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Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 September 1.
Published in final edited form as:
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Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 September ; 135(9): 851–858. doi:10.1001/archoto.2009.123.
Wayne M. Koch, MD1, John A. Ridge, MD, PhD2, Arlene Forastiere, MD1, and Judith Manola,
MS3
1 Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland 2 Head and Neck Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3
Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston,
Massachusetts
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Abstract
Objectives—To compare the results of clinical and pathological staging for a large cohort of
patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to examine patterns and
ramifications of the disparity between staging methods.
Design—Prospective inception cohort (median follow-up, 7 years).
Setting—Multi-institutional cooperative group study (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4393/
Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9614) involving 17 academic medical centers.
Patients—A total of 560 patients with new-onset or recurrent HNSCC enrolled during a 7-year
period.
Interventions—Surgical resection with curative intent with or without adjuvant or previous
radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Main Outcome Measures—Clinical staging and pathological staging and the component TN
tumor categories were compared with overall and disease-specific survival. Association of survival
with staging was derived by means of the proportional hazards model.
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Results—Of the 501 cases in which both clinical and pathological staging was available, a disparity
was found between at least 1 component tumor category assigned by the 2 methods in almost 50%
of cases. Both methods showed a strong association of stage with overall survival for the cohort at
large. However, pathological nodal category was a superior predictor (P<.001 vs P=.005), whereas
Correspondence: Wayne M. Koch, MD, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, 601 N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287 (wkoch@jhmi.edu).
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Disclaimer: The contents of this report are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of
the National Cancer Institute.
Previous Presentation: This study was presented at the Seventh International Conference on Head and Neck Cancer; July 22, 2008; San
Francisco, California.
Author Contributions: Drs Koch, Ridge, and Forastiere had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity
of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Koch and Forastiere. Acquisition of data: Koch, Ridge, and
Manola. Analysis and interpretation of data: Koch, Ridge, and Manola. Drafting of the manuscript: Koch, Ridge, and Manola. Critical
revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ridge, Forastiere, and Manola. Statistical analysis: Manola. Obtained
funding: Koch. Administrative, technical, and material support: Ridge and Forastiere. Study supervision: Koch.
Koch et al. Page 2
there was an advantage to pathological tumor category in predicting disease-specific survival (P=.
01).
Conclusions—Both staging methods are useful in predicting survival, whereas information gained
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at neck dissection regarding nodal metastases provides some refinement in prognostic results. These
findings demonstrate the need for enhanced methods of tumor assessment and apparent benefit of
data gathered at neck dissection for accurate disease assessment and stratification.
Clinical data regarding a large cohort of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
(HNSCC) have been gathered through the auspices of 2 cooperative groups, the Eastern
Cooperative Oncology Group (EGOG) and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG).
Study ECOG 4393/RTOG 9614 has as its first objective to determine the clinical utility of
molecular detection of cancer cells in tumor margins, which continues under analysis. An
independent second objective of the protocol is to determine the incidence of TP53 (OMIM
*191170) mutation in HNSCC and seek associations between TP53 status and clinical
outcome. This analysis forms the basis of a recent publication.1 The current analysis was
motivated by the observation that pathological N category, but not clinical T or N category,
was associated with TP53 mutation status. The reasons for this variance were not immediately
apparent, and so we set out to explore differences between the 2 staging paradigms. Our
hypothesis was that pathological stage should correspond more faithfully to biological
aggressiveness of disease, resulting ultimately in greater precision in predicting outcome. This
study was undertaken to further elucidate the significance of clinical and pathological stage
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and the component T and N categories as prognostic factors for overall and disease-specific
survival. This is, to our knowledge, the first such report in the literature to compare clinical
and pathological stage in a large cohort of patients with HNSCC.
