This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D4595 − 17

Standard Test Method for

Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip
Method1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotex- D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
tiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
application. D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)3
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant 3. Terminology
modulus, and breaking toughness. 3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained at
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip 2 °C (70 6 4 °F).
method are included. 3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL−1), Jm−2, n—for geotextiles,
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of 3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to the
the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking toughness is
gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of a
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those specimen.
fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile 3.3 corresponding force, Fc, n—the force associated with a
behavior in the field and a standard comparison. specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the (Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.4 geotechnical engineering, n—the engineering applica-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tion of geotechnics.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.5 geotechnics, n—the application of scientific methods
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- solution of engineering problems.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.5.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. aspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci-
ences.

1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cal Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4595 – 11. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D4595-17. www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D4595 − 17
3.6 geotextile, n—any permeable textile material used with 3.18 For terminology of other terms used in this test
foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engi- method, refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology D4439.
neering related material, as an integral part of a man-made
project, structure, or system. 4. Summary of Test Method
−1
3.7 initial tensile modulus, Ji, (FL ), Nm , n—for −1 4.1 A relatively wide specimen is gripped across its entire
geotextiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width in the clamps of a constant rate of extension (CRE) type
width to a change in strain (slope) of the initial portion of a tensile testing machine operated at a prescribed rate of
force-per-unit-width strain curve. extension, applying a longitudinal force to the specimen until
the specimen ruptures. Tensile strength, elongation, initial and
3.8 offset tensile modulus, Jo, (FL−1), Nm−1, n—for secant modulus, and breaking toughness of the test specimen
geotextiles, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to a can be calculated from machine scales, dials, recording charts,
change in strain (slope) below the proportional limit point and or an interfaced computer.
above the tangent point on the force-elongation curve.
3.9 proportional limit, n—the greatest stress which a mate- 5. Significance and Use
rial is capable of sustaining without any deviation from 5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip force-
proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law). elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters
3.10 secant tensile modulus, Jsec, (FL−1), Nm−1, n—for for reinforcement type applications, for example design of
geotextiles, the ratio of change in force per unit width to a reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil
change in strain (slope) between two points on a force-per- retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is
unit-width strain curve. not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test
method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method
3.11 tangent point, n—for geotextiles, the first point of the D4595 for the determination of the wide-width strip tensile
force-elongation curve at which a major decrease in slope properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing
occurs. of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised
3.11.1 Discussion—The tangent point is determined by since information about between-laboratory precision is in-
drawing a tangent line passing through the zero axis and the complete (Note 6). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may
proportional elastic limit. The point from the zero-force axis be advisable.
that the force-elongation curve first touches that tangent line is 5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
the tangent point. reported test results when using Test Method D4595 for
3.12 tensile modulus, J, (FL−1), Nm−1, n—for geotextiles, acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width to a the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
corresponding change in strain (slope). there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
3.13 tensile strength, n—for geotextiles, the maximum re- bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
sistance to deformation developed for a specific material when specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
subjected to tension by an external force. are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
3.13.1 Discussion—Tensile strength of geotextiles is the specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
characteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen and is to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
expressed as force per unit width. laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
3.14 tensile test, n—in textiles, a test in which a textile unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
material is stretched in one direction to determine the force- two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its
elongation characteristics, the breaking force, or the breaking cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
elongation. supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the
known bias.
3.15 wide-width strip tensile test, n—for geotextiles, a
uniaxial tensile test in which the entire width of a 200-mm 5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some
(8.0-in.) wide specimen is gripped in the clamps and the gage modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a
length is 100 mm (4.0 in.). given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamp-
ing adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or
3.16 work-to-break, W, (LF), n—in tensile testing, the total geotextiles made from glass fibers to prevent them from
energy required to rupture a specimen. slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
3.16.1 Discussion—For geotextiles, work-to-break is pro- gripped in the clamps. Specimen clamping may be modified as
portional to the area under the force-elongation curve from the required at the discretion of the individual laboratory, provided
origin to the breaking point, and is commonly expressed in a representative tensile strength is obtained. In any event, the
joules (inch-pound force). procedure described in Section 10 of this test method for
3.17 yield point, n—the first point of the force-elongation obtaining wide-width strip tensile strength must be maintained.
curve above the proportional (linear) section at which an 5.3 This test method is applicable for testing geotextiles
increase in elongation occurs without a corresponding increase either dry or wet. It is used with a constant rate of extension-
in force. type tension apparatus.

