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    2018 Theme 4c Kinematics Thrust Blocks

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    Aclaire Chamussa
    1. Thrust forces occur at changes in flow direction in pipe systems due to static and dynamic fluid forces. These forces must be balanced by reactive forces from thrust blocks or joints to maintain equilibrium. 2. Thrust blocks provide both bearing area and friction resistance to balance thrust forces. Their size is determined based on calculations considering fluid flow characteristics, conservation laws, soil conditions, and design of restraining methods. 3. Common restraining methods include thrust blocks designed based on either bearing area or friction between the block and soil, anchor rings/puddle flanges, and harnessed joints which harness friction between the soil and pipe. The required size of thrust blocks and selection of restraining method depends on calculations of

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    2018 Theme 4c Kinematics Thrust Blocks

    Uploaded by

    Aclaire Chamussa
    47 views47 pages
    1. Thrust forces occur at changes in flow direction in pipe systems due to static and dynamic fluid forces. These forces must be balanced by reactive forces from thrust blocks or joints to maintain equilibrium. 2. Thrust blocks provide both bearing area and friction resistance to balance thrust forces. Their size is determined based on calculations considering fluid flow characteristics, conservation laws, soil conditions, and design of restraining methods. 3. Common restraining methods include thrust blocks designed based on either bearing area or friction between the block and soil, anchor rings/puddle flanges, and harnessed joints which harness friction between the soil and pipe. The required size of thrust blocks and selection of restraining method depends on calculations of

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    1. Thrust forces occur at changes in flow direction in pipe systems due to static and dynamic fluid forces. These forces must be balanced by reactive forces from thrust blocks or joints to maintain equilibrium. 2. Thrust blocks provide both bearing area and friction resistance to balance thrust forces. Their size is determined based on calculations considering fluid flow characteristics, conservation laws, soil conditions, and design of restraining methods. 3. Common restraining methods include thrust blocks designed based on either bearing area or friction between the block and soil, anchor rings/puddle flanges, and harnessed joints which harness friction between the soil and pipe. The required size of thrust blocks and selection of restraining method depends on calculations of

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views47 pages

    2018 Theme 4c Kinematics Thrust Blocks

    Uploaded by

    Aclaire Chamussa
    1. Thrust forces occur at changes in flow direction in pipe systems due to static and dynamic fluid forces. These forces must be balanced by reactive forces from thrust blocks or joints to maintain equilibrium. 2. Thrust blocks provide both bearing area and friction resistance to balance thrust forces. Their size is determined based on calculations considering fluid flow characteristics, conservation laws, soil conditions, and design of restraining methods. 3. Common restraining methods include thrust blocks designed based on either bearing area or friction between the block and soil, anchor rings/puddle flanges, and harnessed joints which harness friction between the soil and pipe. The required size of thrust blocks and selection of restraining method depends on calculations of

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    SHC 

    310 ‐ Hydraulics

    I Loots

    Kinematics:
    Thrust blocks
    Introduction
    Introduction
    • Pipe systems experience unbalanced
    thrust forces due to static and dynamic
    fluid forces
    • Normally occur at flow direction changes
    – Elbows, tees, reducers, valves, dead ends
    • Forces must be balanced for equilibrium
    • Provide reactive forces with thrust blocks,
    joints
    But what is a thrust
    block?
    This is a thrust block
    So how does one
    decide on the size
    required?
    1
    Consider the theory
    Theory to consider
    • Flow classification
    • Flow characteristics
    • Streamlines
    • Fundamental laws
    Three fundamental laws

    1. Conservation of matter (mass)


    mass flow entering  mass flow leaving Q entering  Q leaving

    2. Conservation of energy
    p1 v12 p2 v22
      z1    z 2  h f  hl
    g 2 g g 2 g

    3. Conservation of momentum
    mdv
    F F  Qv2  v1 
    dt
    Conservation of mass

    Fundamental principle:

    Matter cannot be created


    nor destroyed
    Conservation of energy

    Fundamental principle:

    Energy cannot be created


    nor destroyed
    Conservation of momentum

    Fundamental principle:

    A body in motion cannot


    gain or lose momentum
    unless an external force is
    applied
    2
    Consider the
    calculation
    procedures
    Calculation procedures
    1. Get a control volume
    – Cut the body loose from its surroundings

