Vladimir Pecikoza

Late Neolithic ovens in Central Balkans region

graduate

This paper presents an original work of thesis that is defended in July

2004 at the Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Archaeology in Belgrade,
before a commission made up of PhD Dusan Mihailovic and PhD Boban
Tripoković.
An important architectural elements of the Late Neolithic settlements are ovens.
Unfortunately, serious studies about their use and function have not been done, and the
aim of this paper is closer to the problem and that with the help of numerous
archaeological and ethnographic data give as much as possible a clearer view about them,
their place within the village, functional, and method of use, as well as the findings of
which are linked to this type of facility.
The territory covered by this study is a central Balkans including the Republic of
Serbia, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the territory of Slavonia in Croatia and
the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia. On this territory in the Late Neolithic
period they lived cultural groups such as Vinca, pushing, Sopot - Lengyel and Butmir.
The reason for this is that the territorial limitations of show ovens not only in relation to
the micro-region or the settlement of a cultural group, but to perceive the problem in
relation to those cultural groups which are bordering each other in this area during the
Late Neolithic, trying to spot potential similarities and differences.
To this problem better solved next archaeological data used alone and
ethnographic. These data refer to objects, like from the late Neolithic period, which are in
use in the central Balkans since the nineteenth century to the present. Comparing these
two types of data I used the theory of midrange and ethno-archeology.

Methodology

The problem that I had in front of them demanded that the ovens perceive in
many aspects produced using not only archaeological, but also the data of experimental
archeology and ethnography. From this work was carried out in three phases.
In the first phase, I conceived a clear frame work which was roughly composed of three
sections: archaeological, ethnographic and a final synthesis which was carried out on the
basis of information collected.
Archaeological continent in itself would contain basic information about: cultural
groups in the central Balkans in the Neolithic period, the basic features of the oven, the
relationship with other architectural units in the vicinity, the information obtained
through experiments that allow us a clearer idea of the function of the oven, then
information about Bakery grains of that era that were used, are particularly interesting
model bread ovens, as well as the problem of cinnabar ore and their relations with ovens
that this article discusses.
Ethnographic continent would include information on the bread ovens, similar
shapes and materials, which are used by half of the nineteenth century to the present.
Similar to the previous continent turned to focus on the basic features of the oven, their
function, location and relationship to other objects, types of cereals that were in use,
types and ways of making bread, as well as taboos and mythology related to these
facilities. Special attention would be focused on the transformation of these types of
ovens that have occurred over time in relation to living space and social change and
social planning.
The third part would include synthesis using information from the above
mentioned continent in using this, in some parts, theory midrange and ethno-archeology.
How was I at this stage approached collecting data from available literature indicated, the
first problem because most published reports from the excavations, as well as
monographs were not given all the available information to a that I could use in their
work, according to the possibilities, I decided to analyze the data directly replenished to
Information with the help of archaeologist-Researchers of, and with the help of one of the
original field of documentation that was available to me.
In order to facilitate the collection of information, I came up form (Table I, 1),
which was composed of four basic sections ie. Group data. The first related to basic
information about the site: the name, municipality, state (because of culture that are
covered by this work in its present borders were stretched to more than one country),
cultural group, type of settlement and the year of excavation campaigns. Other technical
data: total number of ovens, the situation in the village, well preserved, probe, excavated
layer horizon. Data on the architectural parts of the oven: information about substructure,
the flooring and the conch, ornament, ash pan and lip. The third group refers to the
information on the findings in the vicinity of the oven and at the end of a special group of
notes relating to other interesting information.For the purpose of better knowing the
bread ovens conducted himself also the extent possible, their own research on the fields
of western Serbia. For the purpose of ethnographic research I consulted with ethnologists
Gordan Markovic, National Museum of Valjevo, and with her help I make, similar
archaeological form, ethnological fieldwork reminder that contained the following
parameters:
• When it comes to the appearance of bread ovens,
• Where is the oven, built when and where,
• From the materials to build the stand, the spherical section and roof,
• Where to obtain materials for construction and what are the materials,
• What tools are used during the construction,
• Are there any pre and post actions during the construction of the oven,
• Which material is used for heating ovens and why that,
• Which tool is used in firing ovens and ovens for placing the preparation of bread,
• Where, when and where they bake bread,
• Are there certain taboos and why the people who monthly bread,
• Are there certain taboos and why in time for mixing bread
• Are there certain taboos and why in the mixing bread
• What materials are used for mixing bread and why they
• How to make yeast and what the replacement for him,
• What is used as a substitute and in which relations, when shortages of basic
grains,
 • What is a tool used for mixing bread and why,
• Note.
Serious work on collecting data I achieved in the second stage of labor, as well as
conducting its own ethnological research.
In the third and final stage, I joined the writing operation and drawing synthesis using
all the data collected (as archaeological, and ethnographic) using his theories of midrange
and ethno-archeology. These theories allow us to archaeological exhibits go back so that
we could observe a living, dynamic operation that have produced material culture which
will be the main essence of this theory. One of its founders Lewis Binford says says that
through the study of material culture in living communities must get to the laws of the
measuring principle of the relationship between behavior and material culture, and that in
this case had an important role and experimental archeology (Olsen 2002: 93). As these
theories were already set sixties until today they have undergone changes and their
criticism and it is therefore to be cautiously implemented. There was a danger to major in
baggy use ethnographic data it would be in this case pushed archaeological data and on
the other hand raised to question the credibility of the synthesis and work.

Description encompassed space and culture

No need to mention the important role of geography and historical places of the
Balkan Peninsula. Precisely in this area from the Neolithic period very quickly to the new
economic aspects (domestication of animals and cultivation of cereals) have been
developed in the Middle East appear soon in this region and more developed form and
receive further development. It comes slowly to the displacement of the population and
movement to permanent settled life and the formation of their own living corner. Do
these changes comes at a time older Neolithic period, while its ekpanziju these elements
obtained during the Late Neolithic when in this area lead to the formation of new cultural
groups, and the existence or older who receive the new Elements of life, economy and
materials.
One of the most representative cultural groups, which will attract great attention
of archaeologists praistoričara, is the Vinca group that will be formed in the center of the
Balkans (Table II, 1). Its core represents Serbia proper to Kosovo and Vojvodina in large
part. In southwards culture spread to eastern Macedonia, while in the west it unfolded on
the territory of north-western Serbia and north-eastern Bosnia to the lower course of the
river Bosna and its tributaries Usora. In the east it included the Romanian Banat,
Transylvania, as well as areas of Bulgaria - Thrace and Sofia field. The important thing is
not mentioned that this culture emerged during the time of the older Neolithic period, but
it is evident that during the Late Neolithic gets a completely new life forms while
retaining some form of previous period as will be the case in the territory of Serbia, as
well as in peripheral areas such as the west. Eastern Bosnia (Garašanin 1979: 204).
However towards the end of the causeway Vinca phase I (periodization by Garašanin)
comes to the changes that are caused by the penetration of new forms of economy to the
east. It comes to the appearance of the first workshop of metal ore, which will confirm
the findings from the causeway, but would best reflect these changes in in South
Moravian varieties (Garašanin 1979: 205).
 The situation that we encounter in the phase II stage of the Vinca causeway
indicates material impoverishment and disruption continued cultural evolution. It is an
interesting phenomenon, the majority of Neolithic settlements of this cultural group,
social class, which clearly indicates a violent destruction of most of the village. Almost in
the same period on the periphery of the Vinca Group comes to the formation of new
groups that carry memorials Eneolithic cultures with far more advanced metallurgy, than
before. It is these groups were the ones who destroyed the Vinca group (Garašanin 1979:
205).

In the area of northern Banat between the river Mures and Aranake ascertained
presses the material group will continue to extend to the present-day Hungary, where it
can look for the center of this group (Garašanin 1973: 141 (Plate II, 1)). According to the
findings of that analysis dated C-14 this cultural group can be dated to the time between
3900-3550 BC (Brukner 1974: 94). The material indicates that at that time pushed the
group maintains close ties with neighboring groups, primarily from southern and reported
the occurrence of foreign material not only on the sites belonging to this group, but this
will be the case with a group of neighboring localities.
On the territory of Srem and south-west of Backa, through Slavonia and Hungary,
to Slovakia and Moravia stretched Sopot - Lengyel culture (Table II, 1). Parent box of
this group is part of Serbian Croatian border in Srem (move Ilok -Sremska Raca) and
further to the west. The border in the west of the return variables. In the early and mid-
stage culture spread to the river Orljave, entering the valley of Pozega (Dimitrijevic 1979:
266). Towards the end of Phase IV, according to Dimitrijevic, there is a settlement of
northern Bosnia (Posavina power between the rivers Tinja, near Brcko and Vrbas). At the
same time there will be a settlement along the Danube, in the north of the sub-zone of the
Danube in Hungary Transdanubia (Dimitrijevic 1979: 267).
The material of this cultural group and Vinca material are very similar, which is
why it is difficult to determine the boundary between these groups. It is evident that at the
stage of Sopot - Lengyel II reach a large impact on the group Vinca Sopot - Lengyel, but
rather is an interesting phenomenon that in the late stages of the Vinca culture to get to
reverse the process when the strong cultural influences Vinca impose Sopot - Lengyel
(Brukner 1974, 96 ).
On the territory of Central Bosnia during the Late Neolithic Butmir comes to the
appearance of the group (Plate II, 1). Until its formation most likely come from the field
Kaknja where culture was ascertained at the site of Obra, but it is evident that it spread
away from this area, which will confirm the site of Butmir and I, after whom it was
named culture, which is located at source of river Bosna (Benac 1979: 413). In the
Northeast it will touch the Vinca group, while in the north they have contacts with the
Sopot - Lengyel cultural group (Benac 1979: 414).

Ovens – Basic architectuarl parts

Since one of the objectives of this study show the basic features of the ovens in
this section would show only basic architectural parts, as in the final synthesis will give a
more detailed view through a series of case individually described below.
 Basic architetectural parts of the ovens are: substructure, base and spherical
section.
Generally substructure is made up of several layers. Since in most cases
noticeably restoring flooring, with which it ended last layer substructure, it also changes
the picture layer substructure. In the first, lowest, which is buried there were
stones, pebbles, then went over this layer is a layer which is composed of fragments of
pottery and the final layer which was at the level of the floor of the facility, in which the
oven is located inside or outside, consisted of clay.
As I have already noted, depending on the recovery depended on flooring and
composition of the substructure. Mostly this renewal consisted in the fact that if there is a
deterioration of the flooring, caused by exposure to a large amount of heat, the floor was
falling apart ie. have suffered large cracks, and therefore there was up to its dissolution.
In this case, caused the layer was composed of fragments of pottery, and then it is coated
with a layer of clay.
Another important element is the aforementioned floor. She represented the final
layer substructure, but her role was that she determined the shape of the ovens base and
its height. Since we can meet the semicircular shape, circular, horseshoe, ellipsoidal,
trapezoidal and arched. There were cases when its surface was coated with a white or
gray, and also she could be funded.
The last element is the spherical section composed of two elements: the skeleton
and earth covering. The skeleton was composed of wooden logs that had been erected at a
distance from the very floor and wicker that was twisted over wooden logs. This skeleton
was first inflicted the inside lining made of chaff and clay, and then inflicted from
outside. The reason for this, which will show the results of experimental archeology, is
that if the first coating inflicted outside a wooden skeleton to deform under pressure.
After applying compresses the time it was left to cure and possibly to patch the cracks
that would occur during this process, and then to the fire that burned the high temperature
reaches baking liners make it firmer. Calotte height from the floor to the top is
proportionately dependent on the dimensions of the flooring.