2
 D4595 − 17

FIG. 1 Wedge Clamps

5.4 The use of tensile strength test methods that restrict the 6.2.2 Size of Jaw Faces—Each clamp shall have jaw faces
clamped width dimension to 50 mm (2 in.) or less, such as the measuring wider than the width of the specimen, 200 mm
ravel, cut strip, and grab test procedures, have been found less (8 in.), and a minimum of 50-mm (2-in.) length in the direction
suitable than this test method for determining design strength of the applied force.
parameters for some geotextiles. This is particularly the case 6.3 External extensometers or other external means of
for nonwoven geotextiles. The wide-width strip technique has measurement are encouraged for all tests where modulus is to
been explored by the industry and is recommended in these be measured. In this case, the distance between the moving feet
cases for geotextile applications. of the extensometer determines the gage length for use in
5.4.1 This test method may not be suited for some woven elongation calculations and not test speed. Examples of contact
fabrics used in geotextile applications that exhibit strengths and noncontact extensometers are shown in Figs. 5-7. Please
approximately 100 kN/m or 600 lbf/in. due to clamping and see Note 6 and Appendix X5.
equipment limitations. In those cases, 100-mm (4-in.) width
specimens may be substituted for 200-mm (8-in.) width speci- 6.4 Area-Measuring Device—Use an integrating accessory
mens. On those fabrics, the contraction effect cited in 1.4 is to the tensile testing machine or a planimeter.
minimal and, consequently, the standard comparison can con- 6.5 Distilled Water and Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet
tinue to be made. specimens only.

6. Apparatus and Reagents 7. Sampling

6.1 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant rate of extension 7.1 Lot Sample—For the lot sample, take rolls of geotextiles
(CRE) type of testing machine described in Specification D76 as directed in an applicable material specification, or as agreed
shall be used. When using the CRE-type tensile tester, the upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
recorder must have adequate pen response to properly record NOTE 1—The extent of the sampling for wide-width strip tensile
the force-elongation curve as specified in Specification D76. properties is generally defined in an applicable order or contract. Among
the options available to the purchaser and the supplier is for the purchaser
6.2 Clamps—The clamps shall be sufficiently wide to grip to accept certification by the manufacturer that the material in question
the entire width of the sample and with appropriate clamping meets the requirements agreed upon by the two parties, and what the basis
power to prevent slipping or crushing (damage). for the certification is, such as, historical data generated from material
6.2.1 There are several types of clamp designs available. manufactured under the same conditions.
Three basic clamp design examples are shown in Figs. 1-3. 7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample, take a
These designs have been used in the laboratory and have full-width swatch from each roll in the lot sample. The sample
provided reproducible tensile strengths. These clamps may be may be taken from the end portion of a roll, provided there is
modified to provide greater ease and speed of clamping. In any no evidence it is distorted or different from other portions of
event, caution must be taken to ensure the type material and the roll. In cases of dispute, take a sample that will exclude
dimensions of the clamp are adequate for the user’s expected fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around
fabric strength. Additional guidance is given in Appendix X5. the core.

