BJTC 2023 Construction Technology: - Construction Organization & The Construction Process

BJTC 2023
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 –
CONSTRUCTION
ORGANIZATION & THE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Dr. Siti Khadijah Hubadillah
STML – COB
Room: 3016
04-9287041
siti.khadijah@uum.edu.my
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
CLO 1 - Explain the development of the

construction sector and its role in national development
and the various format of the contractor’s organization
CLO 2 - Describe site investigation

techniques and the mixing, compacting and placing of
concrete mixes
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• The construction industry is generally focused on
the production of a single and unique end product.
• The product of construction industry is a facility
that is usually unique in design and method of
fabrication.
• It is a single ‘one-off’ item that is stylized in terms
of its function, appearance and location.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
• Construction projects develop in a clearly
sequential or linear fashion.
• The general steps involved are as follows:
✓ A need for a facility is identified by the owner
✓ Initial feasibility and cost projections are
developed.
✓ The decision to proceed with comceptual
design is made, and a design professional is
retained.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
• The conceptual design and scope of work are
developed to include an approximate estimate of
cost.
• The decision is made to proceed with the
development of final design documents, which
fully define the project for purposes of
construction.
• Based on the final design documents, the project
is advertised and proposals to include quotations
for construction of the work are solicited.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
• Based on proposals received, a constructor is
selected and a notice to the constructor to
proceed with the work is given. The proposal and
the acceptance of the proposal on the part of the
owner constitute the formation of a contract for
the work.
• The process of constructing the facility is initiated.
Work is complete and the facility is available for
acceptance and occupancy.
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
• In complex projects, a period of testing decides if
the facility operates as designed and planned. This
period is typical of industrial projects and is
referred to as project start-up.
• The facility operates and is maintained during a
specified service life.
• The facility is disposed of if appropriate or
maintained in perpetuity.
What is Process?
• A process is defined as a system of operations in
the design, development and production of
something, such as project.
• A process is a series of actions, changes, or
operations that bring about an end result – cost,
schedule, technical performance objectives.
• A process is that is a course or passage of time in
which something is created – an ongoing
movement or progression.
• The process of purchase begins with a client who
has need for a facility.
• The nature of risk is influenced by this process of
purchasing construction.
• In construction, since the item purchased is to be
produced, there are many complex issues which
can lead to failure to complete the project in a
functional and/or timely manner.
STEP IN CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
• The construction process may be subdivided into
the stages considered below:
1. Conceptual stage: the client identifies the
need for the item of construction and appoints
and briefs consultants who study the client’s
requirement, propose an outline of the design
and assess the feasibility of the project.
2. Design stage: the concept of the project is
further developed and production information
and contract documentation prepared.
Tenders are called.
• The construction process may be subdivided into
the stages considered below:
3. Construction stage: production programmes
are prepared and construction carried out on
site.
4. Operation and maintenance stage: the
completed building or works is maintained,
repaired or altered as required over the
course of its life.
ACTIVITIES AT VARIOUS STAGES OF A
STEP IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
• The construction process involves the translation
of a client’s needs and intentions.
• Then prepare documentations; cost plan, BQ,
specifications, drawings.
• Finally, the construction phase.
• Pre-Construction Activities
❑ Feasibility study
❑ Outline Conceptual Design Stage
❑ Preliminary Design Stage
❑ Design Development Stage (Working Drawing)
❑ Completion of Working Drawings
ACTIVITIES DURING CONSTRUCTION
• Construction Supervision
❑ Preliminaries
❑ Demolition
❑ Excavation and foundation
❑ Concrete and brickwork
❑ Finishes
❑ M&E works
❑ External works
ACTIVITIES DURING CONSTRUCTION
• Construction Activities
• Variation Order
• Progress Payment
• Certificate of Practical Completion (CPC)
• Certificate of Fitness (CF)
SITE PREPARATION
• Site clearing
• Earthwork
• Setting out & levelling
• Hoarding
• Dewatering systems
• Temporary buildings
• Access
DETAIL PROCESS
1. Decision of a client in order to invest or not
2. The client acquires a piece of land for project
development
3. The client will engage professionals to prepare
documentation including drawings, specification,
a form of contract, BQ. All about consultancy
works.
KEY PLAYERS
• The owner/ Employer
• The designer/Estimator
❑ Architect/Planner
❑ C&S Engineers
❑ M&E Engineers
❑ QS
• The constructor
CLIENTS
• Initiator of the construction process
• Will be financing the project
• An employer
• May be the public and private sectors
CONSTRUCTION SITE MANAGEMENT
• Work Programme
❑ The first stage, which is best commenced by
referring to the initial draft programme submitted
at tender stage
▪ Includes time schedule for all major activities
in the contract
▪ Critical activities, early start time, early
completion time, milestones.
▪ Sequences of works.
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
• What are we aiming for and why?
• In the execution of this function, the
organization’s mission, objectives, goals, and
strategies are determined.
CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
• Construction – monitored by Project Manager
• Based on work programme – as planned vs. actual
progress.
• IT – Microsoft project & Primavera (sometime
Excel)
• Cash Flow (Financial Progress)
• Inspection & Observation (Physical Progress)
WHY THERE HAS TO BE A PLAN?
• Internal (strategic) or External (client’s request)
• To avoid risk
• To track progress
• To make correction
WHY SCHEDULE?
• To communicate the construction plan
• To establish production goal
• To monitor and measure progress
• To manage change
MONITORING & CONTROLLING
• The task of monitoring and controlling help to
determine the objectives are within reach.
• Monitoring and control has to start at early stage
of the project development since it has more
impact on cost.
• Focusing on monitoring and control at the
construction stage since many acknowledge of its
difficulty.
MONITORING & CONTROLLING
• Monitoring is comparing the planned against
actual
• Using software can easily be updated and
preparation of reports are standardized.
• Several methods used to monitor the work
progress these include time weightage, cost
weightage, man-days and quality.
• Most common is using cost weightage.
GANTT CHART AND PROGRESS
CURVES
GANTT CHART AND PROGRESS
CURVES
PROJECT CONTROLLING
PROCEDURE
PROJECT CONTROLLING
PROJECT CONTROLLING
THE PLANNING & SCHEDULING
PROCESS

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BJTC 2023

CLO 1 - Explain the development of the

CLO 2 - Describe site investigation

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