Function ovens through experimental research

Thanks to the results of experiments collected during research in the field of

experimental archeology, which are implemented by the second half of the XX century a
lot of information about the opportunities that the oven can provide far we are closer and
clearer.
In recent decades in many countries around the world there has been the setting
up of an experimental archaeological research, but on this occasion, to which clearly
showed that the ovens be able to provide the very way of their functioning, I'd use the
results obtained at the Institute of Prehistory and Ancient Times in Cologne conducted by
Achim Werner.
Certainly Werner's experiment was not the only one dealing with this problem,
however, for this work on is important because as the basis for a model that will make
Verner was, among other things oven from Obre (Butmir Culture).
The oven was 120 x 80 cm., While the height of the wall was 40 cm. The basis
were used pebbles stone (gravel) and stone slabs that were stacked in layers, and finally
coated with mud mixed with chaff (Table III, 1). An interesting observation is that in
some cases the floor was covered with birch barks that are in this case used as insulating
material, protecting plate for the baking of moisture (Werner 1990: 126). Spherical
section was made of wicker and hazelnut for the occasion utilized the Prut 100 (length of
80-100 cm and a thickness of 0.5 - 1.5 meters (Table III, 2)). In the end, as a coating for
the inner and outer sides used the mass that was made from clay mixed with straw and
water. Before applying the coating process has been subjected to oppression in order to
obtain a sticky mass (Table III, 3-4).
After drying, which lasted several weeks ovens was ready for use. For its
warming was utilized several types of firewood and oak, beech and birch. The
temperature and the temperature range of these heats gave when experiments are shown
in the attached table (Table V, 1) and the graph (Werner 1990: 128 (Table IV, 1-2)).
From the following graph we can clearly see that when using beech wood for a
period of 40 minutes in an oven created a temperature of 840° C. To the temperature
dropped to 350oC, which is the optimum temperature for baking bread, it was necessary
to 35 minutes.After placing the bread and arrested drying to its removal was necessary
for 60 minutes and during that time there was a drop in temperature to 350oC to 250oC.
The time limit of 40 minutes when the oven was empty, there was a cooling and its
temperature was 1000C to the next 120 minutes, there was a slow cooling and the
temperature is from 100° C falling to below 50 ° C.
A similar situation is shown in the use of an oak tree, where it was necessary to heat the
oven for 40 minutes to obtain a temperature of 850oC. For 35 minutes the temperature
dropped to 350oC, where the bread was baked for 60 minutes and at the same
termperature dropped to 250° C. The process of cooling lasted for the next 160 minutes
with the fact that after 40 minutes the temperature dropped to 100° C to 120 minutes it
decreased slightly to below 50° C.
During the warming observed that the flame and boiling gases buildup in the
firmament of the oven making a lot of pressure that was repressed flame on the platform
of the vault towards the opening of the oven (Werner 1990: 127).
The experiment showed that after 40 minutes of warming in the oven grill thick
created about 20 cm., And that the average zagrejvanje lasted about 60 minutes (Table
III, 5-6).
For this occasion, Werner was oven baked bread that was made of free cereals
spelled and spelled (Table III, 7). After mixing the dough that is left in a warm place
about 30 minutes before baking, to grow, and then was placed on a baking when the
temperature dropped to around 350oC, which is the most optimal temperature at which
the bread ovens be determined after performing a series of experiments (Table III, 8). For
this occasion, Werner was oven baked bread that was made of free cereals spelled and
spelled (Table III, 7). Baking bread depended on the size of the loaf. The reconstructed
oven could accommodate between 9 and 12 kg bread, a time during which it had been
roasted was between 40 and 60 minutes (Table III, 10).

Cinnabar industry in Vinca

At the beginning of XX century M. Vasic research the site of the Vinca near
Belgrade and on this occasion will conclude several ovens in residential buildings. After
their research Vasic in his book Prehistoric Vinča is the first theory about their use. In
fact according to him, these objects are used for burning cinnabar ore, whose presence is
confirmed at the site of Vinca, and whose bay is located on Mount Avala near Belgrade.
In support of his theory is that it is ascertained on the territory of the Neolithic site of
hollow wall. These are the remains of the mining shafts that descend to the depths of 65
meters and which was confirmed Vinca pottery from her younger period (Vasic 1932: 5).
As further evidence of mining activity on Avala is the accidental discovery of 1931.
settlements whose fragments correspond to those found in mining shafts. However, this
settlement is not fully explored (Vasic 1932: 6). The reason is cinnabar was used on this
site Vasic said the theory that he used for the production of red paint that was used for
cosmetic purposes, and mingling with the scents of rose and saffron (Vasic 1932: 7). As
further evidence of mining activity on Avala is the accidental discovery of 1931.
settlements whose fragments correspond to those found in mining shafts. However, this
settlement is not fully explored (Vasic 1932: 6). The reason is cinnabar was used on this
site Vasic said the theory that he used for the production of red paint that was used for
cosmetic purposes, and mingling with the scents of rose and saffron (Vasic 1932: 7).
Mineral cinobarit the metal sulphide ores of mercury (Tabla V, 2). In nature rarely
can occur in the form of crystals, while the more common form of weight. Red when it
gets clean while mrkocrvenu obtained when the color itself has impurities. In our area in
its natural form can only be found on the Avala mountain near Belgrade (Jovic, 1997:
169). I used to color the statue as a cosmetic product. To cinobarit used as the color had
to be prepared by having his songs were roasted and then crushed in a mortar and
repeatedly washed in order to then re-fried (Jovic, 1997: 169).
I must mention that Vasic his theory binds exclusively to the ovens that had the
foundation horseshoe shape, a vaulted them from the top of the flat panel ended. The
walls were ranges, while the floor was smooth and rebuilt several times. Floors ovens
were leaning toward the opening, and this slope lengthened until a relief framework
which extends in a semicircle in front of the oven. The floors had a drop of 15 cm and
were built of well refined clay with a smooth coating on the surface and framed on the
front with relief framework which is aimed to keep everything that could be poured from
the oven itself (Vasic 1932: 16).
It is these qualities were the reason why Vasic assumed that these ovens have the
role that is attributed to them. It is important to note that the setup Vasic theory had an
important role written records from ancient times by Vitruvius, which gives a detailed
description of the processing of cinnabar, and Dioskurides and Pliny the Elder who speak
of lethal mercury vapor functioning of the human body.
In addition to the theory of burning cinnabar Vasic notes and processing of
galena, which is also found in the territory of Avala to mine, which as a final product
gives lead, but during its crushing and grinding got a black powder which is used for
cosmetic purposes. However confirmation of his melting at Vinca were not found (Vasic
1932: 7).
Finally we should add that Vasic's theory for the study is important because it is
the first theory in the scientific literature that refers to objects that the work processes
although over time brought into question the professional public. A single ovens Vasic
investigated will give more information in the part referring to the site of the Vinca.
Cereals

In this section, I will reflect on the brief overview of cereals and pulses that have
been in use this time and that have been evaluated on a set of sites. The reason why I
decided to make this brief overview is the fact that some of the grain cereals and legumes
found just inside the oven.
Center domestication of the first wheat and barley was in the territory of the
Middle East. On the territory of the Balkans they appear at the end of the 7th and early
6th millennium. The first is to encourage localities Agris Magula where they found the
remains of species Triticum monococcum, Triticum dicoccum and Hordeum vulgare
(Bogojevic 1990: 39).
Wheat is a hardy plant from the grass family in which the grain and fruit for
human consumption. According to the number of chromosomes there are several types:
diploid (T. Boeticum, Durum T., T. turgidum), tetraploid (T. Spelta, T. Aestivum, T.
Compactum) (Nikolic 1997: 862). Based on the fragility of the spindle is performed
following divisions: Form breakable spindle and blue bean (Boeticum T., T. Dicoccoides)
cultural forms brittle spindles and blue bean (T.Monococcum, T. Dicoccum, T. Spelta)
and cultural forms unbreakable spindle and naked grains (T.Aestium, T. Compactum, T.
Sphaerococcum) (Nikolic 1997: 862).
Bread wheat (T.Aestium, T. Vulgare) is a soft, cultivated hexaploid species
unbreakable spindle and naked grains. The wild ancestor of these species does not exist.
The assumption is that it was created much later than the domestication began (Nikolic
1997: 377). The earliest remains of this type is found in the Middle East at the sites
Catalhoyuk and Hixalar, and in Europe at Knossos. In the Balkans are almost no sites
where these grains were not found.
Barley and wheat, belongs to the family of grasses and wheat with one and two
grains is the first of cultivated cereal. By the number of fertile spikelets barley divided
into: double row (Hordeum distichum), and the six (Hordeum vulgare). Each article
carries a mandrel three spikelets, or double row middle is the only fertile. When multiple
line all spikelets as birth (Nikolic 1997: 417). As wheat and barley was noted in almost
all the localities in the Balkans.
As for those pulses are found at sites along with cereals. They have their constant
companion and an important part of the human diet. Unfortunately, data on them are poor
research attention was not directed toward them (Bogojevic 1990: 22).

Model of ovens

An interesting phenomenon that can be found at Neolithic sites, though not in

large numbers, are the ovens models. On this occasion, I would not go into their broader
issue, because this problem requires special work and research attention, but I would
point only to their appearance and description.
Models of ovens will not only be a characteristic finding in the Neolithic period as
they happiness even in later periods. As a rule, the models are made of terra cotta, a
ovens, I can meet and models of houses or other buildings architectural structures. All has
found specimens were found in the house and in different places: in addition to the
central stairs, floors, next to the fireplace or oven, but can also be found in the graves, but
probably as such have some kind of cult character (Petrovic 2003: 11).
All specimens found so far have a role model in the ovens that were used at that
time and that's why these findings have a special purpose in the form of knowledge of
used oven. It is not strange that so far a large number of findings ovens do not have saved
the dome completely, but only its fragments, but we were in most cases it is difficult to
reconstruct the appearance of spherical section. This is why models play an important
role in the knowledge of the problem.
How do these findings have different shapes and ornaments they are classified
according Bisenija Petrovic, in three types (Petrovic 2003: 12):
I tip - Models with anthropoid appearance and engraved table calendar.
As the name itself, this type of talk, these models had anthropoid appearance and were
richly decorated with various ornaments: crescent notches, diamonds inserted one into the
other strips in the form of a meander, spiral notches. Belong to this type of accident is
found in the village Progar (Petrovic 2003: 13). Model is antropoidnog layout, with
external flat polished surface, while the inner done worse. The height of the oven was 6.5
cm and the diameter was 12 cm. Basically it is circular in shape, with an ellipsoidal
opening the firebox. The upper part is framed by a plastic modeled hands. A place that
would suit my chest is crescent ornament derived technique of engraving. The walls are
decorated with calotte deep, sloping, parallel lines interconnected (Petrovic 2003: 13
(Plate VI, 1)).
Another copy was found at the site of Vinca, who they define as a professor Vasic
helmet (Petrovic 2003: 13). It is a model similar to the decorations as the previous model.
At the apex is the ornament of incised line in the form of rhombuses inserted into each
other, while on the wall are noticeable in the form of strips meander (Petrovic 2003: 14
(Plate VI, 2)).
It is interesting that the locality Medvednjak near Smederevska Palanka to the
ovens models that have been found beneath the central column found and six models
quickbreads adobe soil (Plate VI, 3). How is this site found similar ritual groups
(containers for grain and 150 balls of baked earth), these findings can be linked to a ritual
character (Petrovic 2003: 14). Special decoration, model belonging to this type, is the
finding from the site Slatina for Bulgaria (Plate VI, 4). This model was decorated with a
network of squares which retains the form of phallic figurines, which is used as a handle.
Also, on the basis there was engraved plate representing a calendar (Petrovic 2003: 14).
II type - Models ovens spherical shape with various decorations. This type of
model is quite similar to the first, but the difference is that these models do not have the
performance chest and hand, but on the cranium have only a decorative cut strips that are
filled with red. The most representative model of this type is the one with Valac sites in
Kosovo and Metochia (Plate VI, 5-6) and the sidewalk near Prokuplje (Plate VI, 7).
Model with rollers is composed of a base plate thickness of about 2 cm, which is
hemispherical calotte with an arched opening. The entire area was covered with a calotte
cut strips filled with black color, while at the rear of the plastic calotte noticeable bulges
probably with functional character (Tasic 1959/60: 19). There is an opinion that this is a
bulge in the back provides an outlet for the smoke of a oven (Petrovic 2003: 15).The
second model, the pavement, was horseshoe shape decorated with incised lines (Petrovic
2003: 15). This type represents the actual appearance of the most reliable ovens that were
in use.
III type - Models house with a chimney in the form of cylindrical
anthropomorphic figurines. This rather rare type was identified only at the site where the
Porodin Odzaci instead of cylinders with an anthropomorphic representation that is at the
top of the hollow, blackened directly associated with the opening in the floor of the
house, and as such it probably served as instrument cult purposes ( Petrovic 2003: 15). In
the interior of the oven revealed a performance, but Milutin Garasanin indicates that this
model can have a very close parallels a similar model found on he site Kostin Dol near
Delchev in Bulgaria (Galovic 1987: 133).
From the enclosed materials, if unfortunately a small population, it can be
concluded their importance. Excluding these items cult conclusions greatly help us to
understand the shape and form of the oven used in settlements in the Neolithic era,
especially the dome part. Also, our models indicate the various contentious issues such as
openings for smoke (model from the site Valac) that so far the fragmented parts of the
calotte was not observed.