3
 D4595 − 17

FIG. 2 Inserts for Wedge Clamps

FIG. 3 Roller Clamps

FIG. 4 End View of Composite of Clamp, Insert, and Threaded Rod

7.3 Test Specimens—For tests in the machine direction and laboratory sample, with those for the measurement of the
the cross-machine direction, respectively, take from each machine direction tensile properties from different positions
swatch in the laboratory sample the number of specimens across the geotextile width, and the specimens for the mea-
directed in Section 8. Take specimens at random from the surement of the cross-machine direction tensile properties from

4
 D4595 − 17

FIG. 5 Sanders Clamp

FIG. 6 Noncontact Extensometer

different positions along the length of the geotextile. Take no n 5 ~ tv/A ! 2 (1)
specimens nearer the selvage or edge of the geotextile than
where:
one-tenth the width of the geotextile (see 8.2).
n = number of specimens (rounded upward to a whole
8. Test Specimen Preparation number),
8.1 Number of Specimens: v = reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation of
8.1.1 Unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified in an individual observations on similar materials in the
applicable material specification, take a number of specimens user’s laboratory under conditions of single-operator
per fabric swatch such that the user may expect at the 95 % precision, %,
t = the value of Student’s t for one-sided limits (see Table
probability level that the test result is not more than 5.0 % of
1), a 95 % probability level, and the degrees of freedom
the average above or below the true average of the swatch for
associated with the estimate of v, and
each, the machine and cross-machine direction, respectively.
A = 5.0 % of the average, the value of the allowable
Determine the number of specimens as follows:
variation.
8.1.1.1 Reliable Estimate of v—When there is a reliable
estimate of v based upon extensive past records for similar 8.1.1.2 No Reliable Estimate of v—When there is no reliable
materials tested in the user’s laboratory as directed in the estimate of v for the user’s laboratory, Eq 1 should not be used
method, calculate the required number of specimens using Eq directly. Instead, specify the fixed number of six specimens for
1, as follows: each the machine direction and the cross-machine direction

5
 D4595 − 17

FIG. 7 Foil Strain Gauges

TABLE 1 Values of Student’s t for One-Sided Limits and the 95 % 8.2.3 The length of the specimen depends upon the type of
ProbabilityA clamps being used. It must be long enough to extend through
df One-Sided df One-Sided df One-Sided the full length of both clamps, as determined for the direction
1 6.314 11 1.796 22 1.717 of test.
2 2.920 12 1.782 24 1.711
3 2.353 13 1.771 26 1.706 8.2.4 When specimen integrity is not affected, the speci-
4 2.132 14 1.761 28 1.701 mens may be initially cut to the finished width.
5 2.015 15 1.753 30 1.697
6 1.943 16 1.746 40 1.684
8.2.5 When the wet tensile strength of the fabric is required
7 1.895 17 1.740 50 1.676 in addition to the dry tensile strength, cut each test specimen at
8 1.860 18 1.734 60 1.671 least twice as long as is required for a standard test (see Note
9 1.833 19 1.729 120 1.658
10 1.812 20 1.725 ` 1.645
1). Number each specimen and then cut it crosswise into two
A
parts, one for determining the conditioned tensile strength and
Values in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 Users’
Library Programs 03848D, “One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Student’s the other for determining the wet tensile strength; each portion
t” and 00350D, “Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution.” For values at other shall bear the specimen number. In this manner, each paired
than the 95 % probability level, see published tables of critical values of Student’s break is performed on test specimens containing the same
t in any standard statistical text. Further use of this table is defined in Practice
D2905. yarns.
NOTE 2—For geotextiles which shrink excessively when wet, cut the
test specimens for obtaining wet tensile strength longer in dimension than
that for dry tensile strength.
tests. The number of specimens is calculated using v = 7.4 % of
the average. This value for v is somewhat larger than usually 9. Conditioning
found in practice. When a reliable estimate of v for the user’s 9.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in the
laboratory becomes available, Eq 1 will usually require fewer atmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered to
than the fixed number of specimens. have been reached when the increase in mass of the specimen
8.2 Test Specimen Size: in successive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 h
8.2.1 Prepare each finished specimen 200 mm (8.0 in.) wide does not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen. In general
(excluding fringe when applicable, see 8.2.2) by at least practice, the industry approaches equilibrium from the “as-
200 mm (8.0 in.) long (see 8.2.2) with the length dimension received” side.
being designated and accurately parallel to the direction for NOTE 3—It is recognized that in practice, geotextile materials are
which the tensile strength is being measured. If necessary, frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been
centrally, draw two lines running the full width of the reached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute,
specimen, accurately perpendicular to the length dimension it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before the
and separated by 100 mm (4 in.) to designate the gage area (see specimens are tested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable in
5.4.1 and Note 6). most cases. However, certain fibers may exhibit slow moisture equaliza-
8.2.2 For some woven geotextiles, it may be necessary to tion rates from the “as-received” wet side. When this is known, a
cut each specimen 210 mm (8.5 in.) wide and then remove an preconditioning cycle, as described in Practice D1776, may be agreed
equal number of yarns from each side to obtain the 200-mm upon between contractural parties.
(8.0-in.) finished dimension. This helps maintain specimen 9.2 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
integrity during the test. immersed in water, maintained at a temperature of 21 6 2 °C

