperature of cooling water.
𝑡2 = final temperature of cooling water.
Then heat is taken away by water = 𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 ×(𝑡2 - 𝑡1 )
Where , 𝐶𝑝𝑤 = specific weight of water.
4.Heat taken away by exhaust gases.:
If , 𝑚𝑒 = mass of exhaust gases per minute.
𝑡𝑒 = Temperature of exhaust gases.
𝑡𝑟 = room temperature.
Then heat is carried away by exhaust gases = 𝑚𝑒 × 𝐶𝑝𝑔 ×(𝑡𝑒 - 𝑡𝑟 )
Where , 𝐶𝑝𝑔 = mean heat at constant pressure.

Note: the mass of exhaust gases can be obtained by adding together mass of
fuel supplied mass of air supplied.
 Different power

Chemical Electrical
Indicated power Brake power
power power

𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
 Different Parameters

1. Power and Efficiency:

(i) Indicated power:
The total power developed by the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated
power.

𝒏𝑷𝒎𝒊 𝑨𝑳𝑵𝒌 × 𝟏𝟎
𝑰. 𝑷. = 𝒌𝑾
𝟔
Where,
n=number of cylinder.
A=Area of cylinder.
L=Length of stroke.
N=speed in r.p.m.
K= ½ for four stroke engine.
1 for two stroke engine.
𝑷𝒎𝒊 =Indicated mean effective pressure in bar.
(ii) Brake power:
The total power developed by an engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.

𝟐π𝑵𝑻
𝑩. 𝑷. = 𝒌𝑾
𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where,
T= Torque in N-m.
N=speed in r.p.m.

The difference between the I.P. and B.P. is frictional power(F.P.).

F.P. = B.P. - I.P.

The ratio of Brake power to the indicated power is Mechanical efficiency.

𝐵.𝑃.
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ =
𝐼.𝑃.
2. Mean effective pressure and Torque:
Mean effective pressure is defined as the hypothetical pressure which is through to be acting on
the piston throughout the power stroke. If it is based on the indicated power, it is called indicated
mean effective pressure(𝑷𝒎𝒊 or 𝑰𝒎.𝒆.𝒑. ) and if it based on the brake mean effective pressure (𝑷𝒎𝒃 or
𝑩𝒎.𝒆.𝒑. ).
similarly, frictional mean effective pressure(𝑷𝒎𝒇 or 𝑭𝒎.𝒆.𝒑. ).
𝑷𝒎𝒇 = 𝑷𝒎𝒊 − 𝑷𝒎𝒃
The torque and mean effective pressure are related by the engine size.
Since the power of an engine is dependent on its size and speed, therefor it is not possible to
compare engine on the basis of power or torque. Mean effective pressure is the true indication of
the relative performance of different engine.
3. Volumetric efficiency:
It is defined as the actual volume of the charge drawn in during the suction stroke to the swept
volume of piston.
the average value of the volumetric efficiency is from 70 to 80 percentage but it case of
supercharging it may be 100 percentage, if air at about atmospheric pressure is forced into the
cylinder at a pressure greater than that of air surrounding the engine.

4. Fuel air ration:

It is the ratio of mass of the fuel to the mass of the air in the fuel-air mixture.

5. Specific fuel consumption(s.f.c.):

It is the mass of fuel consumed per kW developed per hour, and it is a criterion of economical power
production.

𝒎𝒇 𝒌𝒈
𝑺. 𝑭. 𝑪. = .
𝑩. 𝑷. 𝒌𝑾𝒉
6.Thermal efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of indicated work done to the heat supplied by the fuel.

𝑚𝑓 = mass of fuel used in per second kg/sec. and

C= calorific value of fuel

Then indicated thermal efficiency ( based on I.P).

𝐼.𝑃.
𝜂𝑡ℎ(𝐼) =
𝑚𝑓 ×𝐶

And Brake thermal efficiency ( based on B.P).