Located ovens at archaeological sites

Vinca cultural group

Anatema –Balinovic – Valjevo (West Serbia)

Locality Anatema lies on highly elevated plateau on the left bank of the river
Jablanica, one of the components of the Kolubara River, in the village of Balinovic, at 12
kilometers from Valjevo. During the excavations were conducted in 1994, was found part
of the house in which he found the oven with an opening to the south-east, and is set
against the south-eastern side of the house (Plate VII, 1). The situation on the ground
shows that the gap is probably out of the house, which refers to it piled ash from
combustion (Starovic 1996: 366). The width of the ovens was 1.20 meters, a length of
over 1.30. Anatema village dates from the final phase of Vinca D (Starovic 1996: 367).

At – Vrsac (Banat, Serbia)

During the archaeological excavations that were carried out in 1975. on this site in
the probe 01 was found trapezoid house, measuring 446 x 376 x 398 x 422 cm and
orientation south - north. The building is situated on six fundamental pillars. From the
entrance, which was on the south side, at a distance of two meters was a spherical oven
which was located outdoors. She was buried in lesovit sand at a depth of 0.98 meters. The
upper part - spherical section was built of baked wood, while under renewed up to three
times. Height oven was 0.50 meters, while the diameter of the circular base was 1.90
meters. In the bottom wall ovens found several fragments of pottery (Rasajski 1975: 16).

Banjica –Belgrade (Serbia)

 Locality Banjica is located in the Belgrade. Research at the site have been
implemented in two major campaigns. In the first, which lasted from 1955 to 1957. it was
concluded five calotted oven, while the campaign of 1979 god. three ovens.
Research in 1955/7 it was concluded five ovens with cap that belonged to the
second and third horizon housing. All ovens are located in the buildings, ellipsoidal shape
and approximately the same size. It was noted that certain ovens were rebuilt several
times, as the spherical section, and under.
In the house 03, the third housing the horizon, in the corner between the west and
the fire wall was a oven ellipsoidal shape and dimensions of 135 x 100 cm (plate VII, 2).
The oven has been rebuilt three times. Below the first layer was found pottery which was
probably used for the foundations of the floor and this is the only oven at the site, which
had funded the floor. Thickness amounted to 3 cm for the first, second and third 7 cm 6
cm. An interesting phenomenon was observed after removing the last layer when the area
where the oven lay ascertained are gari and ash, and the opinion that in this area before
the construction of the oven, the older the horizon, any fireplace (Todorovic, Cermanovic
1961: 23).

In the second horizon in the house 04 found the oven elliptical shape with a
horizonal floor and quite ruined dome (Plate VIII, 1). As for the former, this oven has
been rebuilt three times. Its size was 112 x 65 cm. Around the oven was found zones with
soot and ashes, as well as a deformed court coarse with low neck and molded rim
(Todorovic, Cermanovic 1961: 23).

In the house 08 belonging to the third horizon found in the oven, which lay in the
control profile, which for technical reasons during the study should not have been
removed (Plate VIII, 1). By its dimensions, this oven was the largest with a longitudinal
cross section of 182 cm. She was 10 cm raised from the floor, and there was almost in the
middle of the room. The floor oven was rebuilt four times, while the part of the dome was
rebuilt five times. One of the calotte was not the coating of mud, but he was composed of
ash and soot that were removed from the oven and sprinkle after the conch. It is
interesting that in one of the layers of the coating portion of a sphere can be seen the
remains of reinforcement, while the hole he could not conclude whether under-researched
work can postulate that he was facing the south-west (Todorovic, Cermanovic 1961: 23).
The oven which was found in the house 08 of the third horizon was completely
destroyed. Within the same beautiful ovens were found fragments of pottery, and two
biconical bowls, dark gray, polished surfaces and ornaments shallow flutes (Todorovic,
Cermanovic 1961: 23).
Also, in the third horizon of only 09 in the home in the southern part of the oven
was identified dimensions of 80 x 102 cm, ellipsoidal and flooring that has been renewed
twice (Todorovic, Cermanovic 1961: 23).
Research in 1979 was identified specific object in which are found the two ovens (Tabla
VIII, 2). In fact it is a rectangular house which was made of wattle and clay, and which
was divided into eight zones, and five private rooms. In Zone B, C and F were found
ovens with cap. In zone B have been found traces of the flooring, while some more
information gives us the oven in zone C. It is noticeable that the floor was renewed twice,
until the dome do not have information because it was not preserved. Input oven was
oriented towards the east, while the rear of the oven relied on the western wall of the
building (Todorovic 1977: 13). In the zone F in the southwest corner of the building
noted traces of smaller ovens which was destroyed during the subsequent settlement of
the dwelling horizon (Todorovic 1977: 15).
Locality Banjica is dated in the later phase of the Vinca culture, or stage I-III
Vinca – Plocnik phase.

Valac – Zvecan (Kosovo and Metochia, Serbia)

Significant results for the knowledge of the Vinca culture in Kosovo and
Metochia provided by the studies were carried out during 1955 and 1957 on the site of
Valac. When these studies ascertained the remains of two ovens in probes P-3 and D-1.
Unfortunately only one of them was well preserved (the probe P-3 (table IX, 1)), while
the second (probe D-1) was destroyed during the construction work. Both ovens were
essentially ellipsoidal shape and the upper calotte. At the intersection of speaking both
ovens had the lowest layer was composed of the charge of the country, is founded pieces
of stone, 10-15 cm in thickness. The next layer was slightly thinner and is composed of
an ordinary charge of the country, followed by a layer of small stones, pebbles and
fragments of pottery. The last layer was taken up from the clay with a polished top
surface (Tasic 1959/60: 19)
The most interesting finding was ascertained in the house which was a probe P-3
is the model oven which was located in the immediate vicinity of the oven in the same
unit of the housing (Tasic 1959/60: 20 (Plate VI, 5,6)). About this model I presented to
the wider part of the ovens models.

Veliko Laole -Belovode – Petrovac na Mlavi (East Serbia)

Locality Belovode is located in the village of Veliko Laole in the municipality of

Petrovac na Mlavi. The first research on this site were made of 60-ies of XX century, in
order to continued during the 90's.
The campaign which was conducted during 1998 in probes VI were found three
ovens in the central area (about 50m2), on the periphery of the area that is filled with ash,
soot, cracked clay and baked beautiful, as well as fragments of pottery and stone grains of
small dimensions distributed around the oven 01 (Sljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 74). The
conclusion is that this whole surface, according to the layout of plants and findings, as
well as their orientation, is the ritual area (Plate IX, 2). This is supported by the
observation that the walls of the oven are not ascertained is no, but it can be assumed that
after use with objects were cleaned (Sljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 76).The oven 01 has a
horseshoe shape (1.40 x 1.10 m) and was located on the southern edge of the floor level
(table IX, 3). Under the oven was first founded within the ceramic fragments (fragments
seem to belong to three or four parts of the vessel) in three layers, then made earth
leveling charges and watered with a fine coating at a thickness of 1 to 2 cm greyishwhite
color. The opening oven was turned towards the surface and 0.10 m was lower than the
rear, which gives the impression of incompleteness. On the site of the opening under the
extended beyond the arch structure and is designed in the form of a threshold (with a 0.20
m) whose edges rounded and whose coating same as that under nice. The vault was the
thickness of 1.5 to 2 cm with the openings had a plastic ornament prismatic cross-section
with a series of depressions in length made of a country that is in fresh condition was
applied to the dome. It is possible that ornament provided over the entire structure It is
worth noting that this element after the third intervention of recovery completely covered
vault youngest vault (Sljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 75).
Near this building, along the south wall, were found four zoomorphic figurines.
Two figurines were larger in size, length 16 cm, and are plastically modeled bull with full
attributes. Only the muzzle was perforated. Third figurines was slightly lower than the
previous, with no full attributes and represents probably the cow, while the fourth
figurines, smallest, tele (Sljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 74).
The oven 02 was measured at about three meters northeast of the first.
Unfortunately for this property has been preserved only on who was slightly more
rounded forms the basis. The oven is made of the same material as the previous with the
fact that the base consists of a row of stones, which is then filled up with three layers
composed of fragments of pottery, which, similar to the previous one, are slightly larger
vessels that invoice and color different from the previous ( Sljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 75).
The east side was identified pitos passed or shot down, in which were found three
containers and several ceramic weights below it.
The oven 03 was found at about 0.30 m west of the oven 02. Similar to the
previous facility and this is identically constructed with the fact that we have preserved
substruction. Beneath it was noted campfire, which was discovered in the function area.
What constitutes interesting is that the campfire was made from the bottom of a large pot
or amphora, which was deliberately broken, while the remaining parts are deliberately
spaced to give you more usable space (Sljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 75).