6
 D4595 − 17
(706 4 °F). The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet 10.5.3 It is difficult to determine the precise reason why
out the specimens thoroughly, as indicated by no significant certain specimens break near the edge of the jaws. If a jaw
change in strength or elongation following a longer period of break is caused by damage to the specimen by the jaws, then
immersion, and at least 2 min. To obtain thorough wetting, it the results should be discarded. If, however, it is merely due to
may be necessary or advisable to add not more than 0.05 % of randomly distributed weak places, it is a perfectly legitimate
a nonionic neutral wetting agent to the water. result. In some cases, it may also be caused by a concentration
of stress in the area adjacent to the jaws because they prevent
10. Procedure
the specimen from contracting in width as the force is applied.
10.1 Conditioned Specimens—Test adequately conditioned In these cases, a break near the edge of the jaws is inevitable
specimens in the atmosphere for testing geotextiles. and shall be accepted as a characteristic of the particular
10.2 Wet Specimens—Test thoroughly wet specimens in the method of test.
normal machine set-up within 20 min after removal from the 10.5.4 For instructions regarding the preparation of speci-
water. mens made from glass fiber to minimize damage in the jaws,
10.3 Machine Set-Up Conditions—Adjust the distance be- see Specification D579.
tween the clamps at the start of the test either at 100 6 3 mm 10.5.5 If a geotextile manifests any slippage in the jaws or
(4 6 0.1 in.) if not using an extensometer or as far apart to if more than 24 % of the specimens break at a point within
adequately insert an extensometer (see 6.3). At least one clamp 5 mm (0.25 in.) of the edge of the jaw, then (1) the jaws may
should be supported by a free swivel or universal joint, which be padded, (2) the geotextile may be coated under the jaw face
will allow the clamp to rotate in the plane of the fabric. Select area, or (3) the surface of the jaw face may be modified. If any
the force range of the testing machine so the break occurs of the modifications listed above is used, state the method of
between 10 and 90 % of full-scale force. Set the machine to a modification in the report.
strain rate of 10 6 3 % ⁄min. 10.6 Measurement of Elongation—Measure the elongation
NOTE 4—It is recognized that some tensile tests on geotextiles are of the geotextile at any stated force by means of a suitable
conducted using a manually applied strain rate. In that case, approximately recording device at the same time as the tensile strength is
a 2 % ⁄min strain rate should be used. In any event, the strain rate determined, unless otherwise agreed upon, as provided for in
described in 10.3 is preferred. an applicable material specification. Measure the elongation to
10.4 Insertion of Specimen in Clamps—Mount the specimen three significant figures.
centrally in the clamps. The specimen length in the machine 10.6.1 A measured strain within the specimen can be
direction and cross-machine direction tests, respectively, must obtained from jaw-to-jaw measurements by gaging along the
be parallel to the direction of application of force. Extreme care center axis between the jaws across the center 3 in. of the
should be used when loading the specimen in the clamps to specimen. These measurements can be made using a sealed
ensure vertical alignment in the direction of test. A pre-tension rule taped on a line on the upper end of the specimen in the
force may be applied to the specimen provided it does not gage area, and recording the change in length as measured
exceed 1.0 % of the expected breaking force. Test specimen from a line spaced 3 in. below the upper line. In addition, the
results with a pre-tension force exceeding 1.0 % of the mea- center portion of the specimen can be gaged using LVDTs or
sured tensile strength may only be used to determine tensile mechanical gages. By comparing, it can be determined if
strength of the sample, and shall be excluded from consider- slippage is occuring in the clamps.
ation for load strain (modulus) properties of the sample.
10.5 Measurement of Tensile Strength—Start the tensile 11. Calculations
testing machine and the area-measuring device, if used, and 11.1 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength of in-
continue running the test to rupture. Stop the machine and reset dividual specimens; that is, the maximum force per unit width
to the initial gage position. Record and report the test results to to cause a specimen to rupture as read directly from the testing
three significant figures for each direction separately (see Note instrument expressed in N/m (lbf/in.) of width, using Eq 2 as
6). follows:
10.5.1 If a specimen slips in the jaws, breaks at the edge of α f 5 F f /W s (2)
or in the jaws, or if for any reason attributed to faulty operation
the result falls markedly below the average for the set of where:
specimens, discard the result and test another specimen. αf = tensile strength, N/m (lbf/in.) of width,
Continue until the required number of acceptable breaks has Ff = observed breaking force, N (lbf), and
been obtained. (See 6.2.1.) Ws = specified specimen width, m (in.).
10.5.2 The decision to discard the results of a break shall be 11.2 Elongation—Calculate the elongation of individual
based on observation of the specimen during the test and upon specimens, expressed as the percentage increase in length,
the inherent variability of the fabric. In the absence of other based upon the initial nominal gage length of the specimen
criteria for rejecting a so-called jaw break, any break occurring using Eq 3 for XY-type recorders, or Eq 4 for manual readings
within 5 mm (1⁄4 in.) of the jaws which results in a value below (ruler), as follows:
20 % of the average of all the other breaks shall be discarded.
No other break shall be discarded unless the test is known to be ε p 5 ~ E 3 R 3 100! / ~ C 3 L g ! (3)
faulty. ε p 5 ~ ∆L 3 100! /L g (4)