    2. Select axes
    Calculation procedures
    3. Determine the following at the inlet and
    outlet:
    – Pressures
    – Velocities
    – Flow rates
    4. Determine the forces: y
    – Pressure forces FPx  p x A
    – Momentum forces FMx  ρQV2x  V1x 
    – Reaction forces FMx   FPx  FRx  x
    Calculation procedures
    5. Determine the soil conditions (if
    underground)
    6. Calculate thrust block dimensions/weight
    3
    Consider the
    restraining method
    Restraining methods
    • Thrust block (bearing area)
    • Thrust block (friction between thrust block
    and soil)
    • Anchor rings / Puddle flange
    • Harnessed joints (friction between soil
    and pipe)
    • Combination of these methods
    Thrust block bearing area
    Thrust force
    Bearing area required 
    Safe horizontal bearing capacity of soil
    Fu
    A
    Pbearing
    Fu = total thrust force (kN)
    A = bearing area of thrust block (m²)
    Pbearing = bearing capacity of soil (kPa or kN/m²)

    Safety factor ?
    What is bearing capacity?
    In geotechnical engineering, bearing capacity is
    the capacity of soil to support the loads applied
    to the ground. The bearing capacity of soil is
    the maximum average contact pressure
    between the foundation and the soil which
    should not produce shear failure in the soil.
    Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical
    maximum pressure which can be supported
    without failure; while allowable bearing capacity
    is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a
    factor of safety.
    Typical bearing capacities
    Soil type Bearing capacity (kPA)
    ROCK
    Hard sound rock - Broken with some difficulty and rig when struck. 10 000
    Medium hard rock - Cannot be scraped or peeled with a knife: hand- held specimen 5 000
    breaks with firm blow of the pick.
    Soft rock - Can just be scraped with a knife: indentation of 2 to 4 mm with firm blow of 2 000
    the pick point.
    Very soft rock - Can be peeled with a knife: material crumbles under firm blows with 1 000
    sharp end of a geological pick
    NON-COHESIVE SOILS
    Dense Well-graded Sand, Gravel and Sand-gravel mixture
    Dry 400
    Submerged 200
    Loose Well-graded Sand, Gravel, Sand-gravel mixtures or Dense Uniform Sand
    Dry 200
    Submerged 100
    Loose Uniform Sand
    Dry 100
    Submerged 40

    ALWAYS ASK A GEOTECH ENGINEER!


    Calculate friction
    • Between thrust block and soil:
    Fs   M c  M w  M s  M p  g
    Fs = total friction resistance between the thrust
    block and soil (N)
    Mc = mass of concrete thrust block (kg)
    Mw = mass of water in pipe resting on thrust
    block (kg)
    Ms = mass of soil on top of thrust block (kg)
    Mp = mass of pipe resting on thrust block (kg)
    μ = friction coefficient between soil and
    thrust block
    g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
    Calculate friction
    • Between thrust block and soil:
    Fs   M c  M w  M s  M p  g
    Fs = total friction resistance between the thrust
    block and soil (N)
    Mc = mass of concrete thrust block (kg)
    Mw = mass of water in pipe resting on thrust
    block (kg)
    Ms = mass of soil on top of thrust block (kg)
    Mp = mass of pipe resting on thrust block (kg)
    μ = friction coefficient between soil and
    thrust block
    g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
    Typical friction coefficients
    Soil Friction coefficient
    (μ)
    Clean hard rock 0,70
    Clean gravel to coarse sand 0,55 to 0,60
    Clean fine to medium sand, medium to coarse sand 0,45 to 0,55
    with silt, gravel with silt or clay
    Clean fine sand; fine to medium sand with silt or clay 0,35 to 0,45
    Fine sand with silt; non-plastic silt 0,30 to 0,35
    Very firm and hard clay 0,40 to 0,50
    Medium to hard clay and clay with silt 0,30 to 0,35