Vinca (Belo brdo) – Belgrade (Serbia)

At the beginning of XX century the investigation of the prehistoric site of Vinca,

located near Belgrade. It's about the site that had the biggest cultural layer from the
Neolithic period and thanks to an entire Neolithic cultural group is named after this
locality.
While exploring the early twentieth century it was concluded 15 ovens. At a depth
of two meters below the surface revealed a single-structure (Plate X, 1). The extent of
this building were found three ovens horseshoe shape. What is certain is that these
facilities were not in use at one time as evidenced by the difference in the depths of their
base.
The oldest oven revealed a depth of 1.59 m. And the other at 1.53 m, While the
third, the youngest, lay on the 1.08 meter (Vasic 1932: 11). According to the plan two
ovens were located in the eastern corner of the house facing to each other. To the west of
them, almost in the middle of the due wall of the house, there was a third oven entrance
facing north. In addition to the oven was located a small partition wall, the only barrier
wall that is ascertained at this, coupled with due wall of the house.
Towards the west, adjacent to the previous object at a depth of 1.55 meters, was
found another object-oriented in the same direction as the previous one (plate X, 2). The
only thing separating the two buildings did empty space with a width of one meter. About
that Vasic is thinking that maybe even some kind of a street (Vasic 1932: 11).
 When we talk about it is a one-story building that had a partition wall which
began almost the middle of the eastern wall of the due and is not coming to the western
sharing such facility in two parts. In the first part were found two horseshoe oven.
Judging by the depth at which they lay flooring it is the oldest (1.57 m.) And the
youngest (1.39 m.) Ovens that were not in use at one time. In another part of the building,
there were two horseshoe ovens that lay at a depth of 1.55, 1:56 meters facing stepped
facing each other (Vasic 1932: 12).
At a depth of 3.20 meters, was found a facility that has been called body (Plate
XI, 1). In the northern part of this building were found two horseshoe ovens. The first one
is lying at a depth of 2.99 meters and the entrance was facing the east, while the other lay
at a depth of 2.82 meters and the entrance facing west. In the southern part was identified
almost completely preserved oven that was lying in the northwestern corner at a depth of
2.91 meters (Plate XI, 2, XII, 1). In the corner between the southern side of the oven and
west walls of the building were found two bank, and in front of the oven lay ceramic
coarse Court in which it was ashes. Judging from Vasic's not about mangalla (Vasic
1932: 12). Thanks to the findings certainly preserved oven can be given a clear
description. She was a horseshoe oven, the walls of the oven are made in the shape of a
truncated cone with a flat horizonal upper surface. On the narrower side there is an
opening that was narrower than the base almost semicircular arc. The forehead is
decorated with the oven base parallel sloping recesses in two directions, and are derived
fingers in a damp, soft earth. The base was not in a horizonal position, but was leaning
towards the opening of the oven. On the floor in spotted it and coat (Vasic 1932: 13).
At a depth of 3.62 meters, there was a building with several rooms where he
found five ovens (plate XII, 2). In the first room in the northern part lay two ovens one
above the other. It is a horseshoe ovens entrances facing south. The first oven was lying
at a depth of 3.97 meters and 3.71 meters per second. Between the second and third room
there were two ovens which, as the previous group, lying on top of each other. It is a
horseshoe ovens that lay at a depth of 3.55 and 3.43 meters (Vasic 1932: 13).

Gradac – Batkovic – Bijeljina (Bosna and Herzegovina)

Locality Gradac is located on the farm Semberija. Research carried out during
1966 in this area was identified construction horizon with parts of the damaged floor of
the house and fired ovens where the observed two-layer coating (Kosoric 1966: 17).
The older horizon housing in middle part of the trench 02 at a depth of 0.82
meters was found oven without cap. She was on the layer of fine gravel, over which is a
layer of baked clay and a layer of coating. Around the oven are ascertained strong traces
of burning balls of baked earth, shells, snails, animal bones, as well as an ax - hammer
made of bone and antler larger fragments. Next to the oven was identified and a smaller
court filled with fine sand (Kosoric, Stalio 1967: 22). In the same horizon, only 03 probes
at a depth of 0.71 meters ascertained the remains of other ovens near which was a stone
millstone, while at a distance of 1.20 meters from the oven was found another oven at a
depth of 0.80 meters (Kosoric, Stalio 1967, 22).
In the lower horizon in the probe 03 at a depth of 1.65. meters was discovered part
of the oven, and the probe 02 at a depth of 1.30. meters, and the probe 01 at a depth of
1.64. meters (Kosoric, Stalio 1967: 22).
 The probe 01 oven is lying on a layer of gravel and sand. The earth around it was
burned down by creating a layer of ash and gari. In a country was found pottery red roast,
and about themselves ovens were established of animal bones, snails and mussels, as well
as a terracotta fragment or animal figures (Kosoric, Stalio 1967: 22).
The probe 02 in a clay charge was found semi-circular oven with work calotte
height 5 cm. The oven had a two-layer coating, and was placed on a layer of gravel,
below which was discovered traces of another correction (Kosoric, Stalio 1967: 22). In
addition to these ovens, as in previous ones, was found pottery red shells of snails and
shells, animal bones and one court (Kosoric, Stalio 1967: 23).
According to the findings of the site is dated to the time of the late Neolithic
period (Kosoric 1966: 17).

Gomolava – Hrtkovci – (Srem, Serbia)

Laminated Gomolava village, not far from the village of Hrtkovci, in its rich stratigraphy
contains five layers belonging to the Late Neolithic period, namely the Vinca culture and
in its Vinca causeway stages. Stratigraphy this layer gave Bogdan Brukner and it
consisted of: Gomolava Ia (pit), Gomolava Ia and Ib (early horizon house), Gomolava Ia
ib (early horizon house), Gomolava Ib (later horizon house), Gomolava Ib (necropolis )
(Petrovic 1992: 19).
In the course of several decades of research found were in four of the facility five
ovens with cap as follows:
House 03 orientation is northwest - southeast and consisted of three rooms, two of
which were destroyed by digging younger (Petrovic 1982: 18). In the third, a preserved
room, noted the traces of two ovens with disturbed cap and other, dimensions slightly
smaller than the first. Around the ovens were found and fragments of broken pots of
different sizes, then two millstones, weights from fishing nets and balls of baked earth.
The assumption was that this room was used to store food (Petrovic 1982: 18).
House 4 on the site Gomolava found in the southeastern part of the upper plateau
(Plate XIII, 1,2). The orientation of the north - south, with some deviations to the
northwest. Rectangular and died in the fire. The house consisted of three rooms that are
shared walls built of wattle and mud on both sides. In the middle room, where it is
assumed that took place in the main part of his life, was found oven with ash. Near the
oven noted traces of the beautiful ornament, in the vicinity of the remains bukranium that
represents the head of young cattle without horns with the fragmented larger container of
a beautiful home (Petrovic 1992: 21). North of the oven there is a small cylindrical object
with a diameter of about 20 cm, refried beautiful with rounded rim height of 0.20 m. This
was probably without plating base of the pillar that was resting on substructure of pottery
shards on the floor of clay (Petrovic 1992: 21). The building served as a means of
insulating moisture or fire. Around this object was found and the zone with larger pieces
of pottery.
In central of the room, west of the oven, was found zone (size 0.80 x 0.34 m)
quartz pebbles and blades. From all we can conclude that the area in the eastern part of
the middle of the room served cult purposes (Petrovic 1992: 21).
The oven was located in the southwestern part of the medium along the eastern
wall of the room getting in that part of rectangular shape, while the western arch. Wall
ovens were made of clay and chaff 7 cm thick, reinforced at the corners where the
thickness was 10 cm, while the largest preserved height is 0.35 m. The basis of the oven
had a diameter of 1.30 and 1.10 m. The oven was rebuilt twice coatings (Petrovic 1992:
22).
Southwest of the oven is formed are ash, oval-shaped, measuring 0.45 and 0.55 m,
edged with a raised ring of clay to a height of 20 cm, which was open to the oven.
Basically zone ash, the oven, there was a one recess, the depth of 13 cm and the size of
0.30 and 0.20 m, which was used for storing barbecue for the restoration of fire during
the cleaning of the oven (Petrovic 1992: 23). House 04 Gomolava dates from the time of
the Vinca D1 phase (Petrovic 1992: 25).
House 07 was the area 4.8 x 3.2 meters. Like the previous one, and the building
was divided partition walls T-shaped, three rooms. In this object was found in the oven
with cap (Petrovic 1982: 19).
In the house of 10, measuring 3.5 x 3.4 meters and are largely preserved, was
found oven with cap (Petrovic 1982: 19).

Divostin –Kragujevac (central Serbia)

At the site Divostin differ two strata identified as Divostin I and II. Phase
Divostin I belong Starcevo cultural horizon, while Divostin II, which is divided into two
sub-phases IIa and IIb, belongs to Vinca cultural horizon and to Vinca causeway phase
(Bogdanovic 1988: 44).

In Phase II of the Divostin found 17 houses and only five were found mainly oven
calotte shape. What you eat will be a feature of the decoration carried out with
fingerprints in the wet ground form diagonal furrow on the lower front.

House 13 (table XIV, 1,2) - In northern room revealed a oven horseshoe shape
and area of 3 m2, which was located in the corner of the west wall (Plate XV, 1.2).
Substructure was made up of large and small stone (gravel) and country. Above it was a
base measuring 180 x 150 x 32 cm oval in shape and angle of 60-700 to the horizonal.
During the research noted a wall calotte height of 20 cm and a thickness of up to 12 cm
(Bogdanovic 1988: 52).

In the southern room was found another oven that was located in the eastern
corner of the partition wall. The oven was horseshoe shaped area of 3m2 and dimensions
195 x 170 x 135 cm. The floor was rebuilt seven times and the thickness of each layer
was 3 to 4 cm. Stated the walls that went in height 18 - 20 cm and a thickness of 4 - 5 cm.
(Bogdanovic, 1988: 53). From the east wall of the oven provided the banks with raised
semi-circular grooves at intervals 2 - 3 cm. In front of the oven at the bottom there was
imprinted crescent ornament framed strips (Bogdanovic 1988: 84).

House 14 - In this it was concluded that the three ovens. In the southern room in
its northwestern part was found spherical oven which relied on the west wall (plate XVI,
1,2). Its substructure was composed of three parts: the first part was composed of densely
stacked stone in a depth between 12 and 15 cm, then froze layer of pottery shards at a
depth of 2 cm, and a range of 76 cm, and finally a layer of clay coating who got white.
On the side of the combustion chamber there was a flat drain with sharp edges. Height
oven was 70 cm and the dome on top was a flat roof (Bogdanovic 1988: 59). In this oven,
similar to the oven in the house 13, was identified ornament on the lower front part in the
form of semi-month framed by strips framed by strips (Bogdanovic 1988: 84).
The oven, which was located in the middle room has been preserved only in part
of the flooring and did not differ from the above (Plate XVII, 1), while the oven
measured in the middle room slightly better preserved (Plate XVII, 2). On this floor has
been preserved and a part of the spherical section with the edges of the oven (Bogdanovic
1988: 84).
House 15 - In central room close to the longest wall was found spherical oven
with a oven of 25 cm. with seven layers of substructure (Plate XVIII: 1,2). The first was a
clay base, then followed with a lubricant layer of shells, pottery fragments and layers, and
layer spreads, trapezoid shape and dimensions of 160 x 80 x 10 cm, followed by two
layers of well-polished earth and finally a layer of white clay. It was noted that the floor
was rebuilt three times, and that the wall had a thickness of between 20 and 25 cm and a
height of not more than 70 cm when the top portion of a sphere was polished
(Bogdanovic 1988: 61).
House 16 - In the northern room in its northwest corner revealed a spherical oven
that was the least preserved of all. The only thing one can say about her is that she had
substruction which was composed and until now, and that is an area of about 76 cm2
(Bogdanovic 1988: 63).
House 17 – The oven, which was identified in the northeastern part of the
northern rooms contrast with the shape of the past because it had a trapezoidal base. The
only thing that was found from this oven is its substructure, which was built as the
previous and the flooring was concluded three-layer recovery. It has been assumed that
the spherical section oven was destroyed because the research has not been ascertained in
its tracks, while the house was still in use (Bogdanovic 1988: 67).

Ilica brdo – Čučuge – Ub (west Serbia)

Ilica brdo is prehistoric settlement hill is situated in the village Čučuge near the
municipality of Ub. The site is located right above the high terraces of the river Ub in part
of the village, which locals call The upper end. Research was conducted in 1990 noted a
direct garden space in which was found one baking oven. Basically oven is semicircular
and preserved its base which is composed of squamous river stones and pebbles, with
traces of white paint (Plate XIX, 1). The remains of the semicircular portion of a sphere,
also preserved.
Young horizon in which it is concluded the oven has been dated, judging by the
ceramics, the Vinca D (Starovic 1996: 362).

Kameniti vinogradi – Aradac (Banat, Serbia)

Locality Kameniti vinogradi are located about 1 km from the village Aradac in
Banat. At the time it was inhabited this site was in the middle of the swamp marsh terrain
and it caused overflowing of the river Tisza, which flows near the site (Stalio 1970: 73).
 On this site was discovered eight ovens in the area inside the house or outside
(Tabla XX, 1). They are lying directly on toast buried between 15 and 20 cm. Seven
ovens had a circular base, while the eighth, which was found in the house 02 to a larger
chamber, the horseshoe oven. What is a characteristic of these ovens is the appearance
that they were all slightly inclined towards the openings (Stalio 1970: 74).