7
 D4595 − 17
where: where:
εp = elongation, %, Js = secant tensile modulus, N (lbf) between specified
E = distance along the zero-force axis from the point the elongations per m (in.) of width,
curve leaves the zero-force axis to a point of corre- F = determined force on the constructed line, N (lbf),
sponding force, mm (in.), εp = corresponding elongation with respect to the con-
R = testing speed rate, m/min (in./min), structed line and determined force, %, and
C = recording chart speed, m/min (in./min), Ws = specimen width, m (in.).
Lg = initial nominal gage length, mm (in.), and 11.4 Breaking Toughness:
∆L = the unit change in length from a zero force to the
11.4.1 When using the force-elongation curves, draw a line
corresponding measured force, mm (in.).
from the point of maximum force of each specimen perpen-
NOTE 5—Some clamping arrangements may lead to slack in the
specimen within the gage area. When this occurs, that increase of the
dicular to the elongation axis. Measure the area bounded by the
specimen length must be added and included as part of Lg, nominal gage curve, the perpendicular and the elongation axis by means of
length. an integrator or a planimeter, or cut out the area of the chart
11.3 Tensile Modulus: under the force-elongation curve, weigh it, and calculate the
area under the curve using the weight of the unit area.
11.3.1 Initial Tensile Modulus—Determine the location and
11.4.2 When determining breaking toughness of geotextiles
draw a line tangent to the first straight portion of the force-
using a manual gage (steel rule or dial) to measure the amount
elongation curve. At any point on this tangent line, measure the
of strain at a given force, record the change in specimen length
force and the corresponding elongation with respect to the
for at least ten corresponding force intervals. Approximately
zero-force axis. Calculate initial tensile modulus in N/m
equal force increments should be used throughout the applica-
(lbf/in.) of width using Eq 5 as follows:
tion of force having the final measurement taken at specimen
J i 5 ~ F 3 100! / ~ ε p 3 W s ! (5) rupture.
where: 11.4.3 When determining the breaking toughness of geotex-
tiles that exhibit take-up of slack caused by fabric weave,
Ji = initial tensile modulus, N/m (lbf/in.) of width,
crimp, or design, the area under the force-elongation curve
F = determined force on the drawn tangent line, N (lbf),
εp = corresponding elongation with respect to the drawn which precedes the initial modulus line represents the work to
tangent line and determined force, %, and remove this slack. Automatic area-measuring equipment may
Ws = specimen width, m (in.). or may not include this area in measuring breaking toughness,
and therefore, such information should be reported along with
11.3.2 Offset Tensile Modulus—Determine the location and the value observed for the breaking toughness.
draw a line tangent to the force-elongation curve between the 11.4.4 Calculate the breaking toughness or work-to-break
tangent point and the proportional limit and through the per unit surface area for each specimen when using XY
zero-force axis. Measure the force and the corresponding recorders using Eq 8, or when using automatic area-measuring
elongation with respect to the force axis. Calculate offset equipment using Eq 9, or when using manually obtained strain
tensile modulus using Eq 6 (see Fig. X2.1 and Fig. X3.1), as measurements with a steel rule or dial gage using Eq 10:
follows:
T u 5 ~ A c 3 S 3 R ! / ~ W c 3 C 3 A s! (8)
J o 5 ~ F 3 100! / ~ ε p 3 W s ! (6)
T u 5 ~ V 3 S 3 R ! / ~ I c 3 As ! (9)
where: Ff