    Friction coefficient (μ) is affected by the degree of compaction


    and moisture content
    Thrust block installation
    • The sides and bottoms of excavations
    against which thrust blocks are cast shall
    be sound and undisturbed and all loose
    material shall be removed
    • All joints should be left accessible
    • Upward forces should be balanced by the
    weight of the block
    • Pipe material and connection methods
    should be considered
    Anchor rings / puddle flange
    Anchor rings / puddle flange
    Pipe OD Ring width Ring ty Minimum Permissible
    (mm) A thickness B (ty = ts + tr) weld tw load on
    (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) ring (kN)
    Maximum pipe pressure of 1034 kPa (150 Psi)
    168 25 10 1.9 3.2 23
    219 25 10 2.0 3.2 39
    273 38 10 2.5 3.2 61
    324 38 10 3.0 3.2 85
    356 51 10 3.3 3.2 103
    406 51 10 3.7 3.2 134
    457 51 10 4.2 3.2 170
    508 76 13 4.7 3.2 210
    610 76 13 5.6 3.2 302
    762 102 16 7.0 4.8 472
    914 102 16 8.4 4.8 679
    Harnessed joints
    • Steel pipe – A guide for design and
    installation (AWWA M11) 4th edition
    • Design for sleeve couplings
    • Harness plate thickness, bolt tensile
    stress, spacing around pipe, tightening
    procedure etc.
    Harnessed joints
    • Type P (smaller diameters)
    Harnessed joints
    • Type RR (larger diameters)
    Harnessed joints
    • Type RR (larger diameters)
    Some examples
    Above ground installation
    Above ground installation
    Above ground installation
    Above ground installation
    Above ground installation

    Design life? Patent pending?


    T-piece underground

    Nominal Dimensions
    diameter
    D Z X Y Vol
    (mm)
    (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m³)
    300 1400 700 2700 1300 2,550
    250 1300 650 2150 1100 1,500
    200 1200 600 1600 800 0,770
    150 1000 500 1300 650 0,420
    100 1000 500 500 300 0,075
    75 800 400 400 300 0,054
    Anchor rings
    Puddle flange
    Harnessed joint
    Software options
    • UPThrust - Thrust block design program
    (http://www.sinotechcc.co.za)

    • AISI – Steel Water Pipe Design Software


    (http://www.strucsoft.com)
    Exercise 2
    Question 1
    A 300 mm diameter pipe reduces to a 200 mm diameter pipe and then it
    branches into two 200 mm diameter pipes. Determine the magnitude and
    direction of the reaction force exerted by the thrust block to keep the pipe
    distribution piece ABC in position. The flow at C = 0.1 m³/s and the pressure
    head at C is 10 m. The flow at B = 0.05 m³/s. The volume of the water in the
    pipe distribution piece ABC is 60 l. Neglect the weight of the pipe. Assume
    energy losses from A to C 1.5 and between A and B the energy losses

    1.2 .
    p1 v12 p2 v22
      z1    z2
    g 2 g g 2 g

    FMx  ρQV2x  V1x 

    FPx  p x A
    Question 2
    A pipeline with dimensions as shown changes direction
    from horizontal to 45o downwards. The flow rate in the pipe
    is 2 m³/s and the pressure head at A is 9 m. Ignore the
    weight of the pipeline (light plastic) and determine the
    magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the thrust
    block. The volume of water in the pipe section is 2.6 m³.

    p1 v12 p2 v 22
      z1    z2
    g 2 g g 2 g
    FPx  p x A
    FMx  ρQV2x  V1x 
    m  F/g
    V  m/
    Question 3
    Water flows through a specially made 200 mm cast iron reducing T-piece. The
    one end (C) of the T-piece has a blank flange (i.e. dead end) and the other side
    (B) is sized to fit a 160 mm Class 12 uPVC pipe (see typical photo layout of
    such an installation). The T-piece in this installation is placed at an angle of 45º
    to the horizontal (x-y plane). The plan view and side elevation of this
    configuration is shown in the figure below. The flow rate through the T-piece is
    44 l/s and the pressure at A is 700 kN/m2. Ignore the mass of the T-piece and
    the water and determine the magnitude and direction of the reaction force
    exerted on the T-piece. Draw the energy and hydraulic gradelines for the T-
    piece for flow from point A to point B (ignore energy losses). Draw, name and
    use the calculated values.
    p1 v12 p2 v22
      z1    z2
    g 2 g g 2 g

    FMx  ρQV2x  V1x 

    FPx  p x A
    Thank you

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