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Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Mangyan (Hanunuo) as Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement and
Contribution in Tourism Development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty
of the Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AVIATION TOURISM MAJOR IN TRAVEL
MANAGEMENT
AGOCOY, CONNIE P.
FABELLA, DIANNE C.
GATICA, CRISTINA P.
PAMULAN, MICHELLE C.
USARAGA, CATHLEEN R
JUNE 2022
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APPROVAL SHEET
This undergraduate thesis entitled “Mangyan (Hanunuo) As Tourism

Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement And Contribution In Tourism
Development Of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro” prepared and submitted by
Agocoy, Connie P., Fabella, Dianne C., Gatica, Cristina P., Pamulan,
Michelle C., and Usaraga, Cathleen R. in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AVIATION TOURISM MAJOR
IN TRAVEL MANAGEMENT has been undersigned and ready for FINAL
DEFENSE.
MR. JOHN KENNEDY VILLANUEVA

Thesis Adviser
Approved by the Research Panel of Examiners with the grade of
Mrs. Dixie Mae Perez - Matutino

Panel Chairman
Ms. Asuncion Fille Mr. Ricardo Fajardo
Panel Member Panel Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AVIATION TOURISM MAJOR IN TRAVEL
MANAGEMENT.
DR. RENE E. BERSOTO

Dean
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ABSTRACT
Tourism entrepreneurs plays a big role in the tourism industry, they are one of
the key component in achieving the complete progress of the tourism sector. In relation,
the objective of the study is to examine the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo
mangyan in the Tourism Development of Bulalacao. Focusing into two main subjects;
tourism entrepreneurs, and Local Government of Bulalacao, with factors such as culture,
products, services, transportation, livelihood, and promotion.
The research was conducted in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, with the

participation of the local respondents in the community that had a correlation to the said
topic. The researchers used a “participant oriented” strategy in dealing with their
respondents, wherein each research question allowed them to gather relevant and
specific information that must be needed in the study. Furthermore, the study found out
that the Hanunuo Mangyan had a big involvement and contribution in the tourism
development of Bulalacao by means of every factor that was included. The findings had
been categorized into two main themes in which Mangyan Hanunuo Community
engagement and participation, and the local government of Bulalacao proposed strategic
plan which were fully discussed. The study indicated the relation of each factors, and
how it affiliated in the contribution for the development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
The outcome of the research findings showed significance to each factors by

which it examined how Mangyan hanunuo as tourism entrepreneurs contributed in the
tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. It suggested that their culture,
product, and services can be a big help to foster attractiveness and competitiveness to
the place. In addition, the continuance of plans of the local government of Bulalacao was
a big contribution for the tourism development of the destination.
Keywords: Tourism Entrepreneurs, Development, Culture, products, services,

transportation, livelihood, prmotion
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their deepest sincerest gratitude to all the
people who helped them in any manner and who have shared the effort and knowledge
to make this research a reality. The group would like to express their deep appreciation
and indebtedness, particularly to the following:
To the Participants, who willingly helped with their full cooperation, the research study
achieved its smooth completion. The researchers would also like to thank you for the
time and knowledge the participants have given them to conduct this study.
To their Research Adviser, Mr. John Kennedy Villanueva. The reserchers were
grateful for providing them with invaluable supervision and support during their research
study. They would also like to thank him for the empathy, patience, and immense
knowledge that he imparts to the researchers. Working and studying under his guidance
was a great privilege and honor.
The researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Panelists for their
time, suggestion, and encouragement. They allowed the researchers to get the
necessary information to make this research study possible.
To the researchers’ parents, relatives, and friends, they want to give their deepest
gratitude for their moral encouragement, financial assistance, as well as their spiritual
support in every path the researchers take.
To their guide, Mr. Menandro Fabella, the researchers express their sincere thanks for
encouraging them to the highest peak and for providing them the opportunity to prepare
for this study.
Last, the researchers want to offer this endeavor to our God Almighty for the wisdom
He bestowed upon us, the strength, peace of mind, and good health to finish this
research.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
Background of the Study …………….…………………….… 4
Statement of the Problem …………….……………..…………19
Assumptions …………….……….………..……………..…..… 20
22
Scope and limitation …………….…………………..…….….......
Significance of the Study …………….……………………..…..23
Theoretical Framework …………….………..……………..……25
27
Conceptual Framework................................................................
29
Definitions of Terms.....................................................................
34
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY......................................................................
34
Research Design.........................................................................
36
Sampling Technique...................................................................
37
Data Gathering Procedure..........................................................
39
Data Gathering Instrument..........................................................
40
Data Analysis..............................................................................
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41
Profile of Participants ...............................................................41
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................44
Problem No.1 ……………………………………………………...44