METHODS
From January 17, 1996, to October 18, 2002, 560 patients with HNSCC were enrolled in a
prospective multicenter study involving 17 member institutions of ECOG and RTOG. The
protocol was approved by the cooperative groups and by each participating institutional
investigational review board. Subjects provided written informed consent. Individuals with
newly diagnosed or recurrent HNSCC were eligible if the treatment plan included primary
surgical extirpation with curative intent. The cohort included 118 patients in whom cancer at
presentation had persisted or recurred after previous therapy (typically radiotherapy or wide
local excision).
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Tumor and margin samples were collected during the operation. Demographic and clinical data
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were collected from participating institutions by the ECOG and RTOG data managers
perioperatively and at scheduled intervals during the follow-up period. Follow-up data from
patients who were alive without recurrence at the time of the analysis were censored at the last
follow-up contact with those patients. Clinical stage was evaluated by each local treating
surgeon and reported at study entry by means of American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria.
2 Clinical stage of patients with recurrent or persistent cancer was to be that of the index
presentation, following clinical staging convention. At the time of subject enrollment,
computerized imaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) was typically
performed and results were included in the staging, but positron emission tomographic
scanning was not used routinely. Pathology reports were submitted to ECOG/RTOG and the
findings were reviewed, pathological stage was determined, and findings were tabulated. At
6-month intervals for the first 3 years and annually thereafter, the status of each subject, which
included information about recurrent or second primary cancer and subsequent treatment, was
reported to the ECOG central office.
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Analysis was performed at the ECOG Statistical Center. Descriptive statistics were used to
characterize patients at baseline. Survival curves were derived by the Kaplan-Meier method,
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3 and differences were examined by means of the log-rank test.4 Survival was defined as the
time from study entry to death or to the last follow-up visit. Progression-free survival was
defined as the time from study entry to death or recurrence. Data from patients who were alive
without recurrence at the time of the analysis were censored at the last follow-up contact with
those patients. The Fisher exact test,5 unpaired, 2-sided t test, and Mehta exact test for ordered
categorical data6 were used to compare patient categories.
Proportional hazards models7 were used to assess the univariate prognostic significance of
tumor variables on overall and disease-specific survival. P values shown with hazard ratios are
from the likelihood ratio test. Hazard ratios were calculated relative to a reference group as
shown for univariate analyses. To better elucidate cause-specific mortality, the method
developed by Gray8 was used to examine competing causes of death, distinguishing between
death from head and neck cancer and death from other or unknown causes.
To explore further the association between stage and survival, multivariable models were
developed. Factors of potential interest included sex, age, site of the primary tumor, ECOG
performance status, smoking history, alcohol use at study entry, cell differentiation, status of
disease at study entry (eradicated, recurrent, residual disease after previous therapy, or
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untreated), and whether the tumor extended into adjacent structures. To reduce the impact of
missing data, factors were introduced into the model as level-specific indicator variables, with
a level for missing values. Models were evaluated by means of the Akaike information criterion,
9 which moderates the effect of the number of covariates on changes in the log likelihood by
taking the number of covariates into account. First, the full model was evaluated; factors were
then removed if their elimination resulted in a model with improved Akaike information
criterion.
RESULTS
A total of 560 patients were registered to the study. Fifteen patients were ineligible because of
concurrent cancer within 5 years (1 patient), consent given after surgery (1), metastases at study
entry (2), distant metastases not assessed (2), no surgery performed (3), or no HNSCC identified
at resection (6), and comparable stage information (both T and N category) was missing for
43 patients. One patient was missing a valid survival time interval. The remaining 501 patients
are the focus of this analysis. This group is more extensive than the group analyzed for TP53
mutation status2 because inclusion was not dependent on the availability or integrity of tissues
for molecular analysis.
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Survival was evaluated as of June 16, 2008, and was defined as the time from registration to
death or the last follow-up visit. Among the 501 patients, 289 had died. Median follow-up
among patients still alive was 7 years. Characteristics of patients included in this analysis are
provided in Table 1, along with numbers of deaths, median survival by category, 95%
confidence intervals, and P values for the log-rank test.
