A.

Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and sand

BUILDING TECH 1
used to raise an existing grade, or as a
man-made-deposit; generally used under
I. EARTHWORKS
footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on grade;
1.01 ACRONYMS classified under the Unified Soil Classification
System (USCS) as:
AASHTO- American Association of State
● GW, GM, GP – Gravels with >
Highway and Transportation Officials
50% retained on No. 200 sieve
and > 50% further retained on
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
No. 40 sieve.
ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials ● SW, SM – or Sands with > 50%
are retained on No. 200 sieve
DPWH - Dept. of Public Works and Highways
and 50% or more passes No.40
(Phil Govt)
sieve.
B. Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials with
USCS - Unified Soil Classification System
sand equivalent of not less than
1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS 50%; used to prevent the movement
of fine particles out of soils and
AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
other natural materials through
● classifies inorganic soils for suitability as
which seepage occurs; conforming
subgrade materials in terms of good
to ASTM C 33, size 67.
drainage and bearing capacity.
AASHTO defines particle sizes as:
C. Borrow Fill - selected laboratory‑approved
•Boulders – above 75mm
pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite,
•Gravel – 75mm to No.10 sieve
sand, shale, cinders or other similar
•Coarse Sand – No.10 to No.40 sieve
materials with not more than 35%
•Fine Sand – No.40 to No.200 sieve
fraction passing the No. 200 sieve.
•Silt-Clay Particles – passing No.200 sieve

D. Base Course Materials - hard durable

ATTERBERG LIMITS are tests performed on soils
fragments of stone and a filler of
passing the No.40 sieve to establish the
sand or other finely divided mineral
following:
matter, free from vegetable matter
and lumps of clay, complying with
1. Liquid Limit (LL) - the moisture content at
the following AASHTO METHODS T‑11 and T‑26
which soil changes from a liquid to a plastic
Grading Requirements:
state as moisture is removed. It is measured
when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5
mm groove after 25 drops from 1 cm.

2. Plastic Limit (PL) - the moisture content at

which soil passes from plastic to a semi-solid
state as water is removed. Local Borrow Fill materials:
● BANDA Y BANDA
3. Plasticity Index (PI) - equals Liquid Limit minus ● LASTILLAS
the Plastic Limit (LL – PL = PI) ● BASE COURSE
● ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16 cum
● ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Riprap)
1.02 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING) - According to FHA guidance, the
thickness of wire mattresses used for
RIPRAP (ROCK LINING) channel linings is determined by three
factors:
- a constructed layer or facing of stone, ● the erodibility of the bank soil
placed to prevent erosion, scour or ● the maximum velocity of the
sloughing of a structure or water, and
embankment. ● the bank slope.
- "riprap" also is frequently defined as the
stone used to construct such a lining.
- a special class of very large aggregate.
Riprap gradations range in diameter
from 50mm (2 inches) to 1148mm (42
inches). Because riprap is subject to
significant energy, it is important that it
be sound and free from defects or
entrained substances such soil shale or
organic materials.
- resistance of riprap to displacement of 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
moving water or pressure of soil is a
GEOSYNTHETICS
function of the weight, size, and shape
of the stone, the geometry of the
- Construction materials consisting of
channel or bank it is protecting, and the
filter blanket over which the riprap is synthetic components made for use
placed. with or within earth materials.
- Geosynthetics can be further
categorized into the following
components:

