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1.
1 INTRODUCTION:
The world is changing rapidly today it is fashionable to talk about the new economy.
The day to day requirements of companies are increasing every year. In industries like
pharmaceuticals where R&D expenditure is majored and gestation period is higher cash flows
management is more prominent. It is the duty of the management to keep continuous eye on
funds flows and day to day requirements. The company faces problems if it doesn’t have enough
cash balances will lead to increase in cost of capital which ultimately results in decrease in
profits and miss management of funds. Here the task of working capital management becomes
more important to the company.
Working capital refers the required amount to be invested in assets such as cash
marketable securities, inventories etc., thus working capital is concerned with the problems that
arises in attempting to manage the current assets be current liabilities and the relation between
them. It is the life blood and nerve center of a business. Just as circulation of blood is essential
in the human body for maintaining life, working capital is very essential to maintain the smooth
running of a business. No business can run successfully without an adequate amount of working
capital.
Working capital refers to the excess of current assets over current liabilities and is
concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the current assets, the current
liabilities and the inter-relationship that exists between them. Current assets are those assets
which can be converted into cash within an accounting year like cash, short term securities,
debtors and inventors. Current liabilities are those which are expected to mature for payment
with an accounting year like creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses. The basic goal of
working capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in
such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained.
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The growth of any organization depends upon the overall performance such as
Production, Marketing, Human resources and financial performance of the organization. The
financial performance of any organization reflects the strengths, weakness, opportunities and
threats of the organization with respect to profits earned, investments, sales realizations turnover,
return on investment, net worth of capital. Efficient management of financial resources and
deliberate analysis of financial result are pre-requisite for success of an enterprise. In that
working capital management is one of the major and important areas of financial management.
The performance of business activities that direct the company’s capital from raw
materials to work-in-progress. Working –in-progress to finished products, finished products to
debtors converted into cash. All these activities come under working capital management.
The topic for the project is A study on working capital management with reference to
Jocil Ltd. Is focuses on how the companies manages there funds.
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1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY:
The need of the project is emphasized by the fact that the manner of administration of
working capital to a very large extent the success or failure of a business of an enterprise
 To know that current assets are needed because sales do not convert into cash
instantaneously.
 To understand that an operating cycle involved in the conversation of sales into cash.
 To identify the time gaps in purchase of raw materials and production, production and
sales, sales and realization of cash. Thus operation cycle is said to be the need for
working capital.
 To understand that the should maintain a sound working capital position. i.e., having
adequate working capital to run its business operations.
 To understand that both excessive as well as inadequate working capital means idea
funds, which earn no profits for the firm. So the firm should maintain the balanced
working capital.
 Working capital is the capital that allows business to operate on day-to-day business
operations.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The objectives of the present study is to focus on the Working Capital Management of
Jocil Ltd. With a view to find out the effective utilization of working capital more specifically
aimed.
 To compare financial performance of present year with that of previous year.

 To conduct a study of the financial ratios of working capital management and analyze
them for understanding the financial strengths and weakness of the company.
 To study the sources and uses of funds of the company.
 To illustrate the concepts of working capital with their respective balances and analyze
the reasons responsible for changes in the working capital balances.
 To make suggestions if any, for improving the working capital management of the
company.
 To analyze the financial performance of the company.
 To study various financial ratios relating to the company in different years.
 To understand the methods in practice in the company.
 To find out the sources of working capital of the company.
 To make suggestions if any, for improving the company efficiency, financial position.
 To analyze liquidity position of the firm.
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1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
SOURCES OF DATA:
The present study of the working capital management in JOCIL LTD collected data from
the company’s primary and secondary sources, such as:
PRIMARY DATA:
The primary data are collected directly from the company secretary the finance manager
and other employees in the finance department. It was decided to use the technique ratio
analysis, financial statements, meetings etc. for analyzing, interpreting finding out the problems
involved and giving suggestions if any.
SECONDARY DATA:
The secondary data are those which has been already collected by some agency and
which has been already been processed.
The sources of secondary date are as follows:
 Company annual reports
 Company audited figures
 Reference books & internet
 Project reports
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1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The study has great significance and provides benefits to various parties who directly or
indirectly with the company.
 It is beneficial to the top management of the company by providing crystal clear picture
regarding, important aspects like liquidity, profitability, leverage and activity ratios.
 The study is beneficial to Employees and offer motivation by showing how actively they are
contributing for the companies’ growth.
 The investors who are interested in investing in the company’s share’s will also get benefit
by going through the study and can easily take a decision whether to invest or not to invest in
the company’s shares.
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1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
 Working Capital plays a vital role in any form of business organization as it is essential to
carry out the day-to-day operations. A company should have adequate Working Capital
to run its business operations. Excessive of inadequate Working Capital will lead to
problems, which may affect the productivity and profitability. So every company
maintains the Working Capital at optimum level.
 In Working Capital Management main focus is on management of short-term assets and

liabilities. The management of Working Capital includes the management of such assets
or Cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables, inventories and other Current assets,
also Liabilities. Such as accounts payables, wages payables and other current liabilities.
 The objective of the Working Capital management is to maintain a satisfactory level of

Working Capital. In other words the current assets should not only be sufficient enough
to cover the current liabilities but at the same time should also ensure the reasonable
amount of safety margin.
 The Finance Manager must determine level and composition of the current assets and
should ensure that right source are tapped to finance current assets and that current
liabilities are paid in time, Working Capital management can be broadly classified into
two types, one is Gross Concept and another one is Net concept. Gross Working refers to
the company investment in current assets which can be converted into cash with in an
accounting year.
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1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
 This study is limited to the jocil Ltd. The analysis should not be applied to all the in
firms in the same industry.
 The information provided by the company is very limited. Hence the analysis is also
restricted as per the information available
 The study is confined only to the working capital management
 The information provide by the company is very limited
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2. INDUSTRY PROFILE
2.1 SOAP INDUSTRY:
The Rs. 45 billion Indian Soaps and Detergents Industry has been experiencing low
growth and intense competition in urban areas.
The physical market for detergents at about 2.7 million tones is one of the largest markets
in the world. It categorized popular economy, premium and super premium. In India, the per
capita consumption of detergents is only 1.6 kg, per annum as against over 16 kg. Western
Europe.
According to a report given in the year 93-94 the percentage consumption of soaps
Taiwan 6.2kg, Thailand 32kg, per annum, Indonesia 2kg., Korea 7.3 kg per annum per capita,
Malaysias3. 7 kg per annum per capita, Japan 8.9 kg per annum per capita.
The per capita consumption of Toilet Soap in India is at present whole fully low as
compared to many developing countries. The industry has made rapid progress after lifting of the
price control. The overall growth rate of the industry in the recent years has been in the
neighborhood of 15% per annum.
The total turnover of toilet soap industry is Rs.l000 crore. The market is estimated at
more than 3lakh tones and its growth rate is about 15% per annum. The overall consumption of
toilet soaps in the country has been increasing at the rate of 5.7 and at more than 12% per annum
in rural areas. The industry faces serious problem on account of inadequate availability of linear
benzene, which has to be imported on a large scale.
The gap between demand and supply of oils for production of toilet soap is a matter of
serious concern. The working ;group has assessed the availability of oils by the year 1999 and
2000 A.D. at 6.5lakhs tones and 12.1lakh tones respectively whereas the demand would be the
order of 7.5lakh tones and 16lakh tones which will have to be the basis of present reckoning by
imports.
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The soap market is divided into sub-popular, popular and premium on the basis of fatty
matter. But for the purpose of market study, the market is categorized into popular and premium.
The popular segment contributes about 87% while the premium soaps make upon the remaining
13%.
2.2 Segmentation of the total Toilet Soaps:
Price Range Soap Segment
Rs.6-8(for 75 gms) Sub-Popular