Jo = offset tensile modulus, N/m (lbf/in.) of width, Tu 5 ( pd∆L

0
(10)
F = determined force on the drawn tangent line, N (lbf),
εp = corresponding elongation with respect to the drawn where:
tangent line and determined force, %, and Tu = breaking toughness, J/m2 (in.·lbf/in.2),
Ws = specimen width, m (in.). Ac = area under the force-elongation curve, m2 (in.2),
S = full-scale force range, N (lbf),
11.3.3 Secant Tensile Modulus—Determine the force for a R = testing speed rate, m/min. (in./min.),
specified elongation, ε2, usually 10 %, and label that point on Wc = recording chart width, m (in.),
the force-elongation curve as P2. Likewise, label a second C = recording chart speed, m/min. (in./min.),
point, P1, at a specified elongation, ε1, usually 0 % elongation. As = area of the test specimen within the gage length, m2
Draw a straight line (secant) through both points P1 and P2 (in.2), usually 0.200 m by 0.100 m (8 in. by 4 in.) (see
intersecting the zero-force axis. The preferred values are 0 and Note 6),
10 % elongation, respectively, although other values may be V = integrator reading,
used, for example, when provided for in an applicable material Ic = integrator constant,
specification. Calculate secant tensile modulus using Eq 7 (see Ff = observed breaking force, N (lbf),
Fig. X3.1) as follows: ∆L = unit change in length from a zero force to the
J s 5 ~ F 3 100! / ~ ε p 3 W s ! (7)
corresponding measured force, mm (in.),