Tables 2, 3, and 4 show the relationship between clinical and pathological T category, N
category, and overall stage, respectively. Perfect concordance between clinical and
pathological T category was 52.2%; N category, 53.5%; and overall stage, 54.9%. In particular,
nearly 40% (38 of 97) of the cases judged to be T4 clinically were found to be in a lower T
category at pathological evaluation, whereas more than 40% of cases (43 of 102) found to be
T4 on pathological evaluation had been classified at less than T4 clinically (Table 2). Only
69.7% of cases judged to be N0 clinically (145 of 208) were found to be N0 pathologically
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(true-negative clinical staging), which resulted in 30.3% false-negative clinical staging (82
cases could not be scored for pN category because no neck dissection had been performed).
Twenty-six of 172 cases (15.1%) found not to have tumor in dissected lymph nodes (pN0) had
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been clinically judged to have nodal metastasis (cN+) (false-positive clinical staging) (Table
3).
Table 5 provides overall survival by each level of clinical and pathological T and N category
and by combined stage for all patients with known stage. The numbers of patients and deaths
may therefore vary among categories. There was a strong association between both clinical
and pathological stage and overall survival. The median survival for those judged N0 by
pathological evaluation was 7.8 years, compared with 5.9 years for those judged N0 on the
basis of clinical criteria.
Table 6 provides survival by each level of clinical and pathological T and N category and by
overall stage for the 380 patients who were registered with a disease status of “untreated” at
study entry. These were assessed alone because it was assumed that the TNM category provided
at study entry would be most closely associated with prognosis for these index-case patients.
Again, among this subset of patients, there was a strong association between both clinical and
pathological stage and overall survival.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival for all patients
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and for untreated patients only by clinical and pathological T and N category. Note the wider
separation of curves for pathological categorization of nodal status than for clinical category
figures. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the cumulative incidence of death due to disease
(competing cause of death: death from unrelated or unknown cause) for the entire population
and also for patients entering the study with newly diagnosed cancers, demonstrating the
association between rate of death and overall stage, both clinical and pathological. In each case,
the survival curves for death owing to disease were separated more widely and associated with
stage compared with curves for death due to other or unknown cause. For death owing to
disease, the association of survival with pathological stage was stronger than the association
with clinical stage.
Table 7 provides hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals from the optimal multivariable
model developed. We conclude that age, ECOG performance status, clinical tumor category,
and pathological nodal category are significant prognostic factors for overall survival.
We explored whether subgroups that demonstrated disparity between clinical and pathological
stage had corresponding differences in outcome. If patients with perfect T or N category
concordance were compared with those without concordance (in which pathological staging
differed from clinical), no statistically significant differences were identified (data not shown).
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Disparate groupings included the 8 cases evaluated as cT1 and pT4, 18 cases evaluated as cT4
and pT1 or pT2, 33 cases evaluated as cN0 but pN2, and 24 cases evaluated as cN1 or cN2 and
pN0. Median overall survival and P values for the log-rank test for these groups of patients are
given in Table 8. The discordant groups are small, and the statistical power to detect differences
may be limited. However, cases for which nodal status changed from N0 to N+ and those
changing from N+ to N0 had significantly different length of survival compared with cases
correctly classified by clinical method, indicating the greater prognostic accuracy of
pathological nodal assessment.
COMMENT
The results of our analysis reconfirm that both clinical and pathological staging are strongly
predictive of clinical outcome, despite the fact that components of the 2 forms of staging are
discordant in nearly one-half of cases. Among all patients, pathological T and N categories
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were slightly more closely associated with deaths from head and neck cancer (disease-specific
survival) than was clinical stage. Pathological nodal category was a somewhat better predictor
of overall survival. This was also true when previously untreated patients were considered
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alone. There were 274 patients who were discordant in either T or N category, and 181 (66.1%)
of these had discordant overall stage. The other 93 patients had a T or N shift that did not result
in a change to overall stage (change either did not affect overall stage or canceled reciprocal
change in the other category). This may explain, in part, why discordances in T and N
components were associated with detectable differences in outcome whereas comparison of
the method of overall staging did not result in significant differences in survival. Alternatively,
the results might be interpreted as demonstrating deficiencies in the overall staging approach
(Table 7).
