PROJECT REPORT

On

WIRELESS AND WIRED LAN ESTABLISHMENT

Submitted by:-

ZUHAIR KHAN Registration No.7460070001 Programme. B.TECH(HONS) ECE Section. A67T3

Under the Guidance of

ANURAG VERMA

Department Of Electronics & communication

Lovely School of Technology & Science Lovely Professional University, Phagwara July December 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

An engineer with theoretical knowledge is not complete engineer. Practical knowledge is very important for an engineer to develop and apply engineering skills. It gives me a great pleasure to have an opportunity to express gratitude to those who were associated with my training at DOEACC. First of all I am thankful to Mr. A.H MOON for providing me with an opportunity to undergo my training at DOEACC centre srinagar. I am grateful to my training and placement officer AMIT SINGHAL for his support. I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to DOEACC authorities for allowing me to undergo my training in this prestigious organization. Special thanks to Mr. S.K ASIM who has guided me at every step and my discussion with him was truly enlightening. Last but not the least I would again like to express my sincere thanks to all project guides, especially Mr. ASHAQ for his constant friendly guidance during the entire stretch of this report. Every new step I took was due to their persistent enthusiastic backing and I acknowledge that with a deep sense of gratitude.

ZUHAIR KHAN

INTRODUCTION:

DOEACC Centre Srinagar/Jammu ( formerly CEDTI Srinagar/Jammu ) is a premier training IT-HRD organization which was established jointly by Department of Information technology, MCIT, (erstwhile Department of Electronics), Govt. of India, J&K State Industrial Development Corporation and University of Kashmir. It is located in the twin capital cities of the J&K State i.e., Srinagar and Jammu. The Srinagar Centre is located in the Industrial Electronics Complex, Rangreth on a 7.5 acre picturesqe campus with a built-up area of over 33,000 sft, while as its extension Centre located in the New Campus of the University of Jammu with state-of-the-art training facilities. DOEACC Centre, Srinagar/Jammu commenced its training, consultancy, design & product development activities in the year 1987 from the industrial Electronics Complex Rangreth Srinagar. The centre conducts both formal and non-formal courses approved by AICTE-MHRD apart from practical oriented short-term training programmes for skill enhancement of students and professionals. The centre is affiliated to University of Kashmir for the MCA course which is approved by All India Council for Technical Education(AICTE).

It also has has DOEACC accrediation for conducting O, A, B Level courses. It has forged academic tieups with organizations like IGNOU, Oracle, CISCO and developed linkages with top-of-the-line IT/ITES companies for facilitating placements of its students.

The Centre has emerged as a front-runner consultancy organization and has been designated as IT advisor to the Govt. of J&K in the implementation of e-Governance project.

NETWORKING:
Computer networking or Data communications (Datacom) is the engineering discipline concerned with the communication between computer systems or devices. A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering since it relies heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. The three types of networks are: the Internet, the intranet, and the extranet. Examples of different networking.

Local area network (LAN)

A local area network is a network that spans a relatively small space and provides services to a small number of people. A peer-to-peer or client-server method of networking may be used. A peer-to-peer network is where each client shares their resources with other workstations in the network. Examples of peer-to-peer networks are: Small office networks where resource use is minimal and a home network. A client-server network is where every client is connected to the server and each other. Client-server networks use servers in different capacities. These can be classified into two types: 1. Single-service servers 2. Print servers The server performs one task such as file server, while other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file servers and print servers, but also can conduct calculations and use them to provide information to clients (Web/Intranet Server). Computers may be connected in many different ways, including Ethernet cables, Wireless networks, or other types of wires such as power lines or phone lines. The ITU-T G.hn standard is an example of a technology that provides high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).

Wide area network (WAN)

A wide area network is a network where a wide variety of resources are deployed across a large domestic area or internationally. An example of this is a multinational business that uses a WAN to interconnect their offices in different countries. The largest and best example of

a WAN is the Internet, which is a network composed of many smaller networks. The Internet is considered the largest network in the world. The PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) also is an extremely large network that is converging to use Internet technologies, although not necessarily through the public Internet. A Wide Area Network involves communication through the use of a wide range of different technologies. These technologies include Point-to-Point WANs such as Pointto-Point Protocol (PPP) and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Frame Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Sonet (Synchronous Optical Network). The difference between the WAN technologies is based on the switching capabilities they perform and the speed at which sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.

Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN)

A wireless network is basically the same as a LAN or a WAN but there are no wires between hosts and servers. The data is transferred over sets of radio transceivers. The most common IEEE 802.11 WLANs cover, depending on antennas, ranges from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. For larger areas, either communications satellites of various types, cellular radio, or wireless local loop (IEEE 802.16) all have advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the type of mobility needed, the relevant standards may come from the IETF or the ITU.