2.3 Market
Rs.8-12 (for 75 gms) Popular share of
Premium,
Rs. 12 + (for 75 gms.) Premium
Popular, Sub-
Popular:
Segment Market Share (%) Growth Rate (%)
Premium 24 3
Popular 45 1
Sub-popular 31 15
The above table shows the volume of growth rate of toilet soaps at different segments.
Premium which is the range of Rs.12 and above has price range between Rs.0-8 has 1% growth
and sub-popular has a growth rate of 150/0 which is in the range Rs.8-12.
Personal Wash market in India is very high. Everyone is using toilet Soaps It is one of the
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fast moving consumer products in personal care segment. The consumption percentage of toilet
soaps was increased year by year. The total consumption of toilet soaps in India is 5.3lakh tones
per year.
The growth rate is 2-3 percent per annum. But the consumption rate of soap used per an
Indian is low, when we compare with Thailand, Italy and Brazil people. Their consumption rate
is 480gms, 700gms and per head in a month. There are a number of reputed companies in the
toilet soap market. Due to increased competition, along with those companies several small scale
manufacturers are also entered in to the market.
The crowded market place has also brought to the consumer as marketers of soap have
tried to woo consumers through upgraded offerings and better quality soaps.
The marketers of toilet soaps have increase the TFM (Total Fatty Matter) content in their
brands, to offer better quality soaps at lower prices. Industry watchers say that the IFM content
on some brands has moved up from the 50-60 percent earlier to over 70 percent of late.
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2.4 A brief profile of the various players in the personal wash market is given
below:
Hindustan Lever Ltd., (HLL)
Hindustan Lever Ltd. has becomes a major player in the Indian personal wash market. In
India HLL has gained 60% of share in the total toilet soap market. HLL gives its products in
several brand names.
The brand names of HLL are Liril, Pears, Dove, Lux, Denim, Fair & Lovely, Rexona,
Lifebuoy, Hamam, Breeze, Ayush. Different brands are popular in different regions. HLL have
brought a few benefits to the consumer as a marketer of toilet soap has tried to woo. Consumers
through upgraded offerings and better quality soaps.
As a result of sharp fall in farm disposable incomes, the consumers persuaded low-
income household's to down trade, that is, switch from high to-low priced brands. HLL too
appears to endorse the phenomenon of down trading.
The major competitors of HLL are Nirma, Godrej consumer care and WIPRO. Godrej
consumer care has introduced, a fairness soap, fair glow which claims to enhance a fairness, has
been a success too, as against this spawning competitive response from HLL in the form of Fair
& Lovely soap.
HLL offering to combine two benefits in a single tablet, Breeze 2-in1 actually offers a
cost-effective replacement to consumers who we hair wash products and soap. HLL claims
Breeze is the largest brand in the discount segment. HLL has increased Lifebuoy's market share
by introducing, Lifebuoy Active, Lifebuoy Gold, Lifebuoy plus. HLL has gained major share in
discount segment.
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WIPRO:
WIPRO has become a major player in the Indian personal wash market. In India Wipro
has gained 50% of share in toilet soap market. Wipro gives its products in brand names of
Santoor, Wipro Baby Soap, and Chandrika.
It covers 1.6 million outlets across the country for its distribution. 50 percent of Wipro
consumer care business comes from the toilet soap category. The biggest brand of Wipro is
Santoor was launched in the late 80's. Wipro through Santoor is the leading Soap marketer in
Andhra Pradesh with 18 percent market share. Wipro baby soft diapers gained almost 65 percent
of the business from Northern Markets.
NIRMA:
Nirma has quickly become a significant player in the domestic toilet soap. market. The
company's aggressive pricing strategy has been the key behind its performance. Launches such
as Nirma have paid off because consumers have seen the brand as offering good value for
money. The company has managed healthy top line growth in the market.
Nirma has gained major market share just a couple of years after its entry. It tries to made
brands such as Nirma available at least 10 percent lower than its nearest competitors.
. The company offers its brands Nirma Lime, Nirma premier, Nirma. The company faces
competition from HLL, Wipro, and Godrej. The Nirma was succeeded within a short period due
to its aggressive pricing strategy.
Godrej Consumer Care:
With at least three entirely new launches under its belt, Godrej consumer care has
improved its market share in the personal wash market.
The company's recent .restructuring exercise, offer which the consumer products business
was diverted from the Godrej industries and vested with Godrej consumer care, has also helped
pep up profitability performance.
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2.5 Fatty Acid Industry:
Fatty Acids, as the name itself indicates, are in the organic acids derived from fats and
oils. Fats and oils are glycosides of the Fatty Acids. Fatty Acids are manufactured by hydrolysis
of fats and oils, which is popularly known as Gat Splitting. Glycerin is obtained as a byproduct
in the production of fatty acid. Fatty Acids are having diversified application in various fields of
industries like rubber manufacturing industries, Tyres, plastic, Cosmetics.
2.6 A Brief Note on Fatty Acid Industry in A.P.:
The Fatty Acid Industry is dependent in availability of the Oils & Oils seeds for
extraction and further processing, as Mutton Tallow is banned in India.
The Industry found that Rice Bran Oil (R.B.Oil) is one such source, which is cheaper than
other oils. Thus, most of the Fatty Acid/Stearic Acid manufacturers have chosen rice bran oil as
their raw material and the rice bran oil extraction units founds placement near the raw material
source i.e.,
Rice Bran, even though the customers are will spread all over the country. The
consumption pattern of Rice Bran Oil depends on the level of free Fatty Acid content available
for industrial grade varies from time to time as the Rice Bran availability is seasonal, having
direct relation to the rice cropping and harvesting schedules.
Therefore, fluctuations are observed in the Rice Bran Oil pence, which are almost fixed in
their pattern. However, at times due to climatic conditions and temperature variations, the status
of the Rice Bran Oil changes from industrial grad to edible grade and vice-versa.
In India, as explained already Rice Bran Oil extraction is mostly available in the major
rice growing states of Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Fatty Acid manufacturing units have also
found their duration in these states to be near to the raw material Source.TamilNadu State, even
though produces major quantities of rice, most of it is consumed as boiled rice for local
consumption. In Andhra Pradesh there are about 70 Rice Bran Oil Extraction Units and 6 Fatty
Acid manufacturing units.
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Another new unit is coming up. Among all these, Miss Jocil Limited is the second oldest
and its products are well accepted among the customers. The installed capacity sales of Stearic
Acid by these Andhra Pradesh based units account approximately for 48 percent of the all India
Sales volume.
The Fatty Acid manufacturing units in Andhra Pradesh are Miss. Food Fats and
Fertilizers Ltd., Miss. Jocil Ltd., M/s.sudha Agro Oil and Chemical industries Ltd., Miss. Siris
Agro Ltd., Miss.Sree Rayalaseema Alkalies and allied Chemicals Ltd., Miss Swastik Oleo
chemical Ltd., and Miss. Golden Agro- Tech Industries Ltd., are yet to start commercial
production. All these are manufacturers of Stearic Acid and other Fatty Acids.
Some of them are utilizing portion of their capacities for captive consumption (on all
India basis about 52 percent of Installed capacities is used for captive consumption and about 34
percent is idle capacity. About 14 percent is used for commercial sales of Fatty Acids.) The idle
capacity of MIS TOM CO, KSDL and Vegetable Vitamins and Fats alone is about 73 percent.
Andhra Pradesh State is growing industrially and there is ample scope and potential for entry of
new industries
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2.7Present Status of Industry:
Present manufacture of Fatty Acids is dispersed all over the country with units in various
states. Production of fatty acid in India was insignificant, prior to the period of Second World
War.
Production on a small scale was initially started in the mid forties that too with obsolete
equipment. The qualities of fatty acid coming out from these units are far from desirable and
recovery of glycerin was inefficient. It is in 1953, the first high pressure Fat Splitting Plant in our
country went into stream in Bombay. Te started production as a batch-operating unit, which was
soon converted to a semi-continuous one.
2.8 Stearic Acid Industry:
The Stearic Acid and other Fatty Acid using Industries like PYC, Chemical, Rubber
Retreating and related Industries are still possible to be set up in Andhra Pradesh, is still to,
grow, in spite. of the competition among the Fatty manufacturers. The idle capacity thus, is not a
permanent feature.
The industries using Stearic Acid in Andhra Pradesh are mostly PVC pipes Rubber
retrading, Hawaii Chappals, Cycle Tyres, Chemical Auxiliaries, Stearates, Cement Paints and
Cosmetics.
The growth rate even though is high in cosmetics industry at 25 percent. The volumes are
low due to lower production levels of cosmetics industry. In the Stearic Acid different grades are
produced with standard specification for different industrial consumers.
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The following are the different grades of Stearic Acids consumed by different industries
in manufacturing their own industrial products.
2.9VARIOUS GRADES OF STEARIC ACIDS:
JOTEX GRADE, lOTEX SPECIAL GRADE Used in drugs, pharmaceuticals,
Cosmetics, chemicals and plastics.
JOSTRlCPECIAL GRADE Chemicals, calcium carbonate.
Pvc
JOCIL-ll
pipes
JOMEL Rubber, Cement, Paint.
RUBBER GRADE Rubber, Metallic polish
ECONOMY Rubber, Metallic polish, grease
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2.10 PRESENT MARKET SHARE OF STEARIC ACID
MANUFACTURERS WISE
NAME OF THE QUANTITY SHARE (%) REGION
MANUFACTURER MARKET (M.T)
Godrej Soaps Ltd 170000 22 North
VVF Limited 9000 12 North
Jocil Limited 10000 13 A.P.
FFF Limited 6000 8 A.P.
Nahar Agro 5000 7 NORTH
Raj Agro 5000 7 NORTH
OCL % Thapar 2000 3 NORTH
Wipro Limited 2000 3 Karnataka
Siris Agro Limited 5000 7 A.P.
Sudha Agro Limited 2000 3 A.P.
Rayalaseema 5000 7 A.P.
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2.11 CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF STREARIC ACID
IN
DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES:
SL.NO.Rate Name Of the Quantity Industry Growth
Industry Share (%)
1 Rubber- Tyre 13000 17 5
2 . Rubber- N ontyre 12000 16 3
3 Stearatesl stabilizers 15000 24 6
4 PVCI Polymers 9000 12 7
5 Cement Paints 3000 4 6
6 Chemical .6000 8 5
Auxiliaries
7 Calcium carbonate 3000 4 6
8 Food/Pharmacy 1000 1 9
9 Metal Polishes 3000 4 5
10 Lubricants greases 3000 4 8
11 Cosmetics 3000 4 30
12 Others 2000 3 5
3. COMPANY PROFILE
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3.1HISTORY OF THE COMPANY:
 A Public Limited Company incorporated in February 20, 1978 as Andhra Pradesh Oil and
Chemical Industries Ltd.
 Listed in Madras and Hyderabad Stock Exchanges in India.
 Renamed as "Jayalakshmi Oil and Chemical Industries Limited" in 1982.
 Became a Subsidiary of The Andhra Sugars Ltd (ASL) on 27 October 1988.
 ASL Group of Companies have diversified interests in Sugar, Chemicals such as Caustic
Soda, Acetic Acid, Industrial Alcohol, Sulfuric Acid, Aspirin etc.,and also
Petrochemicals and Textiles at various locations in Andhra Pradesh, India.
 ASL is also the Sole Supplier of Rocket Fuel (UDMH) to ISRO.
 Renamed once again as "Jocil Limited" in 1 September 1992.
 25 years of experience in the field of manufacture of Stearic Acid Flakes, Fatty Acids,
Toilet Soap, Soap Noodles and Glycerine.
 ISO 9001 :2000 Certification by DNV in year 2004.
 A 6 Mw Biomass Cogeneration Power Plant commissioned in 2001, to meet captive
requirements of Steam & Power.
 Exports Surplus Power to APSPDCL (Public Utility Company).
 Continuous unbroken dividend paying record since 1988 - 89.
 Celebrated Silver Jubilee in the year 2004.
 Stearic Acid Flakes are available in various grades for use in Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics,
Textiles, Paints, Plastics, Tyres, Tread Rubber, Metal Polish and other industries.
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3.2 BOARD OF DIRECTORS:
Name Designation
Dr. Mullapudi Harischandra Prasad Chairman