44
Problem No 2 …………………………………………..……...…85
85
CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
124
Summary of Findings …………………………………………..…124
131
Conclusion …………………………………………………..…....131
133
Recommendations …………………………………….………...133
135
CHAPTER 5: SUPPLEMENTARY PARTS ……………………….……….135
135
References...............................................................................135
142
Appendices……………………………………………………….142
228
Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………….……228
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
Tourism has a multicultural environment. A multicultural environment
brings various cultures, languages, and lifestyles together as tourism activities
encourage bonding people, both for tourists and the tourism services providers.
Tourism creates cohesion for many cultural groups. Bulalacao, a coastal town in
southern Oriental Mindoro is virtually an untouched and must-visit tourist
destination in the region. It is the home of the Hanunuo (a tribe of stone-age
primitive Mangyans).
It is endowed with natural resources for tourism development. The tourism
industry in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro includes a variety of enterprises from
handicrafts, souvenirs, and native huts accommodation to locally owned tour
operators. Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is a good example of that case as a
tourism destination consisting of different cultures and tourism participants as
service providers or takers from different cultural and national identities as well.
Bulalacao is not only full of natural beauty but also a history that depends
on ancient times. Ethnic minorities, such as Mangyan Hanunuo, are known for
having some of the richest, most distinct, and diverse cultural expressions which
have evolved over thousands of years and are spiritually related to traditional
indigenous areas. These expressions are a clear pull factor for potential tourists
who want to see the natural and cultural heritage in a tangible and immersive
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way. Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, is a destination hosting many cultures and
civilizations. For very long years, different cultures have lived together in peace
and harmony. The local communities and the natural heritage form an
inseparable binomial. Hence the local governments and other key actors need to
integrate these ethnic groups to take care of and protect their own culture and
maintain the identity of a destination. In general, understanding the other brings
feeling respect for others` cultural beliefs and lifestyles, and this will create peace
and harmony in where they live together. In the regions where people of different
ethnic origins people live together, a new concept of entrepreneurship has
created ethnic entrepreneurship. In some regions like Mindoro, ethnic
entrepreneurs create organizations to help each other and improve regional
development. An ethnic entrepreneur is a business owner who does not
represent the majority population of a country. Ethnic entrepreneurship can bring
benefits to individuals, society, regions, and the economy. So, understanding the
importance of ethnic entrepreneurship will be useful to all the stakeholders. The
unique culture and value system of ethnic minorities are the characteristics of
any successful entrepreneur in general.
Tourism entrepreneurs, especially in rural and ethnic communities, are
push motivators for the development of tourism and are responsible for
sustainable tourism development. The involvement and contribution of Mangyan
(Hanunuo) in Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro in tourism development helps use
natural resources more efficiently in the region. The Involvement of Mangyan
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Hanunuo in tourism development and operation appears to be an important
condition for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro. Tourism is well placed to assist ethnic minorities in enhancing their
quality of life. Tourism stimulates cultural connection and revival, boosts
employment, alleviates poverty, reduces rural immigration, empowers local
people, and fosters tourism product diversity when managed ethically and
sustainably, permits individuals to maintain their connection to the land while also
instilling a sense of pride.
Many studies have explored aspects of the culture and products of the
ethnic minorities in the tourism industry. None of these studies, however, provide
a clear picture of the equitable partnership of the ethnic minorities and the local
government to support small indigenous enterprises and sustainable business
practices, which not only ensure an enhanced economic benefit but also
contribute to protecting cultural and natural resources, intellectual property,
development of transportation, fostering community development and improving
individual livelihoods. Tourism entrepreneurs are one of the factors that help in
the tourism development of a destination, as they can be part of social and global
construction. Hence, the participation of ethnic groups as entrepreneurs in
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is not yet researched. As a result, the primary
objective of this study is to know the involvement and contribution of Mangyan
(Hanunuo) in the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
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Background of the Study
Tourism enterprises in developing countries like the Philippines include
multinational corporations, medium-sized enterprises, and locally owned small-
scale businesses that are entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs play a significant role in
tourism development in regions where multinational and international firms may
not enter the tourism market (Chang, 2011). Ethnicity is considered as a whole of
social relationships and processes that are constructed by cultural differences
reframing and maintaining common discourses. Identity should be understood as
a relationship between agent and structure that is invoked through an intentional
agency (Hitchcock, 2010).
A tourism entrepreneur can be defined as a creator of a touristic
enterprise motivated by monetary and/or non-monetary reasons to pursue a
perceived market opportunity legally, marginally, or illegally` (Khun et al., 2002).
Entrepreneurship can be defined as creating and building something of value
from practically nothing. Therefore, entrepreneurship is a process related to
inventing something and locally owned.
According to the NCCP-PACT (1998) report, the estimated population of
the Mangyan is over 100,000, about 10 percent of the total population of Mindoro
Island. The tribe is one of the 110 tribal groups of the country. Reports say there
are about 100,000 Mangyans spread over the country. It has been claimed
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(Christopher, 2014) that there are eight ethnic groups inhabiting Mindoro and
collectively, they are called “Mangyan.” Although they are generally called
Mangyan which means “human being” they have different groups. Scholars
divided these groups into the Northern and Southern Mangyans. The northern
groups include the Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan, Nauhan, and Pula while the
southern groups include Batangan, Hanunuo, and Buhid. Although all of these
groups experienced the same plight, this paper would mainly focus on the
Hanunuo for the reason that among the Mangyan groups “they have remained
faithful to the tradition of their ancestors. “The Hanunuo belongs to the Proto
Malay type who lives on the hillsides of the mountain in the southern part of
Oriental Mindoro. The Hanunoo-Mangyan occupy a mountainous region of about
800 km2 in the southeastern part of Mindoro Island. Most of this region is within
the districts of Mansalay and Bulalacao, the municipalities of Oriental Mindoro
and a small portion in the west falls in San Jose, a municipality of Occidental
Mindoro.
The organization of MNL.OP Incorporation (2019), stated that the
indigenous Mangyans offer a myriad of culturally rich artifacts that give insight
into their culture and trade. The people living in Southern Mindoro during the pre-
Hispanic era are exceptional in their weaving, pottery, and system of writing. The
terms and materials would differ from tribe to tribe, but the exceptional designs
would come from the Hanunó’os. Their textiles are dyed in indigo blue and have
an embroidery design called pakudos at the back and can also be found on their
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woven bags. This became a source of their livelihood the handicrafts and
charcoal making but their main source of livelihood is farming through swidden or
kaingin system, a type of cultivation which practice "field rotation" after the soil is
exhausted rather than the popular "crop rotation" practice by lowlanders.
According to Miral et al. (2013) in the Case Study of Ethnic Minorities as
Tourism entrepreneurs, they emphasize that the entrepreneurs play a significant
role in tourism development in regions where multinational and international firms
may not enter the tourism market. Thus tourism entrepreneurs especially in rural
and ethnic communities are push motivators for the development of tourism and
responsible for sustainable tourism development. They utilized in the study that
growing and developing progress in the tourism industry, the tourist’s
expectations are also rapidly changing. Tourists want to see countries’ historical
and cultural remains, the local culture and way of life, untouched natural
environment, the original form of the plant and animal species at their habitats.
So they demand the responsible tourism approach that is based on nature,
culture, and society. This new approach to tourism chose to attract more
individual and smaller tourists groups to mass tourist groups and to extend
touristic activities in a wider space longer time and to develop different touristic
activities.
Ethnic identity is considered as recapitulating to notions of common origin,
history, culture and race. According to essentialist way of view, cultural and
historical patrimony of apparent populations is taken into account in case
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emphasizing the idiosyncratic features of that populations and where the “other”
is situated. The constructivist approach is mainly accentuated on the social
interactions between the groups and their shared cultural, social, economic and
historical characteristics (Grünewald, 2006).
Ateljevic and Li (2009) emphasize that the concept of tourism
entrepreneurship is not well understood even though tourism seems to be an
attractive sector for investors and entrepreneurs. The hospitality and tourism
sector has been an efficient area for entrepreneurial attempts (e.g. Thomas
Cook’s tour packages, Ray Kroc's McDonald's, Walt Disney's theme parks, J. W.
Marriott, and Conrad Hilton's hotels). It is certain that tourism and hospitality
have a strong need for innovation and enterprises need to respond to the
increasing and changing tourism demand in an innovative manner.
This also explains the necessity and importance of entrepreneurship in tourism
(Crnogaj et al., 2014). Entrepreneurship in tourism has increasingly been
described as a strategy for economic development in underdeveloped regions
(Jóhannesson and Huijbens, 2010), and several countries support new business
start-ups within tourism, particularly in underdeveloped areas (Solvoll et al.,
2015).
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1.1 Culture
Mangyan has two geographical divisions, a southern tribe, and a northern
tribe. Even though they are considered as one tribe some of the culture and
belief is different from tribe to tribe. According to Lopez (1976) in the study of
“Religion As Point To Change And Development: The case of the Hanunuo
Mangyan”, the southern group which is the Hanunuo, Buhid, and Batangan are
culturally more advanced as evidenced by its technological achievements such
as pottery-making, loom-weaving and system of writing (a pre-Hispanic form of
syllabary). The writing system of Mangyan is handed down from generation to
generation, they cherished it as a valuable cultural heritage. It lives on in their
poetry, particularly the well-known ambahan, it’s a highly symbolic love ballad.
(Postma, 1965). The Northern tribes, on the other hand, are simpler in their way
of living. Mangyans language is like the rest of the Philippines, is from the
Austronesian language family. Despite being classified as a single ethnic group,
the tribes spoke in a variety of languages. The southern tribe languages are
Buhid, Tawbuid, and Hanunoo while the northern tribe languages are Alangan,
Iraya, and Tadyawan. The tribes' physical and ethnogenetic looks are also
diverse: Iraya has Veddoid features; Tadyawan are mainly Mongoloid; and the
Hanunuo looks like a Proto-Malayan (Santos, 2012). To be specific Hanunuo is
in stature and brown in complexion and they also possess slim but well-
proportioned bodies (Postma, 1969). Mangyan characteristics are shy and
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peaceful, they don’t want the trouble that’s why they would rather retreat and give
up their rights than stand up to encroaching lowlanders (Paz, 1968). They also
generally show rich regard for their family, elder, and tribe (Callejo, 1963).
When it comes to the Mangyan beliefs according to the study of Askeland
et al.(2010) “Understanding how the poorest can thrive: A case study of the
Mangyan women on Mindoro, Philippines”, it mentioned that Mangyan are
animists and they prayed inanimate objects such as the spirit in the lakes or
rivers and also they believed in malicious spirits living in trees and rocks. They do
sacrifice to these spirits to get what they want, but the rituals are different from
tribe to tribe. When a kid became ill in the Iraya tribe, it was customary to vow to
sacrifice an animal, and the sacrifice would take place after the child had
recovered. Other beliefs say that if a bird enters your house, someone in the
household will become ill, or that if a person dies in a house, the house must be
burned down or the entire household must relocate, or else bad luck would
constantly accompany them. Some still live in this culture (Bawagan, 2008;
Davis, 1998; Ramschie, 2008).
The Culture of Mangyan is one of the most important parts of their identity,
that’s why the researchers included it to further the exploration of the involvement
and contribution of Mangyan in the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro. In relation to the studies above, the Culture will guide this study to
understand the Mangyan way of living and it will help the researchers on how to
interact with Mangyan.
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1.2 Products
Mangyan is very talented when creating their products, Postman (1974)
mentioned in his study “Development among the Mangyans of Mindoro” that
Mangyan weave baskets of all shapes and sizes and grow their cotton, which is
then worked up by ginning, spinning, and weaving (for which latter operation they
employ the so-called back loom) and making their typical dresses out of the cloth
thus produced. They also learned how to forge their tools and weapons,
effectively smiting them with the help of Malayan-type pistol bellows. The
products they made is very essential for them, it is one of Mangyans source of
income.
The products that the Mangyans created are a big contribution in
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro because it’s authentic and has a good quality that
attracts the tourist to buy. And according to the article made by Primer (2017)
that has the title “A Woven Tradition: The Iraya-Mangyan Community of Puerto
Galera” it stated that recently the Mangyans product improves because Mangyan
also now produce functional items such as hot pads, fruit baskets, trays,
lampshades, and fashionable accessories such as bags, necklace, and earrings.
Identifying the products will help the researchers to know the other aspect of
Mangyan contribution in tourism development in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
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1.3 Services
The island of Mindoro is home to the indigenous people of Mangyan.
Mangyan as Hanunuo are very welcoming people. A tourist-friendly community.
Despite just showing up, they were able to offer services to accommodate
tourists in their tourist destinations and set up a small presentation to showcase
their culture.
As indicated by Magdalena Morales González, in ”Ethno tourism or
indigenous tourism?”, It emphasizes the activities and benefits of users or
tourists, while indigenous tourism emphasizes the participatory construction of
ethnic groups to offer a lodging service, food, specialized guides, and
cosmogonic practices, whose essential characteristics are part of the cultural
identity. Mangyan Hanunuo also gives this type of service in Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro. There are few lodging services that own by hanunuo’s and there are
some hanunuo’s that specialized in guides on the island. Mangyan Hanunuo
offers visitors an opportunity where they share their traditions and customs, this
benefits the locals in a way that allows them to preserve their cultural elements
and gain recognition for their identity. There is the one who presents their cultural
identity to the visitors and the tourist activity taking place in the community’s own
territory, leading to the revitalization of culture and strengthening of identity,
through the encounter and intercultural dialogue.
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According to the article.Flip+Inna's (2019) titled "Introducing the Artisans
of Hanunuo Mangyan," stated that one of the native hanunuo left the community
to work as a private school instructor to teach Mangyan people about their
culture and their syllabic script. Traditional tailoring and needlework methods
were taught as part of the program. An increasing number of women and children
from the Hanunuo Mangyan community are expressing interest in working with
Filip + Inna. The activity in which Mangyan Hanunuo share their traditions and
practices with visitors in order to promote integral and sustainable community
development.
2.1 Transportation
Mobility is often difficult in rural areas and archipelagic settings, where
geographical isolation from major population centers is linked to poor
accessibility and lost opportunities for inclusion and human development (Cao,
2017). Hence, the transport sector is an important component of the tourism
industry as well as in the development of an economy. It has been part of the
tourism industry as it links tourists with various attractions whether it is popular or
undiscovered. Travel and tourism expand when the transportation system is
better and in a smooth flow. In addition, transportation is needed for tourism
promotion and development among others. The provision of mobility may also
rapidly change with the advance of new technologies, such as low-cost air
carriers and faster ferries (Cass et al., 2005; Church, Frost, & Sullivan, 2000).
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One of the fastest modes of transportation that is currently been using by
tourists is transportation by air. Air transportation provides not only employment
to the aviation sector but also creates wider socioeconomic benefits through its
potential to enable certain types of activities in a local economy (Ishukitna,
&Hansman, 2008). Although there are many domestics’ airports in the
Philippines, not all areas are equivalently served by the commercial transport
system. Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro can be travel by air, it is most efficient and
less time consuming travel for the tourist. The San Jose, Occidental Mindoro is
the nearest airport to Bulalacao. Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific have
regular flights to San Jose from Clark and Manila, travel time takes 45 minutes.
From San Jose airport, one can take a jeep or bus going to Roxas, Oriental
Mindoro passing through Bulalacao via Roxas Bulalacao-San Jose road, travel
time is at least 45 minutes. And also, the Calapan National Airport is categorized
as a small airport because of its runway. There are no commercial flights that are
available in the said airport but several destinations (international & domestic in
the Philippines) are then being catered, aside from that it also offers private and
shared flights to some near destinations. Calapan National Airport is located in
the province of Oriental Mindoro where the researchers want to conduct a study.
Bulalacao, wherein the Hanunuo-Mangyans can be seen is specifically
located at the tip of the island of Mindoro, having an approximate 3-4 hours travel
time from the provincial capital of Calapan City. Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro,
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where the researchers focus is reasonably accessible by land, air, and water
transportation. Since getting there requires different modes of transportation, a
potential tourist has a lot of things to keep in mind. Based on the article of Cao
and Stanley (2017) entitled “Indicators of Socio-spatial transport disadvantage for
inter-island Transport Planning in Rural Philippine Communities” people can be
privileged through the provision of faster inter-island journeys as it will support
social inclusion. By the means of that, having a more convenient and faster travel
to go places such as Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro can produce more tourists that
may result in having potential buyers to the entrepreneurs that are residing to the
said place. It will be beneficial to entrepreneurs such as Hanunuo-Mangyans to
have more buyers of what products they can offer. Thus, those services will
serve as one way of generating tourist influx in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro and
may result in the fast-growing economy of the said community as well as in the
development of the tourism industry in the province of Oriental Mindoro.
2.2 Promotion
Local government has consistently played an essential role in promoting
tourism development in their communities. Infrastructure development, the
creation of tourism sites and experiences, festival and event support, and the
implementation of tourism promotion plans were all part of this. The government
goals to the development include tourism plans, strategies, and development
targets. The sector also mobilized a network of partners, including government
14
agencies, community groups, and the commercial sector, to invest in and
promote their local tourist offerings. These efforts were motivated by each local
authority's desire to maximize the growth potential of areas across Ireland as
locations to live, invest, and visit in a sustainable manner.
According to the article titled “Putting People First - Action Programme for
Effective Local Government” published by Department of Rural and Community
Development. It states that a key element of the reform of local government was
the strengthening of role the sector plays in economic development. Tourism is
recognized as an important driver of the local, regional and national economies,
and therefore is a central component of the economic ambitions of all local
authorities.
The province of Oriental Mindoro is located in MIMAROPA Region IV and
lies 45 kilometers south of Batangas and 237 kilometers south of Manila.
According to the province’s vision statement published in a coffee table book
titled Gold on the Horizon, the provincial government of Oriental Mindoro aims to
be a “preferred agri-eco-tourism destination in MIMAROPA” by 2025. Provincial
Government of Oriental Mindoro host their first ever Oriental Mindoro Tourism
Development Summit on September 25, 2019. It was attended by over a hundred
participants from various sectors like the travel and tours, transportation,
community-based tourism organizations, accommodation, academe, security,
business and other public and private agencies relevant to the province’s tourism
industry along with each City and Municipality’s Tourism Officer, Coordinator,
15
Focal, Council President and/or representative. According to Dr. Don Stepherson
V. Calda, a Provincial Tourism Officer-Designate, told the members of the press
that half a million local and international tourists visited in 2018. They aim for an
increase to 2 million by 2025.
2.3 Livelihood
Traditional Mangyan economic activities revolved around the practice of
shifting agriculture. They used to be entirely reliant on a subsistence economy,
which was in turn dependent on the availability of cultivable land, the vagaries of
climate and environment, and external pressures like forced relocation and
resettlement.
The main source of income of the Mangyan is farming and Livestock
growing. And according to the result of the study of Valera and Visco (2015) in
“Adaptation and Coping Strategies of the Mangyan in Oriental Mindoro,
Philippines towards Climate Change Related Occurrences” the Mangyan are
mostly farmers because 88% of Mangyans are farmers. Their customs and
traditions are connected with their agricultural activities. Agriculture is critical to
their survival on the uplands. It has been their way of life because their lives
revolve around important natural resources. And for the livestock Mangyan grow
their livestock such as chicken, native boar, goats, and carabaos.
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Conklin (1954, 1957, 1963, and 1968) made comprehensive studies on
the Hanunuo’s methods of planting. He described the Mangyan system as
ecologically sound. He also showed that the Hanunuo had around 1,200 varieties
of plants, and some 1,600 indigenous names—and most can distinguish these
different varieties. More than 90 percent of these plants are used as food and
medicine, and for ritualistic and technological use. They have about 400 varieties
of plants that they grow in their tamnan. Increasingly, several Mangyan is shifting
from purely subsistence production to partial cultivation of cash crops, particularly
maize (zea mays) (Gibson 1983:49-53; Padilla 1991; Mijares 1995:82).
Although rice is the most culturally valued food crop, most Hanunuo
continues to farm bananas, corn, and tubers such as cassava, sweet potato,
yams, and taro in the uplands. While in the lowlands, cash has grown
increasingly important to Hanunuo as the lowlands have been inhabited and
developed. They sell certain rice and forest goods to lowland entrepreneurs,
cattle ranchers, and paddy rice farmers to make money, as well as work for
them.
Government restrictions on the once widespread practice of swidden or
shifting slash-and-burn farming have led the Mangyan to employ intensive
cultivation of their farms located on mountainsides and other cleared land. The
technological shift to plow and carabao has also introduced the Mangyan to the
market economy, and new concepts of landholding as well as the present
17
socioeconomic relations with lowland neighbors, particularly the Tagalog and
Visayan settlers. They also have diverse forms of economic exchanges with
neighboring or distant Mangyan groups, using Tagalog as their lingua franca.
(Mijares 1995:82).
Livelihoods include the assets, activities, and capabilities necessary for a
means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can recover and cope from
shocks and stresses and enhance or maintain its assets and capabilities in the
future and now, while not undermining the natural resource base (Chambers &
Conway, 1992). Other than farming, Hanunuo Mangyans are also known for their
authenticity handiwork. Based on the article of Flip+Inna (2019) entitled
“Introducing the Artisans of Hanunuo Mangyan” Hanunuo's life revolves around
the embroidery. Their traditional garb—ba-ag and balukas for men and ramit and
lambung for women—is sometimes complemented by pakudos, crossshaped
decorations on the backs of their shirts that they think to keep them safe. Aside
from hand embroidery, the Hanunuo are also skilled at weaving, or habilan, in
which cotton is used. NonMangyans admire their work because of the intricate
designs and immaculate workmanship. The Hanunuo is one of the few
indigenous cultures whose handicraft is now recognized internationally. They are
naturally clever and artistic. According to Royo-Fay, 1992 in “Mangyan Women
and social forestry: Lessons on community participation in social forestry and
reforestation sites in Mindoro Philippines. He further states that the Mangyan
18
women do livelihoods by gathering buri bushes to make bags, baskets, sacks,
and mats which are sold to visitors and tourists. The Mangyans are described as
hardworking, patient, polite, and kind. They would normally walk away instead of
fighting and for the Mangyans, it is not cowardice but simply avoiding trouble
(Bawagan, 2008).
Statement of the Problem
19
This study aims to examine the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo
Mangyan as a tourism entrepreneur in the tourism development of Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro. Therefore, this study attempts to know the following:
1. What is the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo Mangyan in the
tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:
1.1 Culture
1.2 Products
1.3 Services
2. What are the Local Government’s projects and programs to improve the
tourist influx of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:
2.1 Transportation
2.2 Promotion
2.3 Livelihood
Assumptions
20
The study focused on two main subjects; Mangyan Hanunuo tourism
entrepreneurs, and the local government of Bulalacao. The objective of the study
was to examine the involvement and contribution of Mangyan Hanunuo as
entrepreneurs in the Tourism Development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. Also,
the Local Government of Bulalacao proposed a project, to increase the tourist
influx in the province. Factors such as culture, products, services, transportation,
promotion, and livelihood are considered. The following assumptions were made:
The study's data came from semi-structured interviews. There were eight
participants from the Mangyan Hanunuo and the Local Government in these
interviews. Since the participants of our study were limited, the researchers
assumed that the participants would be honest in answering the interview
questions, despite the fact that the findings of our study are limited. Researchers
also assumed that the participants would be a reliable source of information
because it would require a lot of time and effort to validate each participant's
responses, which would be necessary for the study to be effective.
The researchers' assumptions during data collecting and the outcomes of
the study were as follows: The researchers believed that there is a relationship
between Mangyan entrepreneurs' involvement and contribution and factors like
culture, products, and services in the development of their province. It was
suggested that the province's culture, products and services may considerably
enhance its appeal and competitiveness. The recommended actions from the
21
local government will primarily increase the number of visitors, notably in terms of
transportation, promotion and livelihood. Additionally, social media usage has an
impact because it is one of the easiest and most efficient ways to advertise
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. Last but not least, the continuance of the planned
transportation initiatives will have an effect, especially on air travel, which is the
primary driver of the tourist influx in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
Scope and Limitations
22
The primary objective of this study was to know the involvement and
contribution of Mangyan Hanunuo in the tourism development of Bulalacao
Oriental, Mindoro. Also, this study yearned to know how the Government can
improve the tourist influx of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. The participants of this
study were the (6) Mangyan Hanunuo entrepreneurs and (3) Local Government.
The selection of the participants was only limited since some people in
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro were not entrepreneurs. The research would be
done through the utilization of semi-structured interviews with the participants as
a face-to-face survey and reference.
The study limits its coverage only to Hanunuo’s entrepreneurs who were
resided in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. The study considered only current
situations. This study was carried out only in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, and
the results were associated with this condition. This study was conducted with a
limited amount of financial resources and a time framework.
Significance of the Study
23
Every research study was expected to make an impact to individuals,
regions, and the world. The generalizations of this study would be a significant
contribution to the vast knowledge about the importance of their culture in the
tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
Additionally, the outcome of this study was high and beneficial to the
following:
Indigenous people. Specifically, Hanunuo Mangyan. This study benefited
Hanunuo Mangyan because they were the subject of this research. This
research lead them to improve and develop more of their business to maintain
the development in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
Local Government. This study benefited the local government because it
would serve as their gateway so that their place will soon be a tourist
destination that will make their province more attractive and attract more
travelers. In that way, they can help the people in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro
to have their job and earn money while taking care of the destination.
Travel agencies. This study benefited the travel agencies because they may
provide information about one’s places. In that way, they may share the beauty
of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, and promote the destination to future tourists.
24
Future Researcher. This study benefited future researchers for them to have
references for the subject of research in the field of Aviation Tourism or related
studies to their future studies.
25
Theoretical Framework
The study was anchored on the theoretical support of the interactive
models of ethnic entrepreneurship adapted from Putz (2003) and Waldinger et al.
(1990). It suggested that the development of an ethnic business cannot be traced
back to a single characteristic; instead, it depends on a complex interaction
between the involvement and the contribution displayed in the diagram below
(figure 1.1).
The theoretical framework below illustrates the significant variables of the
study, which helped determined the involvement and contribution of ethnic
groups such as Mangyan Hanunuo and the local Government in the tourism
development of a destination. The first dimension focused on the participation
and contribution of Mangyan Hanunuo utilizing their culture. Their culture played
a significant role in becoming an effective tourism entrepreneur of their place as it
serves as their strength to attract potential tourists. Second, they offered
products. Due to being talented and skilled Mangyan, they can produce authentic
products such as weave baskets that the tourist buys as their souvenirs. Aside
from that, Mangyan Hanunuo may provide a quality service wherein they offer
accommodation with a presentation showcasing their culture to the tourist. The
second dimension focuses on the local Government of Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro, to increase the tourist influx of the destination and provide for its
26
development. First, transportation serves as one of the components contributing
to the development of the goal. It helps in procreating potential tourists that may
want to visit and explore the purpose resulting in income generation and a way to
introduce, Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro to people outside the realm. Second,
promoting tourist destinations helps its region's economic and attraction
competitiveness around the country and to the world. The local government has
to plan and build better transportation and market its promotion for tourism to
ensure its tourism industry can sustain its level and compete with other tourist
destinations. On top of that, these variables generate revenue for them and can
help in the development of the destination as a whole. Thus, this two-dimension
(involvement and contribution and the local Government) correlates with each
other as they both steer the tourism industry in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro to its
development
27
Figure 1.1: interactive model of ethnic group involvement; adapted from Putz
(2003) and Waldinger et al. (1990)
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the study consisted of two variables. The
first variable focused on the involvement and the contribution of Mangyan
Hanunuo utilizing their culture, products, and services they offer to potential
tourists. The second variable focused on the Local Government of Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro, using transportation, Promotion, and livelihood. The third box
indicated the participants of the study, which were the Mangyan Hanunuo as
tourism entrepreneurs and the Local Government of Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro.
The first variable and the second have a relevant relationship to the study
participants, the Mangyan Hanunuo as tourism entrepreneurs and the Local
Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, as they both affect the tourism
development of the destination. All variables with a two-headed arrow explain the
directional relationship to each other. This conceptual framework helped the
researchers determine the influences of each variable used in the study. Through
this, the researchers were able to know the correlation of each variable to the
development of the destination where the study focused.
28
29
Definition of Terms
The following terms have been defined operationally to provide a clearer
understanding of the variables in the study.
Accessible. Able to be reached or entered.
Agriculture. The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil
for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and
other products.
Ambahan. It is rhythmic poetic expression with a meter of seven syllable lines
and having rhythmic end-syllables. It is also most often presented as a chant
without a determined musical pitch or musical instrument accompaniment.
Animist. A belief that non-human entities are spiritual beings, either intrinsically
or because spirits inhabit them for a period of time.
Artifact. An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or
historical interest.
Aviation Industry. It is the business sector dedicated to manufacturing and
operating all types of aircraft.
Balukas. A type of shirt that used by the male Hanunuo Mangyans.
Buhid. It means “mountain dwellers”.
Cohesion. The action or fact of forming a united whole.
Commodification. The action or process of treating something as a mere
commodity.
30
Context. The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or
idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.
Contribution. The giving or supplying of something that plays a significant part
in making something happen.
Cowardice. Lack of bravery.
Crop rotation. It is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the
same plot of land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and
combat pest and weed pressure.
Cultural erosion. It is the process of a culture losing many of its core
elements. This is often due to the arrival of a new culture that replaces.
Entrepreneur. The one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a
business or enterprise.
Ethnic Entrepreneurship. It is defined as business-ownership by immigrant
and ethnic group members.
Ethnic Identity. It is a multidimensional concept that includes self-
categorization or labeling, commitment or attachment to a group, certain values
and beliefs that are associated with the group, and an evaluation of the group
which can be positive or negative.
Ethnicity. The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common
national or cultural tradition.
31
Equitable Partnership. It is where the interests and incentives of all partners
receive fair recognition.
Geographic division. Divisional unit within an organization structured on the
basis of its operational location.
Hanunuo Mangyans. It is the indigenous people group living in Mindoro. They
belong to the 8 tribes of mangyans that scattered in the islands of Mindoro.
Idiosyncratic features. It is an unusual feature of a person and it can also
mean an odd habit. Inseparable. Unable to be separated or treated separately.
Intricate designs. Having many complexly interrelating parts or elements.
Invoked. Cite or appeal to (someone or something) as an authority for an
action or in support of an argument.
Involvement. The fact or condition of being involved with or participating in
something.
Iraya mangyans. The indigenous peoples in the uplands of Northern Mindoro,
Philippines. They have a culture distinct from the lowland majority culture.
Kaingin system. It means clearing by the cutting down and burning of trees
and plant growth in an area for cultivation purposes.
Lingua franca. A language that is adopted as a common language between
speakers whose native languages are different.
Loom. It can be defined as any device used to weave thread or yarn into cloth,
a rug or a tapestry.
Lowlander. A native or inhabitant of a lowland region.
32
Mangyan. Is the generic name for the eight indigenous groups found on the
island of Mindoro, southwest of the island of Luzon, the Philippines, each with
its own tribal name, language, and custom.
Mobility. It is defined as the potential for movement and the ability to get from
one place to another using one or more modes of transport to meet daily needs.
Myriad. It is a countless or extremely great number.
Patrimony. Property inherited from one's father or male ancestor.
Pre-Hispanic Era. Relating to, or being the time prior to Spanish conquests in
the western hemisphere.
Proto-Malays. The ancestors of the Malays in the modern Malaysia and
Indonesia.
Ramit. A type of dress that used by the female hanunuo mangyans.
Recapitulating. Summarize and state again the main points of.
Reliant. Dependent on someone or something.
Relocation. The action of moving to a new place and establishing one's home
or business there.
Socio spatial. Relating to sociological aspects of (mostly urban) spaces.
Sociocultural factors. It is the larger scale forces within cultures and societies
that affect the thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
Subsistence Economy. It is an economy directed to basic subsistence (the
provision of food, clothing, and shelter) rather than to the market.
33
Swidden agriculture. It is known as shifting cultivation, refers to a technique of
rotational farming in which land is cleared for cultivation.
Tamnam. It is a kind of fabric that created on a loom, and made of many
threads woven on a warp and a weft.
Tawbuid. Are the most numerous of the Mangyan group of indigenous peoples
and live in the isolated interior central highlands on the island of Mindoro.
Tourism Market. It consists of all persons and businesses that buy and sell
tourism services and products called stakeholders.
Transportation. The action of transporting someone or something or the
process of being transported.
Vagaries. An unexpected and inexplicable change in a situation or in
someone's behavior.
Zea mays. Commonly referred to as maize, it is a member of the grass family
Poaceae, or true grasses.
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
34
Research Design
This study was designed to be qualitative. Qualitative research is an
effort to understand the nature of a setting and the experiences others have in
this context (Merriam, 1998). Qualitative research does not forecast what is to
happen in the future; instead, it is an analysis that provides a depth of
understanding for those interested in the events of a particular setting and time.
The research design that the study used was Interpretative
phenomenological analysis (IPA). It is a qualitative approach that aims to provide
detailed examinations of personal lived experiences. It produces an account of
lived experience in its terms rather than one prescribed by pre-existing
theoretical preconceptions. It recognizes that this is an interpretative endeavor as
humans are sense-making organisms. It is explicitly idiographic in its
commitment to examining the detailed experience of each case in turn before the
move to more general claims (JA Smith, 2009). In a study with an interpretative
phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach, the advantageous elements of the
study quadruple because of the bonding relationship that the process allows for
the researchers to develop with their research participants. Furthermore, as a
qualitative research method, IPA allows researchers to gain the most profound
insight into the innermost deliberations of research participants' "life
experiences." As a 'participant-oriented' technique, Interpretative
phenomenological analysis allows interviewers (research participants) to express
themselves and their 'lived experience' stories as they see fit, without distortion
35
or prosecution. Using the IPA approach in a qualitative research study reinforces
the idea that the study's primary goal and essence are to examine the research
participants' "life experiences" and allow them to narrate the research findings
through their "lived experiences."
The researchers made use of the Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis
research method to identify the involvement and contribution of Mangyan
Hanunuo in the Tourism Development of Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro by focusing
on their in-depth description of their experiences understanding the structure of
their lives. We, the researchers, believed that there would always be value to
discover in focusing on people’s perception of an event. It could provide the
researchers with a broader perspective on a specific phenomenon.
IPAt helped the study gather enough data collection that needed the
researchers in which it described the Mangyan Hanunuo point-of-view as
Tourism Entrepreneurs. The researchers conducted conversations and
interviews with open-ended questions, which allowed them to make subjects
comfortable enough to open up. The research did not ask participants to justify
their opinions or defend their behaviors. Instead, it naturally investigated the
participants’ terms. By this, the researchers sought and valued context equally
with the action of the experience that can help them develop the structural
explanation of our findings.
Sampling Technique
36
The Sampling Technique that was used to collect the data was Purposive
Sampling. It is a technique that qualitative researchers use to recruit participants
who can provide in-depth and detailed information about the phenomenon under
investigation. It is highly subjective and determined by the qualitative researcher
generating the qualifying criteria each participant must meet to be considered for
the research study (StatisticsSolutions, 2021). It is also the ideal method
because it is the most cost effective and time-effective sampling method,
effective in exploring anthropological situations where the discovery of meaning
can benefit from an intuitive approach, and most successful when data review
and analysis are done in conjunction with data collection (Mack N et al., 2005).
The participants of this study were be (6) Mangyan Hanunuo, a Tourism
entrepreneur, and the (3) Local Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
They were the chosen participants because they have the experiences and
knowledge that were needed in the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
37
As for the data gathering, the first step that the researchers did was to
make a permission letter written to request in conducting this research study in a
specific field of interest. It was a mechanism for ensuring that people understand
what it meant to participate in a particular research study to decide in a
conscious, deliberate way whether they want to participate. The researchers did
the semi-structured interview as the research instrument to gather the needed
data for the participant's profile. The researchers prepared a form with a set of
questions designed to get and produce responses from the participants. This
study was based on the perspective and experiences of Mangyan Hanunuo as a
Tourism entrepreneur and the Local Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
The researchers had allotted time, effort, and cooperation in developing the
interview questions to serve the intended participants.
The timeline for interviewing the participants in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro,
did not have an exact date for the meantime due to the situation that the country
is experiencing. In interviewing in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, the researchers
needed to consider the health protocols and new requirements for travelers to
the island, which were stricter than before due to the immediate increase of
active cases of Covid-19. When the local government pulled out the stringent
requirements and allowed tourists to travel to Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, the
researchers immediately conducted an interview. The researchers needed three
days to develop and execute an interview in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. On the
38
first day, the researchers needed to obtain, before interviewing Mangyan, was
the permission from the local government, and handed the informed consent to
the municipal of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. Later that day, the researchers
were granted permission to conduct/execute the interview to the Mangyan
(Hanunuo) and to the local government. The second day was the actual
interaction with the Mangyans and the local government; the researchers
conducted a semi-structured interview. On the last day of the visit, the
researchers analyzed the data they gathered during the interactions with the
Mangyans and the local Government.
39
Data Gathering Instrument
The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Semi-
structured interview technique is applied to people belonging to different cultural
groups and identities who are entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
In this method, several vital questions exist that cover the scope of the
areas to be explored. It allows more flexibility for the researchers to explore the
subject matter. The purpose of the semistructured interview is to identify
similarities, parallels, and differences between the information given by
participants (Brannigan, 1985 cited in Mil, 2007). In this semi-structured
interview, technique questions are prepared before the interview process, and
questions may be both/or open-ended and closed-ended (Mil, 2007). The
researchers have asked participants to answer these both open-ended and
closed-ended questions formerly prepared by researchers with their own words.
Interviews were used to meet face to face to interact and generate ideas from the
participants. It is an interaction in which the researchers pose oral questions to
get and produce a verbal response from the interviewee. The researchers had to
identify a potential source of information and structure the interaction to bring out
relevant information from the participants. The chosen research instrument was
used to collect data to test the validity and reliability of the research study being
conducted.
40
Data Analysis
The data analysis that the researchers used was a Thematic Analysis. It is
usually applied to texts, such as an interview or transcripts. The researchers
closely examined the data to identify common themes such as topics, ideas, and
patterns of meaning repeatedly. It is a flexible approach to qualitative analysis
that enables researchers to generate new insights, people’s views, opinions,
knowledge, experiences, and concepts derived from data. In thematic analysis,
researchers create themes with the help of different codes. These codes are the
pieces of texts that highlight significant concepts. In thematic analysis, we share
the amount of data and interpret its subjective meaning to clarify the concepts.
The goal of thematic analysis is to identify themes, i.e., patterns in the data that
are important or interesting, and use these themes to address the research or
say something about an issue. It is much more than simply summarizing the
data; an excellent thematic analysis interprets and makes sense of it.
Profile of Participants
41
In this section, a profile of participants is presented. It includes the name
of each participant, the occupation that shows the participant's role in the study,
and the inclusion criteria that define the required characteristics of the target
population of this study.
Profile of Mangyan Hanunuo Participants
NAME OF THE OCCUPATION INCLUSION CRITERIA
PARTICIPANTS
One of the best weavers in
Eping Mayot Coordinator of their tribe. Producer of
Hanunuo Mangyan authentic garments.
Tribe
Making personalized
Tina Mayot Handicrafts Maker handicrafts and ramit
products.
Specialized in personalized
Melda Bilog Ornaments maker & ornaments and woven fabric
Weaver products.
Henry Henerato Tour Guide/Tourism Giving tour guiding services
Focal Person for tourists.
Eugenio Dona Owner of Kaphamada Providing amenities and
Resort accommodation to tourists.
Neneng Caretaker of Accommodating tourists in

42
Malabha Kaphamada Resort their needs at the Kaphamada
Resort.
Profile of the Local Government Participants
NAME OF THE OCCUPATION INCLUSION CRITERIA
PARTICIPANTS
Works at the Tourism Office.
Responsible for promoting

Henry Tour Guide/Tourism tourism in Bulalacao.
Henerato Focal Person Encouraging the development
of new jobs within the tourism
sector.
Manage the Tourism
Representative of Development Plan of Bulalacao.