There are a number of reasons for differences between clinical and pathological staging.
Judgment of size and depth of cancer penetration form the bases of most components of the
primary T category. Clinical T category is based on size as judged by physical and radiographic
examination. These methods have limited accuracy, making overestimation and
underestimation possible. On the other hand, pathological evaluation of T category is done by
the pathologist either at the time of gross inspection of the resected specimen or after fixation,
sectioning, and microscopic analysis. Pathologic assessment, then, may be flawed by
separation or filleting of tumor fragments at the time of resection and by shrinkage in the
fixation process. For our population as a whole, the number of cases that had lower pathological
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than clinical T category was balanced by those that had greater pathological than clinical T
status. In general, minor adjustments in T category comparing cT with pT did not result in
meaningful differences in the association with survival. It would seem that, when a tumor
thought on clinical evaluation to be T4 (usually because of suspected bone or cartilage
involvement) was found to be of a lesser pathological class, the adjustment should result in a
more accurate and better prognosis for that group. Similarly, cases judged not to be T4 clinically
yet found to be T4 pathologically would be expected to have substantially worse prognosis.
However, as seen in Table 8, differences in survival associated with these adjustments did not
achieve statistical significance, although the mean survivals of these groups appear to match
the hypothesis. It is noteworthy that the pT4 group had a better survival outcome than the pT3
group. The reason for this unexpected result is not clear. The number of cases within
subgroupings limits the power of the comparisons. Although cT category had a lower P value
for its association with overall survival, when the association between T category and disease-
specific survival was evaluated, pT had a slight advantage (shown by more evenly distributed
and wider separation between pT and cT category curves in Figure 3A and Figure 4A vs Figure
3B and Figure 4B).
Clinical nodal categorization is a simple process based primarily on the size of suspicious
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lymph nodes, combined with radiographic features such as loss of fatty hilum, central necrosis,
or increased vascularity. (Note, again, that all cases were accrued and staged before the
availability of positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic scanning.) None of
the radiographic features is necessarily indicative of actual tumor involvement, and early nodal
involvement may not be identified by these means. The decision of when to do a neck dissection
was based on the clinical judgment of the participating surgeons. All were faculty members of
major cancer centers, and it is expected that a similar rationale was used when a decision was
made to dissect a cN0 neck (need for exposure of vessels for free tissue transfer; greater than
20% likelihood of occult nodal involvement on the basis of primary tumor site, stage, or
thickness; history of previous treatment [neck dissection or radiotherapy]; availability of
posttreatment adjuvant treatment options, etc). No neck dissection was performed in 82 cN0
cases. It is possible that bias was introduced in our results in that the dissected nodes would be
selected for cases expected to have a greater likelihood of tumor involvement, thereby inflating
the apparent value of neck dissection to upgrade nodal category by identifying occult disease.
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Nevertheless, on the basis of the availability of more detailed information derived from surgical
nodal sampling, a stronger association of pN than cN category with clinical outcome was
demonstrated by the results. Comparison of cases in which nodal status changed from cN0 to
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pN+ (presence of occult nodal disease) with cases judged cN0 that were truly pN0 showed a
significantly poorer outcome associated with pathological upgrade (P=.02; Table 8). Similarly,
cases judged suggestive of metastatic disease on the basis of nodal size (cN+), yet found not
to harbor tumor (pN0), had better survival than those judged rightly to have metastases by both
methods (P=.01; Table 8). As a result, Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank statistic
show the pN category for the entire group to be more accurately associated with overall survival
(Tables 5, 6, and 7; Figure 1 and Figure 2C vs D). Patel and Lydiatt,10 in their review of staging
in head and neck cancer, stated that “the adverse effect of subclinical nodal disease has not
been settled.”10 Our results indicate that accurate assessment of cN0 disease does contribute
substantially to accurate prognostication.