J. Murali Mohan Managing Director
P. Narendranath Chowdary Director
D. Mullapudi Thimmaraja Director
Y. Narayanarao Chowdary Director
V.S. Raju Director
K. Srinivasa Rao Director
M. Gopalakrishna Director
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3.3 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF JOCIL LTD.
Board of Directors
Managing Director
President Marketing GM eng Manager DGM Sr.Manager
(production) (Development) (Electrical )
Finance Stores Purchase Labor Security
Manager Executive Executive Officer Officer
Asst. Sr. Manger. Senior Asst. Asst.Time Security
Executive Keepers Guards
Sr.Accounts Clerk Costing
Officer
Asst.Accounts Office Asst.
Officer Clerks
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Marketing Manager
Superintendent Marketing Officer Marketing Executive Supervisor
Asst.Clerk Asst.Clerk Asst.Sales Supervisor
Sales Representative
3.4 Logo of the Company:
3.5 Company policies are:
 Quality.
 Consumer Safety.
 Health and Environment.
3.6 Company’s philosophy:

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 To be a Successful Profit Making Organization.
 To Conduct its Operations- with Honesty, Integrity and Transparency.
 To be the Market Leader in its Field of Operations through Continual Improvement in
efficiency and Quality of Products & Services.
 To have Concern for Employees, Shareholders, Customers and Business Associates alike.
 To Serve Society through Industry.
 To care for the Environment and the World in which we live.
3.7 Performance and achievements of Jocil Limited
 Jocil is a leading manufacturer of all kinds of Fatty Acids. This also manufactures soaps.
 Jocil supplies different grades of Stearic Acid and other Fatty Acids to other
companies of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastic etc.
 Jocil supplies Fatty Acids to meet their specific requirement of Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid
etc.
3.8 Factors are:
 Usage of good quality raw materials like rice bran oils, coconut oils, cotton seed oils etc.
 The processing and purification of fatty acids is done by using latest technology.
 The technology and requirement of Jocil has been imported from C.M.B., Italy.
 Maintenance of quality control by experienced and committed operating personnel.
 Toilet Soaps and Glycerin are manufactured as per BISC (formerly known as ISI)
standards.
 It uses high quality chemicals for the purification and processing of the Fatty Acids.
 It maintains international standards in manufacturing its products so as to suit different
kinds of industrial users.
3.9 Functions of Jocil Limited:
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 To produce, manufacture, refine, process import, sell and generally to deal in all kinds
of fatty acids and soaps and in connection there with the construction of factories and
workshop.
 To fabricate manufacture and deal in all kinds of fatty acids plants.
 To manufacture various brands of soaps under contract basis for HLL.
 The company organizes annual general body meeting where it submits all the four
quarterly reports regarding the actual performance with standard performance and
predicts the courses of vanances.
 To receive, consider and adopt the profit & loss and for the year ended and prepares
balance sheet as at that date.
 To declare dividend on equity shares.
3.10 SWOT analysis in the Jocil Ltd:
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STRENGTHS:
 The Company is engaged in the manufacture of Stearic Acid Flakes, Fatty Acids,
Glycerine, Soap Noodles, Toilet Soap, Industrial Oxygen and in the generation of Power
from biomass and wind
 The products manufactured are marketed directly from the factory as well as through
Depots and C&F Agents located in major cities and towns in the country.
 The company also manufactures Fatty Acids, Soap Noodles and Toilet Soap on job work
for reputed customers.
 Power generated from Wind Energy Generators (WEG) set up in Tamil Nadu is sold to
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.
 Majority of the Fatty Acids produced are consumed as raw material in Soap Industry for
Toilet Soap making.
 Continuous development efforts are being made to absorb the latest technologies and
practices.
 Quality Management Systems (QMS) Standard ISO 9001:2000 obtained from Det
Norske Veritas (DNV), a renowned certification agency in the year 2005 is in the process
of upgradation to ISO 9001:2008.
WEAKNESS:
 The country is short of both edible and non-edible oils. Therefore the Fatty Acid Industry
is heavily dependent on imports of palm based products from Malaysia and Indonesia.
 Fluctuation in crude oil prices will have impact on edible and non-edible oils due to their
usage in production of biofuels.
 The fuels intended for running the plant are insufficient due to several other Power Plants
requiring the same fuels coming up in the surrounding areas and also due to shortage of
labour and increase in labour cost.
OPPORTUNITIES:
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 The Toilet Soap Industry has benefited due to increase in the purchasing power of the
people living in the rural areas in the recent years as a result of the several measures
taken by the Governments to improve their living standards.
 Toilet Soap market is dominated by a few well established brands and manufacturers.
Toilet Soap being a consumer product requires extensive market network, brand image,
advertisement etc., for successful marketing.
 Corporations having good market network are entering into the Toilet Soap market with
new brands by outsourcing.
 There are opportunities to meet such requirements but the volumes are limited in scope at
present as these manufacturers themselves have created additional production facilities in
the exempted areas
THREATS:
 The open market price for energy during summer is much higher than the rate paid by
power distribution companies of the State Governments to power producers from
biomass and wind.
 Substantial quantity of power from wind mills and Biomass Power Plants is generated
during summer.
 Due to fluctuations in power generation by WEGs and variations in surplus power
available for sale from captive Biomass Power Plant, the net realization in the open
market for unscheduled supplies of power may not be attractive.
3.11 Quality Certification:

ISO 9001:2000 Certification by DNV in year 2004.
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3.12 LOCATION:
The company is located at Dokiparru in Medikonduru MandaI of Guntur District in the

state of Andhra Pradesh. The area was declared as backward one by the Government of Andhra
Pradesh. It is well connected by both rail and road transportation. It is only 45 km from
Vijayawada, which is industrially located.
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3.13 INDUSTRIAL LICENCING:
As the value of fixed assets envisaged in the project is less than Rs. 3.3 crores the
Industrial Ii cense is not required for setting of this project. The company has been registered
with Directorate General of Technical Development (DFTD), Government of India, New Delhi
bearing No. DGTD/HQ/D-S-S/R-4733/C-26(N)/SE/79 with their letter dated 21-5-1979 and 31-
3-1990 for the manufacture of
1 Processed Fatty Acids/ Industrial Fatty Acids 9000
2 Glycerin 900
3 Toilet Soaps 5000
3.14 SHAREHOLDERS PATTERN:
31-03 –2010
Promoters 55.02%
(The Andhra Sugars Limited, Holding Company) Public 30.17%
Institutions (ICICI & ISEC & Bank) 14.35%
Bodies Corporate 0.46%
Face Value of Share each Rs.I0/
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3.15 FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS AND OUTGO:
During the year the company exported crude Glycerin and earned foreign exchange
equivalent to Rs. 55, 69, 519. There were no foreign exchange earnings in the previous years.
The company imported raw materials, spares during the resulting in foreign exchange outgo
equivalent to Rs. 67,940 (Previous Year Rs. 16, 96, 56, 577).
3.16 FINANCE:
During the year under review, the company has purchased equipment leased from IFCI
on completion of lease period. Andhra Bank and State Bank of India have sanctioned term loans
of Rs. 8.80Crores and Rs. 3.20Crores respectively for setting up 6 MW Biomass Cogeneration
Power Plant in the existing premises. During the year, term loan from Andhra Bank was drawn
and utilized. It is expected to draw the amount from State Bank of India in the current year.
3.17 MARKETING:
The company mainly markets its products from its depots held at Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata
and Bangalore and directly from the factory. The prices are fixed basing on its competitors and
the variations in the prices of raw materials. No advertising is done for the fatty acids. As it is an
industrial product, the company does not allocate any amount on advertisement and the
consumers come to the depots or factory and place their orders. In the case of soaps, as they are
manufacturers on the contract basis of HLL no advertising is required. Jocil leads only with the
soap production and the marketing & advertising is taken over by HLL.
31
3.18 STATEMENT ON ACCOUNTING POLICIES:
1. GENERAL
The Accounts are prepared under the historical cost convention and in accordance with
generally accepted accounting practices.
2. FIXED ASSETS
Fixed Assets are stated at cost, net of Cenvat / VAT, less accumulated depreciation. Cost
of acquisition of fixed assets is inclusive of directly attributable cost of bringing the assets to
their working condition for the intended use and interest on borrowings till the date of
commissioning of the assets.
3. DEPRECIATION
Depreciation is written off in accordance with the provisions of Schedule XIV of the
Companies Act, 1956 as follows :
1. Under straight line method in respect of Plant and Machinery of Wind Mill division.
2. Under written down value method on the remaining assets of the company.
4. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Intangible assets are stated at cost of acquisition less accumulated amortization. The
intangible assets, being Computer Software is amortized over a period of 5 years on Straight
Line Method.
5. INVESTMENTS
Long term investments are stated at cost and income thereon is accounted for on accrual.
Provision towards decline in the value of long term investments is made only when such decline
is other than temporary.
32
6. INVENTORIES
a) Finished goods are valued at lower of cost or net realizable value.
b) Cost of work-in-progress and finished goods includes appropriate portion of overheads
etc., and excise duty wherever applicable.
c) Raw materials, stores and spares are valued at cost using weighted average method.
d) Work-in-progress, raw materials, stores, spares, material in transit, are valued at cost
except where the net realizable value of the finished goods they are used in is less than
the cost of finished goods and in such an event, if the replacement cost of such materials
etc., is less than their book values, they are valued at replacement cost.
e) By-products and scrap are valued at net realizable value.
f) Dedicated machinery spares which can be used only in connection with an item of
fixed assets and whose use is expected to be irregular are amortized over the estimated
useful life of the principal assets.
7. SALES
Sales are inclusive of Excise Duty and Packing Charges and net of rebates and Sales Tax.
Sales Tax collected from customers and remitted to the authorities is not reflected in the Profit
and Loss account and on completion of the sales tax assessments, the net liability, if any, payable
by the company, is charged to the Profit and Loss account. Power consumed in other units is
accounted at the rate fixed for payment for sale to AP Transco.
8. TAXES ON INCOME
Current tax is determined as per the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961 in respect of
taxable income for the year. Deferred tax liability is recognized, subject to the consideration of
prudence on timing differences, being the difference between taxable income and accounting
income that originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent
periods. Deferred tax assets arising on account of brought forward losses and unabsorbed
depreciation as per Income Tax laws are recognized only when there is virtual certainty
supported by convincing evidence that such assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets arising on
other temporary differences are recognized only if there is a reasonable certainty of realization.
33
9. SEGMENT REPORTING
The accounting policies adopted for segment reporting are in line with the accounting
policies of the Company with the following additional policies for segment reporting. Inter
segment revenue has been accounted for based on the market related prices. Revenue and
expenses have been identified to segments on the basis of their relationship to the operating
activities of the segment. Revenue and expenses which relate to the enterprise as a whole and are
not allocable to segments on a reasonable basis, have been included under “Unallocated
expenses”.
10. RETIREMENT BENEFITS