Norbet Cruz Municipal Tourism Promoting existing tourist
Department attractions through advertising
campaigns, working with digital
media and developing
promotional literature.
Formulate programs and
Gideon Abuel Admin of the Office of projects for the development of
the Mayor
43
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro as
tourist attractions. Providing
support, guidance and
administering funding for local
tourism related business and
advising new tourism
businesses in Bulalacao.
44
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, an analysis and interpretation of data collected through
semi-structured interviews are presented. The research objective was to examine
how the Mangyan hanunuo as Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement and
Contribution in the Tourism Development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. (3)
participants from the Local Government and (6) Mangyan Hanunuo Participants
were in these interviews.
Problem No.1: What is the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo
Mangyan in the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro in
terms of:
1.1 Culture
Source from: Interview Data

Figure 1. Theme, Categorization & Codes for the factor of Culture.
45
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Based on the interview data, the participants shared that the indigenous
people, like the Hanunuo Mangyan, their culture is the essence of who they are,
where they come from and how they relate to one another. The result shows how
the culture permeates all aspects of life and is essential to the overall well-being
of Mangyan Communities and individuals. Therefore, maintaining and
strengthening cultural continuity are primary goals for their community. The
Mangyans cultural heritage and their histories are precious and unique. It is their
morals, beliefs and aims. In the results, a participant states that it is essential to
preserve their cultural heritage to maintain their identity as a Mangyan tribe. As it
preserves a sense of unity and belonging among the Mangyans. The value of
their culture is not in cultural manifestation itself. but in the wealth of experience
and skills passed down from generation to generation. Future generations of their
tribe can live according to their ancestor's values by preserving their cultural
heritage. However, the results stated that the involvement of culture in tourism
development helps Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro stand out in a competitive global
market, as culture is becoming an essential component of the tourism product.
The contribution is utilized more frequently to promote the destination and
increase its value and competitiveness.
The results indicate the culture permeates all aspects of their life and is
essential to the Mangyan communities' overall well-being. The results were
46
supported by the article of Flip+Inna (2019) titled "Introducing the Artisans of
Hanunuo Mangyan," which stated that solidarity governs the Hanunuo Mangyan.
The system of their Mangyan life has its way of lifestyles, beliefs, thinking
processes, the way they act, and which are learned knowledge and the acts or
behavior. Their long-kept beliefs rooted in the value of fellowship sustain the
harmonious connections they have with one another, between children and the
elderly, men and women. A school and a church stand surrounded by numerous
nipa huts and a few concrete cottages, symbolizing the community's high regard
for education and religious practice. While driven to preserve their cultural
ancestry, the Hanunuo also embrace the modernized ways of living. Quite
simply, they embody the marriage of tradition and modernity, keeping the
authenticity of their culture as they adapt to the present-day lifestyle of non-
Mangyans.
The results shows that the participants want to preserve their culture's
historical traditions and carry them forward into the future by teaching the
Mangyan's younger generation. According to Marya Salamat (2013), the
Philippine Basic Education writer, "All the Mangyans want is for their children to
learn." The article states that Organizations of the Mangyan have driven to
construct their literacy schools with the assistance of other groups, including
church members and advocates for indigenous people's rights, to aid their tribe
in learning to read, write, and count. They built schools with the help of the
47
Integrated Development Program for Indigenous Peoples (IDPIP) of the United
Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP)-Southern Luzon Jurisdiction. These
schools are registered under the Department of Education's non-formal
alternative learning system, built on the support and cooperation of the Mangyan
themselves. However, as the Mangyans embrace their culture, they want to have
facilities where they can teach the Mangyan's younger generation. They want to
preserve their culture because it serves as their national identity.
TABLE 1. CULTURE
Q. How do you define your culture as a Hanunuo Mangyan?
(Kabitay nimo ipaliwanag kam kultura bilang us aka Hanunuo Mangyan?)
PARTICIPANTS STATEMENTS CODES
Para sa akin bilang isang mangyan

MRS. EPING M maipapaliwanag ko ang kultura namin.
AYOT Ito yung bahagi o sistema ng
pamumuhay namin bilang mga mangyan
SYSTEM OF
kasi ang kultura ng isang tao ay nakikita
MANGYAN LIFE
kung paano siya namumuhay, ano yung
paraang ginagamit nila o ginagawa
upang makagawa ng sariling kasuotan,
paraan kung paano sila nagkakaingin,
paraan din kung paano sila nakikipag-
usap sa ibang tao, paraan din kung
paano makikipagkaibigan. Sa lahat ng
48
aspeto ng buhay ng isang mangyan,
maipapaliwanag ko ang kulturang TRADITIONAL
hanunuo mangyan ay bahagi ng buhay PRACTICES
ng isang hanunuo mangyan na kung

saan makikita nila ito sa pamamagitan
ng araw araw na pamumuhay ng
mangyan kumbaga, rotation talaga yan
kahit na sabihin natin na ayaw natin ng
ganito hindi talaga mawawala yun sa
mangyan, sa pagiging mangyan bahagi
ng kultura. Halimbawa sistema ng
pagkakaingin, sistema ng pamumuhay
kung papaano nabubuhay ang isang
mangyan, sistema ng halimbawa
pagliligaw, sistema ng paglilibing kung
paano naglilibing ang mangyan ng mga
patay na mangyan, sistema ng
paggagamot. Lahat ng paraang
nangyayari sa buhay ng mangyan,
pamumuo sa buhay ng mangyan kung
paano nila ginagawa yung pang araw
araw na pangangailangan nila sa buhay
ganon ko sya maipaliwanag na ganun
ang kultura ng mangyan.
Q2. In what situations do you usually interact with tourists?

(Sa uno pag mga sitwasyon kamo magpakisalamuha sa mga turista?)
Unang una kami bilang mga mangyan lalo
49
MRS. EPING na sa side namin bilang hanunuo
MAYOT mangyan. Ako personal sa sarili ko EMBRACING
nakikisalamuha kami sa mga turista, yung CULTURE
mga turista mismo na pumupunta dito sa

amin ang una una talaga nilang purpose
ay tumingin kung ano ba ang sistema ng
paghahabi sa kanila, paano nabubuhay
ang mangyan at ano bang mga klaseng LEARNING
handicrafts ang meron sa mangyan, bukod PRACTICES
sa mga magagandang tanawin mas
tinitignan o mas dinadayo talaga ng mga
turista kung paano namumuhay ang
mangyan ng naaayon sa kanilang sariling
kultura.
Q3. Are there any aspects of your culture that you want to share?
(May mga aspeto ay niyo kultur ana gusto nimo ibahagi?)
Ako personal sa sarili ko bilang isang

MRS. EPING mangyan na nagtuturo. Nais kong ibahagi
MAYOT TEACHING
sa kanila ay yung sariling sistema ng
YOUNG
mangyan, kung paano kami nabubuhay
GENERATION
bilang isang mangyan na yung sistema na
yun ay namana talaga namin mula sa
aming mga kanunu nunuan yung unang
panahon pa. Halimbawa gaya ng paggawa
ng handicrafts, yun ang gusto ko rin ipakita
o ipromote na ang mangyan ay may PRESERVING
50
sariling sistema sa pagagawa ng CULTURE
handicrafts at ang mangyan din ay may
sariling sistema kung paano sila
nabubuhay ng hindi lang gumagamit ng
pera. Sa ngayon kung ako ang tatanungin
talaga ang mas gusto kong ipakita talaga
sa tao ay yung kung paano kami
gumagawa ng sarili naming handicrafts na
EXPORT
kung saan yung mga handicrafts na iyon
HANDICRAFTS
ay pwede talaga siyang gamitin pang
export sa ibang bansa kailangan lang
siguro kung halimbawa gagamitin sa pang
export sa ibang bansa kailangan lang ng
ibang taong mas magbibigay pa samin ng
konting kaalaman kung paano pa namin
mas mabigyan ng kumbaga mas
mapapaganda pa ng konti para masabi
naman talaga natin na ang hanunuo
mangyan handicrafts ay pwede talagang
pang export, kasi alam natin sa buong
mundo ang daming mga taong gumagawa
ng iba't ibang handicrafts. So ako bilang
mangyan nasasabi ko talaga sa sarili ko
na mas, kung paano nagiging sikat yung
handicrafts ng ibang tao sa tingin ko sa
amin kung pagbibigyan pansin at
pagtutuunan baka mas may higit pang
makilala kumbaga yung pagtingin mas
highlight pa talaga yung gawa namin kasi
51
unang una kapag ang handicrafts ng
mangyan ay bumalik pa sa dati, lahat ng
handicrafts ng mangyan ay walang
machine na ginagamit talagang mano
mano. So ganun ko siya mas binibigyang
pansin, mas binibigyang pagpapahalaga
kung bakit kailangan talagang ang
handicrafts ng mangyan ay hindi dapat
talaga siya mawala. kailangan talagang
ituloy tuloy na maituro sa mga bata kung
magagawan lamang siya ng paraan na
maituro sa mga schools ng mangyan.
Q4. What motivates you to share your culture with other people, especially
tourists?
(Uno ti magganyak sa kanmo na ibahagi kanyo kultura sa iba, lalo yi sa
mga turista?)
MRS. Kailangan kong ipakita sa iba, kahit hindi

EPING sa turista kahit sa ibang tao na hindi gaya
MAYOT namin o mga tao kasi kami galing sa
oriental mindoro pero yung iba naman
hindi galing sa oriental mindoro gusto
kong ipakita sakanila bakit gusto kong ENCOURAGING
ganun ang mangyari kasi mas parang CULTURAL
gusto kong iencourage yung iba na sana
makatulong kumbaga makatulong yung
pagpapakita ko ng mga ganito,
52
makatulong sa kanila na yung tulong na
yun ay yung para ma-preserve yung
kulturang mangyan kasi kung kami lang
PRESERVATION
din naman halimbawa kami nga ipapakita
AWARENESS TO
namin may ganito kami pero hanggang
TOURISTS
doon lang siguro sa amin mahalaga sa
amin ito pero hanggang doon lang yung
kakayahan namin sabihing mahalaga,
pero yung sabihin namin na kaya pa
naming ahh manghikayat ng ibang tao
para tulungan kami, tulungan ang mga
mangyan na ma-ipreserve talaga yung
kulturang mayroon kami. Pero personaly
sa sarili sa mga mangyan wala pa kaming
nakitang isang hakbang, isang detailed o
detalyadong hakbang na makakatulong
talaga sa mangyan kung paano ma-
preserve yung kanyang kultura yun yung
napansin ko.
DATA INTERPRETATION
Q1. How do you define your culture as a Hanunuo Mangyan?
53
Ms. Eping Mayot was the participant for the factor of culture. Demonstrate
that the definition of culture for her is a component or system of their Mangyan
life. She expressed the traditional practices of the Mangyan Hanunuo and how
they become a part of being a Mangyan. Ms. Eping Mayot often expressed a lack
of schools to educate the young generation about their culture and what led to
their focus on sharing their culture with others.
Ms. Eping Mayot said they interacted with tourists when visiting the
settlement for products and the weaving system because most tourists wanted to
see how the Mangyan Hanunuo showcases their culture.
Q.3 Are there any aspects of your culture that you want to share?
Ms. Eping Mayot showed how she wanted to share their Mangyan
traditional practices. She also demonstrated that she wanted to pass it on young
generation so that their culture remains for a long time. She wanted help from the
Government to provide them with a better plan to preserve their culture.
tourists?
Ms. Eping Mayot expressed how she wanted to continue the legacy of
their culture. That was why she was motivated to share the culture with the
54
tourists. And because of that, it can help them in the sense that they showcase it
to show the beauty and the rich culture they have.
Table 1. CULTURE - Categorization & Themes
The researchers categorize the codes into two: Cultural Identity and
Cultural Preservation. The sub-theme for this factor is Intangible Heritage. It
refers to the wealth of knowledge and skills transmitted from one generation to
the next. Knowledge's social and economic value is relevant primarily to the
minority group, the Mangyan Hanunuo. It is expressed through the process,
phrases, know-how, and abilities that include associated objects and cultural
spaces. Spread through generations and constantly recreated, it ensures
humanity with a sense of identity and continuity.
1.2 Products
55
Figure 2. Theme, Categorization & Codes for the factor of Product.
56
57
Based on the Interview data collected from the three participants, the data
stated that the Women Mangyan are engaged in making authentic products such
as woven fabrics, handicrafts, ornaments, etc. The results of the study
recognized the importance of their products as a source of income. This potential
for employment and income generation in authentic products is appealing
because Mangyans’ already possess the necessary skills since they have
acquired them through indigenous knowledge. Authentic product making is a key
way tourist markets include impoverished people and generate income. The
results of the study state that a way to improve the revenues of women in
handicrafts is by linking their handicraft activities to tourism activities. It is widely
acknowledged that tourism and handicrafts are linked: tourism development
bolsters handicrafts in sales and innovation. Tourists often want to take a piece
of the local cultures they visit as souvenirs. The handicrafts are constantly
tailored to the tourists' preferences. In turn, the Mangyan's who produce
authentic products benefit from sales. Handicraft production and tourism both
promote the cultural assets of the destination. The purchase of high-quality
handicrafts motivates tourists to spread the word or even return. Thus, the
58
authentic products of the Mangyans promote tourism. In return, tourism is
essential for product production and sales growth and the preservation of their
local culture.
59
The results revealed that the participants stated that most of the products
they offer are woven fabrics, handicrafts, accessories, and ornaments, which are
handmade and authentic products that they are contributing to the tourists.
According to the article of CCP Encylopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition
entitled "Mangyan's Products" (2020), the authors emphasize that Among the
Hanunoo, men forge and repair blades for knives, axes, bolo or long knives,
spears, and other bladed instruments. Women traditionally spin, dye, and weave
cotton cloth for clothing and blankets. Tailoring and the embroidery of garments
are usually women's work, while men carve the handles and sheaths. Woven
basketry is mainly women's work, but both sexes craft sewn goods, twisted
cordage, and other goods. The products of the Hanunoo baskets are small,
refined, and leather-like in texture. Various designs such as the pakudos or cross
pattern are created with split nito or red-dyed buri laid over strips of buri. The
base of the basket is square, but the mouth is round. Other types of Hanunoo
basketry include purses and betel nut carriers, which come in round, polygonal,
and different shapes. The covers fit snugly on the containers. Palm leaf art
consists of mats made of buri and piyusopusu, heart-shaped rice pouches. The
60
participants could practice product design enhancement in their product
prototypes. Their continuous product is creating and making new product-making
ideas what makes the products keep their "culture & history" visible. The
acquired knowledge and skills were reflected in every product they made,
showing how authentic their product is.
Therefore, the results stated that their products helped them generate
income from the products they offered to tourists. The results were supported by
Mary Elizabeth Terry in the study "The Economic and Social Significance of the
Handicraft Industry in Botswana." The author stated that the Handicraft Industry
positively impacts individuals working in the sector, their families, and
communities, particularly rural dwellers, those with little or no formal education,
and other marginalized people. Producers with access to consistent purchasing
by traditional craft organizations or tourists benefit most. Mangyan's products
have a long and rich tradition of producing authentic handicrafts made from
natural materials. Many items now sold as handicrafts have traditionally been an
essential part of the culture of the Mangyan tribe. The authentic products are
linked to tourism products so that the products can be promoted as a viable
employment option for the Mangyans.
TABLE 2: PRODUCTS
Q1. What types of products do you offer to tourists?
61
(Uno pagmga klase produkto kanyo pag ialok sa mga turista?)
Ako sa sarili ko personally ano talaga
MRS. EPING siya tela na gawa gaya ng mga table WOVEN FABRICS
MAYOT runner, place mat, iba't ibang necklace
ACCESSORIES
na gawa sa beads then yung mga
earrings ganun, bracelet tapos yung isa
ay yung mga personalized na may mga
pangalan.
Beads, ramit, lingon. Tapos yung tapis, CLOTHING
MRS. TINA ramit at earrings. Mga baskets na gawa
MAYOT sa buli.
MRS. MELDA Mga beads, ramit, lingon at buli. HANDICRAFTS
BILOG ORNAMENTS
Q2. Can you share how do you come up with the idea of a product made?
(Pwede aw nimo ibahagi nu kabitay niyo magkabuo ti ideya sa pagbuwat
hunda pag produkto?)
Unang una yung produkto talaga namin
MRS. EPING nakakatulong samin, mas malaki ang IDEA FROM
MAYOT naitutulong nito sa amin, dahil sa CUSTOMERS
pamamagitan ng pagkakaroon kami ng kita

PRODUCING
dahil dito, saka yung produkto naman
GARMENTS
talaga namin masasabi ko na bawat
produktong nabibili sa amin ay kumbaga di
UNIQUE
ko masasabing reject talaga siya hindi.
PRODUCTS
Yung ideya ng mga produkto ay minsan
nang gagaling sa mga bumibili o mga
62
turista. Lahat talaga ng mga ginagawa
namin ay ano rin siya sulit naman kung
mabili sa amin yung ganun.
MRS. For example po madam don sa buli
MELDA marami pong proseso kase unang una PROCESS OF
BILOG pupunta muna don sa gubat yon kukuha BULI PRODUCTS
ng buntal pagtapos kumuha ng buntal

gagawin po doon tatanggalin po yung
dahon na ganito galing doon sa kwan sa
buto ng buli pinaka kwan yung matigas.
Depende po ito po kase may pinaka
kwan… ung tingting galing to sa tingting.
tatangglin tapos lalalain pagkatapos malala
, ilalaga po ito sa mainit na tubig ilalaga ,
iinitin po muna yung kwan yung tubig tapos
pag mainit na saka po ilulublob yung buli
hanggang sa siyay maluto pagkatapos po
non maluto ibibilad po namin sa arawan ,
tatlong araw po namin yun ibibilad
pagkatapos po namin Maibilad yun naman
po ay ibabad naman po uli namen sa
malamig na tubig magdamag po, pagtapos
po noon tsaka po namin ibibilad sa araw
pagnatuyo.
MRS. TINA Sakin maam yung pag gawa nito sa aming
MAYOT kultura yung mga beads ay nilalagyan ng CULTURAL
kulay para maging ornaments sa katawan ORNAMENTS
dahil ito ay nakasanayan na talaga at

nakakatulong ito sa amin.
63
Q3. Which of your products is typically purchased by a large number of

tourists?
(Uno pag produkto ti mas magkabili mayamo turista?)
MRS. EPING Mga handicrafts. Ako sa sarili ko
MAYOT personaly ano talaga siya tela na gawa PERSONALIZED
gaya ng table runner, place mat, iba't PRODUCTS
ibang necklace na gawa sa beads then

yung mga earrings ganun, bracelet tapos
yung isa ay yung mga personalized na
may mga pangalan.
MRS. TINA Pagkabeads, ramit, handicrafts. ORNAMENTS

MAYOT RAMIT PRODUCTS
MRS. MELDA Handicrafts. basta maam ang alam ko
BILOG maam sa larangan po ng handicraft tulad HANDICRAFTS
ng beads, ramit, yung yari sa buli po. yari

sa buli ,yon lang po maam ang alam ko.
Q4. How does your product contribute to your lifestyle as Hanunuo

Mangyan?
(Kabitay kanyo produkto makaawat sa kanyo ikabuhi bilang usa ka
Hanunuo Mangyan?)
MRS. Unang una yung produkto talaga namin
EPING nakakatulong samin, mas malaki ang
GENERATE
MAYOT naitutulong nito sa amin, dahil sa
INCOME
pamamagitan ng pagkakaroon kami ng kita
dahil dito, saka yung produkto naman
HIGH QUALITY
talaga namin masasabi ko na bawat
64
produktong nabibili sa amin ay kumbaga di PRODUCTS
ko masasabing reject talaga siya hindi.
Lahat talaga ng mga ginagawa namin ay
mga quality na produkto at sulit naman
kung mabili sa amin yung ganun.
MRS. TINA Binibili nila ang produkto bilang souvenir

MAYOT kaya nakakatukong din ito saamin, OPPORTUNITY TO
mayroong mga orders, ginagawa naming. SELL PRODUCTS
Pinapadala sa j&t o di kaya kapag

pumupunta sila ditto sa mismo sa
panaytayan.
MRS. para sa akin po makakatulong po ang
MELDA produkto naming hanunuo mangyan kung SENSE OF
BILOG hindi po namin ikakahiya kung gagawin RECOGNITION
namin kung kami ay magsisipag na gagawa

sila naman po baka may maidagdag po sila
Q5. And, do you think the production contributes to your community as

well?
(Ag kabitay kay pagbuwat mag awat sa komunidad?)
MRS. Malaki ang natutulong sa komunidad nito
EPING kapag halimbawang ahhh lalo na sa MARKETING
MAYOT organisasyon namin. Minsan na-order sila PRODUCTS
ng maramihan minsan naman na-

ipopromote syempre, sa komunidad unang
una naipopromote yung komunidad mismo.
VALUE
Halimbawa gaya dito sa amin sa panaytayan
65
unang una nakikilala ng ibang tao at ORGANIZATION
nalalaman na mayrong ganitong produkto o
ganitong tao halimbawa gaya na lang natin
ngayon. Unang una na kahit sa
pamamagitan ko dito alam na ngayon na
makikilala na ang sa panaytayan ang
merong ganito. So sa ganung sistema
nakikilala ang aming komunidad na meron
kaming ganito, dinadayo kami ng mga tao
kapag nalaman nilang meron sa komunidad
na yan na ganyan. Mula noon sa mga taong
dumadayo kahit pailan ilan lang dumarami
ng dumarami. Siguro ang nagagawa nila
nagkukwento na ay dito sa panaytayan
meron ganito, si ganito doon nakatira, yun
hanggang sa marami ng taong napunta sa
amin.
MRS. Oo kasi nakakatulong ito sa mga tao dito.
TINA Nagiging dahilan din ito na nakakapagsama BUILD
MAYOT sama kami sa isang lugar at nakgagaroon STROINGER BOND

ng bonding habang nagtatrabaho nang IN THE
sama sama. COMMUNITY
MRS. Magkakasama kami nagtutulungan sa pag

MELDA gawa halimbawa ng mga orders saamin, STRENGTHEN THE
BILOG nakakatulong ito para mapatibay lalo ang UNITY
aming samahan lalo na dito.
Q6. In addition to selling products, are you looking for a way to make
money?
66
(Sa kadungangan, maghanap aw kamo paraan kumita kwarta?)
MRS. Yung mga root crops namin, gaya ng
EPING saging, gaya ng iba't ibang mga root crops.
MAYOT Mula doon kumikita rin kami kahit papaano,
AGRICULTURAL
pero mas kumikita kami ng malaki sa mga
LIVELIHOOD
handicrafts namin yung produkto na mga
root crops kung may bumibili lang sa amin
ayun. Pero mas ano kami more on
handicrafts talaga yung ganun lang.
MRS. Oo, pero nakafocus kami sa mga ornaments

TINA na aming produckto , minsan nasa sakahan
MAYOT kasama ng aming pamilya.
MRS. naghahanap po talaga kami madam ng
MEDLA paraan syempre nagtatanong tanong kami PROMOTING
BILOG kung kani kanino kame pwede magtanong RPODUCTS
kay kung sino namin kakilala, kaibigan

magoofer kami baka kayoy pwede bumili , o
kaya baka pwede po matulungan kami
maghanap ng market ayun po .
DATA INTERPRETATION
The participants stated that the products they are offering to tourists are
woven fabrics, ornaments, clothes, ramits, lingon and buli products.
67
Q2. Can you share how you came up with the idea of a product made?
The three participants demonstrated that the idea of the product was from
the tourists. They were looking for some souvenirs, accessories, etc. With that,
they came up with the idea to sell their authentic products as souvenirs.
tourists?
The participants stated that the products that the tourists typically purchase
were personalized products, ramits, bags, accessories, and buli.
Q4. How does your product contribute to your lifestyle as Hanunuo
Mangyan?
The product contributed to the three participants' lifestyles because they
can sell and earn from it. This product helped them daily. The products they
produce are authentic, and they make sure that every product is worth buying.
well?
The participants’ stated that it contributes significantly to their community,
particularly in their organization. They occasionally received orders in bulk and
sometimes marketed to other places. The Mangyan Hanunuo plans together with
68
the products and makes them. With this, it helps them strengthen the unity of the
organization further.
money?
The participant stated that aside from selling their authentic products, they
do some farming to help the family daily.
Table 2. PRODUCTS - Categorization & Themes
69
The researchers categorize them into tourism products and Marketing
Cultural Resources. The sub-theme is the authenticity of traditional products. The
data shows that they produce high-quality authentic products. Understanding the
nature and importance of their Traditional products is necessary for making
strategic decisions that guarantee the cultural promotion of a place. Cultural
goods are tangible and intangible, authentic and immovable evidence of human
presence and activity with scientific and cultural value and great social
significance.
70
1.3 Services
Figure 3. Theme, Categorization & Codes for the factor of Services.
71
The graph shows four (4) categories: Tourism and Travel-Related
Services, Primary Sources of Income, Opportunities for Entrepreneurs to Grow,
Community Development, and Growth. The sub-theme generated by these
categories is Tourism Concepts of Services and Practices. The data shows the
interpretation was about the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo Mangyan
as Entrepreneurs in the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, in
terms of services.
Entrepreneurship is increasingly understood to be essential to economic
growth and to be one of the primary drivers of change in market economies.
There is already a good deal of literature on ethnic minority entrepreneurship
focusing on its contribution and involvement to tourism development. In contrast,
the concept that ethnic minority as such can be a source of competitiveness
through the involvement of people from ethnic minorities in entrepreneurship like
Mangyan Hanunuo is examined in this particular study along with the supporting
data and factors. For a variety of reasons, the involvement and contribution of
Mangyan Hanunuo in entrepreneurship has recently drawn increasing interest.
Therefore, the study revealed that the services and entrepreneurial activities
offered by Mangyan Hanunuo would be one way of bringing tourists to Bulalacao,
72
Oriental Mindoro. It may lead to the fast-growing economy of the said community
and the growth of the tourism sector in the province of Oriental Mindoro.
Based on the data gathered from three (3) participants. The results
indicate that some Mangyan Hanunuo own lodging businesses and resorts. In
contrast, others are tour guides who specialize in guiding, can accommodate
guests in their tourist spots, and set up a small presentation highlighting their
culture. The findings supported by Magdalena Morales González, in “Ethno
tourism or indigenous tourism?" It emphasizes the activities and benefits of users
or tourists. In contrast, indigenous tourism emphasizes the participatory
construction of ethnic groups to offer lodging services, food, specialized guides,
and cosmogonic practices, whose essential characteristics are part of the cultural
identity. Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro has a thriving tourism sector that comprises
a range of businesses from handicrafts, and native hut lodging to locally operated
tour operators. An excellent illustration of this is the tourist attraction of
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, where visitors come from many cultural
backgrounds and engage in tourism as service providers or consumers with
various national and cultural identities.
The results also revealed that the Mangyan Hanunuo, an indigenous
group living on the island of Mindoro, are known for their peaceful and welcoming
nature. The Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro is known in the town for island hopping
and other recreational activities such as swimming, sightseeing, etc. According to
73
Koh & Hatten (2014) claimed that it is only when tourism entrepreneurs exist that
a society's environment, landforms, flora and fauna, historical artifacts, and
cultural heritage enclaves become tourism resources which can be renovated
and transformed into tourist attractions and destinations. Bulalacao has an
ancient history in addition to being full of natural beauty. Minority ethnic groups,
like the Mangyan Hanunuo, are renowned for possessing some of the most
extensive, distinctive, and varied cultural expressions. These expressions have
developed through thousands of years and are spiritually connected to original
indigenous locations. Thus, having the tourism-related goods and services of a
Mangyan entrepreneur, such as a location, accommodation, tourist attractions,
and cultural heritage, demonstrates their role in the growth of their community's
tourism industry. Their involvement and contribution by providing tourists the
chance to share their services and customs help the community attract more
tourists. These activities are intended to promote holistic and sustainable
community development. According to (Chang, 2011), Entrepreneurs play a
significant role in tourism development in regions where multinational and
international firms may not enter the tourism market. Thus, tourism
entrepreneurs, especially in rural and ethnic communities, are push motivators
for tourism development and responsible for sustainable tourism development.
TABLE 3: SERVICES
Q1. What are the things that help you on your daily basis?
(Uno pag mga bagay tig awat sa kanyo sa kada sirang?)
74
MR. HENRY Nung una ang hanap buhay ko ay
HENERATO cellphone technician pero ngayon ako PAST AND
ay nagkaroon ng chance na maging PRESENT
tour guide kaya isa rin sa aking SOURCE OF
pinagkukunan ay ang pagiging tour INCOME
guide para sa kinabubuhay ko para sa

aking pamilya, dito sa bulalacao as a
whole.
MR. EUGENIO Mga bagaye gamut para sa kanire,