Kalenic Livade – Ub (west Serbia)

In the area of mining basin Kolubara the last decade of the twentieth century were
carried out systematic research in the framework of which is layered and explored
Neolithic settlement Kalenic meadows that stretched on an area of about 300 m2.
In the campaign 1996/97 year. researched the building (8.50 x 11 m) who was
injured in the fire (Plate XIX, 2). The building was oriented north-south direction. Total
has confirmed the existence within the facility five separate rooms that were separated by
partition walls, and a large porch. Inside the rooms were found four ovens, while the fifth
ascertained under the porch (Jordovic, Blagojevic 1998: 49).
Much of the pottery vessels that were found were located by the oven (plate XIX,
3). Thanks to the good preservation of almost all the parts we can talk about the
containers that were used for food preparation, small cups with two handles, conical cups
at a rate, stew, bowl with two handles, a small cup with a ribbon handle, lower pitos for
storing grain (Jordovic, Blagojevic 1998: 50).
After Jordanovic Blagojevici and it is a house which has been dated to the time of
the early Eneolithic (Jordovic, Blagojevic 1998: 50), while according to Zeljko Jez, one
of the managers of investigation to the final Neolithic period (oral information Ž. Ježa).

Kormadin – Jakovo – Belgrade (Serbia)

At the site Kormadin in the house designated as a house 02 which had three
chambers and comprehensive dimensions of 6.70 x 4.70.m ascertained the remains of the
oven room in the middle length of 2.40. meters. In front of the oven there was a cave with
the same coating as a sub and was the place where the ashes are piled up from the oven
itself (Garašanin 1974: 76). The oven is located along the bulkhead, where he established
bucranium.
The facility houses 01 labeled oriented direction north - south and divided into
two parts was a oven. Judging by the material found on this area, this building was used
for ritual purposes (Garašanin 1974: 76).

Mala Strana -Sremska Mitrovica (Srem, Serbia)

Locality Mala Strana is located near Sremska Mitrovica, on the bank of the Sava.
At this point revealed a single layer of the archaeological site, which was one of the
Vinca culture. When working in this location it was noted several buildings for housing,
pits and ovens with dome uppers. As other parts of architecture show a relatively short
period of life of this town, give such certificates and ovens. They are made on the basis of
loess charge single-layer coating, without funded base. The probe 02 (excavations of
1965) came across the two ovens that were located along the edge of a larger complex of
caves and pits that are characterized as pit (Tasic 1965: 15).

Medvednjak – Gračac – Smederevska Palanka (central Serbia)

The probe 08 concluded the remains of the house of irregular shape, length of 6
meters. This house, in the opinion of Ratko Katunara served as a cult place, whole or in
part (Katunar, 1988: 28). Findings found at this ritual groups, vessels with grain and store
over 150 balls of baked earth Katunar suggest this claim.
However, this author finds are the remains of ovens, but they are preserved in
poor condition so that it can only postulate that the shape of a horseshoe or circular,
placed approximately in the middle of the house, close to the southern wall or next to a
wall.
The material found in this house dates it in Vinča culture phases C and D
(Katunar 1988: 36).

Reštani – Suva reka (Kosovo and Metochia, Serbia)

Sounding research, which was first performed Glisic in 1963, and soon after, and
in the 1966/67 campaign. year in the third youngest horizon discovered the remains of
five houses, unfortunately, none of them are not fully explored. What is known however
is that the houses were two-piece and standard dimensions for this time of 7-8 meters in
length (Benac 1979: 456). Between the houses the remains of ovens, or more information
about them, unfortunately, no. Locality stewed belongs to the transition zone sites Vinca
culture along with the site Hisar, also near Suva Reka.

Trnovača – Baranda (Banat, Serbia)

Locality Trnovača at Baranda is located in the municipality of Opovo in

Vojvodina, on the terrace of the river Tamis. The facility houses 01 labeled discovered
horseshoe oven with well preserved paint, measuring 0.85 x 1.07. meters (Jovanovic
1965: 18).

Fafos - Kosovska Mitrovica (Kosovo and Metochia, Serbia)

One of the most important sites for understanding the Vinca culture is the site of
Fafos near Kosovska Mitrovica. Surveys conducted during the sixties offered some
information on a large number of residential buildings in the area.
House 02 (probe 05 and 06), is part of the house or 03 or its ancillary building.
However, this finding only the remains of a oven, which is not preserved in the horizon-
melted, and its height is measured at the higher part of the preserved and was 0.65 meters
(Jovanovic 1961: 25).
House 03 (probe 06) in its basis was found fitting a oven approximately arch
shape at a depth of 0.69 meters. Judging by the architectural remains and the remains of
the oven house 03 was orientation northeast - southwest and, like all the houses in the
Fafos, was destroyed in a fire (Jovanovic 1961: 25).
 House 05 (probe 09 and 10) - In this object were found in basically two ovens
(Tabla XX, 2,3). The first was a dimension of 0.95 x 1.02 meters with preserved traces of
the coating sitonog stone and ceramics. Judging by the level at which this oven lay it can
be assumed that she was placed relatively low above the floor (Jovanovic 1961: 27). The
basis of these ovens cover the two holes from an older horizon of life, which were full of
beautiful.
The second oven, far better preserved, there was about one meters from the edge
of the younger ovens, with a similar reinforcement and a width of 0.80 meters. And this
oven correspond to the remains of house foundations, which lay at a depth of 0.96 and
1.27 meters. So we can assume that the house 05 was reconstructed twice (Jovanovic
1961: 27). Like the previous building, and this was injured in the fire, and was orientation
northwest - southeast.
House 06 (probe 12) was found fitting oven, the depth of the floor of the house.
Near the oven was found and fragmented pitos (Jovanovic 1961: 28). The house was
orientation northeast - southwest, length 8 - 9 meters and was destroyed in the fire.
House 07 (probe 14) were established only slight remnants of the oven
dimensions 0.48 x 0.44 meters with a smaller surface coatings (Jovanovic 1961: 28). The
house is oriented in the direction northwest - southeast and was destroyed in the fire.
House 12 (probe 12) In this object was found pretty compact surface, measuring
1.80 x 0.60 meters, and it remains on the floor of the house and calotte, almost
completely destroyed the oven. The depth of the oven is between 1.09 and 1.36 meters
and corresponds pretty compact area (Jovanovic 1961: 32). Judging by the ceramics and
the building was damaged in the fire, and stretched in the direction of the southeast.

Potiska cultural group

Matejski brod – Novi Bečej (Banat, Serbia)

During the 50s of XX century, research was conducted on a multi-layered site

Matejski Brod near Novi Bečej. It is a site that has given the most information about the
printing of knowledge culture in our region. Found were 10 housing units, measuring 8 x
5 meters with a bulkhead departments measuring 5 x 5 and 3 x 5 meters. The houses were
built of wattle and daub, with a grating made of wooden logs covered with clay and with
a gabled roof. After a scheduled holiday, we can talk about the knowledge of one aspect
of urbanization, because they were placed in the correct sequence (Radisic 1984: 18).
During the archaeological excavations found were two ovens. The house which is
designated as 05 houses in the square 0-D found in the oven, which was located along the
edge of the wall of the house and away was damaged. At the time there was a Hallstatt
burial burial pit with the urn, which is greatly damaged the oven. The oven is pear-
shaped, measuring was 96 x 180 cm. From the preserved parts of it should be pointed
side wall and a part of the vault of the dome, which were built of earth and reinforced
wicker. In the interior were established only zone of soot and ash (Rašajski 1952: 115).
The second oven was found in parts, in fact, since the area is VIII / 11,12,13 and
VII / 11,12,13 found under rubble, which consisted of beautiful 6 cm thick, and some
were found fingerprints whole fist. Beneath the rubble found under layer was composed
of fragments of pottery, weights of baked earth and bones. At the depth of 1.79 m. Found
under soot and ash, and near it was found 4 sandstones adjacent to each other. Below
them was a zone of soot and ash. In the neighboring block VIII / 11c after removing
beautiful with fittings found under the surface below 0.5 m2 at a depth of 1.86 m. The
assumption is that all this material belongs to the oven (Nadj 1953: 111).