DEVICES USED IN NETWORKING: HUB , SWITCH AND ROUTER

A hub is typically the least expensive, least intelligent, and least complicated of the three. Its job is very simple: anything that comes in one port is sent out to the others. That's it. Every computer connected to the hub "sees" everything that every other computer on the hub sees. The hub itself is blissfully ignorant of the data being transmitted. For years, simple hubs have been quick and easy ways to connect computers in small networks. A switch does essentially what a hub does but more efficiently. By paying attention to the traffic that comes across it, it can "learn" where particular addresses are. For example, if it sees traffic from machine A coming in on port 2, it now knows that machine A is connected to that port and that traffic to machine A needs to only be sent to that port and not any of the others. The net result of using a switch over a hub is that most of the network traffic only goes where it needs to rather than to every port. On busy networks this can make the network significantly faster.

A router is the smartest and most complicated of the bunch. Routers come in all shapes and sizes from the small four-port broadband routers that are very popular right now to the large industrial strength devices that drive the internet itself. A simple way to think of a router is as a computer that can be programmed to understand, possibly manipulate, and route the data its being asked to handle. For example, broadband routers include the ability to "hide" computers behind a type of firewall which involves slightly modifying the packets of network traffic as they traverse the device. All routers include some kind of user interface for configuring how

the router will treat traffic. The really large routers include the equivalent of a full-blown programming language to describe how they should operate as well as the ability to communicate with other routers to describe or determine the best way to get network traffic from point A to point B.

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS:
A communications protocol is a formal description of digital message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both.

OSI MODEL (Open Systems

Interconnection model)
It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers. A layer is a collection of

conceptually similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it.

Layer 1: Physical Layer The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium, such as a copper or optical cable. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, cable specifications, hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters (HBA used in storage area networks) and more The major functions and services performed by the Physical Layer are:

Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium. Participation in the process whereby the communication resources are effectively shared among multiple users. For example, contention resolution and flow control. Modulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications channel. These are signals operating over the physical cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) or over a radio link.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer The Data Link Layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical Layer. Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media, characteristic of wide area media in the telephone system. Local area network architecture, which included broadcast-capable multiaccess media, was developed independently of the ISO work in IEEE Project 802. IEEE work assumed sublayering and management functions not required for WAN use. In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802.2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet, and on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used. Sliding window flow control and acknowledgment is used at the Transport Layer by protocols such as TCP, but is still used in niches where X.25 offers performance advantages.

The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete Data Link Layer which provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective repeat Sliding Window Protocol Layer 3: Network Layer The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks, while maintaining the quality of service requested by the Transport Layer. The Network Layer performs network routing functions, and might also perform fragmentation and reassembly, and report delivery errors. Routers operate at this layersending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible. This is a logical addressing scheme values are chosen by the network engineer. The addressing scheme is not hierarchical. Layer 4: Transport Layer The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state and connection oriented. This means that the Transport Layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. The Transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and if no error free data was transferred then sends the next data Layer 5: Session Layer

The Session Layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, halfduplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The Session Layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls. Layer 6: Presentation Layer The Presentation Layer establishes context between Application Layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the stack. This layer provides independence from data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.[citation needed] The original presentation structure used the basic encoding rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML.

Layer 7: Application Layer The Application Layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. When determining resource availability, the application layer must decide whether sufficient network or the requested communication exist. In synchronizing communication, all communication between applications requires cooperation that is managed by the application layer. Some examples of application layer implementations include Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and X.400 Mail.

TCP/IP MODEL

INTRODUCTION TO ADDRESSING
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label that is assigned to any device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. [1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."

CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
In the original Internet routing scheme developed in the 1970s, sites were assigned addresses from one of three classes: Class A, Class B and Class C. The address classes differ in size and number. Class A addresses are the largest, but there are few of them. Class Cs are the smallest, but they are numerous. Classes D and E are also defined, but not used in normal operation.

Summary of IP Address Classes

Class A - 0nnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh First bit 0; 7 network bits; 24 host bits Initial byte: 0 - 127 126 Class As exist (0 and 127 are reserved) 16,777,214 hosts on each Class A

Class B - 10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh

bits

First two bits 10; 14 network bits; 16 host Initial byte: 128 - 191 16,384 Class Bs exist 65,532 hosts on each Class B

Class C - 110nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh First three bits 110; 21 network bits; 8 host bits Initial byte: 192 - 223 2,097,152 Class Cs exist 254 hosts on each Class C

As the number of hosts are increasing there is a chance of depletion of ip addresses. In order to prevent the depletion of ip addresses there are various techniques like SUBNETTNG, VLSM or we can use a NAT box(Network Address
Translation).

NAT BOX:
NAT boxes could solve the pending address shortage in IP networks. They act as a buffer between the global Internet and IP local networks (subnet). The local side addresses would have to be unique only at the subnet level. When a host on the subnet side of a NAT box sends traffic over the Internet, the NAT box strips out the local address and replaces it with the globally unique address assigned to that subnet.