DONA alam naaa para kami kumita ahh yung TOURIST
mga turista magkamusta kami kami ehh ATTRACTION IN
daraog tang sa mga lugar kung san nila BULALACAO
gusto, sa bulayaw san Suguicay

pagniboy kam ang kasida tapos kami
sila pag attract sa iba mga tanawin.
NENENG Dito po kasi sa amin may dalawang

MALABHA bahagi po ng hanap buhay. Ang una po LIVELIHOOD OF
ay pangingisda. Sa pangigisda po pag HANUNUO
may mga nahuhuli sila binebenta nila MANGYAN
sa labas para sila ay may kita. Tapos AGRICULTURAL
yung pangalawa naman pong hanap PRODUCTS
buhay dito sa amin ay pagsasaka. ito

po ay yung mga pag may tanim sila
tulad halimbawa ng saging, niyog,
balinghoy yung iba’t ibang tanim yun ay
binebenta para lang may magagamit
75
kami doon sa pang araw araw namin na
pamumuhay.
Q2. What are the services do you usually offer to tourists?

( Uno pag mga serbisyo kanyo madalas pag alok sa mga turista?)
MR. HENRY Usually talaga pag bulalacao more on kilala
HENERATO sila sa bayan po amin ay island hopping RECREATIONAL
kaya ang tour guide talaga ay kailangan ACTIVITIES
swempre para mas malaman ng mga ENHANCEMENT
turista kung anong meron sa isang isla OF KNOWLEDGE
kaya talaga ang main na inooffer namin ay

island hopping
MR. Sa aming mga kapaligiran, naipapakita TOURIST

EUGENIO naming ang ganda ng aming resort. ATTRACTIONS
DONA
NENENG Mga cottage naming at itong boardwalk TOURISM
MALABHA namin tapos yung pagpupunta punta nila SERVICES
sa mga isla isla.
Q3. Are there any services that you want to share?

(May mga serbisyo aw kamo gusto ibahagi?)
MR. HENRY Ibang services naming swempre unang una
HENERATO yung pagkakaroon ng island hopping meron SITE PLANNING
kaming mga accommodation din na inooffer

TOURISM
pero kagaya nga ang bulalacao ay kung
SERVICES
kuwan pa ay papausbong pa lng kaya hndi
pa totally establish ang bulalacao kaya ang
76
offer lang talaga namin ay island hopping at
mga accommodation at mga resort na
makikita
MR. Meron, meron kami serbisyo mga pwede

EUGENIO naming ibahagi sa mga dumadating saming SHOWCASING
DONA turista tulad ng mga dance ng mga itong AND
mangyan, pakita sa sa kanila kung pano EXPRESSING
namin ginagawa, paano naming itong naaa CULTURE
ma ipa ano sa aming mga aaah turista.
NENENG Marami pa kami mga serbisyo na gusto

MALABHA namin ishare, tulad ito sana ay kumbaga PROVIDING
humihingi din kami ng tulong sa ibang ano, BETTER RESORT
sa mga lokal na pamahalaan para sana

FINANCIAL
mapaganda namin ito. Tapos, kumbaga ay
ASSISTANCE
yung mga… yung aming ano din yung
mga pagserbisyo din namin doon sa aming
kapwa naming mga member, yun ay kung
paano namin ito mapaganda yung
magtutulong tulong kami kung paano ito
magagawa. Kumbaga syempre wala
kaming budget. Ito yung ginawa namin
Q4. Do you usually tour guide the tourists in your area?

(Pirmi aw kamo mag-iba sa mga turista sa kanyo lugar?)
MR. HENRY Dito sa bulalacao mas kilala ako na tour
HENERATO guide kasi nung sa time before pandemic TOUR GUIDING
ay talagang ang bulalacao ay crowded
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pagdating sa bisita ay more on for example TOURISM
government employee at yung mga team MANAGEMENT
building nila ay dito ginaganap kaya ang
patotour talaga ang aking naisipan at
itatatied up ko din yung kagaya nyan may
mga kaibigan ay sinasama ko para ma train
din sila sa tour guide
MR. Oo, lagi kaming nagakasama sa kanila

EUGENIO kung saan sila pedeng pumunta, kung saan TRAVEL RELATED
DONA silaaa, saan nila gustong pumunta SERVICES
sinasamahan naming sila.
NENENG Yun po ang aming ginagawa. Para mas

MALABHA mabilis yung pagpunta nila dito, yung sa HOSPITALITY
pamamagitan ng aming pakikisama bilang

hanunuo mangyan, kung ano yung aming...
pag uugali, magandang pag uugali yun ang
aming pinapakita namin sakanila para mas
mapabilis pa yung pagpunta nila dito sa
amin, ginaguide namin sila.
Q5. How do you usually communicate with the tourists?

( Kabitay kamo maghampang sa mga turista?)
MR. HENRY Sa turista swempre pagdating dito pag
HENERATO narito nasa bulalacao yung sa mga TAGALOG AS
lenggwahe kaya for example sa mag PRIMARY
foreigner ay depende rin usually naman LANGUAGE
English talaga ang ginagamit pero
78
depende den pero karamihan puro more
on tagalog talaga more on ang bisita
namin ay dito sa pilipinas
MR. Pagdating naman po sa pagsalita sa pag

EUGENIO aano sa kanila kung anong salita nila edi OPEN
DONA ganun din kung saan sila komportable. COMMUNICATION
NENENG depende po kung halimbawa kung sila ay

MALABHA nagtatagalog ayun nagtatagalog.. tagalog
ANY LANGUAGES
din yung aming ano sakanila pero kung
halimbawa may mga guide sila na
halimbawa yung salitang mangyan
ginagamit din namin yung salitang
mangyan tapos tinatranslate lang nila.
Kung meron namang marurunong sa amin
mag ingles yun ginagamit namin.
Q6. Is there any experience you want to share in tour guiding the tourists?
(May mga karanasan aw kamo na gusto niyo ibahagi sa pag-iba sa mga
turista?)
MR. HENRY sa experience, kung sa experience marami
HENERATO kasi , unang una nakakatuwa dahil ang BULALACO AS
bayan naming ay nakilala pagdating sa TOP TOURIST
larangan ng turismo at nakilala din at isa rin DESTINATION
ako sa mga nakilala na bilang isang tour

TOUR GUIDING
guide , nakilala din ako as kauna unahang
SOURCE OF
tour guide na talagang mas kinikilala
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ngayon dahil maraming sumusunod INCOME JOB
marami na kagaya ngayon na mga
estudyante na gusto mag tour, ENRICHEMENT
maexperience nila bago mag tour guide at RECREATIONAL
alam nila na pagdating sa pagiging tour ACTIVITY
guide Malaki ang kinikita at nagiging

TOUR
hahanap buhay di lamang sa pagiging tour
OPERATORS
guide ang nagkakaroon ng hanap buhay
mabibigyan mo din ng hanap buhay yung
LIVELIHOOD
mga kagaya ng mga nagiisland hopping na
tour operator ay nabibigyan sila ng hanap
buhay at yung mga mamamayan ng bayan
ng bulalacao nabigayn ng hanap buhay sa
larangan ng turismo.
MR. Meron, katulad ng mga pag langoy sa
EUGENIO dagat , mga ganun. Dinadala naming sila RECREATIONAL
DONA sa mga magagandang isla. ACTIVITIES
NENENG Meron po, minsan sa amin kasi bilang mga

MALABHA hanunuo mangyan. Meron mga CULTURAL
pagkakataon na nahihiya kami. Dahil STEREOTYPES
syemre bagong ano kasi namin ito... CUSTOMER
bagong tayo lang na beach kaya minsan di SATISFACTION
namin maiwasan na mahiya kami. Pero

UTILIZING GOOD
may mga pagkakataon naman na bukas
MANNERS
kami sa kanila, kung ano yung aming
pagkatao, pag-uugali bilang isang hanunuo
mangyan.
80
Q7. How do you manage the services you offer?
(kabitay niyo pagma-isaayos kanyo mga serbisyo?)
MR. HENRY Swempre ang number one talagang asset
HENERATO ng pagiging tour guide,ay dapat very OUTGOING AND
malambing dapat tama ang pagapproach ENTHUSIASTIC
sa tao at dapat sa isang bayan ay

hospitable para dumating man na matapos
THE
ang araw o yung panahon na kanilang
EFFECTIVENESS
pagbisita sa bayan ng bulalacao ay
AS TOUR GUIDE
nakangiti sila na pauwi at dapat na kayang
ipagmalaki bilang isang tour guide ay
dapat ikaw ay laging nakangiti at kapag
may mga dala hindi ka nagaatubiling dalhin
at dapat namamanage mo yung oras nila
para hindi sila gahol na ikaw na rin nag
nagiging sandalan kapag may mga
problema.
MR. Gumagawa kami ng maayos pagsama

EUGENIO sama namin pinakikisamahan ang mga SOCIALIZING
DONA taong dumating dito sa samahan naming COMMUNITY
tulong tulong sa paggawa sa kabutihan COMPANIONSHIP
ang aming samahan.
Dahil ito sa aming pag tutulungan ditto sa

MS. resort. May mga travaho kame na kanya EFFECTIVE SKILLS
NENENG kanyang ginagawa upang makatulong ditto RESPONSIBLE
MALABHA sa serbisyo naming na binibigay sa mga MANAGMENT
turista. Palagi naming sinisigurado na
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maganda at malinis palagi an gaming
kapaligiran. Para lalo ito mapuntahan ng
mga turista.
Q8. What actions do you take to provide a better services to the tourists as
a Hanunuo mangyan?
(Uno pag mga aksyon kanyo buwaton para sa magandang serbisyo bilang
us aka Hanunuo Mangyan?)
MR. HENRY Dito swempre sa bulalacao na kagaya nga
HENERATO natin na papausbong pa lang ang
PRIORITIZING THE
karamihan nating binibigyan ng
COMMUNITY AS A
pagpapahalaga yung ang hanap hubay ng
WHOLE
community kung sa talagang ipapriority
natin agad ang tourism ay maraming
investors pero,gusto namin ay mauna yung
mga community kumita kaya yung services LEADING TO
namin ay hindi talaga ganoon ka boom TOURISM
kagaya ng mga Bangka hindi ganoong DEVELOPMENT
kaganda at ganoon kalaki kasi naiisip
naming na gusto namin kumita muna yung RECOGNITION AS
community pero sa safety at A TOURIST
pagpapahalaga sa bisita ay yun talaga DESTINATION
pinahahalagahan naming dahil unang una
kapag ang bisita ay umalis ng maayos at
nakangiti ay malaking bentahe at malaking
karangalan ng bayan ng bulalacao ay ang
mga bisita na pagsilbihan ng maayos yun
lang po salamat po
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MR. Amiiing pakikisamahan ng ayos ang aking

EUGENIO mga bisita, kung saan man sila pumunta at SERVICE
DONA aming silang gawan ng mga magandang PROVIDER
pakikisama, para sila ay lalo naming ahhh

maattract saming ahh kapamabales
NENENG dito sa amin para mas maganda yung

MALABHA mapakita naming sa mga turista may mga PROMOTING
nakaplano sa amin na yung gusto namin CULTURE
ipakita talaga sa kanila yung aming kultura

EXPANDING
makagawa sana manlang kami ng isang
TOURISM
bahay or lugar na doon mismo makikita
SERVICES
lahat ng aming mga kultura. Kase dagdag
serbisyo nadin ito sa aming mga turista.
DATA INTERPRETATION
Q1. What are these things that help you on your daily basis?
Two (2) of the participants said that their daily source of income is from their
profession as a tour guide, in which they accompany visitors to several islands,
and one of them stated that their area has two sources of income: fishing and
farming.
Q2. What are services do you usually offer to tourists?
Participants stated the services they offer to tourists is the place itself,
scenery, lodging, and recreational activity which is the boardwalk and island
hopping.
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Q3. Are there any services you want to share?
Two (2) of the participants explained that they still want to share their resort
in a popular and well known tourist destination. Therefore, they seek assistance
to government to support them in improving their resort and to attract more
visitors. One of them stated that they want to express their culture by showcasing
their dance.
Three (3) participants stated that they usually guide the tourists since they are
the tour guides and service providers themselves.
The three (3) participants answered that they communicate with tourists in a
language that they are familiar and comfortable with.
Q6. Is there any experience you want to share in the tour guiding the
tourists?
One of the participants expressed happiness because as a service provider,
he was able to offer visitors with a positive experience as well as recognizing
their tourist destination. One of them stated that they want tourist to experience
some recreational activity which is swimming. And one of the participants
explained that there are circumstances between them and visitors because of
cultural stereotypes.
84
One of them stated that they manage the services they offer by showing the
effectiveness as a tour guide by being hospitable to tourists. And the two
participants stated that they manage services by their collaboration and
teamwork. Specifically, by maintaining the cleanliness of their resort.
Table 3. SERVICES - Categorization & Themes
The study use thematic analysis for analyzing qualitative data and it
involves interpretation in the processes of selecting codes and constructing
themes. The table shows four (4) categories: Tourism and Travel-Related
Services, Primary sources of income, Opportunities for Entrepreneurs to grow,
85
Community Development and Growth. The sub-theme generated by this
categorization is Tourism
Concepts of Services and Practices. The data shows the interpretation of this
factor was about the involvement and contribution of Mangyan Hanunuo in the
tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro in terms of services. The tourism notions of services and practices is the
fundamental ideas of tourism in terms of services and activities that concentrate
on government implementation for the growth of entrepreneurs' enterprises, as
well as the growth and development of the entire community.
86
Figure 1. Chart for the Statement of the Problem #1
MAIN THEME Problem #1:
Mangyan Hanunuo Community Engagement and Participation
It is a strategy for ensuring that individuals like the Mangyan Hanunuo access
desired social settings and activities perceive they could contribute meaningfully
to those activities and have functional abilities to participate fully. It focuses on
the community's resources, needs, and decisions. The following activities serve
as a key factors for the Mangyan Hanunuo community towards tourism, which
leads to a successful business and goals for development. Therefore, the
engagement and participation should place an emphasis on the resources,
needs and decisions of the community, allowing local communities to mobilize
87
their own resources, define their own requirements, and make their own
decisions to meet their own needs.
Problem No.2: What does the Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro
to improve the tourist influx of in terms of:
2.1 Transportation
Source from: Interview data

Figure 4. Theme, Categorization & Codes for the factor of Transportation.
88
Based on the interview data, the participants stated that the Local
Government of Bulalacao has already proposed plans for the enhancement of
the transport services specifically in terms of air transportation in the area. In
addition, the local government participants stated that they are also in the state of
organizing different public vehicles such as van for land transportation to improve
the transport services they offer to tourists. Mostly, tourists who visit Bulalacao
use private vehicles as their conveyance that is why the local Government is
eager to improve it for the growth of their transport system. According to a study
entitled “Social exclusion, mobility, and access” (Cass et, .al 2005), It is argued
that there are many dimensions of such access, that improving access is a
complex matter because of the range of human activities that might need to be
‘accessed’, and that some dimensions of access are only revealed through
changes in the infrastructure that ‘uncover’ previously hidden social exclusions.
With the idea of developing and constructing a transport system in Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro, it will be a big contribution for the tourist encouragement.
Making the place more convenient and accessible not only for tourists, but also
for the locals that perform different activities such as transporting goods from one
place to another will be beneficial. As mobility is often difficult in rural areas such
as Bulalacao, locals tend to rely on personally-owned automobiles for
transportation. Enhancing the efficiency of transport services will serve as an
89
important component for the growth of the economy. And by prioritizing the
improvement of transport services, it may provide people mobility and more
accessible places that may result not only in tourist influx in the area but also in
terms of access for employment which may contribute to the general
development of the tourism industry in Bulalacao.
Furthermore, the local government of Bulalacao also stated the
encouragement of investments for the continuance of the plans in developing the
air transport system. According to a study entitled “Accessibility analysis for
transportation projects and plans” (Merlin et,.al 2018), An accessibility-based
view starts from the idea first articulated early in the 20th century (Bonavia, 1936)
that the demand for transportation is largely derived from people's demand to
reach their destinations, rather than for the sake of movement per se.
Investments can boost the productivity of the proposed plans of the local
government for the development of transportation services. Having a competent
transport infrastructure most especially in the countryside may enable them to
expand their capability to accept tourists from different places. Through investing,
it may bring out the potential growth of the tourism development in Bulalacao.
Therefore the study revealed that the development and construction plan
of the local government in terms of transportation will urge a large number of
potential tourists and will create a social security in the completion of the
development of the Tourism Industry in Bulalacao.
90
TABLE 4: TRANSPORTATION
Q1. What are the proposed plans of the government in the development of
transportation especially in air transport?
PARTCIPANT STATEMENTS CODES
S
MR. HENRY Ahh sa transportation o kung sa
HENERATO example from manila to bulalacao ay PROPOSED PLAN
napakaganda na lahat ng daan and FOR AIR
with it comes naman pagdating sa TRANSPORTATION
himpapawid ay unang una ang

bulalacao ay wala pang airport ar nasa
kabilang pang probinsya sa occidental
mindoro pero ngayon kami ay may
propose na plano na magkakaroon ng
sariling airport kasi ang bulalacao ay
second tourist destination na ang
oriental Mindoro with it comes of
tourist.
MS. NORBET Ngayon no dahil almost 4 hours kami

CRUZ away from Calapan city, it’s the capital AIRPORT
of the province ang pinakamabilis na CONSTRUCTION
way to reach us pag galing manila is PLAN
via amm airplane na galing to meron

tayong airport sa san jose which is 1
hour amm anong tawag dyan, pero dito
sa bulalacao ang mayor natin ang
mayor natin ngayon ay may planong to
also construct yung sarili nating airport
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amm hindi naman sya yung, sa plano
di sya ganun pa kalake yung barangay
street lang, yung may naidentify lang
na lugar para dun sa pagtatayuan ng
airport
ADMIN Ang mayor ay talagang nagpplano na

GIDEON B. magkaroon ng air transport. Unang AIR
ABUEL una, pinaplano na yung parte jan sa TRANSPORTATION
may Lagnas bay. May matataas na DEVELOPMENTAL
lugar dito na pwedeng madevelop at PLAN
pwedeng maging aiport pede rin yung

SIGNIFICANCE OF
air system sa tubig. Yung mga maliliit
AIR
na aircraft na pupwedeng gamitin sa
TRANSPORTATION
tubig. Kasi napakahalaga ng air
IN TOURISM
transport kung ang mapag uusapan ay
INDUSTRY
turismo. Pero ang pinakamalapit
naman dito na airport ay sa San jose
Airport. Meron din naman malapit.
Q2. What are the contribution of transportation towards tourism

development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro?
MR. HENRY Syempre Malaki unang una ehh kung
HENERATO paano natin mapapaalwan yung mga PRIORITIZING
pagdating ng bisita dito sa atin sa amin ROAD
bayan, unang una binigyang priority ang EXPANSION FOR
mga daan, pinalawak talagang binigyang TOURIST
pondo pagdating naman dito sa bulalacao ARRIVALS
binigyang priority ang tourist cite binigyang
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daan talagang binigyan tamang daan para PRIORITIZING
mas mapadali sa turista na maabot nila TOURIST SITES
yung for example yung beach for example
din yung mga lagim mga ganon staka
kagaya nito na magkaroon ng
maexperience ng mga bisita sa mga tagong
lugar
MS. Malaki yung naging contribution ng

NORBET development of transportation lalo na nung
EMPLOYMENT
CRUZ nabuo pa yung angkwars natin, yung roro
OPPORTUNITY
port natin ngayon ang biyahe nya lang is
bulalacao through kaluya, yung nabuksan
yun mas nabuksan yung opportunity ahh di
lang sa employment ng mga bulalacao TRAVEL TIME
kundi yung mas napabilis yung biyahe EFFICIENCY
nuuung, at naging gateway tayo through
southern pilippines at maliban pa dun
shempre dahil nga almost 4 hours ang layo
natin dun sa Calapan and dati lumalagpas
pa dun yung travel kapag via land, so yung
pag improve, concreting ng mga roads,
sobrang laki talaga ng tulong di lang sa
tourist pati sa mga pumupunta dito dahil
pagdeliver ng service, paghatid ng mga
products ng bulalacao mas mabilis, mas
efficient
ADMIN Napakalaki syempre. Mahalaga ang pag
93
GIDEON B. cater ng transportasyon, yung pag alam
ABUEL kung kalian maaaring bumiyahe, araw at
CATERING
oras, dahil sa ngayon hindi pa naman
TRANSPORT
gaano kayos ito dahil nga tayo ay
SERVICES
nanggaling sa pandemya. Ay, kalimitan na
hindi bawat oras bbyahe. Mayroong
schedule talaga yan. Galling San Jose,
dadaan dito. Ngayon bukas na ulit yung
roro, dumadaan dito galing Visayaz bababa
jan sa pier natin, dadaan dito deretsong
manila. At meron din tayong byahe galing
Manila deretso bulalacao. Kaya hindi na
mahirap na puntahan ito. Lalo na kung
magiging level one na tayo, lahat, mawala
na yung pandemya edi yung dating normal
operation ng mga dating transport services
e tuloy tuloy na yan. Yung tuloy ng roro
bus, yoong Arps, yung iba pang bus na
dumadaan dito
Q3. What kinds of support does the government provide to support the
improvement of the transportation in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro?
MR. HENRY Syempre pagdating sa suporta ay
HENERATO binibigyan naming diin na maipaliwanag RELEVANCE OF
sa mga tao kasi unang una pagdating sa TRANSPORTATION
mag daan ay maraming madadaanan

lalong lalo na kapag sa kagaya ng sa
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bulalacao ay nasa mga tagong lugar yung ROLES OF
tourist site ay ngayon ay kailangan TRANSPORT
makausap lahat na mga may-ari ngayon SERVICE
pagdating naman sa ganoong bagay ay PROVIDERS
binibigyan namin ng prioridad ang mga
daan para kung dumating man ang
panahon na lumaki at dumami yung mga
turista naming ay maganda ay maganda
lahat ng daan at safe
MS. Malaki yung ano naging contribution ng