The Company provides retirement benefits in the form of Provident Fund,
Superannuation and Gratuity etc. Contribution to Provident Fund, a defined contribution scheme,
is made at the prescribed rates to the Provident Fund Commissioner and is charged to the Profit
and Loss account. There is no other obligation other than the contribution payable. Gratuity, a
defined Benefit scheme is covered by a Group Gratuity cum Life Assurance policy with LIC.
Annual contribution to the fund as determined by LIC is expensed in the year of contribution.
The short fall between the accumulated funds available with LIC and liability as determined on
the basis of actuarial valuation is provided for as at the year end. The actuarial valuation is done
as per the Projected Unit Credit method.
11. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE

Revenue expenditure is charged to Profit & Loss Account and Capital Expenditure is
added to the cost of Fixed Assets in the year in which it is incurred.
34
12. FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS
Transactions in foreign currency are initially accounted at the exchange rate prevailing on
the date of the transaction, and adjusted appropriately, with the difference in the rate of exchange
arising on actual receipt/ payment during the year. At each Balance Sheet date
i) Foreign currency monetary items are reported using the rate of exchange on that date.
ii) Foreign currency non-monetary items are reported using the exchange rate at which they were
initially recognized.
13. IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS

An asset is treated as impaired when the carrying cost of the same exceeds its recoverable
amount. An impairment loss is charged to the Profit and Loss account in the year in which an
asset is identified as impaired. The impairment loss recognized in prior accounting period is
reversed if there has been a change in the estimate of recoverable amount.
14. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Contingent Liabilities are not recognized in the accounts, but are disclosed after a careful
evaluation of the concerned facts and legal issues involved.
15. DIVIDENDS
Provision is made in the Accounts for the Dividends payable by the Company as
recommended by the Board of Directors, pending approval of the Shareholders at the Annual
General Meeting. Tax on distributable Profits is provided for in the year to which such
distributable Profits relate.
35
3.19 FUTURE PROSPECTS:
The competition in fatty acids industry continues to be extremely severe. In view of this,
considerable capacity in soap plant and fatty acid plant is being used for processing on job work
for others. The company is taking all necessary steps for cost reduction and quality improvement
by making some additional investment in fatty acid and soap plants.
The surplus power from 6MV Biomass cogeneration Power Plant after meeting captive
requirements in process plant is exported to AP Transco Grid. Third party sale of surplus power
is being permitted on month-to-month basis, presently available up to 24th June 2001, by Andhra
Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission pending final decision on the subject.
The purchase price of AP Transco is not very attractive and therefore continuance of third
party sale at least for few more years will help new entrants like Jocil for early recovery of huge
investments made in the power plant. About 50% of the power generated is exported to AP
Transco grid and such power is available for captive use of banking, for sale to AP Transco or to
third parties.
Collection, storage and processing of biomass fuels like cotton stalks, mirch stalks, Com
cobs, Julia flora etc., in large quantities involves certain practical problems and is the
evolutionary stage of trial and error as the information available is not adequate. Cogeneration
power plant is an additional strength: the company is expected to improve the present level of
profitability in the current year, barring unforeseen circumstances.
36
3.20 PRODUCTS OF JOCIL:
Jocil has set up a modem plant for the manufacturing of fatty acids, toilet soaps and
refined glycerin. The major equipments were imported with latest technology. The products
manufactures are of international standards to suit different industrial users.
JOCIL IS MANUFACTURING TWO TYPES OF PRODUCTS
 Industrial Goods (Chemicals)

 Consumers Goods (Soaps)
Fatty Acids, refined Glycerin and other Fatty Acids Pitches fall under the category of
industrial goods whereas soaps come under the category of consumers goods.
Fatty Acids are manufactured from vegetable oils and fats. There are different types of fatty
acids for different industrial applications. The following are the different kinds of fatty acids
which can be manufacture in JOCIL.
 Crude Fatty Acids of Vegetable Acids & Fats

 Distilled Fatty Acids of Vegetable Acids & Fats.
 Hydrogenated Fatty Acids of Vegetable Acids & fats.
Out of the above type of Fatty Acids. JOCIL is manufacturing the following fatty acid which
is a major portion of their sales.
 Stearic Acid
 Oleic Acid
 Distilled & Hydrogenated Fatty Acids.
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3.21 RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS:
RAW MATERIALS:
 Rice Bran Oil

 Rice Bran Acid Oil
 Crude Palm Oil
 Palm Fatty Acid Distillate
 Palm Kernel Oil
 Coconut Oil
 Hydrogenated Rice Bran Oil
 Neem Oil
PRODUCTS:
Industrial products consumable products
 Fatty Acids Toilet Soap Noodles

 Stearic Acids Toilet Soaps
 Distilled Rice Bran Fatty Acid
 Hydrogenated rice bran Fatty Acid
 Oleic Acid
 Refined Glycerin
 Rice Bran Oil pitch
 Industrial Oxygen
38
3.22 CLIENT LIST:
3.23 CASH MANAGEMENT IN JOCIL LIMITED:
39
Cash management in Jocil is done by preparing a cash budget availing the information
from the pay order books, which will in turn, help to eliminate over keeping of cash. To reduce
the delay of clearing the cheques, Jocil provides the facility of electronic fund transfer. The cash
management helps Jocil Limited to estimate the cash requirements and other day-to-day
payments. Jocil limited collected the money in the following two ways.
(a) Concentration Banking
(b) Electronic Funds transfer
Concentration Banking
Concentration banking is a means of accelerating the flow of funds of the firm by

establishing strategic collection centers. Instead of a single collection centre located at the
company had quarters multiple collection centers are established.
This system helps to the company to shorter the period between the times. Customers
mail their payments and the time the company has the use of funds. Company instructs its
customers in a particular geographic area to remit their payments in the collection center in that
area.
When the payments are received they are deposited in the collection centers or local
bankers. Surplus funds transferred from these local accounts to a concentration bank. Generally
the banks act as the collection centers. Jocil Limited is having different centers for collection i.e.,
banks accounts allover the country.
Current Accounts with other banks
40
Name of the Bank Address Purpose
State Bank of India Main Branch, Guntur. OCC
State Bank of Bikaner operation Khari Baoil, Calcutta Depot.
Andhra Bank Main Branch, Guntur OCC
Naaz Center Branch,

Axis Bank Current A/C
Guntur
Control of Disbursements:
We have already studies that along with the fastening of collection the management of cash
is also concerned with the control of disbursement.
The one and only procedure followed by Jocil Limited foe slowing of disbursement is payment
at the head office branch account. By doing so ‘the cheques given to outstation parties will be
outstanding for sometime. The advantages of delays in postal activities deposition of cheques,
encashment are utilized well by the company. Generally the head office pays outstation parties
by Demand Draf and local parties with cheque.
4. INTRODUCTION
41
Finance is one of the major elements, which activates the overall growth economy.
Finance is the life blood of economic activity. In the present day economy, finance is defined as
the provision of money at the time when it is required. Every enterprise, whether big, medium or
small needs finance to carry on its operations and to achieve its targets. The subject finance has
been traditionally classified in to two classes like below:
 PUBLIC FINANCE
 PRIVATE FINANCE
Public finance deals with the requirements, receipts and disbursements of funds in the
government institutions like states, local self governments and central government.
Private finance is concerned with requirements, receipts and disbursements of fund in case of
an individual, a profit seeking business organizations and non-profit organizations.
4.1 INTRODUCTION OF WORKING CAPITAL:
42
Companies that manage their Working Capital will have relatively strong profit and their
share holders have been rewarded with capital appreciation despite an over all trend of declining
share prices. Others especially, Commodity procedures and Companies whose products take
cyclic demand have floundered.
Many a times, the main causes of the failure of business enterprise have been found to be
shortages of current assets and their mishandling. Inside amount Working Capital is a serious
handicap in business where as fixed capital investment generates products. Companies
competent and administration of current assets sales the problems of underutilization of
capacitance.
A firm contains input to make a finished product, which is sold to make a profit. These
sales proceed are re-invested to make such products and generate further profits. The problem is,
there is a lag between the time a finished product is ready and the time its sale proceeds are
realized. If a Company waited till their products come in, its plant and machinery would lie idle
until this amount accrues to it. So to conjure smooth operations through this time lag, every
business activity make funds. This is its Working Capital, the rational for the Superior valuation.
Since there is a cost associated with Working Capital, a Company that can generate more
revenues from a special amount, Working Capital than others, will eventually be more
profitable, better cash flows.
4.2 DEFINITIONS OF WORKING CAPITAL:
43
“Working capital is descriptive of that capital which is not fixed. But the more common
use of working capital is to consider it as the difference between the book value of the current
asserts and the current liabilities.”
--- “Hoagland”
“Working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the
enterprise”
--- “Shubin”
“Working Capital refers in a firm’s investment in short-term assets, Cash. Short-term

securities, accounts receivable and inventories”
---“ Guttmann & Doug all”
4.3 WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT THEORETICAL CONCEPTS:
44
Meaning of Working Capital:
A working capital typically means the firms holding of current or short term assets such
as cash receivables, inventory and marketable securities. A study of working capital is of major
importance to internal and external analysis because of its close relationship with the current
day-to-day operations of a business.
Capital required for the business is divided into two aspects
 Fixed capital
 Working Capital
Fixed capital:
Long term funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed
assets such as plant & machinery, land& building, Furniture etc. investment in these assets is
called Fixed Capital.
Working Capital:
Funds are also needed for short term for the purchase of raw material, payments of wages
and other day to day expenses etc. These funds are known as working capital.
4.4Need for Working Capital:
The main aim of any business is to earn profit the extent to which profits can be earned
depend upon the magnitude of the sales, among other things. A successful sales program is
needed for earning profits by one business enterprise. However sales do not convert into cash
instantly, there is invariably a time lag between sale of goods and receipts of cash. Therefore
there is needed of working capital in the form of current assets to deal with the problem arising
out of the lack of immediate realization of cash against goods sold. Therefore sufficient capital is
necessary to sustain sales activity. Technically this is referred to as the operating cycle and cash
to suppliers, to inventory, to accounts receivable and back into cash.
4.5 Concepts of Working Capital:
45
The concepts of Working Capital are –
 Gross Working Capital

 Net Working Capital
Gross Working Capital:
It refers to the firm’s investment in the current assets. Current assets are the assets,
which can be easily converted into cash within one accounting year. The gross Working
Capital focuses attention on two aspects of current assets management-
 The way to optimize the investment in current assets.