Butmir culture

Obre II – Kaknj (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

One of the best-studied sites in the territory of the Butmir culture is spreading site of
Obre II, located in the Gornje Polje. In fact it is a series of Neolithic sites which are
located in the valley of the river Trstionica, which flows into the river Bosna, on the
outskirts of the village of Obra. This is the main Neolithic roads in Bosnia, which
connects the valley of the Sava River with Central Bosnia (Benac 1971: 10).
During the systematic research conducted 60s of the twentieth century found
seven residential horizons, while in four (III, IV, V and VI), the recognized objects with
dome ovens. Also what is the main characteristic of exploration of the site is the fact that
it is fully investigated and their close environment.
In III residential horizon noted seven residential buildings, while only two, K12
and K13, were concluded within the building two ovens with cap (plate XXI: 1). In
object K13 (probe VI) oven was located in the north corner of the first room (Tabla XXI,
2). Around the oven asserts a lot of the archaeological material. On the right side of the
hole there is a zone of ash. It is actually hollowed cave that was edged by the neck and
shoulder of a container. The neck vessels vireo is above the level of the flooring of the
house and probably served as a rub for ash disposal. In addition, it asserts charred grain
which probably spilled from a nearby vessel which was found near the fragments (Benac
1971: 40). Northeast of ash was found smaller group was composed of: less biconical
bowls, a large flint knife, and two vases on red roasted leg. In addition to this group
found a large group of movable finds that contained: a larger and two smaller pythos, one
decorated with burnt container coarse, conical bowl with a pouring lip, three flint knife
and plenty of burnt bones (Benac 1971: 40).
Behind the oven stood on the right side of the higher court - pytos coarse and a
height of 44 cm, gray-brown color with a rounded middle section. Right next to it is
found smaller pytos coarse texture that is wearing the remains of grain cereals. In
addition to this group of vessels were found two stone tablets of different sizes. Smaller
vessels has had on both sides of the shallow recess and probably was used for grinding
grain (Benac 1971: 40).
In the south-eastern village of the first room was found a flat surface that has been
Panel composed of stone slabs and surrounded by a stone slab. Here were found two
stone millstones, pytos height of 60 cm. with the remains of grains, two smaller pythos
three biconical bowls of tang and a small stone ax blade (Benac 1971: 41). The base in
the north-west corner of this room was paved with wooden logs, and on it was stated
quite fragmented pottery and stone blades and a grinding tool made of bone (Benac 1971:
41).
A similar group as well as in the south-eastern part of the first room was found in
another room, measuring by the fact that around the stone slab found quite fragmented
foreskins of quartz, however, assumes that it is in this part of the house was probably a
stone workshop (Benac 1971: 42) .
The IV horizon (plate XXII: 1) was found five residential buildings. The facilities
K15 and K17 were found two ovens with cap that were the best preserved, while the
facilities K16, K19 and K20 are ascertained hearth (Benac 1971: 23).
All guestrooms at K15 (probe I / 1) in the main room is the best preserved found
spherical oven that provides us with the best technical data and where are noticeable two
phases of use (Plate XXII: 2). Under the oven was made from a beautiful arranged
pebbles and surrounded by a wooden fence height 6.5 cm. Front, which was semicircular,
skirted the thin plank thick about 0.5 cm, a longitudinal sides and rear of the skirted the
two rows of thick rods whose height was at the level of the board. Board and rods were
fixed stake stuck on the outside. At the ends of the boards, where she was the most far-
fetched are fixed by two rows of thick stake (Benac 1971: 49). Bedrock and wooden
fences were coated with thick layers of clay, the fact that the upper surface was polished.
The front of the oven was slightly wider than the rear. Dome made up horizontally lined
through which the rods went coat of clay on the outside and inside. How is the internal
coating was slightly thicker than an external opinion is that the spherical section was
rebuilt from the inside (Benac 1971: 51). On the right side of the oven there is a zone of
ash oval.
In the second phase it is notable come-thick layer of clay that covered the ashes of
the previous zone. Now the front part gets quite thick edge reinforcement in order to
obtain an enclosure (Benac 1971: 51). Spherical has repeatedly made, and did not differ
according to technology development, from the previous one. As storage of ash from the
second phase served a larger pot that was located in the north-west corner of the main
room (Benac 1971: 51). The pot was one half in the ground floor and the size was 16.5
cm. In addition it was found that a group of movable finds consisted of the molding and
languages choppers, small bone awls, bone floats and two quartz scrap (Benac 1971: 44).
Since this oven almost entirely been preserved and we can talk about its technical
characteristics. The opening oven was semi-circular and had a range of around 1.10 m.,
Edge of the hole was about 5 cm high, while the area under the dome was about 90 cm
wide. Length flooring was 1.50 m., part of which are open, amounted to 0.50 m, and one
meter indoor. What is noticeable is that the oven floor of the house overlooking the
baseplate and from the rear of 20 cm and 10 cm from the front, which indicates that the
floor was at an angle (Benac 1971: 51).
Around the ovens were found biconical bowl, ax conical shape, and another ax,
five vertebrae of unfired earth, four stone knife, seven quartz pebbles and a scraper. Near
the ash from the first phase, there was a biconical bowl with the remains of charred grain,
a large earthen weight, and nine small. In front of the hole was found in a group with
three pythos different dimensions, the molding ax, a flint knife and a vertebra from the
baked earth. In the middle of this group was a fragmented large buta whose pieces were
found grains of wheat that had been charred. (Benac 1971: 42). Similar house K13
eastern part of the main room in the house K15 was paved with wooden logs onto the
edges of the remains of grains, as well as a shallow Edel where they also found the
remains of grain and a spherical vase on the ring leg (Benac 1971: 42 ).
In the central part of the other rooms were set two large pithos, height 44 and 15.5
cm, while next to them was found the biggest pile of charred grain whose weight was a
few pounds (Benac 1971: 44). A little further out there are three different sizes pythos.
On the eastern side of the room revealed a group of subjects that contained a cylindrical
object adobe soil around the longitudinal hole, and that may have served as a hole in the
wall with the aim of ventilation, or some similar srvhe (Benac 1971: 44), the larger ball
of unbaked earth with much impressed traces of fingerprints, as well as two stone tools.
What represents the interest of this business is that it is not found animal bones, or from
all objects in this locality this one had the greatest amount of grain (Benac 1971: 45).
In the same residential horizon was found another oven in the house K17 (probe
V / 1). The oven is located in the north-western part of the main room. The substrate was
made of large stone slabs larger and smaller dimensions, among which was the one full
and one half stone mill. Through these pebbles coated with a layer of clay with a
thickness of 80 cm. This process floor oven was raised from the floor of the house (Benac
1971: 51). And, in this example had the appearance of a wooden fence that surrounded
the bed base throughout its height. This fence was found in the northern part and the
southern side. It consisted of ten horizontal rods deposited and covered with clay (Benac
1971: 52).
The front of the oven was destroyed, although it can be assumed that the opening
was semicircular and was surrounded by a fence identical. Probably it is this part of a
range of 1.80 m. The rear of the oven was entering the room, and the profile is not fully
explored (Benac 1971: 52). Along the north side of the oven on the right side of the
opening there was a zone of ash, which was composed of a thin rectangular plate (Benac
1971: 52).
In front of the opening there was a greater quantity of charred grain, while the
front of the eastern part there were several weights of baked earth (Benac 1971: 45). In
another room we found a large quantity of charred grain. However facility K17 was quite
badly damaged and could not provide more information about the internal structure of the
object (Benac 1971: 45).
On the horizon in the housing (plate XXIII: 1) probes I / 2 and II / 1 were found
with cap three ovens that were located outside of the buildings. The floor oven
discovered in the probe II / 1 lying at a depth of 1 meter, while the lower layer lying at a
depth of 1.4 m. The surface on which the oven lay was well aligned and compacted clay
to a height of 35 cm. Over this layer is formed mantle of pebbles and over it went another
layer of clay that made the bedspring. Kalota was composed only of clay wattle bez
structure as in previous cases. It is notable in that the thickness of the clay calotte one
time was corrected. The front part is open round-shaped and has a width was 0.95 m.,
And the length of the detected part of 1:35 meters. What is also noticeable is that the
level of the flooring was a slight angle going from the back to the front end (Benac 1971:
52). Other ovens which are also found in the probe II / 1 and E / 2 were similar in shape
and size as previously described.
The VI Housing horizon (plate XXIII: 2) K28 facility was found within it a
spherical oven. Similar to the facility K17 and this facility is quite badly damaged, and
the data about the internal layout rather scarce. The oven had form and was composed as
previously mentioned ovens that are found in the interior of buildings. What constitutes a
characteristic is that the southern and the northern corner of the oven found more pieces
of weights of baked earth. Also to the south corner of the oven were found higher courts -
pyths, coarse with inset rim. Unfortunately, the house is destroyed by fire, and most
household materials was not found (Benac 1971: 45).

Sopot – Lengyel cultural group

As I have already mentioned the Sopot-Lengyel cultural group, its prevalence of

borders, bordered in its stages IB and II, the Butmir Culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina
and Vinca in Serbia. Material Sopot and the Vinca culture is quite similar so that it is
difficult to limit separation (Brukner 1974, 96).
However, previous research of this cultural group explored several villages and
the localities: Vinkovci-Trbušanci, Gornja Bebrina-Topolice, Bapska, Otok, Klokočevac,
Ervenica near Vinkovci, Sopot near Vinkovci. It is mainly the settlements fort type ovale
base with rectangular houses, but there were cases and residential buildings who had an
oval apse at one side (ext. Bapska) (Dimitrijevic 1968: 40). In previous research these
objects have ascertained the hearth, but there is no finding ovens.
On the basis of available information that I collected from these sites can not
express an opinion that the members of the cultural group did not use this type of facility.
However for this work this culture was important to me because, as I previously noted in
its two stages it was in close contact with the surrounding culture (Butmir and Vinca) to
know and use the stove.
Next systematic research might bring the discovery of these objects, but the
current state information for special consideration of problems ovens including culture,
which extends north of the above in order to analyze the existence or non-existence of the
oven, their distribution and use, as well as a possible connection with the above cultures
that analyzes this work.

Ethnological considerations - The Bred ovens – place and function

Certainly indispensable building a farm, in recent years, makes and baking kiln
(plate XXIV: 1). It is interesting that the objects of this type at such area seen only in the
form and under such name, although they have multiple functions that I Ardit detail later
in the presentation. Nenu phenomenon can look back in time communal way of life when
they were necessary for the life of the unit in a household. The ovens are used for baking
bread, cake, bread, pumpkin pie, dulek, chickens, turkeys, pigs, lambs ... (Vlahovic 1999:
84).
Today their use is minimal, and in some places it is almost unusable. Mainly used
in some major celebrations such as weddings and farewells to the army, or village fairs
when preparing dishes of peasant bread with gravy, roast pork or lamb.
However, despite their almost unusable and each rural household has one, and
some more, bread oven. When own research I noticed this phenomenon with all subjects I
spoke about this problem.
Most of them replied that the reason why every house or household has a stove
that did actually feature, a sign that the house used to be in a cooperative and separated
from it. A small number of respondents could not give me any answer. They look at the
stove as an object that has always been an integral part of the household and as such must
naturally have in it although rarely or never used.
 Also interesting phenomenon is that during the construction of new houses,
mostly in rural areas, but in recent times and the city, we can observe that it comes to
building a new oven. In the group of respondents to the question why the grade I received
a reply that the reason is more of an aesthetic nature, namely the oven becomes in this
case the decoration in the household.
Ovens can be encountered as a separate unit or group. Also one can be found outside the
home, in the home or with any part of the house and the other outside it. When it comes
to special unit she's simply made up of a base, spherical canopy that keeps the oven from
moisture. However, increasingly, the oven can meet in conjunction with other units,
especially with dryers (Plate XXV, 1,2). They consist of two parts. In the first of the oven
to its basic elements base and cap, while the second part, which is rely on to explain
ovens, kilns located. After the oven grill usage is that on that occasion the benefits
expelled from the oven and is used for drying the meat is hung in the second part. There
are also objects that are Kolubara recorded in the valley where the stove is located in the
same area where the grain was stored and made bread. The baking oven in this case is not
in the building, but outside it against the north wall. The firebox was located in the
building where she kept all the equipment for the preparation of bread, as well as a pantry
with flour (Pantic 1996: 302).

Ethnological considerations - The Bread ovens – Cinstruction methods and use

Ovens were built in such a way as to space first was highlighted. Standard size
would amount to 1.30 x 1.50 meters, but there are also larger. Well, it was generally in
this area there is no moisture. Then would be roughly fitted and broken stone tied with
mud and so to build the base height of 1 meter. The stand would then be paved with
bricks and so would be obtained floor that would aim to prevent heat loss. Above it built
a semicircular spherical section of adobe brick or rarely full. On the front left side of the
semi-circular or rectangular opening measuring 0:50 x 0.50 meters. On three sides, the
side and rear, left open the so-called. Rauški that during the burning of fire opened, while
when the material is placed on a baking they were closed. Open served as in modern oven
airflow. Kalota to was paved with a thick layer of mud. Height with Stand oven was
about 2 meters. Then it covered the whole oven roof shingles, tiles or wood, or ceramic
tile. Weed had the function of protecting the spherical section of the rain, snow or hot
sun. After drying kiln started with the lighting of fires and cooking (plate XXIV: 2).
The main feature of the oven is that with very little fuel gets excessive heat and
keep it up quite a long time thanks to its construction method, if due to the material. Also,
these ovens have the advantage that the fuel used wood branches, as well as corn reeds
they give a lot of great economics (Vlahovic, 1999: 184).
After collecting the first fuel in the oven of placing small branches that caught fire
and then added a little larger pieces, like maize mush. To the oven was ready for roasting
walls must get completely white. The fire must be held very constant and that the forces,
which by injecting a larger amount of fuel, in order to become hot oven as soon as
possible. During a demonstration in the family Jankovic Tubravic, village of Gracanica I
saw that if the fire is quite strong, and the flames already coming out of the oven, inserted
branch with dry leaves of oak, so he settles fire. Also, I've seen that before thrown grill
from the oven, set the same lower branch of dry oak leaves, above the grill if it
immediately leaves the inflammation that is a sign that the grill can be removed. There
are methods that are used by the insertion, also flood over the grill, a sheet of paper,
which is the best indicator. In this case, if the burn list fervor is strong, and if only turns
blue it's a real sign that the oven can be evacuated and that can be baked bread. By
measuring ustanovisao that from the moment I start a fire to grill ejection takes about 45
minutes (depending on the size of the oven).
When the oven is ready for baking flat bread is first inserted. The time required
for their baking is about 10 minutes. The best indicator that they baked it when you get a
rosy color. After their baking baked the cake or a large loaf of bread. Bread is usually 5 to
8.kg weight and he is baked between 30 and 45 minutes. In some cases, it depends on the
size of the oven and a loaf, baked by up to 60 minutes.
In the case of the pig baked in ovens, and it is only possible to live the balance of
weight between 25 and 30 kg, the preparation process ovens is almost the same as in the
case of baking bread, the fact that the 10 kg live weight bake 60 minutes. For examples of
more than 30 kg. ovens of this type are not able to achieve the desired effect.
In addition to these nutritional support is almost never mentioned, both in the field
and work with the literature that met in these facilities roasted or used for baking other
materials. In a conversation I had with potters from the village Zlakuse place Uzice
Pozega, Nikitovic Milic, told me that this type of oven are not appropriate for baking
pottery and still in his work that he met someone used the oven - the oven for these
purposes. Also, we noted that it was not impossible to bake the pottery in them, but the
quality of them in this case was very bad, as well as the expiry date, and the question is
how much the vessel from a series of firing could be put into operation.