NORBET development of transportation lalo na
ROAD
CRUZ nung nabuo pa yung angkwars natin, yung
CONSTRUCTION
roro port natin ngayon ang biyahe nya
lang is bulalacao through kaluya, yung
nabuksan yun mas nabuksan yung
TRANSPORTATION
opportunity ahh di lang sa employment ng
DEVELOPMENT
mga bulalacao kundi yung mas napabilis
yung biyahe nuuung, at naging gateway
tayo through southern pilippines at
maliban pa dun shempre dahil nga almost
4 hours ang layo natin dun sa Calapan
and dati lumalagpas pa dun yung travel
kapag via land, so yung pag improve,
concreting ng mga roads, sobrang laki
talaga ng tulong di lang sa tourist pati sa
mga pumupunta dito dahil pagdeliver ng
service, paghatid ng mga products ng
95
bulalacao mas mabilis, mas efficient
ADMIN Sa ngayon isinasaayos naming yung

GIDEON B. transportasyon gamit ang mga van. ORGANIZING
ABUEL Hinihikayat naming yan na magkaroon PUBLIC VEHICLE
ditto. Syempre hindi pa naman ganoon ka FOR LAND
grabe ang volume ng taong pumupunta TRANSPORTATION
dito, hindi pa naman kami masyadong

PREPARATION OF
handa pa. Naghahanda palang rin kami
ACCOMMODATION
para sa usaping manunutuyan nila. Una
sa lahat, syempre dapat mayroon kang
INVESTMENT FOR
magagandang hotel, magagandang
TRANSPORTATION
restaurant na makakpagbigay ng
SYSTEM
pangangailangan ng mga turista. Pero
meron tayo diyan sa mga resort na maliliit
na nakaka tanggap na ng mga bisita. So,
itong transportation system na pang
turismo, darating din tayo diyan kasi
bahagi na iyan ng programa, nakalagay
na iyan e, na balang araw mahihikayat
nating bumisita dito ang mga turista.
DATA INTERPRETATION
Q1. What is the propose plans of the government in the development of
transportation especially in air transport?
The participants stated that the local government of Bulalacao is already
96
planning the airport construction for the completion of the development of air
transport services in the place. One of the respondents, Admin Gideon Abuel,
said that they are also considering using other aircrafts like seaplane for the
implementation of this construction plan.
The participants stated that the contribution of transportation is quite
significant in catering and facilitating visitors from different places. And according
to Ms. Norbet Cruz, transportation services generate employment opportunity for
the locals of Bulalacao.
The participants focus on idea of the road construction that the local
government implements to improve transportation development in Bulalacao.
Admin Gideon Abuel, stated that the local government is in the state of
organizing other public vehicle for land transportation to enhance the transport
services they offer to tourists. Also, they are now engaging with the investments
for transportation system as they are preparing for the future of the tourism
industry of Bulalacao.
97
Table 4. TRANSPORTATION - Categorization & Themes
The researchers categorize the codes for this factor into two main parts;
Transportation system construction and developmental plan, and tourism and
transport related services. With the sub theme; Transportation services
development. The data shows the proposed plans of the local government for the
enhancement of the transport services specifically in terms of air transportation. It
also tackle the encouragement of investments for the continuance of the plans in
developing the transport system in the place. In addition, the road expansion for
tourist arrival, tourism sites, and accommodation will be given priority for the
98
developmental plan to be guaranteed in general for the tourism industry of
Bulalacao.
2.2 Promotion
99
Figure 5. Theme, Categorization & Codes for the factor of Promotion.
100
Based on the interview data, the three (3) participants stated that the
primary role of local government is to assess what needs to be improved, create
plans, make strategies, and distribute the funding for tourist initiatives. The
findings show that social media platforms are the fastest way to promote one's
destination, particularly regarding advertising. It is the way that they are
employing to market the location. They have also called Lakbay Oriental
Mindoro, a free software app for android and IOS that displays all the information
on the tourist spots in Oriental Mindoro. They also offer coffee table books that
take you to the website and witness the virtual tour in Bulalacao, which might
boost the number of tourists. The results in finding show advertising the location
on FM radio, in pamphlets, in brochures, or even on their website. The
participants stated that creating marketing strategies can influx tourists to the
destination. Digital Marketing also is one of the best ways to promote Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro. The findings conclude that the local government of Bulalacao
Oriental Mindoro to improve the tourist influx is in line with the overall marketing
strategy. It is to define the target audience, choose the most successful
advertising, sales support, and public relations programs to be designed, and
choose the best techniques to control and evaluate the operation of the
promotion. They go above and beyond to uncover the demands and implement
the essential advertising techniques.
101
Based on the information acquired from the three (3) Local Government
participants; print media, market development, and digital marketing are the
tourism marketing tactics that help local governments promote their region to
tourists. One of the most convenient and effective ways to promote Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro to tourists, is Digital Marketing because it has a wider audience
and is most accessible. Therefore, the LGU's involvement in advertising its
destination may increase tourists. The statement is seconded by the study of
Khan et al. (2022) entitled "Adoption of Digital Marketing Strategies in Tourism
Industry: A Case Study of Pakistan." According to the study by Khan et al.
(2022), digital marketing has a high impact on the tourist influx of the destination
because tourists are influenced by information on the internet, and it is proven
that some tourists look for the reviews and comments to the destination before
they trust to go to the destination. Aside from that, digital marketing uses
websites to promote something to their viewers and potential customers and
make it easier to access the information anywhere at any time. (Couture et al.,
2015).
102
In addition to the results of the study, Market Development has also
improved the visitation of the tourist to Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. In market
development, the study revealed that some things considered are improving the
tourism facilities, improving the information in tourism offices, encouraging more
investors, and so on. Thus, the LGU's contribution. According to the study by
Khan et al. (2020), "Tourism and Development in Developing Economies: A
Policy Implication Perspective," shows that tourism marketing can be expensive,
particularly if you want to attract national or international tourists. That is why
encouraging more investors should be one of the priorities. So it will have
enough capital to develop tourism facilities such as hotels, resorts, parks, and
energy and transportation amenities which are one of the tourists looking and
expect when visiting the destination.
103
The study also revealed that Print Media is one of the tourism marketing
strategies the LGU used to help improve the tourist influx in Oriental Mindoro.
According to the study by Dayton (2016), entitled "The Comparison of
Effectiveness between Print Media & Electronic Media in Promotion and
Recruitment," it states that print media advertising helps entrepreneurs market
their goods or services in the form of Brochures, booklets, or any paper. The
study discusses the effectiveness of print media in advertising; according to the
study, many Millennials trust print media because it goes through many
processes before it is published. As a result, using both print and digital in
promotion allows you to reach any traveler. Print makes meaningful connections
while digital marketing excel being quick and cheap. Combining these two
components appears to be the best way to attract tourists to Bulalacao.
TABLE 5: PROMOTION
Q1. What is the role of the government in promoting Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro?
MR. HENRY Sa promotion ang Oriental Mindoro, ang
HENERATO bulalacao ay napakalaki ng tulong
SOCIAL MEDIA
gobyerno syempre sinusuportahan yung
PLATFORM
mga proyekto ng related sa tourism, at
syempre pagdating sa promotion
ginagamit naming yung mga social
media yung aming facebook page ng
tourism office para mas makilala yung
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tourism site ng bulalacao.
MS. NORBET Amm siguro, it is a way na

CRUZ pagpopromote natin is pagiging proud at PLANNING TO
iensure na ready yung service providers IMPROVE
natin syempre mahirap naman imarket TOURISM
ang isang lugar kung ang attraction lang FACILITIES
meron tayo kung hindi ready yung mga

service provider natin sa mga facilities
na gagamitin nila, ang hirap imanage,
so yun na siguro yung primary role ng
LGU, pagdedetermine kung anong
kailangan ng improvement and then
paggagawa ng plano and amm ahh pag
aalot ng budget para sa mga plano na
yun.
ADMIN Ang aming opisina sa turismo ay syang SOCIAL MEDIA

GIDEON B. talaga ang nagmumungkahi at PROMOTION
ABUEL nagsusulong upang mas makilala pa PROVIDING
ang bayan ng Bulalacao pagdating sa TOURISM
turismo. Mayroon kaming FM Radio, BROCHURES
social media, at ganoon na rin ang INFORMATION
gaming PIO, mayroon kaming opisina TOURISM
na nagbibigay kaalaman patungkol sa OFFICES
turismo. Nag gagawa din kami ng mga
pamplhets at leaflets na maaaring
ipamigay sa mga tao. Ngunit sa
panahon ngayon, ang pinakamabilis na
105
daan sap ag hihikayat ay ang social
media..
Q2. What projects or programs are you launching to increase the tourist
influx in your community?
MR. HENRY Pagdating naman sa mga pwedeng
HENERATO maging promotin pagdating naman sa,
MOBILE
para mas makilala, nagkaroon ang
APPLICATION FOR
oriental Mindoro ng application na lakbay
TOURISM
oriental Mindoro ngayon kasama ang
INFORMATION
bulalacao doon lahat ng bisita ay for
example sa android phone o sa ios phone
sa mga iphone ay nagkaroon ng
application ngayon pagdinownload yun
lahat ng tourism cite within oriental
Mindoro ay makikita para mas mapadali
yung transportation nila at Makita nila for
example ng pamasahe kung magkano
ang presyo ng mga accommodation
MS. Ahh yung nasa process kami ng
NORBET pagdedevelop ng coffee table book namin
CRUZ way invented reality based amm ano sya
DEVELOPING
isang coffee naver book and yung usual
COFFEE TABLE
na coffee naver book natin ano sya
BOOK
through the papers pero yun meron syang
kasamang QR Code na kapag iniscan mo
magpo promote sa isang website na may
laman na videos at pictures na parang
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nagvivirtual tour ka sa bulalacao, so nasa
process pa kami ng development nun,
amm malaking bagay sya dahil amm ang
coffee table book intended na ibigay
namiiing, ipadala naming sa nga national
agency para kung amm meron silang
silang mga bisita pedeng makapagslang
then makikita nila makakapag meron
silang chance na ivirtual tour ang
bulalacao and sana maging way din yun
para mainganyo sila pumunta dito.
ADMIN Syempre dapat madevelop itong aming

GIDEON B. Bulalacao bay. Ang bulalacao bay
DEVELOPING
ABUEL development na iyan ay magbibigay ng
ACCOMMODATION.
plan para sa aming mga restaurants at
siguro yung amin ding ginagawang
ENCOURAGING
building jan na sabi ko nga ay kapag
INVESTORS.
nayari yan ay yan ang tatawagin naming
Bulalacao Tourism training and hostile na
kayang umokupa ng mga taong DEVELOPING A
interesado sa pag eensasyo ng mga PROGRAM FOR
bagay na may patungkol sa turismo. At TOURISM TRAINING
syempre ang Bulalacao Investment AND HOSTILE
Incentive code, ayun ang magbibigay ng
motibo sa mga investor sa ibat-ibang
larangan na may kaugnayan sa turismo.
pinaplano namin na kapag ang isang
investor ay lumahok sa isang programa ng
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turismo, depende sa kanilang kakayahang
makpagbigay ng capital, mayroon
nakalagay don na bracket, magiging
pribilehiyo din ito sa kanila dahil libre
muna sila sa mga pagbabayad ng buwis
dito. Pero, yoong mga kakailanganing
workforce ay kinakailangan taga
Bulalacao. Pero yung technical, kanila.
Yung labor force na kakailanganin ng
kanilang itinatayong kumpanya, hotel man
yan, manufacturing man yan, na may
kaugnayan sa turismo o kaya
manufacturing na mayroong kaugnayan
sa labor component, pag dating sa tao ay
taga rito. 70% o 80% nandoon yon sa
Bulalacao incentive program.
Q3. What is the significance of promotion in improving the tourist

influx in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro?
MR. HENRY Pagdating sa bulalacao ang mga turista ay
HENERATO maaayos. Nakasuporta ang gobyerno,
Gumawa kami ng mga asosasyon sa bawat
CONVEYING
tourism site para na alam naming ang
INFORMATION TO
maging pakipakinabang sa mamamayan
PEOPLE ABOUT
yung pagkakaroon ng isang asosasyon.
BULALACAO
Kaya pagdating sa promotion at syempre
ORIENTAL
pagdating sa pagpapahalaga sa tourism ng
MINDORO
bulalacao ay napakalaki ng aming
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gampanin sa gobyerno kaya yon ang aming
kayang ipahatid sa bawat asosasyon.
MS. Syempre dahil lalo na kung ang gagamitin
NORBET natin ngayon ang social media dahil dun MARKET
CRUZ madaming audience, ang service, ang TOURISM
products kasi natin is yung industry diba THROUGH
iyong, di mo sya pedeng dalhin kasi nandito BROCHURES
lang sya so ang magandang promotion is

maipapakita mo, ang pede virtually or
written or nasa picture na ipapakita mo sya
SOCIAL MEDIA
sa wider audience, so mas marami yung
PROMOTION
magkakaron ng idea kung ano sa bulalacao
and yun nga mas marami yung maiinganyo
na pumunta dito.
ADMIN Ang kahalagahan nito ay syempre
GIDEON B. natutulungan kaming mag reach out sa
SOCIAL MEDIA
ABUEL mga tao gamit itong social media. Mas
ENGAGE
madali ang pag advertise sa mga
TOURISM
magagandang tanawin na mayroon kami
AUDIENCES
dito. Sa ngayon ay nagsasagawa kami ng
tourism master development plan ditto sa
Bulalacao. Layon nitong maipalam sa mga
tao ang mga dapat at hindi dapat gawin EASILY
dito. Dahil habang tayo ay nag establish ng ADVERTISE
mga tourism programs, dapat alamin natin
ang mga posibilidad na maaaring mangyari
para maiwasan natin ang mga bagay na
makakasira sa ating environment dahil
pinopromote din naming ang green travel
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within bulalacao.
DATA INTERPRETATION
Mindoro?
The participants stated that the primary role of Local Government is to
determine what needs to improve, create plans, and allocate the tourism projects
budget. Especially when it comes to advertising, the social media platform is the
method that they are using to promote the place. They also promote the place
through FM radio, Pamphlets, Brochures, and Information.
The participants stated that the projects or programs they are launching
to increase the tourist influx in the community were first the Lakbay Oriental
Mindoro. It is an application for android and the IOS phones which you can
download, and it shows all the information on the tourism sites within Oriental
Mindoro. You can see the transportation fares and accommodations. The second
is the coffee table book which has a QR Code that, if you scan it, you will be
prompted to a website that has a compilation of coffee. But with a twist, you can
also see the virtual tour in Bulalacao, which can help to increase the number of
110
tourists. Last, the bulalacao bay serves as the accommodation and restaurant
place for the tourists to enjoy.
Q3. What is the significance of promotion in improving the tourist influx in
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro?
The participants stated that the significance of the promotion is that they can
reach out to a broader audience. With that, it can improve the tourist influx to the
place. The services and products that the place offers are intangible, so a
suitable advertisement is virtual, by writing or in a picture wherein you can show
it to a broader audience.
Table 5. PROMOTION - Categorization & Themes
111
The researchers categorize it into three parts: digital marketing, market
development, and print media. The sub-theme for the factor of promotion is
tourism marketing strategies. As shown in the data, the promotion objectives in
Bulalacao oriental Mindoro are consistent with the general marketing plan. It is to
identify the target group, find out the effective advertising, sales support, and
public relations programs to be planned, and select the best methods to control
and assess the promotion operation of the place. They extend their efforts to
discover the needs and follow necessary promotional strategies to raise interest
among the potential tourists.
112
2.3 Livelihood
Figure 6. Theme, Categorization & Codes for the factor of Livelihood.
Based on the results, one of the Local Government establishments is
Kaphamada Beach Resort, which prioritized employing the Hanunuo Mangyan
association. It is proven to attract more tourists due to the scenery and hospitality
of Hanunuo Mangyan that the Kaphamada offer. According to the study by
113
Kapiki, “Quality Management in Tourism and Hospitality: An Exploratory Study
among Tourism Stakeholders,” It tackles about having a hospitable staff at the
destination impacts the tourist. The study proves that tourists are willing to pay
more when they visit hospitality properties of the destination that offer service
that meets or exceeds their service expectations. Mangyan Hanunuo, as the tour
guide of the Kaphamada Beach Resort, proved to be very welcoming and warm
to the tourist, making the tourist come back due to the satisfaction of the service
that the Mangyan Hanunuo gives. Socializing, entertaining, and accompanying
are some benefits that the Mangyan Hanunuo make which make tourist return to
the Kaphamada in Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro. The livelihood of Mangyan
Hanunuo as a tour guide in Kaphamada Beach Resort increased the tourist
arrival due to their natural characteristics.
Aside from that, the three (3) participants agreed that the primary
livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo is Agriculture. The fresh fruits and livestock
products produced by Mangyan Hanunuo are catered to restaurants and tourism
programs in Oriental Mindoro. It serves the tourists and the locals, which is why
the LGU provides funds and develops programs to support and sustain the
Agriculture Industry. It is seconded by the study of Steinmetz (2010) in “Food,
Tourism and Destination Differentiation: The Case of Rotorua, New Zealand.”
According to the study, food has become an essential element in marketing
tourist destinations. A destination that produces or caters the fresh fruits and
114
healthy food has the advantage of increasing tourist visitation. Therefore, having
fresh fruit and livestock produces fresh food, which satisfies tourists and gives
positive feedback, making the destination popular and known for serving fresh
food. It proves that the livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo in Agriculture significantly
contributes to increasing the tourist visitation in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
115
In addition, the Mangyan Hanunuo, an entrepreneur of their handicrafts to
tourists, attracts the cultural tourist type. And for Local Government to help the
Mangyan Hanunuo, they created a farm-to-market road project, making it easier
for the Mangyan Hanunuo to sell their handicraft to the tourist. According to the
study by Upadhyay (n.d) entitled “Handicraft Tourism in Pokhara: Connecting the
Past Tradition to the Present,” states that handicrafts are the hand creation from
the nimble fingers of the craftsmen which are self-expressive in their natural
form. Revealing a conscious aesthetic beauty approach is reviewed as an
essential segment of cultural tourism.
The study shows that Mangyan Hanunuo, an entrepreneur and craftsman
of handicrafts, has a significant contribution to attracting tourists to buy souvenirs
or other handicrafts because the tourist has this urge to purchase handicrafts
from them due to the authenticity and high quality of the product. And some
tourists know the importance of handicrafts made by Mangyan Hanunuo because
it’s not just their product. Their culture also leads to the preservation of traditional
skills and art. In addition, the increasing number of tourist buyer of handicraft
increases the visitation of tourists in Oriental, Mindoro.
TABLE 6. LIVELIHOOD
Q1. What are the livelihood activities pursued by the local people of
Mangyan Hanunuo?
MR. HENRY Ang bulalacao ay pangalawa sa
116
HENERATO pinakamaraming hanunuo sa buong
oriental Mindoro. Ang nangunguna ay BENEFITS OF
mansalay pero nung pagdating sa KAPAMHADA
tourism binigyan rin namin ding diin, RESORT
ang hindi naman totally pag sinabing

tourism ay…. ang sabi nga nila ay
“beach” more on beach more on sa
accommodation. Ngayon meron ding
dumating na time na nagbigay kami
ng pagpapahalaga sa mga hanunuo
kasi alam namin na gusto din namin
na magkakaroon ng hanap buhay ang
hanunuo kaya nagkaroon ng
asosasyon na kagaya ng kaphamada
na yan ay sinuportahan namin na ang
hanggang ngayon ay nagfufunction
ang asosasyon na ito.
MS. NORBET Ang primary source of livelihood ng
CRUZ hanunuo mangyan is yung farming
AGRICULTURAL
dahil ang mga tahanan ay nasa may
LIVELIHOOD
kabundukan so usually farming talaga
yung ano nila livelihood at tsaka dahil
kami yung may pinakamahabang dry
season dito sa Oriental Mindoro may
variety crops yung napoproduce
namin so may mga crops na hindi
makapunta sa ibang bayan katulad
ng sibuyas, so ayun.
117
ADMIN GIDEON Marami, unang una, yung kanilang
B. ABUEL weaving industry na ito. Isa pa meron
kami ngayong ginagawang
SELLING
partnership kasama ang DOST, kasi
SOUVENIRS
alam mo noon ay nagging charcoal
manufacturing ang Bulalacao.
Pinatulan naming ang pag uuling. Sa
kabilang banda ay nakatulong naman
ito para sa pangkain ng mga local na
tao dito, ngunit hindi naman ito
sustainable development. Kaya’t
naisip naming na kung iyong mga
giant ipil ipil ay putulin, at ulinging,
nakapag isip kami ng isang mas
magandang solusyon. Nakipag tie up
kami sa DOST, para gawin itong
wood parking. Mga mangyan din ang
aming magaaral, sila din ang
magiging tao jan. Kung putulin man
ang mga puno, ay agaran ding
magkakaroon ng reforestation, kasi
kung ano lang ang pupwede na
gawing wood parking ay work
processing ang kailangan na
magagawa, parang wood tiles ba. At
meron pa kaming mga ibang
programa sa livelihood, binibigyan
naming ng mga programs ang mga
mangyan para maibenta yung mga
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souvenirs na ginagawa nila sa mga
turista. Yung mga produkto nila na
mga fabrics, accessories at mga ramit
products lahat ng yan e nagiging
hanap buhay nila.
Q2. How tourism-related livelihood have contribute to the tourism

MR. HENRY Syempre ang nagiging bentahe ng
HENERATO kapamada ng ang asosasyon ng
PROVIDES
hanunuo ay nabibigyan naming
EMPLOYMENT
halaga yung aming hanunuo hindi
naman pag sinabing hanunuo ay
minsan akala nila ay medyo
nadidiskriminate pero kami sa tourism
office ay lalong lalo na ako ay mas
gusto ko silang bigyan ng
pagpapahalaga dahil alam namin na
sila ang mas nangangailangan kaya
ayun ang binigyan ng diin na
susuportahan naming ang asosasyon
at para mabigyan ng hanap buhay
kasi ang isang asosasyon sinasabi
nga natin na maraming myembro
pero ang natutulungan natin dyan ay
pamilya, bawat pamilya na nabibigyan
natin ng hanap buhay yung isang sa
kasapi o magulang o asawa pero mas
natutulungan natin ang pamilya
119
MS. NORBET Dito sa Oriental Mindoro, ang