The results of analysis of stage related to cause of death demonstrate that tumor stage affects
death owing to disease, but not death from other causes or unknown cause (Figures 3 and 4).
It may be implied that successful treatment for more extensive disease does not lead to earlier
death owing to morbidity of treatment, nor is more extensive disease associated with higher
comorbidity that would lead to earlier death. The independence of stage and comorbidity is
also indicated in our multivariable model in which performance status at study entry (a rough
measurement of comorbidity) and tumor stage are independent prognostic factors.
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We hypothesized that inclusion of cases of recurrent cancer for which clinical stage remains
that of index disease at initial presentation would introduce substantial inaccuracy. As such, it
was expected that only newly diagnosed cases would have accurate clinical stage. However,
our results indicate no substantial decrement in association of clinical stage with outcome when
all cases— recurrent and newly diagnosed—were considered together. This could be because
some recurrent cases were initially small, localized lesions amenable to simple salvage excision
while others were extensive advancements from a small index lesion.
The results shown in Table 1 demonstrate the association with survival of several key clinical
factors not included in the staging system. Not surprisingly, patients who experience significant
weight loss before diagnosis and treatment and those with poorer performance status have a
shorter median survival. It is interesting that smoking status did not correlate significantly with
survival, whereas alcohol consumption had a strong prognostic value. The primary site of cases
in our cohort was strongly associated with survival in ways that we have noted previously;
particularly, cases of oropharyngeal cancer have a good prognosis, whereas those of the
hypopharynx, which are most often associated with heavy smoking and drinking, have the
poorest survival.
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There are few reports of large cohorts of patients with HNSCC for which both clinical and
pathological stage are available for comparison. De Waal and colleagues11 published
retrospective data of neck nodal stage for 186 patients. Similar to our findings, the overall
sensitivity of clinical staging was 80.1% compared with the standard criterion of pathological
stage, whereas specificity was only 52.2%. There were occult nodal metastases in 32% of
elective neck dissection specimens, making the specificity of intraoperative staging on the N0
neck 33.3% with sensitivity of 72.4%.
Our study is limited by the retrospective nature of determination of pathological staging. Cases
were accrued from 18 institutions, each with its own approach to reporting surgical specimen
results. Uniform processing and reporting protocols would have provided more reliable results
and might have produced a clearer advantage for pathological T category. Another limitation
is that our cases accrued before the regular availability and use of positron emission
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tomographic scanning. The improved sensitivity of positron emission tomography for occult
nodal disease might improve the accuracy of clinical staging; however, specificity may be
reduced.
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CONCLUSIONS
There is often a substantial difference between pathological and clinical categorization,
resulting in changes to overall staging 45% of the time (concordance is only 55%). However,
the median survival for clinical and pathological staging is very similar, with nearly completely
overlapping confidence intervals. Thus, one can reliably use either pathological or clinical
stage to predict cancer-specific survival. There is not a major difference in the 2 staging
methods as tools for prognostication. This is likely because of flaws in both systems, the
plurality and complexity of factors involved in overall survival of a patient, and mutual
cancellations of small changes in stage within a large cohort.
The pN category is a better individual predictor of overall survival than is pT, cT, or cN. The
histologic assessment of lymph nodes provides accuracy in disease assessment that enhances
outcome prediction. Nodal status as judged through the findings at neck dissection yields
demonstrably more accurate predictive information for HNSCC, particularly when major
corrections are made from N0 to N+ and N+ to N0.
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Acknowledgments
Funding/Support: This study was coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (Robert L. Comis, MD,
Chair) and supported in part by Public Health Service grants CA23318, CA66636, CA21115, CA16116, and CA27525;
grant R01 DE013152 from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; and grants from the National
Cancer Institute and the Department of Health and Human Services.
References
1. Poeta ML, Manola J, Goldwasser MA, et al. TP53 mutations and survival in squamous-cell carcinoma
of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2007;357(25):25522561.
2. American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6. New York, NY: Springer-
Verlag; 2002.
3. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc
1958;53:457–481.