𝐵.𝑃.
𝜂𝑡ℎ(𝐵) =
𝑚𝑓 ×𝐶
Numerical: in a trail of a single cylinder oil engine working on dual cycle, the following observation
were made:
Compression ratio = 15
Oil consumption = 10.2kg/h
Calorific value of fuel = 43890 kJ/kg
Air consumption =3.8 kg/min
Speed = 1900 r.p.m.
Torque on the brake drum = 186 N-m
Quantity of cooling water used = 15.5 kg/min
Temperature rise = 360 𝐶
Exhaust gas temperature = 4100 𝐶
Room temperature = 200 𝐶
𝐶𝑝 for exhaust gas = 1.17 kJ/kgK
Calculate: (i) Brake power,
(ii) Brake specific fuel consumption, and
(iii) Brake thermal efficiency.
Draw heat balance sheet on minute basis.
Numerical: from the data given below, calculate indicated power, brake power and draw heat balance
sheet for a two-stroke diesel engine run for 20 minutes at full load:
r.p.m. = 350
m.e.p. = 3.1 bar
Net brake load = 640 N
Fuel consumption = 1.52 kg
Cooling water = 162 kg
Water inlet temperature = 300 𝐶
Water outlet temperature = 550 𝐶
Air used/kg of fuel = 32 kg
Room temperature = 250 𝐶
Exhaust temperature = 3050 𝐶
Cylinder bore = 200mm
Cylinder stroke = 280mm
Brake diameter = 1 metre
Calorific value of fuel = 43900 kJ/kg
Steam formed per kg of fuel in the exhaust = 1.4 kg
Specific heat of steam in exhaust = 2.09 kJ/kgK
Specific heat of dry exhaust gases = 1.0 kJ/kgK
 Unit-3 (B)

Contents: Hydro Electric Power Plant

➢ Introduction to Hydro power plant.

➢ Layout and working principle of Hydro power plant.

➢ Characteristics features of Hydro power plant.

➢ Advantages, Disadvantages and site selection of Hydro

power station.

➢ Comparison with another turbine.

➢ Cavitation in Hydraulic turbine.

➢ Different efficiencies of Hydraulic power station.

➢ Numerical problem.
 Introduction to Hydro power plant.

Hydro power plant is the process of

Potential Energy of water
changing the energy of flowing water in
a river into the electrical power. A dam is
built where there is a natural water
Kinetic /Pressure Energy of water
resources available. The dam is used to
hold the water and create head so that
water can produce more electric power.
Runner Power

Shaft power/Mechanical Power

Electrical Power
Layout and working principle of Hydro power plant.

Reservoir: A reservoir is
most commonly an enlarge
natural or artificial lake
created using a dam to store
water.

Penstock: A penstock is a
link between the Dam and
hydraulic turbine. The
penstock generally made by
RCC or steel.
Dam: A dam is barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water. Reservoirs created by dams not
only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dam to generate
electricity.

Hydraulic turbine: A hydraulic turbine is hydraulic machine which convert hydraulic energy into
the mechanical energy by means of impulse reaction or Reaction. The hydraulic turbine may be
impulse type or Reaction type.

Electric Generator: In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include
steam turbine, gas turbine, water turbine, internal combustion engines, wind turbines and
even hand crank.
Transformer: A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most
used to increase ('step up') or decrease ('step down') voltage levels between circuits.

Powerhouse: The powerhouse of a hydroelectric development project is the place where the
potential and kinetic energy of the water flowing through the water conducting system is
transformed into mechanical energy of rotating turbines and which is then further converted
to electrical energy by generators.

Transmission line: In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other

structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner.
working principle of Hydro power plant.

In Hydro electric power plant, the kinetic energy of water converted into electrical

energy. Firstly, the water is collected and stored by constructing a Dam.

The power developed by the hydraulic turbine depends on the quantity of

water and the head of the water available.

Input waterpower = 𝑚𝑔
ሶ = ⍴𝑔𝑄𝐻
 Characteristics features of Hydro power plant.

1. In the absence of reciprocating masses, it make machine better balance, because rotary mass

is used so no problem of vibration also.

2. Speed up to 40000 r.p.m. may be used and hence power output per unit volume of the

working substance is increased for grater range of speed.

3. It having low wear and tear as well as low maintenance cost.

4. It can produce large power unit up to 1000 mw of capacity.

5. Steam turbine can easy drive the generator.

6. Turbine mechanical efficiency has been improved because of the absence of numerous

sliding or bearing member.

 Advantages, Disadvantages and site selection of Hydro power station.

Site selection:

➢ Quantity of availability of water.

➢ Distance of demand center to the power station site.

➢ Bearing capacity of the load.

➢ Availability of transportation facility.

➢ Availability of labor.
Advantages of Hydro power station:

➢ Operation cost is less as compare to other power station.