CRUZ Bulalacao ang naghouse ng second
largest population ng mangyans, so
CULTURAL
isa sigurong way para ahh
PRESENTATION
maicorporate yung culture nila sa
ating tourism industry ay yung amm
katulad nung ginagawa naming kapag
may mga bisita nagkakaron ng
cultural presentation ng ahh ng mga
HANDMADE
mangyan mismo dun sa mga bisita
PRODUCTS
and then isa ding way ay yung
gumagawa sila, ay yung may mga
products sila na sila ang gumagawa
inoramit yung cloth na sila yung
naghahabi and then yung mga blits
amm pwede syang souvenirs para sa
mga tourist, so ang plano namin, may
plano din naaa magkaroon ng schools
of living traditions, so dun nakalagay
yung mga products nila, may tao dun
para magpakita ng process ng
paggawa ng mga products nila
ADMIN GIDEON Ang mga priodukto lalo na ang mga

B. ABUEL pagkain na galling sa mga mangyan LIVESTOCK
yung mga livestock ay kini-cater PRODUCTS
naming sa mga kapag may mga HANDMADE
tourism programs kame na SOUVENIRS
120
inihahanda sa munisipyo at5 sa ibang
lugar. Sa kanila nang gagaling yung
PURCHASE AT
mga manok, meats at mga prutas
THE MARKET
dahil sa gantong way nakakatulong
kame sa kanila. Last, yung mga
souvenirs na ginagawa nila binebenta
nila yun sa mga market kaya
nakakatulong ito sap ag ppromote ng
lugar namin.
Q3. What are the plans of the government in supporting the sustainable
local livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo?
MR. HENRY Alam po natin na ang gobyerno ay
HENERATO hndi lamang sumusuporta sa
PROVIDING FUNDS
kagaya ng mga asosasyon na hindi
TO SUPPORT
hanunuo kaya dito sa amin sa
HANUNUO
bulalacao ay mas pinahalagahan
naming na bigyang suporta yung
hanunuo dahil gusto nila magkaroon
ACCOMMODATION
ng hanap buhay na related sa
FOR HANUNUO
tourism kaya binigyan naming sila
MANGYAN
ng pagkakataon. Kami gobyerno sa
local government ay nagbigay ng
pondo para panimula sa kanila.
Dahil ditto makakatulong din sila sa
amin para mas makilala. Kaya
dapat mas mabibigyan ng
magagandang accommodation at
pagpapahalaga ang gobyerno sa
121
mga hanunuo.
MS. NORBET Ang plano ng LGU dahil mandated
CRUZ na din kasi ang local culture ads
LOCAL CULTURE
plan so meron kaming sariling plano
ADS FOR THE
para sa local culture, dahil nga
LIVELIHOOD
native natin ay hanunuo mangyan
ang priority din sila dun sa plano
natin, nakalagay dun na amm dapat
mapepreserve yung, mapepreserve
and mapapasa yung culture nila by
employing teachers or educators na
magpapass dun sa mga younger
generations nung kung anong
culture meron ang mangyan and
then, also we make sure na dapat
hindi sila madedemolarized or
parang ma natatakot kasi ang
hanunuo mangyan natin na baka
amm tawag dito, yung para
masapawan yung culture na meron
sila, so we make sure na kahit
binubuksan pinipresent sila sa mga
turista hindi parin nakakalimutan
yung roots nila, so kasi katulad ng
iba, may hanunuo mangyan
presentation na ahh mga bagong
kanta yuuung ginagamit, di
iniencouraged yung ganung
presentation kasi iniencourage nga
122
namin na yung ano talaga nila yung
culture talaga nila yung kung ano
ba yung dance nila na ipepresent
ADMIN GIDEON Kung makakapunta kayo sa
B. ABUEL community ng mangyan sa Dakotan,
SUSTAINABLE
makikita niyo yung heritage nila.
LIVELIHOOD
Makikita mo0 kung paano sila
PROGRAM
namumuhay. May mga plano ang
gobyerno na mabigyan sila ng mga
sustainable development. Yung mga
livelihood program na available sa
kanila at durable na makapag
produce sila ng mas madaming
products like mga bags, clothes na
pwede nila maibenta sa markets.
DATA INTERPRETATION
Mangyan Hanunuo?
For the factor of livelihood, the researchers have three participants. The three
participants stated the Mangyan Hanunuo's livelihood activities such as the
employment in Kapamhada Resort of the association of Mangyan Hanunuo,
Agricultural, and Selling Souvenirs to the tourists. The participants discussed and
explained how it becomes the livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo and how the local
government can help Mangyan Hanunuo to make it sustainable.
123
Q2. How tourism related livelihood have contribute to the tourism
The three (3) participants stated Mangyan Hanunuo's livelihood is connected
to the tourism industry. Some of the livelihoods are Cultural presentations and
selling handmade products of Mangyan Hanunuo to the tourist, which serve as
souvenirs. The crops and livestock produced by the Mangyan are being catered
to the restaurant consumed by tourists. The participants stated how significant
the contribution of Mangyan Hanunuo was to the development of tourism in
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
Q3. What are the plans of the Government to support the sustainable local
livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo?
The three (3) participants stated the LGU plans and programs that support
Mangyan Hanunuo's livelihood. The LGU provides funds to create programs
such as accommodation for Mangyan Hanunuo to make the market of Mangyan
Hanunuo more accessible for the tourist. They also develop programs that
enhance the skills of Mangyan Hanunuo. The plans and programs of local
government ensure the sustainable livelihood for Mangyan Hanunuo while
preserving the culture of Mangyan Hanunuo
Table 6. LIVELIHOOD - Categorization & Themes
124
The researcher categorized the codes collected into three categories:
Local Government Livelihood Programs, Income Generating Activities, and
Cultural Promotion. The sub-theme for this factor is Livelihood Opportunities. The
data shows the importance of collaboration of the two associations, the Mangyan
Hanunuo Community and the Local Government, in sustaining the livelihood of
the Mangyan Hanunuo. It discusses how the two associations collaborate to
meet the needs of Mangyan Hanunuo's livelihood by utilizing their skills while
preserving and promoting Mangyan Hanunuo culture.
Figure 2. Chart for the Statement of the Problem #2
125
MAIN THEME Problem 2: Local
Government of Bulalacao
Proposed Strategic Plan
It focuses on the set of
strategic plans and programs
developed by the local government
to promote and ensure the
economic growth of Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro. Tourism industry
is interconnected in many ways, and
126
one of its factors is to prioritize infrastructure development, digitization of
promotions, and sceneries. Therefore, these plans will allow the progressive
tourism industry of Bulalacao to be fully equipped in terms of transport services,
promotions, and livelihood, leading into a complete development of the sector in
the future.
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
127
This chapter presents the summary and conclusions drawn from the
findings and the corresponding recommendations.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Two (2) major themes, Six (6) sub themes, consisting of seventeen (17)
categories, seventy nine (79) meaning codes, emerged from the data. The
findings were discussed according to the six themes by factors that emerged
from the data:
MAIN THEME Problem #1: Mangyan Hanunuo Community Engagement and
Participation
MAIN THEME Problem #2: Local Government of Bulalacao Proposed Strategic
Plan
SUB THEME 1: Intangible Heritage
SUB THEME 2: Authenticity of Traditional Products
SUB THEME 3: Tourism Concepts of Services and Practices
SUB THEME 4: Transportation Services Development
SUB THEME 5: Tourism Marketing Strategies
SUB THEME 6: Livelihood Opportunities
The following are the findings of the study:
Problem No. 1. What is the Involvement and Contribution of Hanunuo
Mangyan in Tourism development of Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro in terms of:
128
1.1 Culture (THEME 1: Intangible Heritage)
Based on the findings in the data that the researchers analyze, the
involvement of culture in the tourism development of Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro
is a significant driver of the destination for attractiveness and competitiveness.
The culture of Mangyan Hanunuo can be fostered to help the Bulalacao Oriental
Mindoro become more attractive to tourists and increase its competitiveness as a
location to live, visit, work, and invest in. The Mangyan Hanunuo were very
welcoming. Despite just showing up, they could accommodate the tourists and
set up a small presentation of their rich culture. Its contribution to the tourism
development of the place was that it can help reinforce identities, enhance cross-
cultural understanding and preserve the heritage and culture of the area. This
contribution has a positive economic impact. Because tourists who visit the place
to learn more about culture during their trip can help contribute to the area's
economy and bring employment prospects to the community that hosts the
tourists. The culture plays a significant role in the tourism development of
Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro in developing their tangible and intangible cultural
assets to develop comparative advantages in an increasingly competitive tourism
marketplace.
1.2 Products (THEME 2: Authenticity of Traditional Products)
Based on the findings, Mangyan's products were woven fabrics, ramits,
beads accessories, handicrafts, buli, and lingon. The products were the key draw
cards that attract tourists to particular destinations. The Involvement of the
129
products in the Tourism development is that it can bring new and innovative
products to the market for tourists to buy in the area. The Mangyan Hanunuo
products can help visitors explore the destination they are visiting by offering
them the chance to view attractions, shop for souvenirs, take tours, or purchase
experiences. The unique aspect of their products is that they show how the
products were made for the tourist. Their products are much more than just the
tangible souvenirs tourists take home to their friends and families; they are their
experiences in the area. The contribution of the products to tourism development
is visible in improving the quality of their life. And it is seen as an environmentally
friendly, sustainable development that has the added benefit of building pride for
Indigenous people like the Mangyan Hanunuo by sharing their rich cultural
products with the world. The authenticity of their products is ensured through the
active Involvement of Mangyan Hanunuo in the development of products. It's not
just contributing to tourism development, but it contributes to their lifestyle and
community.
1.3 Services (THEME 3: Tourism Concepts of Services and Practices)
Based on the discussion of results from the previous chapter, tourism
services are becoming increasingly popular, particularly as a way to diversify the
tourist product and give attractiveness to local areas like Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro. People interact face to face with service takers and providers.
Furthermore, the quality of service specifically the tourism activities stimulate
people to bond, both visitors and tourism service providers. It emphasizes
130
tourist’s activities and benefits, whereas indigenous tourism highlights ethnic
group’s contributions to the construction of ethnic groups to offer a lodging
service, food, recreation and entertainment, and tour guides, all of which are
important aspects of the cultural identity as well as for the satisfaction of tourist.
The following are common types of services that also provided by Mangyan
Hanunuo in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. On the island, there are a few
Hanunuos that run lodging services, and other Hanunuos who specialize in
guiding. Mangyan Hanunuo provides tourists with the chance to share their
traditions and customs, allowing the locals to retain their cultural components and
earn respect for their identity. The activity in which Mangyan Hanunuo share their
traditions, practices and services with visitors in order to promote holistic and
sustainable community development.
Problem No.2. What are the Local Government’s projects and programs to
improve the tourist influx of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:
2.1 Transportation (THEME 4: Transportation Services Development)
After assessing the study's findings, transportation services show their
significance to the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, and
generally speaking. Transportation services serve as travel assistance not only
for tourists and travelers but also a correlation in transporting goods produced by
the locals. Despite Bulalacao being known as the 2nd tourist destination in the
province of Oriental Mindoro, its transportation system needs improvement. The
Local Government of Bulalacao has already proposed plans for the enhancement
131
of the transport system and the airport construction in the area. The continuance
of progressing its transport services, specifically air transportation, might
significantly contribute to the number of potential tourists who aspires to visit the
place. The improvement of transportation services is a significant component in
making the area accessible for tourist encouragement. Fortunately, it will lead the
tourism industry of Bulalacao into a complete and well-developed one.
2.2 Promotion (THEME 5: Tourism Marketing Strategies)
Based on the study findings, the government benefited greatly from
promoting Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro. The tourism office in Bulalacao Oriental
Mindoro is in charge of fostering tourism-related topics. They also have social
media to advertise their place, the fastest way to promote tourist sites in Oriental
Mindoro. Perhaps the market is confident that its service providers are ready. It is
challenging to facilitate a location when they provide an attraction, and the
service provider is unprepared, especially regarding the amenities that will be
used. So, the LGU's principal duty is to determine what needs to be improved,
create plans, and allocate project funds. Oriental Mindoro offers a program called
Lakbay Oriental Mindoro that will help learn more about the island. When
downloaded, the local government developed an application for Android and iOS
phones that currently shows all tourism sites in Oriental Mindoro. It can make
their transit easier, and they can check the ticket, pricing, and lodging options.
The coffee table book is still in development. It's a made-up reality foundation,
132
and you usually get coffee table books from the newspaper, but this one includes
a QR Code that, when scanned, takes you to a website with a coffee collection.
Then they'll see it and get an opportunity to take a virtual tour of Bulalacao. The
tourism industry is intangible because it's only available here, so suitable
advertisement that is virtually or written or in the picture is essential. A tourism
development plan in Bulalacao aims to know the dos and don'ts. Its significance
is that it can help reach out to other people, especially social media. It also seeks
to prevent things that may happen to us to avoid environmental damage.
2.3 Livelihood (THEME 6: Livelihood Opportunities)
Based on the findings that the researchers gathered, the Local
Government and Mangyan Hanunuo correlate in creating new livelihood
opportunities related to the tourism industry. The Local Government would
develop programs that will support the Mangyan Hanunuo livelihood. Local
Government Programs ensure a sustainable livelihood for Mangyan Hanunuo
while also promoting and preserving Mangyan Hanunuo culture. Local
government programs help Mangyan Hanunuo's livelihoods, including
agriculture, entrepreneurship, tour guiding, and entertainment. These livelihoods
make significant contributions to the tourism industry. The crops and livestock
produced by Mangyan Hanunuo are catered to and served to restaurants and
tourism events, and their unique handmade products are sold to tourists as
souvenirs. Mangyan Hanunuo entertains tourists with their Cultural Dance
133
Performance, which engages and promotes their culture. Through these
livelihoods, many Mangyan Hanunuo was an opportunity to use their skills to
make money while preserving and promoting their culture.
CONCLUSION
In this chapter the conclusions derived from the findings of this study on
the Mangyan hanunuo as tourism entrepreneurs: Their Involvement and
134
contribution in the Tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is
described. The conclusions were based on the purpose, research questions and
results of the study.
1. The findings concluded that the culture reinforced the community’s pride
and the importance of preserving their cultural assets as a source of
economic sustainability for generations to come.
2. The findings concluded that through a planning process, Mangyan
hanunuo organizations and the local government can develop a marketing
orientation designed to identify customer needs and trigger their wants to
produce more products for the tourists while striving to meet
organizational objectives.
3. The study's findings revealed that quality of services: accessibility,
lodging, and tour guides, had a significant direct and positive relationship
with tourist satisfaction, their desire to return, and the eventual
development of the tourism industry in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.
Knowing these areas and considering these critical issues would help
entrepreneurs meet the challenge of improving service quality in the
tourism industry.
4. The findings concluded that Promotion using Social Media Platforms was
a great way to success. It was a way to promote their tourist site that can
lead their place as one of the best tourist destinations in the world.
Including an effective and safest place helped Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro
135
maintain tourist loyalty. And it generated more sales than potentially
translate to an increased tourism influx when it comes to Promotion.
5. The findings concluded that the continuance of the idea of the local
government of Bulalacao in improving transport services, specifically air
transportation for the place to be more accessible, contributed to
encouraging potential tourist and income generation in the future.
6. The study's findings concluded that the correlation between the Local
Government and the Mangyan Hanunuo community was significant in
sustaining livelihood because the local government provides employment
and ensures its sustainability. In contrast, the Mangyan Hanunuo served
as employees who carried out the work. Without one of them, the
livelihood's sustainability would be jeopardized.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After through assessment and considering the foregoing findings and
conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are presented:
136
1. The researchers recommend that the Local government of Bulalacao
Oriental Mindoro continue planning the air transport system in the area. As
Bulalacao is now known as the 2nd tourist destination in the southernmost
part of Oriental Mindoro, the continuance of the air transportation plan can
be a factor in helping them to be fully discovered. It may lead to tourism
development in the future.
2. This study recommended that the municipal government of Bulalacao
Oriental Mindoro should be willing to contextualize its plans to the
Mangyan communities. For example, the Mangyan Hanunuo have great
concern about preserving their culture and tradition because these are the
sources of their livelihood. As such, the municipal should be willing to
include provisions to ensure that the culture is preserved and the
livelihood of these Mangyan communities.
3. The researchers also recommend focusing on the lack of education in
terms of preserving their culture. We believe that it would be better for
them to have more teaching related to their culture, traditions, and
language and a more health-promoting method of education. Thus, the
local government could help schools empower education for the Mangyan
people to preserve and protect their culture; and the local citizens could
help or volunteer so programs such as this could educate more
Indigenous People.
137
4. This study recommends providing them with facilities where their culture
can be taught to their children and passed down to future generations.
Aside from facilities building training and workshops to equip the Mangyan
community with appropriate knowledge and skills.
5. The researchers recommend that the government enable Mangyan
entrepreneurs to launch and grow innovative businesses. The government
must have a detailed plan to provide proper service to tourists. For
example, they have additional accommodations such as cottages and
rooms, travel equipment such as boats, etc., and other amenities.
6. This study recommends providing a Tourism Market where the Mangyan
products can be actively sold in domestic and international markets. The
importance is that it can develop their products that allow consolidating the
manifestation of the destination's unique attributes, providing added value
and reaffirming the local character and authenticity of the products and the
experiences offered.
7. The Institute of Liberal Arts and Science or the tourism department takes
the initiative to build a systematic and organized extension program with
these Mangyan people because it will provide an excellent exposure as a
topic through lesson for tourism.
138
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145
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Research Instrument

Interview Guide (Areas of Discussions) – Mangyan Hanunuo

Participants
1. What is the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo Mangyan in

the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:
a) Culture
1. How do you define your culture as a Hanunuo Mangyan?
(Kabitay nimo ipaliwanag kam kultura bilang usa ka Hanunuo

Mangyan?)
2. In what situations do you usually interact with tourists?
3. Are there any aspects of your culture that you want to share?
4. What motivates you to share your culture with other people, especially
tourists?
(Uno ti magganyak sa kanmo na ibahagi kanyo kultura sa iba, lalo yi
sa mga turista?)
b.) Products
1. What types of products do you offer to tourists?
146
(Uno pag mga klase produkto kanyo pag-ialok sa mga turista?)
2. Can you share how do you come up with the idea of a product made?
3. What is the process you do in making such products?
(Uno pag mga proseso kanyo pagbuwatan sa pagbuo hunda pag
produkta?)
4. Which of your products is typically purchased by a large number of
tourists?
5. How does your product contribute to your lifestyle as Hanunuo
Mangyan?
Hanunuo Mangyan?)
6. And, do you think the production contributes to your community as
well?
(Ag kabitay kay pagbuwat mag-awat sa kumunidad?)
7. In addition to selling products, are you looking for a way to make
money?
(Sa kadungangan,maghanap aw kamo paraan kumita kuwarta?)
147
c.) Services
1. What are these things that helps you on your daily basis?
2. What are services do you usually offer to tourists?
(Uno pag mga serbisyo kanyo madalas pag-ialok sa mga turista?)
3. Are there any services you want to share?
(May mga serbisyo aw kamo gusto niyo ibahagi?)
4. Do you usually tour guide the tourists in your area?
5. How do you usually communicate with the tourists?
(Kabitay kamo maghampang sa mga turista?)
6. Is there any experience you want to share in the tour guiding the
tourists?
(May mga karanasan aw kamo na gusto niyo ibahagi sap ag-iba sa mga
turista?)
7. How do you manage the services you offer?
(Kabitay niyo pagma-isaayos kanyo mga serbisyo?)
8. What actions do you take to provide a better service to the tourists as a
Hanunuo Mangyan?
(Uno pag mga aksyon kanyo buwaton para sa magandang serbisyo
bilang usa ka Hanunuo Mangyan?)
148
Interview Guide for Mangyan Hanunuo Participants – In sequencing form
• How do you define your culture as a Hanunuo Mangyan?
(Kabitay nimo ipaliwanag kam kultura bilang usa ka Hanunuo Mangyan?)
• In what situations do you usually interact with tourists?
• Are there any aspects of your culture that you want to share?
•What motivates you to share your culture with other people, especially
tourists?
mga turista?)
• What types of products do you offer to tourists?
• Can you share how do you come up with the idea of a product made?
• What is the process you do in making such products?
(Uno pag mga proseso kanyo pagbuwatan sa pagbuo hunda pag
produkta?)
149
• Which of your products is typically purchased by a large number of
tourists?
• How does your product contribute to your lifestyle as Hanunuo
Mangyan?
Hanunuo Mangyan?)
• And, do you think the production contributes to your community as well?
• In addition to selling products, are you looking for a way to make money?
• What are these things that helps you on your daily basis?
• What are services do you usually offer to tourists?
• Are there any services you want to share?
• Do you usually tour guide the tourists in your area?
• How do you usually communicate with the tourists?
150
• Is there any experience you want to share in the tour guiding the
tourists?
turista?)
• How do you manage the services you offer?
(Kabitay niyo pagma-isaayos kanyo mga serbisyo?)
• What actions do you take to provide a better service to the tourists as a
Hanunuo Mangyan?
usa ka Hanunuo Mangyan?)
Interview Guide (Areas of Discussions) – Local Government Participants
2. What are the Local Government’s projects and programs to
a) Transportation
1. What are the proposed plans of the Government in the
development of transportation, especially in air transport?
2. What are the contribution of Transportation towards tourism
151
3. What kinds of support does the Government provide to support
the improvement of the transportation in Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro?
b) Promotion
1. What is the role of the government in promoting Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro?
2. What projects or programs are you launching to increase the
tourist influx in your community?
3. What is the significance of promotion in improving the tourist
influx in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro?
c) Livelihood
1. What are the livelihood activities pursued by the local people of
Mangyan Hanunuo?
2. How tourism related livelihood have contribute to the tourism
3. What are the plans of the Government to support the sustainable
local livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo?
152
APPENDIX B
(English Transcription of the Data)
MANGYAN HANUNUO PARTICIPANTS

SOP #1: What is the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo Mangyan in
the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:
TABLE 1: CULTURE
Q1. How do you define your culture as a Hanunuo Mangyan?
(Kabitay nimo ipaliwanag kam kultura bilang usa ka Hanunuo
Mangyan?)
PARTICIPANT STATEMENTS CODES
As a hanunuo Mangyan, I may explain

MRS. EPING our culture by stating that it is a
MAYOT SYSTEM OF
component or system of our Mangyan
MANGYAN LIFE
life. Because a person's culture
influences how they live, including how
they dress, eat, and speak with others

TRADITIONAL
and how they establish friends. In all
PRACTICES
parts of a Mangyan's life, I can explain
that a Mangyan's culture is a part of a
Mangyan's life where they can see
153
through our daily lives. That is like in
rotation, one can never deny who we
are and it is genuine that we can't lose
it in this way, in being part of the
culture, even if we say no. For
example, the feeding system, how
Mangyan eats, the living system in
which Mangyan lives, the wooing or
courting system, the burial system in
which Mangyan buries deceased
Mangyan, and the treatment system.
All of the events that occur in the life of
the Mangyan, forming in the
Mangyan's life and how they meet the
everyday demands they have in life is
how I can explain the Mangyan's
culture.
154
First and foremost, we, as Mangyan,

MRS. EPING particularly as hanunuo Mangyan. We EMBRACING
MAYOT are socializing and making contacts CULTURE
with the tourists, and the tourists'