Ethnological considerations - Social organization

I have already mentioned that the bread ovens associated with the occurrence of
communal way of life, and in this work I would like to give a brief description of this
social phenomenon.
Cooperative were able to make the two brothers, two or two closer neposrednika
or artificial relatives living in one house or roof and, as such, a real cooperative, where
each member is called zadrugar or mlađešina. She could count the dozens of people. Vuk
Karadzic says that in his time, cooperatives were not many, but that he saw in the village
Riđan Kosovo cooperative Trifunovica which numbered 62 souls (Findrih 1999: 46).
Number of cooperatives in many ways will depend on the size of the estate, which owns
cooperatives, housing and many other conditions regardless of the time that belongs to.
Each cooperative had its officer elected by all the co-operative of 18 years. Duties of
military leaders were in addition to the division of work among mlađešinama and
presentation of the house before all authorities, the sale of raw materials, purchasing
household needs, division, section and purchase property, the presentation in front of
each house in festive days and occasions, care cooperative bag. The duty of the elders
was not a life, but in this function could only be men with 18 years of age (Pavlovic
1908: 502).
All members had to be loyal and subordinate primarily cooperative, and then
elders. It is interesting that when person age 18 his parents asking cooperatives that his
rights recognized under the cooperative. Shortly following his marriage and the award of
specific buildings - outbuildings where he and his wife live (Pavlovic 1908, 504).
The woman in the cooperative had a duty above all the housework, and then to
receive the guest in the house and wash it off in the absence of elders, obligations on the
ground, but the main duty of women is the upbringing of children, whose main duty was
to older women (Pavlovic 1908 504).
As for the housework they perform in a row, everyone's wife must be stewards.
Police last week, and only one of the stewards resident. Older women were security
guards, but they were not forbidden to help other women (Pavlovic 1908: 504).
The living area consisted of a cooperative house where he lived with his wife, Elder. It
consisted of the house, where there was a hearth and where they ate, and on the room
where slept. We have already noted that when the head of a man marries the cooperative
receives a special building - outbuilding where there is no heating and in which he, his
wife and children live. Other units were commercial buildings: baskets, storeroom,
baking oven and other facilities. However, there are cooperatives that had only the house,
which will feature, in the last decades of life cooperatives, which have been an area of
about 50 m2 and in which he lived up to thirty members.
The emergence of cooperatives fall already in the beginning of the nineteenth
century, and they will last for almost 70 years of XX century. The consequences of their
breakup should be sought primarily in the change of social system and way of life in
general. When own research I have often received the answer that until their breakup was
due to dissatisfaction with the unequal division of labor so that they each worked more
than others, but it is those who are more bothered doing. Also, one of the answers was
that the changes that have occurred since the Second World War, the social order was
more economical to live courses in their own household, rather than in a cooperative. One
thing is certain that the cooperative way of life brought many new elements to the
architecture, but also in social life.

Bread and bread cereals

When we speak of bread we need immediately at the beginning to make a

difference between the two types of bread that are in use. The first group includes breads
that are used in everyday use, while the second group are classified bread that month only
on special occasions but often carry the name of the ritual breads or cakes.
Bread are usually blended married women, usually housewives, although there are
regions where girls are not allowed to prepared bread, even if it needs (Micovic 1952:
96). Bread is usually made from wheat flour that is ground by the mills, windmills, or
steam to the mill and millet bran together or white, which means without the bran, and
such flour is called in some regions mutmel or grismel (Radulovački 1996: 30 ). In
kneading, a container which is made of wood that was used for mixing bread sow flour
through a sieve. After the screening rules in the middle of the hole in which the yeast is
added.
In the past, used the National yeast or komlov which was prepared by of fresh
dough take one ball and allowed to dry in a special basket and it takes 3 to 7 days and
then break into smaller balls to better and dry out evenly. After complete drying komlov
was placed in a canvas bag held on the draft. Usually komlov would be made in the
autumn and would be used all winter (Radulovački 1996: 30). Although in northeastern
Serbia was noted that instead of yeast used foam with pomace or mixer flour with vinegar
(Arsenovic, Ivanovic 1977: 53).
There is a way where the evening mixer only flour and yeast leaving so that
leavened dough overnight. In the morning, adding to a liter of lukewarm water, a handful
of salt, flour enough to overwhelm. Masses are stirrer and left in two hours to skisne, then
the dough sever it into pieces and put in sucurice to swell and to rest (Radulovački 1996:
31).
However, there is a way to immediately put in sifted flour 20 g yeast, or one ball
komlov, a teaspoon of salt and 0.5 l of lukewarm water. This dough must be mixed until it
no longer sticks to your hands for at least 20 minutes. Bread will be the better quality the
longer mesi, and the best way to check if the dough is good is that the knife sliced the
dough, so if you experience blisters means that the dough well. Then the dough is placed
in a warm room or next to the stove, which is preparing for baking bread dough risen to.
When the oven is ready bread is ready for baking (Nedeljkovic 1999: 341).

Plants that are used as a substitute for bread, not grains

In the second half of the century The Army ex Yugoslavia, in cooperation with
the Society researcher Vladimir Mandic - Manda from Valjevo, conducted copious
research program Nutrition in nature. The sphere of their work was aimed to explore the
plants used to feed the population, in extraordinary situations, as well as the military
itself.
What caught my attention is the group of plants used in exchange for bread. It is
not strange that among our people, and beyond, is no stranger to individual plants and
fruits used when lack of bread cultivated grains. On those occasions used the potatoes,
then the fruits of acorns, chestnuts rarely, hrsta bark and cherry.
However, the results of the diet in nature should not be ignored. It was concluded
that plants used in exchange for bread can not be used alone, but in certain percentage,
which varies between 50 to 80%, add flour. These plants can be found in almost all areas,
in mountain, and lowland and mountain.
The table below shows all plants so far confirmed to be used for this purpose. The
table clearly shows the location of habitats in which plants can be found, as well as the
time of their harvest and use (plate XVI, 1).
On this occasion, extract a few plants to show the manner of their exploitation.
Oak acorns - Peel and cook. As soon as the water boils out, and then topped up
with a new one. This procedure is repeated several times until the mast is completely soft.
In the end, stir and make a slurry that will be mixed with wheat flour in the percentage of
90% oak acorns pulp and 10% wheat flour (Vračaric, Bakic, Uvalin and other 1986 221).
Wild pear and birch bark to dry up first, then milled and mixed with bread dough
(Vračaric, Bakic, Uvalin and other 1986 221).
Hazel (male catkins) to boil, drain, and when dry milled and added to bread dough
(Vračaric, Bakic, Uvalin et al 1986, 221).
Vijušac (Polygonum convolvulus), Cinderella and Mala turica (Agrimona
eupatoria) - From these plants used seeds that are ground and as such adds dough
(Vračaric, Bakic, Uvalin et al 1986, 221).
 Mali srčak(Polygonumbistorta), Morguša (Cakile maritime), Nocurak (Oenothera
biennis), Mečija šapa (Uncaria tomentosa), Repušina (Tussilago farfara), Vodena bokvica
(Alisma plantago-aquatica) - the root of the plant is removed, dried and after grinding
passes dough (Vračaric, Bakic, Uvalin and others 1986, 221).
Although it is important to note that the attention paleo-botanical researches from
archaeological sites has not been directed towards this plants does not necessarily mean
that it is not and used. It is certain that all plants in the table there at the time, all that
remains is the question of their certificates. Maybe if in the future focus more attention on
the research of plants at archaeological sites could talk about their use and purpose. Until
then, this problem can only be viewed from this angle, and the level of uncertain
assumptions.