 The opportunity to finance the current assets.
Net Working Capital:
It is the excess of current assets over the current liabilities. Current liabilities are those
claims of outsiders, which are expressed to mature for payment within one accounting year. Net
Working Capital can be positive or negative. A positive Net Working Capital indicates the
excess of current assets over the current liabilities. A negative Net Working Capital is a
qualitative concept and indicates the liquidity position of the firm. It suggests the extent to which
the Working Capital may be financed by permanent sources of funds.
Net working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Net
working capital can be positive or negative. A positive net working capital will arise when
current assets exceed current liabilities. A net working capital occurs when current liabilities are
in excess of current assets.
Net working capital is a qualitative concept. It indicates two points referred to as

“Permanent or Fixed Working Capital”. It is permanent in the same way as the firm’s assets are
46
depending upon changes in production and sales, the need for working capital, over and above
permanent working capital, will fluctuate.
The extra working capital needed to support the changing production and sales activities
is called “Fluctuating or Variable or Temporary Working Capital”. Both kinds of working
capital – Permanent and Temporary are necessary to facilitate production and sale through the
operating cycle, but temporary working capital is created by the firm to meet liquidity
requirements that will lost only temporarily.
4.6 Determinates of Working Capital:
A large number of factors influence working capital needs of firms. The following is the
description of factors which generally influence the working capital requirements of the firms.
Nature and size of business:-
Working capital needs of the most manufacturing concerns fall between two
requirements of trading firms and public utilities. Such concerns have to make adequate
investment in current assets depending upon the total assets structure and other variables. A firm
with larger scale of operations will need more working capital than a small firm.
Manufacturing Cycle:-
The manufacturing cycle comprises of the purchase and use of raw materials and the
production of finished goods. Longer the manufacturing cycle, larger will be the firm’s working
capital requirements.
Sales Growth:-
The working capital needs of the firm increase as its sales grow. So proper planning
should be done by the growing firm
Demand Conditions:-
47
Most firms experience seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in the demand for their
products and services. These business variations affect the working capital requirements
specially the temporary working capital requirements of the firm.
Production Policy:-
The production policies are different for different firms depending upon the circumstances
of individual firms and their working capital requirements keep changing with the production
policies..
Operating Efficiency and Performance:-
The operation efficiency of the firm relates to the optimum utilization of resources at
minimum costs. The contribution towards working capital would be affected by the way in
which profits are appropriated and operating efficiency of the firm is well operated by the firm.
Firms Credit Policy:-
The Credit Policy of the firm affects working by influencing the level of book debts. A
high collection period will mean tie up of funds in book debts. Stock collection proceedings can
increase the change of bad debts.
Availability of Credit:-
A firm will need less working capital if credit is available under liberal terms and
conditions. The available credit from banks also influences the working capital needs of the firm.
Importance of Working Capital:
48
Working Capital may be regarded as a life blood of a business, its effective provision can
do much to ensure the success of a business, while its inefficient management can lead not only
to loss but also to the ultimate down fall of what otherwise might be considered as a promising
concern.
A study of working capital is of major importance to internal and external analysis

because of its close relationship with the current operations and day-to-day operations of a
business.
4.7 Advantages of Adequate Working Capital:
Working Capital is the life blood and nerve center of a business. Just as circulation of
blood is essential in the human body for maintaining life, working capital is very essential to
maintain he smooth running of a business. No business can run successfully without an adequate
amount of working capital. The advantages of adequate working capital are as follows:
Solvency of the Business:
Adequate working capital helps in maintaining solvency of the business by

providing uninterrupted flow of production.
Goodwill:
Sufficient working capital enables a business concern to make prompt payments and
hence helps in creating and maintaining goodwill.
Easy Loans:
A concern having adequate working capital, high solvency and credit standing can
arrange loans from banks and other institutions.
Cash Discounts:
49
Adequate working capitals also enable a concern to avail cash discounts on the purchases
and hence it reduces costs.
Regular supply of raw materials:
Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw materials and continuous
production.
4.8 Disadvantages of inadequate Working Capital:
 Excessive working capital means idle funds which earn no profits for the business and
hence the business can’t earn a proper rate of return on its investments.
 It may result in to overall inefficiency in the organization.
 Due to low rate of return on investments, the value of shares may also fall.
 The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions.
 Production facilities cannot be utilized fully.
 Short- term liabilities cannot be paid because of lack of working capital.
 It may not be able to take advantages of cash discounts.
 Its low liquidity may leads to low profitability.
4.9 OPERATING CYCLE:
50
Debtors Sales
Cash Finished Goods
Raw Materials Work in Progress
The working capital cycle consists of the following event which continues throughout life
of the business.
 Conversion of cash into raw materials.

 Conversion of raw materials into work-in-progress.
 Conversion of work- in-progress into finished stock.
 Conversion of finished stock into accounts receivables through sales.
 Conversion of accounts receivables into cash.
4.10 Approaches of Working Capital:
51
Depending on the mix of short and long-term financing, the approach followed by
any company fall under these three categories-
 Matching Approach
 Conservation Approach
 Aggressive Approach
Matching Approach:
It refers to the adoption of a financial plan, which matches the expected life of the assets
with the expected life of the source of funds raised to finance assets. In this approach the long-
term financing is used to finance the fixed assets and permanent current assets. The short-term
financing will be used if the firm has the need of only fixed current assets.
Conservative Approach:
In this approach the financing of permanent assets and a part of temporary current assets
the idle amount of long-term financing can be invested in the tradable securities and conserve
liquidity.
Aggressive Approach:
In this approach the short-term financing is used more to finance a part of its permanent
current asserts. Sometimes in a more aggressive way the short-term financing is used for
financing the fixed assets.
4.11 Sources of Working Capital:

The sources of finance for Working Capital are of two types. They are permanent and
temporary sources of Working Capital. The Working Capital investments in minimum level of
52
current assets are permanent Working Capital. The Working Capital required to meet the
seasonal contingencies is called temporary (or) variable Working Capital requirements of a
concern from the short –term sources of finance.
4.11(a) Permanent Sources of Working Capital:
The permanent Working Capital sources of finance are done for having a uninterrupted
finance for a long period. There are five important sources of permanent Working Capital.
They are:
 Shares
 Debentures
 Public Deposits.
 Ploughing back of profits.
 Loans from financial institution.
Shares:
Generally, a company should raise the maximum amount of Working Capital by the issue
of shares. The preferences carry a preferential right in respect of the divided at a fixed rate.
Equity shares do not have such obligation. A company should not issue different shares
according to the companies act.
Debentures:
Debenture is an instrument issued by the company acknowledging its debt to the holder.
A fixed rate of interests is paid on the debentures secured or paid in prior to the unsecured
debenture holders. The company enjoys tax benefits.
Public Deposits:
They are the fixed deposits accepted by the business directly from the public. It has both
advantages and dangers. The R.B.I has also down certain limits on the non-banking concerns.
53
This source of raising short term and medium-term finance was very popular in the absence of
banking facilities
Ploughing Back of Profits:
It is an internal source of finance and reinvestment of the surplus earnings of the

business. It is the cheapest and cost-free sources of finance. Excessive resort to ploughing back
of profits leads to over capitalization and speculation.
Loans and Financial Institutions:
Financial Institutions like Commercial Banks, IFCI, LIC provide short-term, medium-
term, long term source of finance suitable to meet the demand of Working Capital. A fixed rate
of interest is charged against such loans and is paid by way of installments.
4.11(b) Temporary Sources of Working Capital:
The temporary sources of Working Capitals are:
 Indigenous Bankers.
 Trade Credits
 Installment Credits
 Advances
 Accounts Receivable Credits.
 Accrued Expenses
 Deferred Expenses
 Commercial
Indigenous Bankers:
54
These are the private moneylenders who charge high rate of interest for the loan given by
them. These Bankers are more prior to the establishment of the commercial banks. Now we can
fine a few.
Trade Credit:
It is the credit extended by the suppliers of goods in the normal course of business. The
credit worthiness of a firm and the confidence of its suppliers are the main basis of securing trade
credit. There are some advantages such as convenient method of finance, flexibility as the credit
increases.
Installment Credit:
In this method, the assets are purchased and the possession of goods is taken immediately
but the payments are made in installments over a predetermined period of time.
Advances:
Firms having ling production cycle take advances from their customers and agents
against their orders. This acts as a cheap source of finance and minimizes their investment in
Working Capital.
Accounts Receivable Credit:
It is the services offered to manage the financing of debts arising out of the credit sales.
This service is now available in India only on recourse basis. It has certain limitations such as the
cost of factoring is high perception of financial weakness about the firm availing these services.
55
Accrued Expenses:
These are the expenses, which have incurred but not yet pain. It varies with the change in
the level of the activity of the firm. The frequency and magnitude of accruals is beyond the
control of the management.
Deferred Incomes:
These are the funds of incomes received by the firm for which it has to supply goods in
future. These funds increase the liquidity of a firm and constitute an important source of short-
term finance.
Commercial paper:
It is unsecured promissory notes issued by the firm to raise short-term funds. The
maturity period of a commercial paper ranges from 91 to 180 days. The draw back is that can be
redeemed only after the maturity date. The Working Capital management or short-term financial
management is concerned with decisions relating to current assets and current liabilities. The key
difference between long-term financial management and short-term financial management is in
terms of timing of cash. Long term financial decisions (like buying capital equipment or issuing
debentures) involve cash flow an extended period of time(5 to 15 years or more) short-term
financial decisions typically involve cash flows within a year or within the operation cycle of the
firm. The Working Capital Management is a significant facet of the financial management.
56
4.12 Principles of Working Capital Management:
In examining the management of current assets (i.e. Working Capital management), certain
principles have to be borne in the mind. These principles are the answers that are to be sought to
the following questions.
 The need of invests funds in the current assets.