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 D4595 − 17

p = unit stress per area of test specimen within the gage 12.2.11 Type of padding used in jaws, modification of
length, N/m2 (lbf/in.2), and specimens gripped in the jaws, or modification of jaw faces, if
0 = zero force. used.
12.2.12 Full-scale force range used for testing.
11.5 Average Values—Calculate the average values for ten-
12.2.13 Any modification of procedure (see 5.2).
sile strength, elongation, initial modulus, secant modulus, and
breaking toughness of the observations for the individual 13. Precision and Bias (Note 6)4
specimens tested to three significant figures. 13.1 Precision—The precision of this method of testing
wide-width strip tensile properties is being established.
12. Report
13.2 Bias—The true value of wide-width strip tensile prop-
12.1 Report that the specimens were tested as directed in erties of geotextiles can only be defined in terms of a specific
Test Method D4595. Describe the material or product sampled test method. Within this limitation, the procedures in Test
and the method of sampling used. Method D4595 has no known bias.
12.2 Report all of the following applicable items for both NOTE 6—The wide-width tensile task group of subcommittee D35.01
the machine direction and cross direction of the material tested. conducted a pilot interlaboratory test in 1985. This test indicated that
12.2.1 Average breaking force/unit width in N/m (lbf/in.) as additional clarification to illustrate implied procedures within the test
procedure should be provided. The major problem encountered was
tensile strength and the pre-tension force applied to each definition of the origin (zero position) point on the force-elongation curve.
specimen as a percentage of the breaking force for that The following procedural interpretations with respect to this test method
specimen. are suggested: (1) No bonding of the specimen should be provided within
12.2.2 Average elongation at specified force in percent. the clamp face area for materials showing a breaking force of 17 500 N/m
(100 lbf/in.) and under, unless shown to be necessary as agreed upon
12.2.3 If requested, the average initial or secant modulus in between the purchaser and supplier; (2) Protection within the clamp faces
N/m (lbf/in.). For secant modulus, state that portion of the should be provided, such as resin bonded tabs, for materials having a
force-elongation curve used to determine the modulus, that is, breaking force in excess of 17 500 N/m (100 lbf/in.); (3) The gage length
0 to 10 % elongation, reported as 10 % secant modulus. Other should be determined relative to the zero baseline on the extension axis
portions of the force-elongation curve can be reported as and the applied pre-tension force (zero position point); (4) The zero
position point should be used to determine the elongation, initial modulus,
requested. and secant modulus when applicable; (5) Roller clamps and other
12.2.4 If requested, the average breaking toughness (work- mechanical clamping mechanisms have been successfully used in con-
to-break per unit surface area) in J/m2 (in·lbf/in.2). Report the junction with external extensometers, however strain rates may be
method of calculation. different compared to flat-faced clamps. The task group is continuing
further interlaboratory testing. It is the intent of the task group to include
12.2.5 If requested, the standard deviation, coefficient of the above-mentioned clarifications and subsequent changes as a result of
variation, or both, of any of the properties. improved technology in future issues of this test method; (6) Prior to 2017,
12.2.6 If requested, include a force-elongation curve as part pre-tension force was limited to 50 lbs/ft. When attempting to replicate
of the report. load strain properties for older projects, specifications, or degradation of
load strain properties over time, the user may want to implement that limit.
12.2.7 Condition of specimen (dry or wet).
12.2.8 Number of specimens tested in each direction. 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
12.2.9 Make and model of testing machine. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D35-1002. Contact ASTM Customer
12.2.10 Size of jaw faces used. Service at service@astm.org.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXTENSOMETERS

X1.1 Three types of extensometers have been successfully X1.1.2 Semi-remote reading extensometers use clamps that
used in testing geosynthetics. are mounted directly on the geosynthetic. Wires, pulley
X1.1.1 Direct reading extensometers are mounted directly systems, or other physical devices connect the clamps to LVDT
on the geosynthetic. These extensometers typically consist of units. This type of extensometer can be appropriate for
linear variable-differential transformer (LVDTs) units that read confined testing but, provisions must be provided to protect
strain directly as the material extends. These units place an wires, etc. from influences due to the confinement.
additional force (weight) on the material undergoing testing X1.1.3 Remote extensometers (optical) use markers or other
and may have an effect on the force versus strain results. The devices that are mounted directly on the geosynthetic and
user should determine that this additional force is or is not sensing units that are mounted independent of the geosynthetic
significant for the material being tested. Typically, this type of and the markers or devices. These sensing units use electro-
extensometer cannot be used in confined testing. magnetic radiation, such as light, to sense the distance between

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 D4595 − 17
the markers. This type of extensometer may be inappropriate This damage can cause premature failure in geosynthetics. It is
for use in confined tests. of paramount importance to design and use clamps, markers, or
other attachments in a manner that will not alter test results by
X1.2 Users must bear in mind that clamps, markers, or other
physical attachments can damage materials undergoing testing. damaging the material undergoing testing.