➢ There is no ash disposal problem.

➢ Does not required any fuel for power generation.

➢ It dose not required highly skilled labor.

➢ These plant can start or stop quickly.

Disadvantages of Hydro power station:

➢ The power generation depends on availability of water.

➢ Initial investment cost is very high.

➢ Time required for development of such plants are very high.

➢ This plant are usually located away from the load center.
Comparison between Hydro power plant and Steam power plant.

S.No. Hydro power plant Steam power plant

1. Initial cost Very high because Low as compare to the

construction is costly. hydraulic power station.
2. Operating cost Very low. Very high.

3. Fuel cost Nil. Very high.

4. Maintenance cost Low as compare to steam High because operating

power plant. staff requirement is high.
5. Cooling cost Nil. Very high.

6. Transmission and Very high due to distance Low as compare to the

distribution cost from load center. hydro power plant.
7.Pollution Nil High air pollution.

8.Space required Very high High

9.Life 50-55 years 25-35 years

Comparison between Hydro power plant and Diesel power plant.
S.No. Hydro power plant Diesel power plant

1. Capacity Quantity of water Capacity is low as compared to

the other
2. Installation cost Very high Low as compare to Hydro
power plant.
3. Site Located where large land and Can be located anywhere.
quantity of water available
4. Fuel cost No fuel cost. Fuel cost is high

5. Space Very high Low compare to hydro plant

6. Cooling water Not required Very high

7.Ash handling No Required extra equipment.

8. Pollution No High air pollution as well as

noise.
 Cavitation in Hydraulic turbine.

Inside the fluid flow system if the pressure falls any where below the vapor

pressure of the fluid then the dissolved gases starts coming out in the form of

bubbles which we normally say the liquid starts boiling this bubbles are further

carried by the flow in the different pressure zone where the pressure above the

vapor pressure therefore this bubbles collapse and during the collapse they

experts the continuous pressure and if this collapse is their an any surface then it

results in the increment in surface roughness which are normally say surface

eroded this continues collapsing of the bubble in surface is called pitting action

and this entire phenomenon is known as cavitation.

1 3
2

𝜕𝑃
= −𝑣𝑒
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= +𝑣𝑒 = −𝑣𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑥 = +𝑣𝑒
𝜕𝑥

𝑃 < 𝑃𝑉
 Effect of cavitation:

The overall efficiency of hydraulic machine decreases.

Method to prevent cavitation:

1.Control the pressure in such a way that it should not fall below the

vapor pressure.

2.As a factor of safety different coating are provided on the surface

which gives resistance against the erosion of the surface due to

cavitation.
 Different efficiencies

W.P. R.P. S.P. G.P.

𝜂ℎ 𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑔

𝜂𝑜
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑅.𝑃.
➢ 𝜂ℎ = = 𝑊.𝑃.
❑ 𝜂𝑜 = 𝜂ℎ × 𝜂𝑚 × 𝜂𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡

➢ 𝑅. 𝑃. = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

➢ 𝑅. 𝑃. = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

ሶ 1
ሶ 2
➢ 𝑊. 𝑃. = 𝑚𝑔𝐻 = 2 𝑚𝑉
 Head and specific speed
S.No. Range of Specific Head(m) Types of Turbine
speed(MKS)
𝑵 𝑷
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟓
𝑯𝟒
1 10 to 60 Above 300m Pelton

2 60 to 300 60m to 300m Francis

3 300 to 1000 Up to 60m Kaplan

𝑢 𝑢
Speed ratio 𝐾𝑢 = 𝑉 = . Catchment area:
2𝑔ℎ
1.𝑄 = 𝐴𝑐 × ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 .
Where V=velocity of the jet.
2. ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 =𝜂𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 × ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑔 .
π𝐷𝑁
u=Tangential velocity of vane=
60
Numerical 1:
𝑚3
In a hydro-electric power station, water is available at the rate of 175 under a head of 18m.the
𝑠

turbine run at a speed of 150 r.p.m. with overall efficiency of 82%. Find the number of required if they
have the maximum specific speed of 460, also determine selection of runner.
Numerical 2:
𝑚3
The turbine is to operate under a head of 24m at 200 rpm.The discharge is 8.5 if the overall
𝑠

efficiency is 80% , determine.

i) Power generated.
ii) Specific speed of turbine.
iii) Types of turbine.
Numerical 3:
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
A hydro-electric power station is desired to be built across a river having a discharge of 28000 at
𝑠

a head of 11m.Assuming turbine efficiency 78% and speed ratio as 0.82, determine:
i) Can we use two turbine with speed not less than 120 rpm.
ii) Specific the type of turbine runner that can be used. Also calculate the runner diameter.
Numerical 4:
A proposed hydro-electric station has an available head of 120m, a catchment area of 200 𝑘𝑚2 , the
𝑐𝑚
average rainfall of which is 120 . If 62% of the total rainfall can be collected, calculate the power
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

that could be generated. Suggest ratings of generator if η𝑜 = 95%.