4. Peto R, Peto J. Asymptotically efficient rank invariant test procedures. J R Stat Soc Ser A 1972;135
(2):185–206.
5. Cox, DR. Analysis of Binary Data. London, England: Methuen & Co, Ltd; 1970.
6. Mehta CR, Patel NR, Tsiatis AA. Exact significance testing to establish treatment equivalence with
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Figure 1.
Overall survival for all patients by pathological (A) and clinical (B) T category and by
pathological (C) and clinical (D) N category. Details about the groups are provided in Table
5. The clinical T category performed somewhat better than the pathological T category in
distinguishing groups with different survival, whereas the pathological N category
outperformed the clinical N category, although both clinical and pathological categorizations
were effective. Note the wider separation of curves for nodal category assessed by the
pathological vs the clinical method.
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Figure 2.
Overall survival for newly diagnosed (previously untreated) patients by pathological (A) and
clinical (B) T category and by pathological (C) and clinical (D) N category.
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Figure 3.
Competing cause of death for all patients. The cumulative incidence of death from disease and
other causes over time is given by overall clinical (A) and pathological (B) stage. When deaths
are classified as owing to disease or owing to other causes (unrelated, n=73; unknown, n=70),
advancing clinical and pathological stages demonstrate an association with increased
probability of death owing to disease, with pathological stage having a stronger association
than clinical stage. As expected, neither clinical nor pathological stage was associated with
different rates of death owing to other or unknown causes. (Note that the lines for death owing
to other causes fall between the early and late categories for death owing to disease.)
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Figure 4.
Competing cause of death for previously untreated patients. The cumulative incidence of death
from disease and other causes over time is given by overall clinical (A) and pathological (B)
stage.
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Table 1
Patient Characteristics and Univariate Survival Analyses
Characteristic No. (%)a Deaths, No. Years After Surviving Surgery, Median (95% CI) Log-Rank P Value
Koch et al.
Age, y
<55 165 (32.9) 73 8.4 (5.3–∞) <.001
55–64 130 (25.9) 72 4.7 (2.8–7.4)
≥65 206 (41.1) 144 3.3 (2.9–4.2)
Sex
Female 140 (27.9) 79 5.6 (3.5–6.8) .45
Male 361 (72.1) 210 4.3 (3.2–5.3)
Unknownb 43
Smoking history
Never smoked 92 (18.8) 45 6.6 (3.8–∞) .15
Pipe/cigar 18 (3.7) 11 2.4 (2.0–∞)
Cigarettes, pack-y
<20 60 (12.3) 31 5.1 (3.2–∞)
20–40 131 (26.8) 78 4.0 (2.8–5.6)
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>40 188 (38.4) 120 3.7 (2.9–5.7)
Unknownb 12
Characteristic No. (%)a Deaths, No. Years After Surviving Surgery, Median (95% CI) Log-Rank P Value
Unknownb 37
Performance status
0 365 (75.3) 191 5.3 (4.0–7.5) <.001
1 102 (21.0) 76 2.4 (1.8–4.0)
2 14 (2.9) 11 1.2 (0.3–5.9)
3 3 (0.6) 3 4.2 (0.6–4.7)
4 1 (0.2) 1 2.1 (NA)
Unknownb 16
Cell differentiation
Well differentiated 105 (22.2) 58 5.3 (3.2–7.9) .74
Moderately differentiated 273 (57.7) 158 4.8 (3.4–5.7)
Poorly differentiated 93 (19.7) 56 3.8 (2.6–6.0)
Undifferentiated 2 (0.4) 1 NYR (5.6–∞)
Unknownb 28
Site
Oral cavity 217 (43.5) 121 4.3 (3.4–7.3) <.001
Oropharynx 108 (21.6) 56 6.0 (4.7–∞)
Hypopharynx 36 (7.2) 27 2.1 (1.3–3.4)
Larynx 112 (22.4) 69 4.0 (3.0–5.7)
Other 23 (4.6) 12 6.8 (2.6–∞)
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>1 Primary tumor 3 (0.6) 3 0.4 (0.1–1.3)
Unknownb 2
Characteristic No. (%)a Deaths, No. Years After Surviving Surgery, Median (95% CI) Log-Rank P Value
Unknownb 14
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; NYR, not yet reached.
a
Because of rounding, percentages may not total 100.
b
Patients in the “Unknown” category were excluded from calculation of the percentages.