X2. INITIAL GEOTEXTILE TENSILE MODULUS

X2.1 In a typical force-elongation curve (Fig. X2.1), there is X2.1.1 The initial geotextile tensile modulus can be deter-
usually a toe region AC that represents take up of slack, mined by dividing the force at any point along the line AG (or
alignment, or seating of the specimen; it can also represent a its extension) by the elongation at the same point (measured
significant part of the elongation characteristic of the specimen. from point A, defined as zero strain).
This region is considered when determining the initial geotex-
tile modulus.

FIG. X2.1 Material with Hookean Region

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 D4595 − 17

FIG. X3.1 Material with No Hookean Region

X3. OFFSET GEOTEXTILE TENSILE MODULUS

X3.1 In the case of a geotextile exhibiting a region of X3.2 In the case of a geotextile that does not exhibit any
Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. X2.1), after the nonlinear linear region (Fig. X3.1), a line is constructed tangent to the
region, a continuation of the linear region of the curve is point on the force versus strain curve exhibiting the maximum
constructed through the zero-force axis. This intersection, point slope (that is, point H'). This is extended to intersect the
B, is the zero-elongation point from which elongation is zero-force axis at point B'. This intersection, point B', is the
measured. zero-strain point from which strain is measured.
X3.1.1 The offset geotextile tensile modulus (Fig. X2.1) can X3.2.1 The offset geotextile tensile modulus can be deter-
be determined by dividing the force at any point along the line
mined by dividing the force at any point along line B'K' (or its
BD (or its extension) by the strain at the same point (measured
extension) by the strain at the same point (measured from point
from point B, defined as zero strain). The point where line BD
B', defined as zero strain).
first touches the force versus strain curve is the tangent point
(for example, C).

X4. SECANT GEOTEXTILE TENSILE MODULUS

X4.1 In a typical force-versus-strain curve (Fig. X4.1), a be calculated, point Q" and point R", other than zero and 10 %
straight line is constructed through the zero-force axis, usually strain. In this case, the line is extended through the zero-force
at zero-strain point A" and a second point usually at 10 % axis at point B". This intersection is the zero-strain point from
strain, point M". Point A" is the zero-strain point from which which strain is measured. The secant geotextile tensile modu-
strain is measured. lus can be determined by dividing the force at any point along
X4.1.1 The secant geotextile tensile modulus at the selected line Q"R" (or its extension) by the strain at the same point
strain level can be determined by dividing the force at any (measured from point B", defined as zero strain). If this latter
point along line A"M" (or its extension) by the strain at the method is used, for example to account for zero-force offset
same point (measured from point A", defined as zero strain). due to the removal of slack, etc. in the geosynthetic, the
X4.1.2 Fig. X4.1 also presents a straight line constructed specified means for defining points Q" and R" should be
through any two specified points, where a secant modulus is to identified in the testing report.

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 D4595 − 17

FIG. X4.1 Construction Line for Secant Modulus

X5. WIDE WIDTH TENSILE TESTING CLAMPING GUIDE

X5.1 See Table X5.1.

TABLE X5.1 Wide Width Tensile Clamping Guide

NOTE 1—Clamp type guidance is independent of strain measurement procedure and only addresses strength measurement.
NOTE 2—The success in applying individual clamping arrangements is dependent upon successful selection of grip faces and surfacing.
NOTE 3—If failures are cascading failures or jaw breaks, the clamping apparatus needs to be reconsidered or the bond with the clamp re-examined.
See 10.5.3 for more guidance.
Hydraulic
Capstan
Hydraulic “Smart” Capstan Coil
Clamp Type single
Plate (pressure multi- wrap Wedge
wrap
sensitive)
Material Type
High Strength x x
Strap
< 1000 lbs/in x x
Nonwoven
Geotextile
> 1000 lbs/in x
Nonwoven Geotextile
> 1000 lbs/in Wo- x x
ven Geotextile
> 500 lbs/in x x x
Woven Geotextile
< 500 lbs/in x x x x
Woven Geotextile
Glass GG and x x
Meshes

Example Curtis clamps Demgen clamps Linear

Composite
Clamps

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 D4595 − 17

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