Two generator of 2800 kw capacity each may be installed.
Numerical 5:
The following data relate to a proposed hydro-station:
𝑐𝑚
H=28m, 𝐴𝑐 =420 𝑘𝑚2 ,rainfall =140 . Percentage of total rainfall utilized =68 % , penstock
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

efficiency=94%, turbine efficiency=80%, η𝑔 = 84% and load factor= 44%.

i) Calculate the power developed.
ii) Suggest suitable machine and specify the same.
Numerical 6:
The following data relate to a proposed hydro-station:
H=140m,𝐴𝑐 =200 𝑘𝑚2 ,annual average rainfall =145 cm., turbine efficiency=85%, η𝑔 = 90% and percolation
and evaporation losses=16%. Determine following:
i) Power developed.
ii) Suggest type of turbine to be used if runner speed is to be kept below 240 rpm.
Numerical 7: from the investigation of a hydro-site the following data is available:
H=45m, 𝐴𝑐 =60 𝑘𝑚2 ,annual average rainfall =140 cm., penstock efficiency= 74% , η𝑔 = 90% ,turbine
efficiency η𝑡 = 82%,% of rainfall utilized= 68%.
calculate the suitable capacity of a turbo-generator.
Numerical 8: The following data relate to a proposed hydro-station:
𝑚3
H=400m,Q=4.5 𝑠 , turbine efficiency η𝑡 = 82%, generator frequency = 50Hz determine:

i) Power developed.
ii) Types of turbine.
iii) Speed of the turbine.
iv) Corrected speed of the turbine.
 Surge tank, water hammer and draft tube

Water Hammer

When the valve is closed suddenly in pipe line momentum of

the fluid column arrested and pressure or shock wave is
setup. The pressure wave is transmitted along the fluid in the
pipe line with a velocity of sound in the fluid medium. The
pressure wave create a noise known as knocking.
the sudden rise in pressure has a effect of
hammering action on wall and hence this phenomenon is
known as water hammer or hammer blow.
the water hammer is very important problem in
pipelines and penstock of hydro electric plants, in supply line
of drinking water, transmission of oil pipe line.
 Surge Tank

A surge tank is a small reservoir or a tank in which water level rises or fall to reduce the pressure
swings so that they are not transmitted in full to a closed circuit.

Purpose of Surge Tank

1. To reduce the distance between the free water surface and turbine thereby reducing the water
hammer effect on penstock.
2. To serve as supply tank to the turbine when the water in the pipe is accelerating during
increased load condition and as a storage tank when water is deaccelerating during reduced
load condition.
Note: if the power house
located within the short
distance of the headworks,
surge tank is not necessary.
Thus for run off plants and
medium head scheme no
surge tank is needed.
DRAFT TUBE
➢ The Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the runner
to the tail race.
➢ It is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to the tail race. This pipe of
gradually increasing area is called a draft-tube.

➢ One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner while the other end is
sub-merged below the level of the water in tail race..

➢ It permits a negative head to be established at the outlet of the runner and thereby increase
the net head on the turbine.
𝑉2 2
➢ It converts a large proportion of the kinetic energy ( 2𝑔 ) rejected at the outlet of the turbine
into useful pressure energy .without the draft tube the kinetic energy rejected at the outlet
of the turbine will go waste to the tail race.
➢ Hence by using the draft tube the net head of the turbine is increases. the turbine develops
more power and efficiency is increases.
➢ If the reaction turbine is not fitted with a draft-tube the pressure at outlet of the runner will
be equal to the atmospheric pressure
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Er. R.K. Rajput, “Power Plant Engineering”, Laxmi Publications (P)Ltd. New Delhi,2016.

2. P.K.Nag , “ Power Plant Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi,2008.