A. GEOTEXTILES
- are the most common geosynthetics,
- consist of woven or nonwoven fabric
made from polymeric materials such as
polyester or polypropylene generally
1.04 GABION SYSTEM used for reinforcement, separation,
filtration, and in-plane drainage.
GABION SYSTEM ● Reinforcement
- Wire-enclosed riprap - geotextile fabric lends its strength to low
- consists of mats or
load-bearing soil to increase the overall
baskets fabricated
design strength and decrease the
from wire mesh, filled
with small riprap, and amount of sub-base and base course
anchored to a slope. material.
- Wrapping the riprap enables use of
smaller rocks for the same resistance to
displacement by water energy as larger
unwrapped riprap.
- is particularly advantageous in areas
inaccessible to trucks or large
construction equipment.
- wire baskets also allow steeper (i.e.,
vertical) channel linings to be ● Separation
constructed.
- geotextile is placed between dissimilar
- gabion baskets or mattresses can be
materials to prevent migration of one of
made from commercially available wire
units or from available wire fencing the materials into the other.
material or may be fabricated from No.
9 or No. 12 galvanized wire.
 B. GEOMEMBRANES
- continuous polymeric sheets that are
impermeable.
- The most frequently used for ground
applications are:
➔ thermoplastic products manufactured
from high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
● Filtration and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
- when the geotextile is used to prevent ➔ thermoset polymer Ethylene propylene
the movement of fine particles from soil diene monomer (EPDM) frequently used
through which seepage occurs . for membrane roofing applications
Different types of geomembranes have
significantly different properties including :
- Strength
- Longevity
- resistance to ultraviolet light
- thermal expansion and contraction
Filtration has three separate categories: - chemical resistance
1. Subsurface - ease of installation
- filters around under-drains or Geomembranes should not be subjected to
edge drains, or under tensile stresses and should be treated gently
paving. during installation and subsequent use.
2. Erosion Control
- to protect cut slopes or C. GEOCOMPOSITES
drainage features. When - consist of a combination of
used in conjunction with a geosynthetic components; are
stone lining or riprap, serves usually sheet or edge drains
a secondary function of separation. consisting of a prefabricated
3. Sediment Control core to which a geotextile filter is
- used for silt fence bonded.
applications. - The core provides void space
- serve the purpose of to which water can flow
"filtering" runoff, the in-plane while the geotextile
mechanism by which they function is filter keeps soil from filling the
different than subsurface drainage or voids created by the core.
erosion control applications - Geocomposite sheet drains are
available that allow flow in from one or
● In-Plane Drainage both faces.
- particular thick-needled
nonwoven geotextiles D. GEONET
having sufficient in-plane - is a type of geosynthetic that consists of
flow capacity for use as flow a continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs
conduits in drainage applications that form void space through
which provide in-plane flow
capacity.
- available with or without
bonded geotextile filters.
- Geonets with bonded geotextile filters
are sometimes referred to as composite
drainage nets (CDNs).
E. GEOCELLS b. Termite Mesh - steel mesh product that is fine
- are three-dimensional prefabricated enough to keep even tiny termites from
polymeric systems ranging passing through it. Termite Mesh is used in slab
from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 construction (concrete slabs are poured over
inches) high. or with the mesh). It is also used to wrap pipes
- The geocell systems are and other access areas.
collapsed for delivery to
the site. Upon arrival at a site, they are
spread open and filled to form a
three-dimensional reinforced mattress.
- Originally developed to rapidly stabilize
soft subgrades for c. Home Construction - in particularly high-risk
mobilization of large termite environments, homes are sometimes
equipment, they are now designed on high concrete pillars to physically
frequently used for separate the home from the distance termites
protection and stabilization can travel from their colony.
of steep slope surfaces and protective
linings for channels. 2.CHEMICAL BARRIERS - to establish a
continuous termiticide barrier or treated area
1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS between potential soil access routes and the
structure to either kill or repel subterranean
SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS termites that attempt to reach the structure. A
- These include materials used for both termiticide is a type of chemical used to
temporary and permanent erosion control termites.
protection.
- Temporary materials consist Pre-construction chemical barriers
of open mesh polymeric - are almost always applied during
systems, biodegradable construction, to the soil and foundation. There
mesh systems (e.g., coir jute), are also termite resistant building products,
or a combination of from drywall to floor joists. These are often
polymeric and biodegradable mesh. treated with borates before use in home
- The open mesh systems serve as a semi construction. Pre-construction applications
permanent mulch, anchoring seeds and must use enough insecticide (often 100 gallons
soil particles subject to erosive flows in or more) at a sufficient concentration to erect
channels. Greater flow rates and an adequate barrier.
volumes usually require denser mesh a. Vertical barriers
and more durable construction. - are created by applying 4 gallons of
termiticide per 3 linear meters by
II. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING rodding or trenching around the base of
2.01 TERMITE PROOFING foundations, plumbing, utility entrances,
3 TYPES OF TERMITE PROOFING expansion joints, and where two slabs
1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS - prevent termites from will join.
accessing the wood in a home. There are a - If areas to be treated are more than
variety of methods: 300mm (one foot) deep, then each
a. Termite Resistant Sand - a layer of sand with 300mm of depth should receive 16 liters
uniform size particles. The sand must be large (4 gallons) per 3 linear meters.
enough to prevent the termite from moving - Treatment of trenches involves digging
through it effectively and of a consistency that a trench, no wider than 150mm (6
prevents its use in "tunnel" construction. inches), applying termiticide to the
Sometimes used around the foundation of a trench, and mixing with soil as the soil is
home during construction. replaced.
 - Hollow block voids of foundations should c. Choker Aggregate: A "choker" course is a
also be treated with 16 liters (4 gallons) filter layer of finer material that is installed over
of termiticide per 3 linear meters a coarse road base material. The purpose of
b. Horizontal barrier the choker course is to provide a stable
- are made by applying 4 liters (one foundation of fine-grained aggregate for the
gallon) of termiticide per 3 square construction of a pavement.
meters. The treatment is usually
accomplished by applying a coarse 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
spray at low pressure. All termite a. Concrete
treatments to slab construction should b. Bituminous Surfacing
include horizontal barriers, which are ● HOT MIX ASPHALT or ASPHALTIC
relatively easy to apply. CONCRETE
● Slab treatment - involves – a dark brown to black cementitious
drilling through the slab floor material, solid or semi-solid, composed
and injecting termiticides into of bitumens which when mixed with
the soil at regular intervals. graded aggregates is used as paving
● Basements and Crawl Spaces - trenches material by placing, shaping, and
are dug around the foundation, compacting while hot over a prepared
termiticide applied and the trench filled base.
back in. Chemicals may also ● COLD MIX ASPHALT OR ASPHALTIC
CONCRETE
be injected into the soil in the
- is asphaltic concrete prepared with a
crawl space/basement and
relatively light and slow-curing asphalt,
around the foundation. The
placed over a prepared surface without
walls and foundation of the
heat. This hardens to a state that is less
home are also treated, as well as
firm and durable than hot-mix asphaltic
around piers, pipes, and other access
concrete.
points.
● ASPHALTIC MACADAM
- paving for roads and other surfaces
3. COLONY ELIMINATION (Bait) SYSTEM
formed by grading and compacting
- The objective of this method is to attract the
layers of crushed stone or gravel, then
termite workers to forage on a slow-acting
the top layer is bound by asphalt to
insect-growth regulator (IGR) called
stabilize the stone, provide a smoother
hexaflumuron that will work to eliminate the
surface, and seal against water
termite workers population and eventually
penetration.
result in the death of the queen and any
● ASPHALT OVERLAY
subsequent future queens, and therefore the
- when one or more courses or layers of
entire colony.
asphalt and asphalt leveling course
- The system employs baiting and monitoring
made of an asphalt and aggregate
devices, installed where evidence of
mixture of variable thickness to correct
infestation is found: on the ground outside the
the contour of existing surface, are
house, on walls, floors, ceilings inside the house.
placed on existing pavement.

III. ROADS AND PARKING

3.01 SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS

a. Borrow Material
b. Base Course Material