 Amount of funds to be invested in each type of current assets.
 The required proportions of the long-term and short-term funds to finance current assets.
 The appropriate sources of funds needed to finance the current assets.
 Constituent of Current Assets and Current Liabilities
CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES
Inventories Sundry Creditors
Raw material and components Trade advances
Work in progress Borrowings
Finished Goods Commercial Banks
Others Others
Trade debtor’s Provisions
Loans and advances
Investments
Cash and Bank Balances
57
4.13 Ratio Analysis:
Meaning of Ratio
A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression of the relationship of one number to another. It

may be defined as the indicated quotient of two mathematical expressions. The ratio analysis is one
of the most powerful tools of financial analysis. It is the process of establishing and interpreting
various ratios (quantitative relationship between figures and groups of figures). It is with the help
of ratios that the financial statements can be analyzed more clearly and decisions made from such
analysis.
The suppliers of goods on credit, banks, financial institutions, investors, shareholders and
management all make use of ratio analysis as a toll in evaluating the financial position and
performance of a firm for granting credit providing loans and making investments in the firm. A
single ratio is itself does not convey much of sense. Evaluation may be done by comparing present
ratio and past ratios as this indicates the direction of change and whether the firm’s performance
and financial position has improved, deteriorated or remained constant over a period of time.
4.14 Classification of Ratios:
In view of the financial management or according to the tests satisfied, various ratios
have been classified as below:
a) Liquidity Ratios
b) Leverage Ratios
c) Activity Ratios
d) Profitability Ratios
a) Liquidity Ratios
 Current Ratio
 Quick Ratio
 Absolute Liquid Ratio
58
b) Leverage Ratios
 Debt Equity Ratio
 Proprietary Ratio
 Interest Coverage Ratio
 Total Debt Ratio
c) Activity Ratio
 Inventory Turnover Ratio
 Debtors Turnover Ratio
 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
 Working Capital Turnover Ratio
 Capital Employed Turnover Ratio
 Total Assets Turnover Ratio
d) Profitability Ratios
In relation to sales:
 Gross profit Ratio

 Net profit Ratio
 Operating Ratio
 Operation profit Ratio
59
4.15 Ratios To Measure Working Capital:
In the Hetero Drugs Ltd the following ratios are important in measuring the
performance of the working capital.
The main important ratios are:
1. Current Ratio
Current Ratio may be defined as the relationship between current assets and current
liabilities. It is a measure of general liquidity and is most widely used to make the analysis of a
short –term financial position or liquidity of a firm. The conventional rule for Current Ratio is
2:1.
A relatively high current ratio is an indication that firm is liquid and has the ability to
pay its current obligations in time as and when they become due. On the other hand, a relatively
low current ratio represents that the liquidity position of the firm is not good.
Current Assets
Current Ratio =
Current Liabilities
60
2. Quick or Liquid Ratio
Quick Ratio is also known as Acid Test Ratio. This ratio refers to relationship
between the quick assets & current liabilities. As is liquid if can be converted into cash
immediately or reasonable soon without loss of value. The accepted standard is 1:1.
A high Acid Test Ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability
to meet its current or liquid liabilities in time and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents
that the firm’s liquidity position is not good.
Quick or Liquid Assets
Quick Ratio =
Current Liabilities
3. Absolute Liquid Ratio
The Ratio refers to relationship between cash and Current Liabilities. Cash is the
most or absolute standard is 1:2 or 0.5:1.
Absolute Liquidity Assets (cash)
Absolute Liquidity Ratio=
Current Liabilities
61
4. Working Capital Turnover Ratio
Working Capital of a concern is directly related to sales. Working Capital

Turnover Ratio indicates the velocity of the utilization of net working capital. This ratio indicates
the number of times the working capital is turned over in the course of a year. This Ratio
measures the efficiency with which the working capital is being used by a firm. A higher ratio
indicates efficient utilization of working capital and a low ratio indicates inefficient utilization of
working capital.
Net Working Capital= Current Assets- Current liabilities
Sales
Working Capital Turnover Ratio=
Net Working Capital
5. Inventory Turnover Ratio
Inventory Turnover Ratio is also known as stock velocity. It would be indicates

whether inventory has been efficiently used or not. It is indicates the number of times the stock
has been turned over during the period and evaluate the efficiency with which a firm is able to
manage its inventory. A high inventory turnover indicates efficient management of inventory
because more frequently the stocks are sold; the lesser amount of money is required to finance
the inventory. A low inventory turnover indicates an inefficient management of inventory.
Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory Turnover Ratio=
Average Inventory
Cost of Goods Sold = Sales- Gross Profit
62
Opening Inventory + Closing Inventory
Average Inventory =
6. Inventory Holding Period
The inventory conversion period indicates that the overage time taken by stock to
get converted into sales. Inventory conversion period also to measure the average time taken for
clear up stocks. The lower period is the better liquidity of the inventory.
365 days
Inventory Holding Period =
Inventory turnover Ratio
7. Debtors Turnover Ratio
Debtors Turnover Ratio indicates the number of times the debtors are turned
over during a year. Generally, the more efficient is the management of debtors. Similarly low
debtors’ turnover implies inefficient management of debtors.
Sales
Debtors Turnover Ratio =
Average Debtors
Opening Debtors + Closing Debtors
Average Debtors=
63
8. Average Collection Period
The average collection period represents the average number of days for which a firm has
to wait before its receivables are converted into cash.
360 days
Average Collection Period =
Debtors Turnover Ratio
9. Creditors Turnover Ratio
This Ratio indicates the average time log in number of days between the
purchase and cash payment to the creditors. This ratio indicates the number of day’s credit
enjoyed by the firm from its creditors changed high to low and low to high. It ratio indicates the
velocity with which the creditors are turned over in relation to purchase. Generally higher the
creditors’ velocity better it is or otherwise lower the creditors’ velocity less favorable are the
results.
Purchases
Creditors Turnover Ratio=
Average Creditors
Opening Creditors+ Closing Creditors
Average Creditors=
64
10. Average Payment Period
The Average Payment Period represents the average number of days taken by the
firm to pay its creditors.. But a higher period payment period also implies grater period enjoyed
by the firm consequently larger the benefit reaped form credit suppliers.
360
Average Payment Period =
Creditors Turnover Ratio
11. Gross Profit Ratio
Gross Profit Ratio measures the relationship of gross profit to net sales and is usually
represented as a percentage. It indicates the extent to which selling prices of goods per unit may
decline without resulting in losses on operations of a firm. It reflects the efficiency with which a
firm products. The higher the gross profit better the result.
Gross profit
Gross Profit Ratio = * 100

Net Sales
12. Net Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio establishes a relationship between net profit (after taxes) and sales,
and indicates the efficiency of the management in manufacturing, selling, administrative and
other activities of firm. This ratio is the overall measures of firm’s profitability. The higher the
ratio, the better is the profitability.
Profit after Tax
Net Profit Ratio = * 100
Net Sales
65
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
5.1 STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN WORKING CAPITAL DURING THE
YEARS 2004-05 to 2005-06.
Effect on working capital

Particulars 2004-05 2005-06
Increase Decrease
Current Assets
Inventories 18,88,86937 13,14,05030 5,74,90781
Sundry Debtors 11,37,98333 13,61,88751 2,24,91857
Cash and Bank Balance 74,00120 4,37,80275 3,63,80155
Other Current Assets 1,17,320 3,07761 10,449
Loans and Advances 32,49,24790 31,27,79285 12,10545
Net Current Assets(A) 63,50,60000 62,44,61285
Current Liabilities and
provision
Current liabilities 3,64,27045 5,29,90750
Provisions 17,44,11546 11,77,05280 5,67,06450
Total Current
21,08,38591 17,06,96030
Liabilities(B)
Working Capital 42,42,21409 45,37,65255
Net increase in working
2,95,43846 2,95,43846
capital
TOTAL 11,66,9131
45,37,65255 45,37,65255 11,66,91312
2
Interpretation: There is a net increase in working capital of Rs.2,95,43846 due to increase in

the current assets (i.e. increase in Inventories, Sunday Debtors, Loan and Advances) decrease in
current liabilities. Through some increase in current assets the net effect is net increase in
working capital.
66
YEARS 2005-06 to 2006-07.

Particulars 2005-06 2006-07
Increase Decrease
Current Assets
Inventories 13,14,05,030 10,52,91,435 2,61,14,595
Sundry Debtors 13,61,88,751 15,10,96,317 1,49,08,566
Cash and Bank Balance 4,37,80,275 2,55,94,348 1,81,86,927
Other Current Assets 3,07,761 57,986 2,59,865
Loans and Advances 31,27,79,285 22,30,75,892 8,97,04,393
Net Current Assets(A) 62,44,61,285 50,51,15,978
Current Liabilities
Current liabilities 5,29,90,750 5,15,67,655 14,23,095
Provisions 11,77,05,280 11,75,94,657 1,10,623
Total Current Liabilities(B) 17,06,96,030 16,88,62,312
Working Capital 45,37,65,255 3,36,25,366
Net decrease in working
1,17,51,589 1,17,51,589
capital
TOTAL 45,37,65,255 45,37,65,255 13,39,53,873 13,39,53,873
Interpretation:
There is net decrease in working capital of Rs.1,17,51,589 to decrease in the current

assets (i.e. decrease in cash & Bank Balance, and other current assets) and increase in current
liabilities though some increase in current liabilities the net effect is net decrease in working
capital.
67
YEARS 2006-07 to 2007-08.

