(Lecture 01 – MAKATAO, MALAMBING, MADISKARTE)

GEOMETRY PROPERTIES, THEOREMS, POSTULATES, ETC

Addition Property  If a = b and c = d, then a + c = b + d

Subtraction Property  If a = b and c = d, then a – c = b – d

Multiplication Property If a = b, then ca = cb

Division Property If a = b and c ≠ 0, then a/c = b/c

Substitution Property If a = b, then either a or b may be substituted for the other in any equation (or inequality)

Reflexive Property a = a

Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a

Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c

(Note that the above three properties work for congruence as well.)

Other Properties:
Distributive Property a (b + c) = ab + ac

Postulate 1     (Ruler Postulate)

1. The points on a line can be paired with the real numbers in such a way that any two points can have
coordinates 0 and 1.

2. Once a coordinate system has been chosen in this way, the distance between any two points equals the
absolute value of the difference of their coordinates.

Postulate 2        (Segment Addition Postulate) If B is between A and C, then AB + BC = AC

Postulate 3        (Protractor Postulate) On AB in a given plane, choose any point O between A and B. Consider OA
and OB and all the rays that can be drawn from O on one side of AB. These rays can be paired with the real
numbers from 0 to 180 in such a way that:

1. OA is paired with 0, and OB with 180.

2. If OP is paired with x, and OQ with y, then m<POQ = │ x – y │

Postulate 4        (Angle Addition Postulate) If D is in the interior of <ABC, then m<ABC = m<ABD + m<DBC. If
<ABC is a straight angle and B is any point not on AC, then m<AOB + m<BOC = 180.

Postulate 5        A line contains at least two points; a plane contains at least three points not all in one line; space
is determined by at least four points not all in the same plane.
Postulate 6        For any two points, there is exactly one line containing them.

Postulate 7        Through any three points there is at least one plane, and through any three noncollinear points
there is exactly one plane.

Postulate 8        If two points are in a plane, then the line that contains the points is in that plane.

Postulate 9        If two planes intersect, then they intersect in exactly one line.

Postulate 10      If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the corresponding angles are congruent.

Postulate 11      If two lines are cut by a transversal and corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are
parallel.

Postulate 12      SSS: If the three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding three sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Postulate 13       SAS: If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides
and angle in another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Postulate 14      ASA: If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding angles
and sides in another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Postulate 15      AA: If two angles in a triangle are congruent to the two corresponding angles in another triangle,
then the triangles are similar.

Postulate 16      (Arc Addition) The measure of the arcs formed by two adjacent arcs is the sum of the measures of
these two arcs.

Postulate 17      The area of a square is the square of the length of a side (A = s 2)

Postulate 18      (Area Congruence) If two figures are congruent, then they have the same area.

Postulate 19      (Area Addition) The area of a region is the sum of the areas of its non- overlapping parts.

POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND ANGLES

Theorem 1-1        Two lines intersect in at most one point.

Theorem 1-2        A line and a point not on the line are contained in exactly one plane.

Theorem 1-3        Two intersecting lines are contained in exactly one plane.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Theorem 2-1        (Midpoint Theorem) If M is the midpoint of AB, then AM = ½AB and MB = ½AB

Theorem 2-2        (Angle Bisector Theorem) If BX is the bisector of <ABC, then m<ABX = ½ m<ABC and m<XBC
and ½ m<ABC
Theorem 2-3        Vertical angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-4        If two lines are perpendicular, then they form congruent adjacent angles.

Theorem 2-5        If two lines form congruent adjacent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.

Theorem 2-6        If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles are perpendicular, then the angles are
complementary.

Theorem 2-7        If two angles are supplements of congruent angles (or of the same angle), then the two angles
are congruent.

Theorem 2-8        If two angles are complements of congruent angles (or of the same angle), then the two angles
are congruent.

PARALLEL LINES AND PLANES

Theorem 3-1        If two parallel planes are cut by a third plane, then the lines of intersection are parallel.

Theorem 3-2        If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles are congruent.

Theorem 3-3        If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then same-side interior angles are supplementary.

Theorem 3-4        If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other
one also.

Theorem 3-5        If two lines are cut by a transversal and alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines
are parallel.

Theorem 3-6        If two lines are cut by a transversal and same-side interior angles are supplementary, then the
lines are parallel.

Theorem 3-7        In a plane two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel.

Theorem 3-8        Through a point outside a line, there is exactly one line parallel to the given line.

Theorem 3-9        Through a point outside a line, there is exactly one line perpendicular to the given line.

Theorem 3-10      Two lines parallel to a third line are parallel to each other.

Theorem 3-11      The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

Corollary 1      If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, then the third angles
are congruent.

Corollary 2      Each angle of an equiangular triangle has measure 60.

Corollary 3      In a triangle, there can be at most one right angle or obtuse angle.
Corollary 4      The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.

Theorem 3-12      The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the measures of the two
remote interior angles.

Theorem 3-13      The sum of the measures of the angles of a convex polygon with n sides is (n – 2)180.

Theorem 3-14      The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any convex polygon, one angle at each
vertex, is 360.

CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

Theorem 4-1        (Isosceles Triangle Theorem) If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite
those sides are congruent.

Corollary 1        An equilateral triangle is also equilangular.

Corollary 2        An equilateral triangle has three 60 degree angles.

Corollary 3        The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base at its
midpoint.

Theorem 4-2        If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite those angles are congruent.

Corollary        An equiangular triangle is also equilateral.

Theorem 4-3        (AAS Theorem) If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4-4        (HL Theorem) If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4-5        If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then the point is equidistant from the
endpoints of the segment.

Theorem 4-6        If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, then the point lies on the
perpendicular bisector of the segment.

Theorem 4-7        If a point lies on the bisector of an angle, then the point is equidistant from the sides of an
angle.

Theorem 4-8        If a point is equidistant from the sides of an angle, then the point lies on the bisector of the
angle.