LEARNING
primary aim in coming here is to learn
PRACTICES
about how we weave, how the people
live, and what sorts of handicrafts we
do habe. Apart from the beautiful
sceneries, tourists are more fond nd
they are really fascinated with how we
live our culture.
Q.3 Are there any aspects of your culture that you want to share?
155
I believe myself to be a Mangyan who
MRS. EPING also teaches. I want to share with
MAYOT TEACHING
them our Mangyan system, like hwo
YOUNG
we live as Mangyans which we
GENERATION
inherited from our forefathers many
years ago. For example, I'd like to
show how we make our handicrafts,
that’s what I would like to sow and PRESERVING

promote that we, Mangyans have our CULTURE
own system; hpw we live without
utilizing any mode of money. Right EXPORT
now, what I would really like to show HANDICRAFTS
is how we make our own handicrafts
which can be exported outside the
country. We just need some’s (help)
on how we can improve our product
so we can really say that the our
handicraft’s (standard) can be really
exported. If we are given a chance to
show how good our product is, I think
our product will be known in the whole
world. If we are to look in the past, our
156
product doesn’t really underwent any
machine-made process, all were
made soley with our own hands.
That’s how I value the Mangyans’
handicrafts so it won’t vanish in the
history. We needed this to be taught
to our younger generations. If only
(the government) will let this process
to be taught in schools of Mangyans.
tourists?
mga turista?)
PARTICIPAN STATEMENTS CODES
I needed to show it to others, not

MRS. EPING
only to the tourists but to the people
MAYOT
who are not like us or not from
Oriental Mindoro (who lives here). I
want to show them why I want that ENCOURAGING
157
to happen because I want to CULTURAL
PRESERVATION
encourage others so they can also
be influenced on how we can
preserve the Mangyan culture. If it is

AWARENESS TO
only us, who would showcase this, it TOURISTS
wouldn’t be known more. Our
sources are limited; it would be just
like that. This is really important to
us and that’s the only thing we can
do. (But) we can encourage others
to join and help us Mangyans to
preserve our very own culture. But
to me, personally, I haven’t seen
any detailed moves yet to help us
preserve our culture. Yes, many
admire and say that our culture is
beautiful and rich. But personally,
among the Mangyans, we have not
seen a single step, a detailed step
that can help the Mangyans
preserve their culture. That's what I
158
noticed.
TABLE 2: PRODUCTS
They are usually made of

MRS. EPING woven fabrics. Often even if we WOVEN FABRICS
MAYOT don’t offer it ourselves, based

ACCESSORIES
on our experience when tourists
come here with us, even if we
don’t provide it to them when
they see them buying it
themselves, it will ask how
much? Where is it used? And
how to do it? They are the buyer
themselves. Today, table
runners, placemats, and bed
runners are strongly woven.
Then secondly, the various
items were made of beads like

159
that, ballpeen case, and
necklace. We noticed that the
earrings seem to have been
higher for about three months
because they were only recently
taught to us.
ORNAMENTS
MRS. TINA Beads and clothing, Ma’am. CLOTHING
MAYOT
MRS. MELDA Beads, Clothes, lingon and buli. HANDICRAFTS
BILOG ORNAMENTS
Q2. Can you share how do you come up with the idea of a product made?
For us, the fact is that we didn't

MRS. EPING have the notion that we would IDEA FROM
MAYOT solely produce our garments in CUSTOMERS
the past, but now we have the
idea to make this because we
160
know it sells. Many people are PRODUCING
looking and asking if you create GARMENTS
earrings. We assumed that
someone had asked before we

UNIQUE PRODUCTS
would make earrings from then
on, till they noticed that (we)
people were manufacturing
earrings gradually. Necklaces,
bracelets, ballpen cases, and
necklaces are all unique.
MRS. TINA For me, ma'am, this is how it
MAYOT used to be. In our culture, these CULTURAL
beads were dyed on the body ORNAMENTS
ornaments, but now they are
essential to us because they are
not only ornaments but also help
us (with our daily lives).
For example, madam, there are

MRS. MELDA many processes for BULI,
BILOG PROCESS OF BULI
because the first thing you have
PRODUCTS
to do is to go to the forest, you
161
will take a buntal, then after you
take buntal, you will remove the
leaves like this from there from
this to the bone of the buli, this is
the hardest one. It will be
removed, and then it will be put
in a hot boiling water. Soak the
buli until it is cooked. Then after
we soak it in hot water, we will
expose it to the sun for three
days, we will expose it. After we
exposed it, we will then rewash it
in a cold water overnight. After
that, we will expose it to the sun
again to dry.
Personally, what is sold is the
fabric made such as table PERSONALIZED

MRS. EPING PRODUCTS
runners, placemats, various
MAYOT
necklaces made of beads then
162
the earrings like that, bracelets FABRICS
and then the other ones are
the personalized ones with
names.
ORNAMENTS
MRS. TINA The beads, Ramit, bags and
MAYOT accessories. RAMIT PRODUCTS
MRS. MELDA As far as I know ma’am, in the HANDICRAFTS
BILOG field of handicraft such as
beads, clothes and those made
of buli.
tourists? (Uno pag produkto ti mas magkabili mayamo turista?)
First of all, our product is really
helpful, it helps us more, GENERATE INCOME
163
MRS. EPING because through it, we earn an
MAYOT income. And what I can say HIGH QUALITY
about our product is that it’s not PRODUCTS
just made that all of these
products are worth it to buy.
The tourist buys our product as a

MRS. TINA souvenir. That’s why it can help OPPORTUNITY TO
MAYOT us too, there are orders, and we SELL PRODUCTS
make them. We deliver it via j&t
or sell it if they go here in our
panaytayan settlement.
For me, our product will help us if
we are not ashamed. Suppose SENSE OF

MRS. MELDA RECOGNITION
we do it if we work hard. Maybe
BILOG
they can add something. If
someone ordered then paid,
helped us.
164
well?
It contributes significantly to its

MRS. EPING community, particularly in our
MAYOT MARKETING
organization. They are
PRODUCTS
occasionally ordered in bulk
and sometimes marketed, but

VALUE
the community is always
ORGANIZATION
promoted first in the
community. For example, here
in Panaytayan, we first met
other people and learned that
such a thing or person exists,
just as we do now. First and
foremost, I now understand that
the one on the ground has
something similar. So, under
that system, our community
recognizes that we have
165
something like this, and people
come to see us when they
learn of it in that community.
Since then, the number of
people who visit has increased
even when only a few. Perhaps
they could convey the story that
there was something like this in
that community and that
individuals like this lived there
until many people came to us.
Yes, because it can help the
people here. We also can BUILD STRONGER

MRS. TINA BOND IN THE
accumulate in one place if we
MAYOT COMMUNITY
have time. We have time even
to have his house. We have the
chance to bond together and
work together.
Together, we plan how we will STRENGHTEN THE

MRS. MELDA do the examples and the orders UNITY
BILOG that also help further
166
strengthen the unity of
inclusion, especially in our
organization here.
money?
Our root crops, such as bananas
and various root crops. We also AGRICULTURAL

MRS. EPING LIVELIHOOD
earn from it somehow, but we
MAYOT
make more with our handicrafts.
The product that is root crops, if
someone buys from us, they
only sell it that’s why we are
more inclined in doing
handicrafts.
Yes, but we are focused on our
167
MRS. TINA ornaments products, and AGRICULTURAL
MAYOT sometimes we are on the farm to LIVELIHOOD
help our family.
We are looking for a way,
madam, of course, we are PROMOTING

MRS. MELDA PRODUCT
asking questions about whom
BILOG
we can ask to buy our products.
We sell them to who we know,
friend, we will offer, and ask
them maybe you can buy, or
perhaps you can help us find a
market like that.
TABLE 3: SERVICES
Q1. What are these things that helps you on your daily basis?
At first, my job was as a cell
phone technician, but now I

PAST AND PRESENT
have the chance to be a tour
MR. HENRY SOURCE OF INCOME
guide, so one of my sources
168
HENERATO of income is to be a tour guide
that helps me, my family, and
here in Bulalacao.
Some things help us earn
some money, such as

TOURIST
accompanying the tourist
ATTRACTIONS IN
wherever they want to go,
MR. EUGENIO
BULALACAO
whether in Buyayao or
DONA
Suguicay. We also tour them,
and that’s where they are
attracted more, to the scenery
of the places.
Here in our area, there are
two parts of livelihood. The LIVELIHOOD OF
first one is fishing. In fishing, HANUNUO MANGYAN
when they catch something,

NENENG
they sell it outside to make a
MALABHA
profit. The second one is
farming. These are when they AGRICULTURAL

have bananas, coconut, PRODUCTS
tapioca, and various other
169
crops. We also sell it to make
money, and we have
something to use in daily life.
Q2. What are services do you usually offer to tourists?
Usually, the bulalacao is
more known in the town for

MR. HENRY RECREATIONAL
island hopping. So the tour
HENERATO ACTIVITY
guide is really needed for
tourists to learn more about
what is on an island and the

ENHANCEMENT OF
main thing we offer is island
KNOWLEDGE
hopping.
Our surrounding, the TOURIST

MR. EUGENIO scenery of our place. ATTRACTIONS
DONA
The cottage, boardwalk, and
trips to the islands are TOURISM SERVICES

NENENG
among the tourist services

170
MALABHA we provide.
Q3. Are there any services you want to share?
The other services are having
island hopping and having

MR. HENRY SITE PLANNING
accommodations that we offer.
HENERATO
However, Bulalacao is still
TOURISM SERVICES
developing, and it is not yet
totally established, so our only
offer is island hopping and
accommodations and resorts
There is, we have a service that
we can share with the tourist SHOWCASING AND

MR. EUGENIO EXPRESSING THE
such as the dance of Mangyan,
DONA CULTURE
we also share how we do that,
and we present it to the tourist.
We still have plenty of services,
such as a more excellent resort. PROVIDING BETTER
RESORT
171
NENENG That is why we are also seeking
MALABHA assistance from the local

FINANCIAL
government to improve it
ASSISTANCE
because right now, we don't
have the budget to make this
resort even better.
Here in Bulalacao, I am
better known as a tour guide

TOUR GUIDING
because before the
pandemic, Bulalacao was
MR. HENRY really crowded for visitors.
HENERATO For example, the TOURISM

government employees and MANAGEMENT
their team buildings were
held here, so I thought and
planned the tour. I also bring
other people to train them in
172
tour guiding.
MR. EUGENIO Yes, we always accompany TRAVEL-RELATED
DONA them wherever they want to SERVICES
go.
Yes. That's what we usually
do to make them come here

TRAVEL-RELATED
faster. And also through our
NENENG
SERVICES
fellowship as Hanunuo
MALABHA
Mangyan, as we guide them
we show them our good

HOSPITALITY
manners so that we can feel
at ease with each other and
have a pleasant tour.
For the tourists when they
come here, the languages
are in Bulalacao. So for

173
MR. HENRY example with the foreigners TAGALOG AS PRIMARY
HENERATO it also depends usually on LANGUAGE
English is really used but it
depends but most of the
time Tagalog is used more
and most of our visitors in
local tourist.
When it comes to
communication, we OPEN
MR. EUGENIO COMMUNICATION/ANY
communicate using the
DONA LANGUAGES
language they are
comfortable using
It is necessary to OPEN
communicate with travellers COMMUNICATION/ANY
in their own language. We LANGUAGES
talk Tagalog to them if they

NENENG
speak Tagalog, but if they
MALABHA
TAGALOG, MANGYAN
have a guide who speaks
AND ENGLISH
Mangyan, we also speak
LANGUAGES
Mangyan to them and then
they translate. Also, we use
174
English in conversation if
any of us can speak it.
Q6. Is there any experience you want to share in the tour guiding the
tourists?
turista?)
In my experience, there
are many I can share, first

BULALACO AS TOP
of all, it's fun because our
TOURIST
town is known for tourism.
DESTINATION
I am also known as a tour
MR. HENRY guide. I was also known

TOUR GUIDING
HENERATO as the first tour guide who
is really more recognized

SOURCE OF INCOME
today because there are
many inspiring tour guides JOB ENRICHEMENT

today who are students
who want to tour. They

RECREATIONAL
175
know that when it comes ACTIVITY
to being a tour guide, you
can earn a lot and make a

TOUR OPERATORS
living not only by being a
tour guide you have a job

LIVELIHOOD
you can also give a job to
people like the island
hopping tour operators are
also given a livelihood.
The people of bulalacao
are given a livelihood in
the field of tourism.
There is, such as
swimming in the sea, like RECREATIONAL

MR. EUGENIO ACTIVITY
that (do you usually bring
DONA
them to the beaches?)
Yes, we got them to
beautiful places.
There is. As a Hanunuo
Mangyan there is the CULTURAL
moments that we are STEREOTYPES
176
NENENG ashamed of them, it is due CUSTOMER
MALABHA to the fact that this resort SATISFACTION
is just new. There are still
certain things that are

UTILIZING GOOD
missing so that we can
MANNERS
share with them and meet
their expectations. But
there are also times when
we are open to them like
showing what our
personality is and
behaviour as a Hanunuo
Mangyan.
(Kabitay niyo pagma-isaayos kanyo mga serbisyo?
The number one real asset of
being a tour guide is must be OUTGOING AND
very tender and approachable ENTHUSIASTIC
177
MR. HENRY to the tourist and must be
HENERATO hospitable. Whether they
come after the day or the time

THE EFFECTIVENESS
they visit the town of
AS TOUR GUIDE
bulalacao, they will have a
smile on their way home, and
you should be able to be
proud as a tour guide. You
should always be smiling and
when there are things you
need to bring, do not hesitate.
And can also manage their
time so that they do not bother
to share and be comfortable to
say their problems.
178
We create things together, and
we socialize with them. SOCIALIZING

MR. EUGENIO COMMUNITY
Whoever goes here in our
DONA
community (you worked
COMPANIONSHIP
together?), our community
worked together for goodness.
It is because of our
collaboration and teamwork.

EFFECTIVE SKILLS
Every member of the
organization is responsible for

NENENG
their daily tasks. All members
MALABHA
have their day-to-day
responsibilities. We keep our RESPONSIBLE
surroundings clean and free of MANAGMENT
clutter and waste. We're all
working together to make this
resort even more beautiful and
attract more visitors.
179
Q8. What actions do you take to provide a better service to the tourists as a
Hanunuo Mangyan?
usa ka Hanunuo Mangyan?)
Here in bulalacao, like most of
us, give importance to the PRIORITIZING THE
needs of the community. If we COMMUNITY AS A
prioritize tourism right away, WHOLE

MR. HENRY
there are many investors, but
HENERATO
we want the communities to
earn first, so our services are
not yet so established like the
boats are not that appearing LEADING TO
and the size of it. Because we TOURISM
want to achieve the community DEVELOPMENT
first, but in safety and
appreciation of the visitor,
that's what we really value.
Because first of all, when the
180
visitor leaves the town and has RECOGNITION AS A
a smile on their faces, it is a TOURIST
significant advantage and DESTINATION
great honour for the city of
bulalacao because the guests
are served well.
We treat our guests better.

MR. EUGENIO Whenever they go, we
DONA SERVICE PROVIDER
accompany them, and we treat
them better so they will be
more attracted to our
Kapamabales.
As the caretaker of this resort,
there are ideas and even

PROMOTING
planned initiatives that we are
NENENG CULTURE
discussing and agreeing on.
MALABHA
One of these is the existence
of a site or area that reflects
the different cultures of the
181
Hanunuo Mangyans. Show
tourists the various products EXPANDING
made by the Mangyans and TOURISM SERVICES
expand the resort's facilities,
such as cottages, larger boats,
and other amenities.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPANTS
SOP #2: What are the Local Government’s projects and programs to
TABLE 4: TRANSPORTATION
Q1. What is the propose plans of the government in the development of
transportation especially in Air Transport?
In transportation, for
MR. HENRY example, from Manila to
HENERATO Bulalacao, all the roads are
good. When it comes to air
transportation, Bulalacao PROPOSED PLAN
182
does not have an airport, but FOR AIR
there is one in the other TRANSPORTATION
province in Occidental
Mindoro. Now we have a
proposed plan that will have
its airport because Bulalacao
is the second tourist
destination that oriental
Mindoro when it comes to
tourists.
Right now, because we are
almost 4 hours away from
Calapan City, the capital of

MS. NORBET
the province, the fastest way
CRUZ
to reach this destination from AIRPORT
Manila is via airplane, and we CONSTRUCTION
have an airport in San Jose PLAN
which has 1 hour travel time.
But here in Bulalacao, our
Mayor has a plan to construct
our Airport, but the program
is not that big. It’s like
183
Barangay Street, and we
wish that we would find a
place to build that kind of
Airport.
Of course, we have a plan for
that. Our mayor is planning to

AIR
build and develop an airport
TRANSPORTATION
in Lagnas. We are also
ADMIN
DEVELOPMENTAL
considering seaplanes. You
GIDEON B.
PLAN.
know, air transport is
ABUEL
essential when you are
SIGNIFICANCE OF AIR
talking about tourism. That is
TRANSPORTATION IN
the fastest way to transport.
TOURISM INDUSTRY.
But for now, we have an
airport at least 50 kilometers
away here, San Jose Airport,
located at Calapan. Most
tourists landed there. Some
have a family here and were
picked up there to go here to
Bulalacao
184
Of course, first of all, we
facilitate the arrival of visitors
here in our town. All the roads

PRIORITIZING ROAD
are given priority, expanded,
MR. HENRY EXPANSION FOR
and funded; When it comes to
HENERATO TOURIST ARRIVALS.
Bulalacao, the tourist site is
given priority. It is given way to

PRIORITIZING
make it easier for tourists to
TOURIST SITES.
reach. For example, the beach
and the lagoon are like that to
have visitors experience hidden
places.
The development of
transportation had made an
enormous contribution,
MS. NORBET
primarily when they built the
CRUZ
RORO Port right now. The trip EMPLOYMENT
is from Bulalacao to Kaluya.
185
When they opened it, it also OPPORTUNITY.
opened the opportunity not just
in the employment of the TRAVEL TIME
resident of Bulalacao but also EFFICIENCY.
makes the travel time faster.
We become a gateway through
the Southern Philippines; aside
from that, the distance from
Calapan is almost 4 hours.
Sometimes it exceeds if the
mode of transportation is via
land; Therefore, the
improvement and concreting
the roads have enormous help
not just in tourists but also to
the visitors that deliver the
service such as providing the
products at Bulalacao’s more
efficient.
Of course, its contribution is
quite significant to catering
transport services. It is
186
essential to know the
ADMIN availability of days and hours. It
GIDEON B. CATERING
has a set of schedules; we now
ABUEL TRANSPORT
have a lot of means of
SERVICES
transportation, and Bulalacao is
now accessible. When the
pandemic is on level one or
finally ended for real, the
transportation system will go
back to regular operation.
When it comes to supporting,
we emphasize that it can be
explained to all the people
because this is the main

MR. HENRY
transportation for the roads.
HENERATO
Many people use it to pass, RELEVANCE OF
especially when, like in TRANSPORTATION
bulalacao, the tourist site is in

187
hidden places.
Now we need to talk to all ROLES OF
service providers when it TRANSPORT
comes to such things to SERVICE
prioritize the roads so that PROVIDERS.
when the time comes to
increase the number of
tourists, it can help everyone.
Mostly it's the concreting of
the roads, especially the form
to market roads, because our

MS. NORBET
crane is characterized as
CRUZ ROAD
mountainous, so concreting
CONSTRUCTION.
and opening the roads from
secluded place to market is TRANSPORTATION

crucial. Especially when DEVELOPMENT.
delivering the service and
reaching our residents there,
in that area, and ensuring,
what was the question again?
(What is the government's
support to improve
188
transportation?) ahh,
developing the plans,
improving the concreting,
opening the road, the pier,
and the airport plans.
We aim to have a van for
transportation here in
ORGANIZING PUBLIC
Bulalacao, and we are now
ADMIN VEHICLE FOR LAND
organizing it. For now, I admit
GIDEON B. TRANSPORTATION.
that the volume of tourists
ABUEL
who go here is not relatively
PREPARATION OF
that high. We are not yet
ACCOMMODATION.
ready. Of course, we should
also prepare when it comes to
accommodation. Having INVESTMENT FOR

friendly hotels is a must and TRANSPORTATION
restaurants to cater to the SYSTEM.
3.
needs of tourists. We are
hoping that we will pursue
that transport system one of
these days because it can be
a big help for both parties.
189
We are encouraging our
fellowmen to invest so that we
can build that transport
system for tourism purposes.
We will be creating packages
because we have many
destinations along the road to
Bulalacao. We can also add
it, like Puerto Galera.
TABLE 5: PROMOTION
Mindoro?
Promoting bulalacao Oriental
Mindoro is a massive help to the

MR HENRY SOCIAL MEDIA
government. Of course, we
HENERATO PLATFORM
support projects related to
tourism. When it comes to
advertising, we use social media
and our Facebook page of the
tourism office to better get to

190
know the tourism site of
bulalacao
Maybe the way we promote, we
promote proudly because we
ensure that our service

PLANNING TO
providers are ready. We all
IMPROVE TOURISM
MS NORBET know that it is hard to
FACILITIES
CRUZ encourage a place when we
offer the attraction and our
service provider is not prepared,
especially the facilities that will
use, it will be hard to manage.
So, that’s the primary role of
LGU, determining what needs to
improve, creating plans, and
allocating the projects' budget.
Our tourism office is the one SOCIAL MEDIA
that is in charge of promoting PROMOTION.

ADMIN
tourism-related topics here in
GIDEON B. PROVIDING
Bulalacao. We have FM radio,
ABUEL TOURISM
social media, and PIO. We have
191
an information office with BROCHURES.
regards to that. We also have
pamphlets and flyers, but INFORMATION
nowadays, social media is the TOURISM OFFICES
fastest way to promote.
When it comes to possible
programs to get to know more,
oriental Mindoro has an
application called Lakbay

MR HENRY MOBILE
Oriental Mindoro. Including
HENERATO APPLICATION FOR
bulalacao for the visitors are for
TOURISM
example on android phone, or
INFORMATION
ios phone had an application,
now when you download, it
shows all tourism sites within
oriental Mindoro. It can facilitate
their transportation, and they can
see the fare, how much the
price, and accommodations.

192
We are in the process of
developing our coffee table
book. It is a way invented reality

MS. NORBET
base. It is one coffee table book,
CRUZ DEVELOPING
and our usual coffee table book
COFFEE TABLE
is through the papers, but now it
BOOK.
has a QR Code that if you scan
it, you will be prompt to a
website that has a compilation of
coffee. It is like a virtual tour in
Bulalacao. We are still in the
process of developing that. It will
significantly impact us because
the coffee table book is intended
to distribute to the national
agency, so if ever they have
visitors, they can skim-read it.
Then they will see it, and they
will have a chance to virtual tour
the Bulalacao, and it will be a
way to attract more tourists to go
193
here.
: Of course, we must develop the
Bulalacao bay. You can see it on DEVELOPING
the left side from here. Our ACCOMMODATION.

ADMIN
mayor plans to build excellent
GIDEON B. ENCOURAGING
restaurants there. It will serve as
ABUEL INVESTORS.
a welcoming place for tourists.
We are also planning to develop

DEVELOPING A
Bulalacao Tourism training and
PROGRAM FOR
hostile there. It can
TOURISM TRAINING
accommodate people who have
AND HOSTILE.
an interest and wants to undergo
some training. Passing the
Bulalacao investment incentive
code will help encourage
investors from different fields to
invest in tourism here in
Bulalacao. We have come up
with a plan that once an investor
has here, they are free to pay
taxes in the meantime. We will
be dealing with its base on the
194
investment capital they are
willing to offer. The workforce
that will be used will come from
the locals here, but we will let the
investors do it in terms of
technology. All of the labour
force needed in building hotels,
manufacturing companies, or
other tourism-related will be from
the locals. 70-80% of the
Bulalacao incentive program
should be them.
Q3. What is the significance of promotion in improving the tourist influx in
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro?
When it comes to bulalacao, tourism
will grow in the long run. The

MR. HENRY
government is supportive in this
HENERATO CONVEYING
part. We have created associations
INFORMATION TO
in every tourist site to know that
195
having an association will benefit the PEOPLE ABOUT
people and the municipality. So BULALACAO
when it comes to promotion and, of ORIENTAL
course, when it comes to valuing the MINDORO.
tourism of Bulalacao, we have a
huge role to play in the government,
so that's what we can convey to
every association.
Of course, it’s significant, especially
when we are using social media
because it has a broader audience.