2006-07 2007-08
Increase Decrease
Current Assets
Inventories 10,52,91,435 13,39,45,023 2,86,54,588
Sundry Debtors 15,10,96,317 15,22,91,708 11,95,391
Cash and Bank Balance 2,55,94,348 12,10,34,896 9,54,40,548
Other Current Assets 57,986 13,89,848 13,31,952
Current Liabilities
Current liabilities 5,15,67,655 8,98,41,079 3,82,73,424
Provisions 11,75,94,657 11,29,88,519 46,06,138
Total Current
16,88,62,312 20,28,29,598
Liabilities(B)
Working Capital 3,36,25,366 44,20,19,163
10,57,65,497 10,57,65,497
capital
TOTAL 44,20,19,163 44,20,19,163 1,40,38,921 1,40,38,921
Interpretation:
There is a net increase in working capital of Rs.10,57,65,497 to increase in the current

assets (i.e. increase in Inventories, Sundry Debtors, Loan and Advances) decrease in current
liabilities. Through some increase in current assets the net effect is net increase in working
capital.
68
YEARS 2007-08 to 2008-09.
Effect on working
Particulars 2007-08 2008-09 capital
Increase Decrease
Current Assets
Inventories 13,39,45,023 13,89,18,033 49,73,010
Sundry Debtors 15,22,91,708 20,62,45,483 5,39,54,775
Cash and Bank Balance 12,10,34,896 6,47,96,749 56,38,147
Other Current Assets 13,89,848 15,36,064 14,72,166
Current Liabilities
Provisions 11,29,88,519 12,59,94,772 1,30,06,253
Total Current Liabilities(B) 20,28,29,598 1,90,47,957
Working Capital 44,20,19,163 43,43,87,007
Net decrease in working
76,32,156 76,32,156
capital
TOTAL 44,20,19,163 44,20,19,163 9,20,62,437 9,20,62,437
Interpretation:
There is net decrease in working capital of Rs.76,32,156 to decrease in the current assets
(i.e. decrease in Other current assets) and increase in current liabilities though some increase in
current liabilities the net effect is net decrease in working capital.
69
YEARS 2008-09to 2009-10.

Particulars 2008-09 2009-10.
Increase Decrease
Current Assets
Inventories 3,00,50,02
13,89,18,033 16,89,68,061
8
Sundry Debtors 2,25,26,08
20,60,45,483 22,87,71,563
0
Cash and Bank Balance 17,43,73,13
6,47,96,749 23,91,49,881
2
Other Current Assets 3,42,38
15,36,064 18,78,444
0
Loans and Advances 20,61,86
21,33,70,249 21,54,32,118
9
Current Liabilities
Provisions 12,59,94,772 18,38,19,408 5,78,24,636
Total Current
19,04,79,571 30,17,56,003
Liabilities(B)
Working Capital 43,43,87,007 55,24,44,064
11,80,57,057 11,80,57,057
capital
TOTAL 22,94,23,48
55,24,44,064 55,24,44,064 22,94,23,489
9
Interpretation:
70
There is a net increase in working capital of Rs.11,80,57,057 due to increase in the
current assets (i.e. increase inventories, sundry Debtors loans and advances) decrease in current
liabilities. Through some increase in current assets the net effect is net increase in working
capital.
5.6 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT SHOWING CHANGES IN WORKING

CAPITAL DURING THE LAST SIX YEARS 2004-05 TO 2009-2010
Particulars 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Current Assets
13,14,05,03 13,89,18,03
Inventories 18,88,86,937 10,52,91,435 13,39,45,023 16,89,68,061
0 3
13,61,88,75 20,62,45,48
Sundry Debtors 11,37,08,333 15,10,96,317 15,22,91,708 22,87,71,563
1 3
Cash and Bank 4,37,80,27 6,47,96,74
74,00,120 2,55,94,348 12,10,34,896 23,91,49,881
Balance 5 9
Other Current 3,07,76 15,36,06
1,17,320 57,986 13,89,848 18,78,444
Assets 1 4
Loans and 31,27,79,28 21,33,70,24
32,49,24,790 22,30,75,892 23,61,87,286 21,54,32,118
Advances 5 9
Net Current 62,44,61,28 62,48,66,57
63,50,60,000 50,51,15,978 64,48,48,761 85,42,13,067
Assets(A) 5 8
Current
Liabilities
Current 5,29,90,75 6,44,84,79
3,64,27,045 5,15,67,655 8,98,41,079 11,79,63,595
liabilities 0 9
Provisions 11,77,05,28 12,59,94,77
17,44,11,546 11,75,94,657 11,29,88,519 18,38,19,408
0 2
Total Current 21,08,38,591 17,06,96,03 16,88,62,312 20,28,29,598 1,90,47,957 30,17,56,003
71
Liabilities(B) 0
Working 45,37,65,25 43,43,87,00
42,42,21,409 3,36,25,366 44,20,19,163 55,24,44,064
Capital 5 7
5.7 RATIOS:
Current Ratio :
Current Ratio is the ratio of current assets and current liabilities the current ratio can be
calculated by substituting the necessary values in the formula given
Current Ratio = Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Year Current assets Current liabilities Ratio
2004-05 63,50,60,000 21,08,38,591 3.01
2005-06 62,44,61,285 17,06,96,030 3.65
2006-07 50,51,15,978 16,88,62,312 2.99
72
2007-08 64,48,48,761 20,28,29,598 3.17
2008-09 62,48,66,578 19,04,79,571 3.28
2009-10 85,42,00,067 30,17,56,003 2.83
current ratio Ratio
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
years
FIG: 5.7(a)
INTERPRETATION:
From the above table we can notice there is an increase the current ratio in the last two
years. In general 2:1 is the ideal ratio for current ratio. The company’s current ratio is more than
the ideal ratio. In average the company is in liquid position because in average the current ratio
equal to the ideal ratio.
73
QUICK RATIO:
It establishes a relationship between quick or liquid assets and current liabilities. As

assets is liquid if it can be converted into cash immediately or reasonably soon without a loss of
value. Cash is the most liquid assets. Other assets are debtors and marketable securities.
Quick ratio 1:1
Quick Ratio = Current Assets – Inventories
Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio of Jocil Limited during the period 2004-05 to 2009-10
Year (Current Assets- Current Liabilities Ratio

inventories) in Rs.
2004-2005 44,61,73,063 2,10,83,591 2.11
2005-2006 49,30,56,255 17,06,96,030 2.88

2006-2007 39,98,24,543 16,88,62,312 2.36
2007-2008 51,09,03,738 20,28,29,598 2.56
2008-2009 48,59,48,545 19,04,79,571 2.55
2009-2010 68,52,32,006 30,17,56,003 2.27
74
Quick Ratio
3.5
3
2.5
Rati
2
Ratio
o
1.5
1
0.5
0
2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
05 06 07 08 09 10
Years
FIG: 5.7(b)
INTERPRETATION:
Generally a quick ratio of 1:1 is considered to represent a satisfactory current financial

condition and has sound liquidity position. The above table shows Quick ratio is very high in the
year of 2005-06 it was 2.88
Is more than 1:1 in all the years. It has sound liquidity position. The above table shows
Quick ratio . However, the company is in liquidity position.
75
DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO
It shows the relationship between sales and debtors of the firm. It also measures the
liquidity of the firm. This ratio indicates the rate at which debts are collected influences the
liquidity of the concern. In other words this is the ratio, which indicates the average tie taken by
the firm to collect debts.
Sales
Debtors Turnover Ratio = Debtors
Debtors Turnover Ratio of Jocil Limited during the period 2004-05 to 2009-10
Years Credit sales Average Debtors Ratios
Rs. Rs.
2004-2005 83,19,84,907 11,37,30,833 7.31
2005-2006 77,22,61,376 13,61,88,751 5.67
2006-2007 73,02,58,572 15,10,96,317 4.83
2007-2008 84,55,85,494 15,22,91,708 5.55
2008-2009 11,29,19,624 20,62,45,483 5.47
2009-2010 19,34,16,761 22,87,71,563 8.45
76
Debtors Turnover Ratio
10
8
Rati
6
Ratio
o
4
2
0
2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
05 06 07 08 09 10
Years
FIG: 5.7(c)
INTERPRETATION
Debtors’ turnover ratio indicates the number of times debtors turnover each year.
Generally higher value of debtor’s turnover, the more efficient is the management of credits
The debtors turnover ratio of the company in the year2004-2005 is 7.31 it has been
decreased 5.67 in2005-2006 it has been decreased .83 in 2006-2007 it has been increased 5.55 in
the year 2007-2008 and again increased to 8.45 in the year 2009-2010.
77
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO
The
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Sales
Inventory
average inventory is the average of opening and closing balance of inventory. In manufacturing
companies, inventories of finished goods are used to calculate inventory turnover.
Inventory Turnover Ratio of Jocil Limited during the period 2004-05 to 2009-10
Years Cost of goods sold Average Inventory Ratio
Rs. Rs.
2004-2005 83,19,84,907 18,88,86,937 4.40
2005-2006 77,22,61,376 13,14,05,030 5.87
2006-2007 73,02,58,572 10,52,91,435 6.93
2007-2008 84,55,85,494 13,39,45,023 6.31
2008-2009 11,29,19,624 13,89,18,033 8.12
2009-2010 19,34,16,761 16,89,68,061 11.14
78
Inventory Turnover Ratio
15
Rati
10
Ratio
o
0
2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
05 06 07 08 09 10
Years
FIG: 5.7(d)
INTERPRETATION
Inventory turnover indicates the number of times the stock has turned over during the
period and evaluates the efficiency with which the firm is able to manage its inventory. The
inventory turnover is high during the year 2009-10. High inventory turnover indicates good
inventory management. On the whole the turnover is high in Jocil indicates efficient
management of inventory by the company. The stocks are sold more frequently and lesser
amount is required to finance the inventory.
WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
79
Working Capital turnover ratio indicates the velocity of utilization of net working
capital . The higher the ratio the more efficient is the utilization of net working capital..
Sales
Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Working Capital
Working Capital Turnover Ratio of Jocil Limited during the period 2004-05 to 2009-10
Sales Working Capital

Years Ratio
Rs. Rs.
2004-2005 83,19,84,907 42,42,21,409 1.96
2005-2006 77,22,61,376 45,37,65,255 1.70
2006-2007 73,02,58,572 33,62,53,666 2.17
2007-2008 84,55,85,494 44,20,19,163 1.91
2008-2009 11,29,19,624 43,43,87,007 2.59

2009-2010 19,34,67,617 55,24,44,064 3.50
80
Working Capital Turnover Ratio
4
3
Rati
2 Ratio
o
1
0
2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
05 06 07 08 09 10
Year
FIG: 5.7(e)
INTERPRETATION
If working capital turnover ratio of the company in the year 2004-2005is 1.96 It has been
decreased 1.70 in the year 2005-2006 It has been increased to 2.17 in the year 2006-2007.the
year 2008-2009 to 2009-2010 working capital turnover ratio increased to 2.59 to 3.50
81
Average Collection Period
Average Collection Period tells us how and in what time the debtors are collected.
The debtor’s ratio tells about how many times the debtors are to that of sales. These two are
reciprocate at each other.
Average Collected Period = 360 days / Debtors turnover Ratio
Average Collected Period of Jocil Limited during the period 2004-05 to 2009-10
Year Days Debtors Turnover Average Collection Period