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Table 2
Pathological T Stage
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1 69 19 3 8 1 4 104
2 51 85 13 19 0 2 170
3 11 48 47 15 0 2 123
4 2 16 18 59 1 1 97
X 0 0 2 1 0 0 3
In situ 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 133 168 83 102 3 9 498
a
Frequency was missing for 3 patients. Concordance rate was 52.2%.
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Table 3
Pathological N Stage
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0 145 29 33 1 82 290
1 15 27 38 0 2 82
2 9 13 92 0 1 115
3 2 0 5 2 0 9
X 1 0 1 0 1 3
Total 172 69 169 3 86 499
a
Frequency was missing for 2 patients. Concordance rate was 53.5%.
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Table 4
Pathological Stage
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I 20 5 8 9 42
II 19 24 9 21 73
III 8 15 30 49 102
IV 4 11 23 146 184
Total 51 55 70 225 401
a
Frequency was missing for 100 patients. Concordance rate was 54.9%.
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Table 5
Impact of Stage on Overall Survival, All Patients
Clinical T category
1 104 46 NYR (5.3–∞) <.001
Clinical N category
0 290 153 5.9 (4.7–7.8) .002
1 82 47 4.5 (2.1–7.7)
2 115 78 2.4 (1.6–3.8)
3 9 7 2.0 (0.4–5.1)
Pathological N category
0 173 79 7.8 (5.7–∞) <.001
1 69 42 4.0 (1.9–7.4)
2 170c 118 2.1 (1.4–2.9)
3 3 1 NYR (2.0–∞)
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 September 1.
Clinical stage
I 42 15 NYR (5.9–∞) <.001
II 73 37 6.0 (3.1–∞)
III 102 51 7.3 (3.9–9.4)
IV 184 125 2.6 (1.8–4.0)
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Pathological stage
I 51 21 NYR (5.7–∞) .004
Koch et al.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 September 1.
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Table 6
Impact of Stage in Previously Untreated Patients
Clinical T category
1 68 29 NYR (5.3–∞) <.001
2 131 61 9.7 (5.2–∞)
3 97 60 4.1 (2.6–6.6)
4 83 54 2.4 (1.5–5.1)
Pathological T category
1 103 47 7.7 (5.1–∞) <.001
2 127 63 6.6 (4.3–∞)
3 63 42 2.6 (1.8–6.5)
4 79 50 3.7 (1.9–4.5)
Clinical N category
0 204 97 7.6 (5.7–∞) .005
1 68 38 5.1 (2.1–∞)
2 98 63 2.8 (1.7–5.3)
3 6 4 2.3 (0.4–∞)
Pathological N category
0 128 52 9.4 (6.5–∞) <.001
1 56 33 4.5 (2.3–7.7)
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 September 1.
2 140 92 2.6 (1.8–3.8)
3 3 1 NYR (2.0–∞)
Clinical stage
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Table 7
Multivariable Model of Factors Prognostic for Overall Survival
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
Age, y
55–64 1.57 (1.12–2.26) .008
≥65 2.04 (1.52–2.67) <.001
Performance status
1 1.57 (1.18–2.07) .002
2–4 2.33 (1.37–3.99) .002
Missing 0.87 (0.40–1.87) .72
Clinical T category
2 1.32 (0.92–1.91) .14
3 1.77 (1.20–2.60) .004
4 2.10 (1.40–3.17) <.001
Missing 2.40 (0.74–7.76) .15
Pathological N category
1 1.79 (1.22–2.63) .003
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Table 8
Strongly Discordant Cases
NIH-PA Author Manuscript
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 September 1.