MS. NORBET MARKET TOURISM
Our service and products is an
CRUZ THROUGH
industry that is intangible because
BROCHURES
it’s only available here, so the
suitable advertisement for that is

SOCIAL MEDIA
virtually or by written or in the picture
PROMOTION
wherein you show it to the broader
audience. Therefore people will
have an idea what is in the
Bulalacao. Many tourists will be
attracted to go here.
196
Its significance is that it can help us
reach out to other people, especially

SOCIAL MEDIA
in the use of social media. We can
ENGAGE TOURISM
easily advertise the beauty of its
ADMIN
AUDIENCES
place. We have come up with this
GIDEON B.
tourism master development plan in
ABUEL EASILY ADVERTISE
Bulalacao, and actually, it is now
ongoing. It aims to know the dos and
don'ts. As we establish a tourism
program, we must first understand
the possibilities that may happen for
us to prevent things that can harm
the environment because we also
promote green travel within
bulalacao.
TABLE 6: LIVELIHOOD
Mangyan Hanunuo?
197
What is not totally said about
tourism is…. they say “beach” more

MR. HENRY
on the beach more on
HENERATO BENEFITS OF
accommodation. There is also a
KAPAMHADA
time when we appreciate hanunuo
RESORT
Mangyan because we know that we
also want hanunuo to have a
livelihood, so we established an
association like kapamada resort for
the Mangyans to have a livelihood
income, and we supported that until
now.
The primary livelihood of Hanunuo
Mangyan is farming because their
house is in the highlands, so,

MS. NORBET AGRICULTURAL
usually, their livelihood is
CRUZ LIVELIHOOD
agriculture. Also, because we have
the most extended dry season here
in Oriental Mindoro, we produce
various crops, and some of the
198
crops are unable to reach other
Cities such as onion, that’s it.
There are many of them. First of all,
I am not quite sure if Mangyans will
continue the weaving industry.

ADMIN
Bulalacao once became a charcoal
GIDEON B. SELLING
manufacturing place. We create
ABUEL SOUVENIRS
those woods from the mountains
into charcoal and sell them to the
market. That manufacture helps the
Mangyan with their food
consumption and living, but we
think it is not a sustainable help for
them. So we thought of tying up and
having a partnership with the
DOST. Instead of making giant ipil
charcoal, why not think of a
concrete solution, and that is to turn
it into a wood parking. Which
Mangyan are the ones who will be
trained for it. We also have an
agricultural slope technique. The
199
national agriculture has launched a
program here before, which teaches
Mangyans how to plant trees, and
root crafts as they are the ones who
will benefit those in the future. Also,
one of the reasons for it is because
they want to bring back the green
and healthy environment that has
been destroyed. The manufacturing
of charcoal in the past also wishes
to have reforestation. So if I am
going to answer your question
regarding the livelihood projects
here in bulalacao, we have a lot.
Bulalacao had suffer to insurgency
before. Vulnerable sectors such as
Mangyans have thought that the
government doesn't love them
because of the NPA, who tend to
brainwash them and feed their mind
with hatred, resulting in the
insurgency. But that was all before.
200
We are ok now. We exert effort to
bring back Mangyan and to gain
their trust again. We let them feel
that we are sincere by
reconstructing roads for them to
reach the market more
conveniently. Our top priority is to
have a farm to market roads to be
more accessible and for the
Mangyan to be eager to do their job
as they can feel that they can sell
their products much easier than the
situation before. The livestock
industry is simultaneously going, it
was all supported by the
government, and all they have to do
is help them grow.
President Duterte launched Ending
Communist Arm Conflict, or the
ECAC, which aims to build
associations and cooperatives of
Mangyan to know their needs and
201
wants. Not unlike before, all of the
programs are from the central
government. They give it to people
without knowing their wants. It is
more pleasing, and it is significant
to know first the people's interests
because they are the ones who will
do the action. We cannot mobilize
people if the program we are
building has no social acceptance.
We performed Bottom-up Strategy,
the BUB, or the bottom-up
budgeting. We first will ask the
community what their interests and
wants are, then that is what the
government will provide.
Q2. How tourism-related livelihood have contribute to the tourism
202
Of course, the advantage of the
Kapamada Resort and the
hanunuo association is that we

MR. HENRY PROVIDES
give value to our hanunuo
HENERATO EMPLOYMENT
Mangyans. We are the ones who
need them the most, so that's what
we emphasized we will support the
association to provide
employment. Because in
association there are many but
what we help there is family, every
family that we provide employment
to a member and everyone.
Here in Oriental Mindoro,
Bulalacao is the second largest CULTURAL
population of Mangyans. Maybe PRESENTATION
one way to corporate their culture

MS. NORBET
into the tourism industry is having
CRUZ
a cultural presentation of
HANDMADE
Mangyans to the tourist, just like
203
what we do here. The other way is PRODUCTS
creating products that the
Mangyan make by themselves,
such as the clothes wherein they
are the ones who weave and then
the blitz, it can be a souvenir for
the tourist. We also have plans to
build a school of living traditions,
wherein the products of Mangyans
are presented there, and there will
be Mangyan that will show the
process of creating their products.
Of course. First of all, the food that

ADMIN is being catered and served comes
GIDEON B. LIVESTOCK
from their livestock and those fruit-
ABUEL PRODUCTS
bearing they offer whenever we
have tourism programs, all of them
are from the hard work of the
Mangyans. They are the ones who
bring that necessity to restaurants, HANDMADE
products like chicken, pork, and SOUVENIRS
other meats. It is a significant PURCHASE AT
204
contribution to the tourism industry. THE MARKET
Lastly, those souvenirs that are
being sold to the market are
handmade by the Mangyan
community. It is a big help in
promoting the tourism industry of
Bulalacao. Once the tourist hears
that Mangyans make these
souvenirs, they urge to buy them
and support them. So I can say
Mangyan has a significant
contribution here. We must help
them, as we should, to enhance
and improve their weaving and
ornamental product-making skills.
A tourist needs to bring a souvenir
before they go back to where they
are really from, as it will serve as
the memories they have once they
go here.
205
Q2. What are the plans of the Government to support the sustainable local
livelihood of Mangyan Hanunuo?
We know that the government does
not only support such associations

PROVIDING FUNDS
that are not Hanunuo. Here in
MR. HENRY TO SUPPORT
Bulalacao, we value more and give
HENERATO HANUNUO
support to Hanunuo more because
we know that here in Bulalacao,
you can see them more on the
seashore, on the farm, and in the
mountains. Now it just so happens ACCOMMODATION
that there is an association here FOR HANUNUO
near the sea. They want to have a MANGYAN
livelihood related to tourism, so we
gave them the opportunity. I am
constantly reminded that an
association is essential and can be
given value. When the association
earns immediately gives time and
sacrifice for the association
206
because such an association is not
for the government. It is also for the
member's family. We in the local
government of bulalacao provided
funds to start with. Still, I told them
once that it was recognized as a
promotion, and it wasn't just the
government that gave the
promotion because the guests were
the ones who promoted it now.
When that was noticed by the
provincial government that more
funds would be provided, for now,
what we can be proud of in the
town of bulalacao is to first pay
attention to those in the local
government. Still, the time will
come when it is relatively
established that the provincial will
notice and be more beautiful and
give suitable accommodation and
appreciation to the hanunuo
207
Mangyans.
The LGU plans is to create local
culture ads, and it is mandatory.
Because Hanunuo Mangyan is
native/indigenous, they are the

MS. NORBET LOCAL CULTURE
priority of our plans. It is written
CRUZ ADS FOR THE
there that Mangyan culture should
LIVELIHOOD
be preserved and make sure it will
be passed to the younger
generation by employing teachers
or educators, and then, what was
the question again? (The plans to
support the sustainable livelihood
that you have here in the province)
we also make sure that the
Mangyans will not be demoralized
or make them feel that their culture
is being overridden. So we make
sure that even though we are
opening them to tourists by
presenting them, we will never
overlook their origins. Sometimes
208
some of Hanunuo Mangyan use
new songs in their presentation.
We are not encouraging that action
because we advocate using their
song and culture when presenting,
especially in their dance.
If you can go to the community of
Mangyans in Dakotan, you can see
its heritage. You may witness how

ADMIN SUSTAINABLE
they are living, as well as their
GIDEON B. LIVELIHOOD
independence. But the government
ABUEL PROGRAM
has its plan. And that is to give
them sustainable development. A
livelihood program is available and
durable because it can produce
products like bags, clothes,
souvenirs, and other ornamentals
that can be sold in the market.
They obtain raw materials. All we
have to do is enhance their skills
and support them. We need to help
them find potential buyers so they
209
will be eager to do things. That is
the sustainable livelihood program
that the government plans for them.
In addition to that is slope farming,
or slope agricultural and land
technique. With the help of the
municipal, agrarian office, and
national government, those places
that can be used for farming will
benefit the Mangyan as they can
use them in their daily lives.
APPENDIX C: Letter of Consent
(Local Government & Mangyan Hanunuo Organization)
210
Figure 1. Municipal Tourism Letter
211
Figure 1.2. Office of the Mayor Letter
212
Figure 1.3. PHADAG Organization Letter
213
Figure 1.4. PHADAG Organization Letter
214
215
APPENDIX D: Pre-Defense Requirements
ENDORSEMENT FORM
Date: June 24, 2022
For: Dr. Rene E. Bersoto

Dean
From: Prof. John Kennedy Villanueva

Research Adviser
I am pleased to inform you that Agocoy, Connie P., Fabella, Dianne C., Gatica,
Cristina P., Pamulan, Michelle C., and Usaraga, Cathleen R. of BS Aviation
Tourism Major In Travel Management student researcher/s whose research
entitled: Mangyan (Hanunuo) As Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement And
Contribution In Tourism Development Of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is
scheduled for proposal/final defense on July 27, 2022 at 4:45 PM Zoom
Link (date) (time) (venue)
Attached are the following documents necessary for the proposal/final defense:
1. Oral Defense Schedule Form duly signed by RRP
2. Copy of the Research
This is for your approval. Thank you.
Endorsed by:
Dr. Noel Navigar

Director for Research
216
217
APPENDIX E: Instrument Validation
INSTRUMENT VALIDATION FORMS
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS
Name of Evaluator: Gray Japeth A. Gelbolingo__________

Age: __30____Gender: (/) Male ( ) Female
Educational Attainment Bachelor’s Degree in _Aviation Tourism______
Master’s Degree in ______________________
Doctor’s Degree in ______________________
Position: ____Instructor I_______________________________________
Employment Status: ( ) Permanent ( ) Temporary (/) Job Order ( ) Part-time
Institution: ________________________________________________________
Instructions: Listed below are criteria for evaluating the
Please rate each item by ticking (/) the corresponding equivalent on the
four-point scale.
Very High 4
High 3
Low 2
Very Low 1
I. Content 4 3 2 1
1. The items are specific, clear, and factual and
adequately answers the statement of the /
problem.
2. The items are free from ideological, sexual and
/
racial bias.
3. The items concerning Mangyan (Hanunuo)
as Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their
Involvement and Contribution in Tourism
Development of Bulalacao Oriental, /
Mindoro are well presented in the
questionnaire
4. The choices for each items are independent

/
and do not overlap.
5. The items to evaluate Mangyan (Hanunuo)
218
as Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their
Involvement and Contribution in Tourism
Development of Bulalacao Oriental,
Mindoro are completely presented in the
questionnaire concerning:
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the involvement and contribution of Hanunuo
Mangyan in the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental
Mindoro in terms of:
1.1Culture
1.2Products
1.3Services
2. What does the Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro

to improve the tourist influx of in terms of:
2.1 Transportation
2.2 Promotion
2.3 Livelihood
II. Language and Style 4 3 2 1

1. The language and style is appropriate. /
2. The language used is consistent. /
3. The checklist is free from grammatical errors. /
4. The sentences are properly constructed and
/
punctuated.
5. The words used in the checklist are simple and
/
easy to understand.
219
III.Format and Design 4 3 2 1
1. The printing is clear and readable. /
2. The quality of the paper is acceptable. /
3. The layout is attractive and uniform. /
4. The fonts used are comprehensible and
/
appropriate.
5. The spacing on the pages contributes to the
/
ease of reading and responding.
Recommendation:
Please be direct with your questions, especially, your participants

are locals.Be mindful that some of your participants might not understand your
questions. Be simple and direct. Also, check the construction of your sentence
questionnaire. I already highlighted my concerns.
GRAY JAPETH A. GELBOLINGO

Signature over Printed Name of Evaluator
220
Name of Evaluator: Arveeh Aviles
Age: 31 Gender: (/) Male ( ) Female
Educational Attainment:Bachelor’s Degree in Hospitality Management
Master’s Degree in Business Administration
Doctor’s Degree in Business Administration (ongoing)
Position: Teacher II and Assistant Professor I
Employment Status: ( ) Permanent ( ) Temporary (/) Job Order
( ) Part-time
Institution: DepEd and Taguig City University
Please rate each item by ticking (/) the corresponding equivalent on the four-
point scale.
Very High 4
High 3
Low 2
Very Low 1
I. Content
4 3 2 1
1. The items are specific, clear, and factual and
adequately answers the statement of the problem. /
2. The items are free from ideological, sexual and

/
racial bias.
3. The items concerning Mangyan (Hanunuo) as
Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement
and Contribution in Tourism Development of
/
Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro are well presented
in the questionnaire
4. The choices for each items are independent and do

not overlap. /
221
5. The items to evaluate Mangyan (Hanunuo) as
Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement
and Contribution in Tourism Development of
Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro are completely /
presented in the questionnaire concerning:
<STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM>

1.1 Culture
1.2 Products
1.3 Services
2. What does the Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro to

improve the tourist influx of in terms of:
2.1 Transportation
2.2 Promotion
2.3 Livelihood
II.Language and Style

4 3 2 1
1. The language and style is appropriate.
/
2. The language used is consistent.
/
3. The checklist is free from grammatical errors.
/
4. The sentences are properly constructed and
/
punctuated.
222
5. The words used in the checklist are simple and easy
to understand. /
III.Format and Design

4 3 2 1
1. The printing is clear and readable.
/
2. The quality of the paper is acceptable.
/
3. The layout is attractive and uniform.
/
4. The fonts used are comprehensible and appropriate.
/
5. The spacing on the pages contributes to the /
ease of reading and responding.
Recommendation:
PROF. ARVEEH A.AVILES
223
Name of Evaluator: ASUNCION M. FILLE

Age: 29 Gender: ( ) Male (X) Female
Educational Attainment Bachelor’s Degree in ____________________
Master’s Degree in Tourism Management
Doctor’s Degree in _________________
Position: Instructor
Employment Status: ( ) Permanent ( ) Temporary (X) Job Order ()
Part-time
Institution: Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Please rate each item by ticking (/) the corresponding equivalent on the four-
point scale.
Very High 4
High 3
Low 2
Very Low 1
4 3 2 1
I. Content
1. The items are specific, clear, and factual and adequately
X
answers the statement of the problem.
2. The items are free from ideological, sexual and racial

X
bias.
3. The items concerning Mangyan (Hanunuo) as Tourism

Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement and Contribution in
X
Tourism Development of Bulalacao Oriental, Mindoro
are well presented in the questionnaire
4. The choices for each items are independent and do not

X
overlap.
5. The items to evaluate Mangyan (Hanunuo) as

Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement and X
Contribution in Tourism Development of Bulalacao
Oriental, Mindoro are completely presented in the
224
questionnaire concerning:
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.1 Culture
1.2 Products
1.3 Services
2. What does the Government of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro to

improve the tourist influx of in terms of:
2.1 Transportation
2.2 Promotion
2.3 Livelihood
IV. Language and Style 4 3 2 1
1. The language and style is appropriate. X
2. The language used is consistent. X
3. The checklist is free from grammatical errors. X
4. The sentences are properly constructed and punctuated. X
225
5. The words used in the checklist are simple and easy to
X
understand.
V. Format and Design 4 3 2 1
1. The printing is clear and readable. X
2. The quality of the paper is acceptable. X
3. The layout is attractive and uniform. X
4. The fonts used are comprehensible and appropriate. X
5. The spacing on the pages contributes to the ease of

X
reading and responding.
Recommendation:
ASUNCION M. FILLE
APPENDIX F: Evaluation Forms
RESEARCH PROPOSAL MANUSCRIPT EVALUATION

CRITERIA
226
Research Title: Mangyan (Hanunuo) As Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement And Contribution In
Tourism
Development Of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro
Researchers’ Name: Agocoy, Connie P., Fabella, Dianne C., Gatica, Cristina P., Pamulan, Michelle C., and
Usaraga,
Cathleen Mae R.
Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Aviation Tourism Major in Travel Management
Instructions: Please write the letter that corresponds to your rating on the space provided before each
number. The ratings are as follows:
Rating Descriptor
E (5) VS (4) S (3) F (2) P (1) NA (0)
Excellent Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fair Poor Not Applicable

Introduction
1. The background and rationale for the study are thoroughly discussed.
2. The review of literature demonstrates an overall theme/topic and does not only enumerate
existing literature. It also links the literature to the present study.
3. The review of literature provides a critical evaluation of related studies.
4. The research objectives are specific, clearly identified and stated in such a way that it can be
addressed empirically and/or theoretically.
5. The introduction discusses the conceptual and/or theoretical framework clearly. It specifies the
expected relationships of the variables/factors and indicates rationale for the hypothesized relationships.
6. The introduction identifies the specific contributions of the study in terms of research,
disciplinary advancement, etc.
7. Limitations/weaknesses which have bearing in the generalizations and implications of findings
are explicitly stated and thoroughly discussed
Research Methodology
1.The researcher design being used and the underlying reasons for its utilization are adequately
described.
2. The research design is appropriately used/applied.
3.The population from which the sample was drawn, the number of subjects, and their general
characteristics are adequately discussed.
4. The sampling procedure is appropriate and is sufficiently discussed
5. Qualitative and/or statistical tools used in the analysis are specifically discussed and appropriate
for the data analysis.
6. Overall research methodology is clearly described such that any future replication may be done.
General Comments
MS. ASUNCION FILLE MRS. DIXIE MAE PEREZ – MATUTINO MR. RICARDO FAJARDO
Signature of Evaluator Signature of Evaluator Signature of Evaluator
PROPOSAL DEFENSE EVALUATION FORM
227
Researchers: Agocoy, Connie P., Fabella, Dianne C., Gatica, Cristina P.,
Pamulan, Michelle C., and Usaraga, Cathleen Mae R.
Research Title: Mangyan (Hanunuo) As Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their
Involvement And Contribution In Tourism Development Of Bulalacao,
Oriental Mindoro
Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Aviation Tourism Major in Travel
Management
Date of Proposal Defense: JULY 27, 2022 Venue: ZOOM LINK
PRESENTATION
Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair Poor
Satisfactory
Delivery of the Presentation

Standard Format and Style
Grammar and Syntax
Readiness to Answer Questions
Overall Knowledge of the Study
CONTENT
Logical presentation of the research
Significant contribution of the study
Novelty of the paper
Accurateness and appropriateness
of the methodology
Reliability of the review of related
literature relative to the study
Reliability of the statistical tool used
OVERALL EVALUATION
Passed Re-defense (with
major revision)
Passed with Minor Revision Failed
NAME AND SIGNATURE OF RRP MEMBERS
228
Conforme:
Mr. John Kennedy Villanueva
229
ORAL DEFENSE SCHEDULE FORM
Date: July 27,2022
For: Mrs. Dixie Mae Perez - Matutino

Research Review Panel Chair

Research Review Panel Member Research Review Panel Member
From: Prof. John Kennedy Villanueva

Research Adviser
Please be informed that Agocoy, Connie P., Fabella, Dianne C., Gatica,
Cristina P., Pamulan, Michelle C., and Usaraga, Cathleen R. of BS
Aviation Tourism Major In Travel Managementt, whose research entitled:
Mangyan (Hanunuo) As Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement And
Contribution In Tourism Development Of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is
scheduled for proposal/final defense on July 27, 2022 at 4:45 PM
Zoom Link
. (date) (time) (venue)
CONFORME:

Research Review Panel Chair

Research Review Panel Member Research Review Panel Member
230
CURRICULUM VITAE
231
232
233
234
235

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Mangyan (Hanunuo) as Tourism Entrepreneurs: Their Involvement and

Contribution in Tourism Development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty

of the Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences

Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AVIATION TOURISM MAJOR IN TRAVEL

This undergraduate thesis entitled “Mangyan (Hanunuo) As Tourism

MR. JOHN KENNEDY VILLANUEVA

Approved by the Research Panel of Examiners with the grade of

Mrs. Dixie Mae Perez - Matutino

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AVIATION TOURISM MAJOR IN TRAVEL

DR. RENE E. BERSOTO

The research was conducted in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro, with the

The outcome of the research findings showed significance to each factors by

Keywords: Tourism Entrepreneurs, Development, Culture, products, services,

Background of the Study …………….…………………….… 4

Statement of the Problem …………….……………..…………19

Significance of the Study …………….……………………..…..23

Theoretical Framework …………….………..……………..……25

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................44

Problem No.1 ……………………………………………………...44

CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

Tourism has a multicultural environment. A multicultural environment

brings various cultures, languages, and lifestyles together as tourism activities

southern Oriental Mindoro is virtually an untouched and must-visit tourist

destination in the region. It is the home of the Hanunuo (a tribe of stone-age

It is endowed with natural resources for tourism development. The tourism

industry in Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro includes a variety of enterprises from

handicrafts, souvenirs, and native huts accommodation to locally owned tour

operators. Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is a good example of that case as a

tourism destination consisting of different cultures and tourism participants as

maintain the identity of a destination. In general, understanding the other brings

ethnic origins people live together, a new concept of entrepreneurship has

created ethnic entrepreneurship. In some regions like Mindoro, ethnic

entrepreneurs create organizations to help each other and improve regional

development. An ethnic entrepreneur is a business owner who does not

represent the majority population of a country. Ethnic entrepreneurship can bring

importance of ethnic entrepreneurship will be useful to all the stakeholders. The

any successful entrepreneur in general.

Tourism entrepreneurs, especially in rural and ethnic communities, are

sustainable tourism development. The involvement and contribution of Mangyan

(Hanunuo) in Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro in tourism development helps use

natural resources more efficiently in the region. The Involvement of Mangyan

condition for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Bulalacao, Oriental

Mindoro. Tourism is well placed to assist ethnic minorities in enhancing their

quality of life. Tourism stimulates cultural connection and revival, boosts

employment, alleviates poverty, reduces rural immigration, empowers local

instilling a sense of pride.

government to support small indigenous enterprises and sustainable business

contribute to protecting cultural and natural resources, intellectual property,

development of transportation, fostering community development and improving

construction. Hence, the participation of ethnic groups as entrepreneurs in

Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro is not yet researched. As a result, the primary

objective of this study is to know the involvement and contribution of Mangyan

(Hanunuo) in the tourism development of Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro.

Background of the Study

Tourism enterprises in developing countries like the Philippines include

multinational corporations, medium-sized enterprises, and locally owned small-

scale businesses that are entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs play a significant role in