Ratio
2004-2005 360 7.31 49.24
2005-2006 360 5.67 63.49
2006-2007 360 4.83 74.53
2007-2008 5.55 64.86

360
2008-2009 5.47 65.81

360
2009-2010 8.45 42.60

360
82
Ratio
80
70
60
50
40 Ratio
30
20
10
0
2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
05 06 07 08 09 10
FIG: 5.7(f)
INTERPRETATION:
The average collection period of the company in the year 2004-2005 is 49.24 It has been
increased to 63.49 in the year 2005-2006 and again increased to 74.53.It has been decreased
64.86 in the year 2007-2008 and increased to 65.81 in the year 2008-2009 It has been decreased
42.60 in theyear2009-2010.
83
5.7 JOCIL LIMITED BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH, 2005-07
As at As at As at
Particulars Sche 31.03.2005 31.03.2006 31.03.2007
dule Rs. Rs. Rs.
SOURCES OF
FUNDS
Shareholder’s Funds 1
4,44,10,500 4,44,10,500 4,44,10,500
Capital
Reserves & Surplus 2 63,72,39,115 71,78,63,669 72,19,53,222
Loan Funds
Secured Loans 3 67,69,244 20,72,957 1,92,92,894
Unsecured Loans 4 1,33,23,947 1,48,16,364 1,63,40,490
Net Deferred Tax 6,13,60,000 5,41,70,942 6,62,17,738
Liability
TOTAL 82,21,02,806 83,33,34,102 86,82,14,844
Application of Funds
Fixed Assets
Gross Block 74,42,78,393 76,67,50,485 98,03,09,537
Less : Depreciation 36,54,01,716 39,74,15,418 45,06,84,539
Net Block 5 37,88,76,677 36,93,65,067 52,96,24,998
Capital work-in Progress 1,68,71,220 81,00,280 ---------
TOTAL 39,57,47,897 37,74,35,347 52,96,24,998
84
Investments 6 21,33,500 21,33,500 23,36,180
Current Assets, Loans
and Advances
Inventories 7 18,88,86,937 13,14,05,030 10,52,91,435
Sundry Debtors 8 11,37,30,833 13,61,88,751 15,10,96,317
Cash and Bank Balances 9 74,00,120 4,37,80,275 2,55,94,348
Other Current Assets 10 1,17,320 3,07,761 57,986
Loans and Advances 11 32,49,24,790 31,27,79,285 22,30,75,892
TOTAL 63,50,60,000 62,44,61,285 50,51,15,978
Less : Current Liabilities
and Provisions
Current Liabilities 12 3,64,27,045 5,29,90,750 5,15,67,655
Provisions 13 17,44,11,146 11,77,05,280 11,75,94,657
21,08,38,591 17,06,96,030 16,88,62,312
Net Current Assets 42,42,21,409 45,37,65,255 33,62,53,666
TOTAL 82,21,02,806 83,33,34,102 86,82,14,844
5.8 JOCIL LIMITED BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH, 2008-10
As at As at As at
85
Particulars Sche 31.03.2007 31.03.2008 31.03.2009
dule Rs. Rs. Rs.
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Shareholder’s Funds
1 4,44,10,500 4,44,10,500 4,44,10,500
Capital
Reserves & Surplus 2 74,69,40,867 78,66,49,367 84,19,92,869
Loan Funds
Secured Loans 3 1,52,87,300 79,64,793 2,32,41,585
Unsecured Loans 4 1,80,73,236 1,91,01,224 3,25,98,876
Net Deferred Tax Liability 9,55,01,587 10,51,07,275 10,99,07,275
TOTAL 92,02,13,490 96,32,33,154 10,57,15,115

Application of Funds
Fixed Assets
Gross Block 98,33,03,759 10,81,67,827 10,93,85,222
Less : Depreciation 50,87,12,556 55,94,63,088 61,05,11,307
Net Block 5 47,45,91,203 52,22,15,183 48,33,40,925
Capital work-in Progress 12,66,944 3,74,784 1,51,09,936
TOTAL 47,58,58,147 52,25,89,967 49,84,50,861

Investments 6 23,36,180 62,56,180 62,56,180
Current Assets, Loans and

Advances
Inventories 7 13,39,45,023 13,89,18,033 16,89,68,061
86
Sundry Debtors 8 15,22,91,708 20,62,45,483 22,77,11,563
Cash and Bank Balances 9 12,10,34,996 6,47,96,749 23,91,49,881
Other Current Assets 10 13,89,848 15,63,064 18,78,444

Loans and Advances 11 23,61,87,286 21,33,70,249 21,54,32,118
TOTAL 64,48,48,761 62,48,66,578 85,42,00,067
Less : Current Liabilities
and Provisions
Current Liabilities 12 8,98,41,079 6,44,84,799 11,79,36,595

Provisions 13 11,29,88,519 12,59,94,772 18,38,19,408
20,28,29,598 19,04,79,571 30,17,56,003
Net Current Assets 44,20,19,163 43,43,87,007 55,24,44,064
TOTAL 92,02,13,490 96,32,33,154 10,57,15,115
FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS
87
6.1 FINDINGS
 The current ratio is more than the ideal ratio in the all years so it indicates the firm has the ability
to pay its current obligations in time and when the become due.
 The quick ratio of the jocil ltd is good the ratio should be 1:1 but the ratio is 2.27:1 in 2009-10.
 The working capital turn over ratio of the jocil ltd is not satisfactory because ratio was 2.17 in
2006-07 it has been decreased 1.91 in 2007-08 but the last two year ratio was slightly increased.
 The debtors turn over ratio is not satisfactory because of the ratio were 7.31 in2004-05.the
overall position of the ratio decreased from 7.31to5.47 at 2005-09.but in 2009-10 it increased
well it 5.47 to 8.45.
 The average collection period of jocil ltd is not good because the average collection of period has
been increased from 2006-09 and again decreased in 2009-10.
 The inventory turnover ratio the jocil ltd is gradually increasing from 2008-09at 6.31to11.44it is
good for the organization.
 The cash and bank balance to current asset ratio of the jocil ltd is 0.18 in the year 2007-08 and it
has reduced 0.10 in the year 2008-09.
6.2 SUGGESTIONS
88
 As the current ratio shows more than standard norm of 2:1 I suggest the company should
minimize the ides points and invest the same in production varies.
 The quick ratio is satisfactory I suggest the company should try to maintain adequeate, quick
ratio levels.
 The working capital turnover ratio is not satisfactory I suggest the company it must be try to the
sales increase.
 The debtors turnover ratio position of the jocil ltd is not satisfactory I suggest the company
should be try to improve it otherwise it is advert impact to the company for increased bad debtors
amount.
 The average collection period position of the jocil ltd is not good I suggest the company must
aim at collection debts by reducing its average of collection period.
 The inventory turnover ratio of the jocil ltd is satisfactory I suggest the company should try to
improve it.
 I suggest the company to have a strong administration and have a look over bad debts
6.3 CONCLUSION
89
Finally the gross working capital concept is financial ongoing concern concept whereas
net working capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their
own merits.
The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the
following reasons:
It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct time.
Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to operate then the
source from where it is made available.
It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement out of the permanent
sources of funds.
90

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1.

 To compare financial performance of present year with that of previous year.

 To find out the sources of working capital of the company.

 To analyze liquidity position of the firm.

The sources of secondary date are as follows:

 Company annual reports

 Company audited figures

 Reference books & internet

 In Working Capital Management main focus is on management of short-term assets and

 The objective of the Working Capital management is to maintain a satisfactory level of

2.1 SOAP INDUSTRY:

2.2 Segmentation of the total Toilet Soaps:

Price Range Soap Segment

Rs.6-8(for 75 gms) Sub-Popular

Segment Market Share (%) Growth Rate (%)

Hindustan Lever Ltd., (HLL)

Godrej Consumer Care:

2.6 A Brief Note on Fatty Acid Industry in A.P.:

2.8 Stearic Acid Industry:

2.9VARIOUS GRADES OF STEARIC ACIDS:

JOTEX GRADE, lOTEX SPECIAL GRADE Used in drugs, pharmaceuticals,

Cosmetics, chemicals and plastics.

JOSTRlCPECIAL GRADE Chemicals, calcium carbonate.

JOMEL Rubber, Cement, Paint.

RUBBER GRADE Rubber, Metallic polish

ECONOMY Rubber, Metallic polish, grease

NAME OF THE QUANTITY SHARE (%) REGION

MANUFACTURER MARKET (M.T)

Godrej Soaps Ltd 170000 22 North

VVF Limited 9000 12 North

Jocil Limited 10000 13 A.P.

FFF Limited 6000 8 A.P.

Nahar Agro 5000 7 NORTH

Raj Agro 5000 7 NORTH

OCL % Thapar 2000 3 NORTH

Wipro Limited 2000 3 Karnataka

Siris Agro Limited 5000 7 A.P.

Sudha Agro Limited 2000 3 A.P.

Rayalaseema 5000 7 A.P.

SL.NO.Rate Name Of the Quantity Industry Growth

Industry Share (%)

1 Rubber- Tyre 13000 17 5

2 . Rubber- N ontyre 12000 16 3

3 Stearatesl stabilizers 15000 24 6

4 PVCI Polymers 9000 12 7

5 Cement Paints 3000 4 6

7 Calcium carbonate 3000 4 6

9 Metal Polishes 3000 4 5

10 Lubricants greases 3000 4 8

Dr. Mullapudi Harischandra Prasad Chairman

President Marketing GM eng Manager DGM Sr.Manager

(production) (Development) (Electrical )

Finance Stores Purchase Labor Security

Manager Executive Executive Officer Officer

Asst. Sr. Manger. Senior Asst. Asst.Time Security

Executive Keepers Guards

Sr.Accounts Clerk Costing

Asst.Accounts Office Asst.

Superintendent Marketing Officer Marketing Executive Supervisor

Asst.Clerk Asst.Clerk Asst.Sales Supervisor