Mythology and taboo

There are almost no people in the world who does not take the bread first place
not only in food but also in life. It is a gift of God and at the same time a living being, or
even a symbol of divinity itself. Treatment of eating it with great respect and attitude is
almost religious. Generally when talking about bread referred to as the living being
(Toporkov: 2001: 562). Together with the grain he represents the symbols of nutrition,
fertility and life (Milovanovic, Gavric 1994, 509). While ear of wheat from which bread
is usually true, the symbol of resurrection. Grain that dies and is reborn represents
initiation, or rebirth, and primordial state (Milovanovic, Gavric, 1994: 401). Bread is so
much respect that it is a sin to throw in some places in Serbia bread crumbs must be
careful not to sweep it under their foot exceeded (Nedeljkovic 1999: 341).
And the Bible (the Bible) speaks of bread and its Christian symbolism. The
apostles Matthew, Mark and Luke specifying the mystery dinner speeches about bread by
comparing it with the body Jesus Christ. Matthew says, "And when they were eating,
Jesus took bread, blessed and broke it, gave to the disciples and said, Take, eat, this is my
body." (See Matthew. 26.26). Also, in the main Christian prayer pronounced by Jesus
Christ, and which in part says, "our daily bread give us today," discusses the important
role of bread as a fundamental life groceries without which life is almost unimaginable.
Inseparable blend of wheat and bread we see is that many religious, magical and
environmental action can not pass and that in this context the bread or wheat or both that
does not participate. We have seen that wheat bears the symbol of the resurrection. The
Serbian nation disappearance of wheat almost be considered the collapse of the world
(Mayor 1991: 59). Often this plant and bring in connection with the name of God
himself. In some places the Serbs last harvested a bundle tied up with rope and red
flowers whales will receive appearance beard calling it God's beard. This beard was kept
under special care and under the eaves year. After the deadline istečenog its seeds mixed
with semen prepared for the next planting maintaining the continuity of the fertility of
their fields of grain (Mayor 1991: 61). Similar rituals related to fertility and meet during
major church holidays in the Christian church, such as Christmas and Easter, as well as
special holiday dedicated to animals such as Vlasovdan (24.02), dedicated to the oxen,
Todorova Saturday (first Saturday during Lent) holiday dedicated to horses, when
preparing the special bread that is broken in the fields or in the stables and in which
sometimes involved the same animal (Cobelj, 1974: 126). Such bread is sometimes
receive and shape the dog, ox, cows, pigs, sheep and other (Cobelj, 1974: 119). In
Bosnia, on Christmas day, and vats of the house is introduced into a coma folks give
česnica (a special bread that is to say about Christmas and vats of day), brandy and
sausages. Especially interesting phenomenon was observed by the Greeks in the lunar
cult bousebdomos- sat ox when you bake a cake in the shape of the month, which is often
called the cows was what would make the cake was dedicated to the cow or ox
(Čajkanovic, 1994: 338).
I noted that on a real special Christmas Bakery cake in the Serbian nation called
česnica. It can be of different shapes and sizes, but what is common is that this cake is
saved so you can put in it a grain of wheat, corn, dogwood, para ... which of course
carries a special symbolic meaning good fruit in the coming year. Zlatibor this bread is
baked in bread ovens ie. Furuno as heating material used remains of the Yule log (Cobelj
1974: 120). What role does česnica the Christmas holiday has seen from the examples in
front of heaths where the Yule log comes to household communion wine, Cornus mas
and whole wheat (Čajkanovic 1991: 171).
As the most popular form of wheat victims are often sacrificed in the form of the
cult of cakes and this on various occasions from field work to various events, but the
most common is its victim in a death cult and the cult of ancestors. In this situation it is in
fresh condition left in the appropriate places (grave bed ..), or fresh or cooked (one of the
aspects is the Bakery cake, but also wheat or kolluba sitos eyhtos- boiled cereal known in
modern Greek and Russian (Čajkanovic, 1994: 124) are tossed when indicated as such
souls as victims (Čajkanovic, 1994: 169).
In the territory of Vlach speech in eastern Serbia is very developed lethal ritual
and belief in the afterlife. The main role in this ritual water rusalje, being similar to the
villas, which, according to most scientists, htonskog cadaverous origin. The ritual
consists in the fact that rusalja appeal ancestors in a crisis situation to help her. She in
turn prepares a rich dining table with bread decorated sign of the cross and knotted snake
ornament, cake Azim (from the Greek word meaning presan bread), corn bread, salt,
wine, baking, painted eggs, wheat and wax candles (Antonijevic 1990: 179).
An interesting phenomenon is the one that is recorded in the town of Langada,
northeast of Thessaloniki, when on the day of St. Constantine and Helen (May 21
according to the Julian calendar) copies of the game on the fire ritual performed by the
Thracian Folklore Society. Ritual has several segments, but on this occasion extract a last
segment after the game when the fire anastenari visit homes and villages. At the end of
the procession ends in the house, which has a miraculous icon of St. Konstatina.
Immediately upon entering the house anastenari sit on the floor, and the host's honor
raisins, beans, bread, onions and apples gifts of your home (Antonijevic 1990: 91).
The Serbs there thinking that if one pursues this must be someone to hide in a
cornfield (Mayor 1991: 61). In the famous epic of Gilgamesh in his 21 table talking about
how to make demon of sleep and death can overcome brašeninim quickbreads
Utnapishtim says that women (Čajkanovic 1994: 173). Also, his magical powers in the
treatment of diseases as well as in and sold, were given this plant. In folk medicine,
wheat is the cure for whooping cough, dysentery, measles, balm for the killings
(Čajkanovic, 1994: 173). It was felt that a grain of wheat had been cut from throat cock
used as a safeguard against measles, a grain that is removed from the scarecrow used as a
cure for epilepsy (Mayor 1991: 61). In the vicinity of Gevgelija girls are on the eve of St.
George tried to steal some wheat from the neighborhood and it was believed that the
young girl who had offered the wheat and this is a taste to be in love with her (Mayor
1991: 61).
Interesting practices that also meet the wheat and bread are those designed by
trees and plants. In these cases, usually the bread was yield as a victim. For example,
chubs and bramble sacrificed was the victim in the form of the patella, wine and water,
while St. George was a victim of similar yield a villa which was believed to live in
Jasenak, on the ground that it learns from her medicine for the sick (Čajkanovic, 1994:
176) .
Also my bread plays prominent role at wedding ceremonies and introducing
young people to a new house. In the Serb-law greeted the young with bread under his
arm, burning candle, honey and butter in the hands of the game at the door. In some
areas, however, the mother in law gives young corn and honey, and sometimes it is
sprinkled with it (Čajkanovic, 1994: 140). In some regions leads to the saving of the
wedding cake, which also breaks and has almost the same symbolism as a Foreign
Language. With the breaking of leaves and toast which should represent a form typical
for a feast ancestors (Čajakanovic, 1994: 140).
We have already seen the bread often associated with God, which will leave the
greatest mark themselves with the Slavs in which the bread symbolizes the relationship of
exchange between people and God, between the living and their ancestors (Toporkov
2001: 562). For them it is customary habit to a whole loaf of permanent standing on a
chair in the guest house or in the same corner. He thus received a symbolic character
representing the symbol of the wealth of the house, always ready to welcome guests,
divine patronage and protection from impure forces. As such, the bread is often the Slavs
can be found in front of the icon to the time expressed loyalty to the household of God,
expecting in return that God bestows a new bread (Toporkov 2001: 562).
With bread and salt is the beginning and the end of each meal is. The same
elements and welcomed guest, and if he would take that meant the insult (Toporkov
2001: 564). Bread forgotten in the oven is attributed to a specific property. He was given
to those who mourn for the dead or loved one that is forgotten (Toporkov 2001: 564).
Bread is cut, but not broke. During lunch, if not suffice bread was not a new damaging it.
After sunset, damaging it is also not a new bread if there is a need then do not eat tagger,
but it cut off parts of the cover, so to stand in the morning. Among the Slavs, there is the
opinion that if there is a violation of the rules concerning the bread will come to a
sentence which was misery (Toporkov 2001: 564).
The girls were trying to eat the first piece that I like them boys, and the boys are
the same. To eat a piece of bread was only allowed a husband and wife or other close
people. If women take more bread husband will chase her, and vice versa. If you take a
close someone a piece of bread, and he ate his will remain hungry (Toporkov 2001: 564).
Bread with honey and cheese was an element of old-Russian sacrifices addressed
to relatives (Toporkov 2001: 564). Also the Russians there is a custom that fishermen
throw bread into the water to meet the water demon (Čajkanovic 1994, 317).
Synthesis and closing remarks

The undoubted fact that the oven in the area of central Balkans during the Late
Neolithic were widely used. However, due to his many affiliations, site and function that
had this type of facilities we have to talk about as specific objects.
The reason for this is primarily a problem of their distribution. From the supplied
material, we can conclude that they are the most numerous in the central Balkans in the
territory of propagation of Vinca group. East of the territory in the area of present-day
Romania and Bulgaria, where the spread Vinca culture, and bordered with other cultural
groups in this area (Petrešti, Gradešnica, Marica-Karanovo and others) have the
appearance of this type of buildings on the sites of Vinca, and in localities already
mentioned border groups. Going further west of the Vinca in the area of Butmir groups
have only the appearance of the oven at the site Obra II, while the northwest in the area
of Sopot-Lengyel not. First, we should not forget the fact that the sites of the Vinca group
in number, most researched, while the Butmir and Sopot-Lengyel is not the case.
If we looked at types of settlements where the ovens were found in the majority of
cases the settlements of large areas who have had ten or more residential units, and
mostly it is on permanent settlements seeking, and the settlements that are adapted to
permanently settled life caused by the economic economics. Important contribution to
this is the fact that most of the village was located at an important communication routes
such as the main prerequisite was the configuration of the terrain. If we approach this
problem from this point of view we can see that the area of Butmir groups have similar
types mentioned settlements, but also the fact that the ovens found out only at the site of
Obra II, while the area of Sopot-Lengyel also have this type of settlement, albeit fort with
dominant positions of the a large number of housing units, but without finding the stove.
From this we can conclude that the use and the existence of exclusive ovens do not
follow the above elements, and therefore it from this aspect should not be considered.
When we talk about single ovens, it is evident that in the context of one of the
village ascertained within and outside of the buildings, although the case was registered
on the site Anatema-Balinovic that part of the stove with a hole located outside the
building, while the rear part located within the (Starovic 1996: 366 ). Noticeable is the
fact that the differences in the basic architectural features of ovens that were located
inside or outside the object no. The only contrary to the case, was found at the site Obra
II, where the three ovens that were found in the horizon in the housing and which were
outside the facility under construction calotte differed from the others contained within.
The spherical section of the oven was built only of clay without construction of wattle
(Benac 1971: 45).
Ovens were established inside the building had a different position and orientation
depending on the organization of the objects. These facilities are architectural units that
are built of wattle and daub and who had either one or several rooms which were
physically separated by a partition wall made of braiding. The main feature, regardless of
the division of the building in which they were located, did you have your last oven or
side part touched or contained relative to the main house by a wall, partition wall, or a
combination of the two walls, and their position in this case was in the corner of the dam
and the main wall. Similar is the case with ovens that were located outside.
 Substructure oven was composed of multiple layers in which they were located a
stone pebbles of various sizes, fragments of pottery, where even the reported case that the
found parts of three or four containers (Šljivar, Jacanovic 1998: 75) and clay. The last
layer substructure made up the bedspring. On most notable ovens found several
subsequent layers that are made as a result of fixing the flooring. Namely due to large
temperature fluctuations over time tended to damage the floor and as a way of repairing it
was what caused a new layer that was made or stone or more often ceramic fragments
with a final layer was made of clay. In some examples, we have the appearance of fine
layers of color the last which was carried white or off-white.
With the help of looks flooring can make the first division of the oven. How are
they determined the appearance of the oven so on that basis we can distinguish oven
which had: an elliptical, semi-circular, circular, horseshoe-shaped, arched, pear-shaped,
and even with trapezoidal baseplate which is found only on the site Divostin
(Bogdanovic, 1988: 61).
However in addition to distinction can make another partition and on the basis of
the angle-with respect to the rough surface on which the oven is contained. Thus, we
distinguish between two groups and to those who were under the horizontal angle and
those whose last part was higher than the front, and whose base was located at a sharp
angle.
As one of the constituent parts of the flooring is the mouth that occurs most often
in one type of oven whose base was located at an angle. Basis lip was actually an
extension of the bottom of the oven while the semicircular shape, which she had,
consisted of wattle and clay. What will be the main feature is that the lip on the front of
her was ascertained ornament in the form of beams slanted lines derived fingerprints in
the wet ground (Plate XI: 2). Such examples have in localities Banjica, Belovode, Vinca,
Divostin and Matejski ship. Specific ornament was recorded on ovens at the site Divostin
where the ornament was framed by a crescent-shaped strips.
At the site of Cobra II we have the case lip that was an extension of the flooring
below the horizontal angle or an above-ground part was made of planks, thickness 0.5
cm, thick who were in the height of planks and mud that covered this whole area.
The function of this element was the fact that the grill and ash which is created during the
warming oven and used in this case cleaning is stored until it is cooling.
In a very small number of cases the sites were established traces calotte. These are
mostly fragmented parts of a ground, or knowledge of their shape much of the
information provided to us models of oven, and a small number of well-preserved calotte.
They were calotte shape with a flat surface at the top. They are built of wooden poles that
were erected on the inner edge of the flooring, wattle, which has done a skeleton ovens
and clay which is plastered inside and outside. Also notable are the subsequent correction
of spherical mostly on the inside. Spherical section was repaired by applying a layer of
clay because it is exactly this part has been exposed to severe temperature fluctuations,
and came to their shooting, but probably collapse. The specific case occurred in the oven
in the house on the site of 08 Banjica where one of the coating oven was composed of ash
and soot (Todorovic, Cermanovic 1961: 23). Also, in the locality of Obra II to V housing
the horizon, the three ovens that were located outside the building there is a noticeable
change in the construction of the spherical section. The spherical section was built only
of clay without a skeleton of wicker (Benac 1971: 52).
 At the front of the stove, on the bone behind the lip of the hole. He was a semi-
circular shape and its height and length was depending on the size of the oven.
Another important element is the zone in which the separated ashes. What is evident is
that a very small number ascertained. In those cases where they do exist it is about
several types: I - zone of ash and gari that were in front of the entrance to the oven, II -
oval pits, which could be coated with clay or no lining, and they were found in one from
the side of the entrance and group III consists of ceramic vessels that were found near the
oven itself. In this group, I would highlight findings from the site of the Vinca which
stated the ashes with the remains of a brazier (Vasic 1932: 12).
Finally, we should mention the findings that were established in the vicinity of the
oven itself. It is a fragmented vessels of various sizes and invoices, stone grain, flint
tools, axes, a large number of baked and unbaked clay balls and weights, the remains of
animal bones and charred grains, snails, shells, fragments of animal figures, as well as a
report model stoves and bukeriona parts, which in some cases were ornamented.
This begs the question of what was the purpose and intention of ovens in the Late
Neolithic settlements. At the beginning of XX century Milivoje Vasic exploring the site
of Vinca is the first theory on the use of the stove. As a basis for the theory Vasic takes
data that is located in the ancient writings, which relate to industry cinnabar. Special
attention was focused on the Vitruvian detailed description of technology of cinnabar and
mercury.
The theory applies only to the oven that had a bed base at an angle, which was
well-founded, and whose front part ended with relief frame. Also, this type of oven has
had a well-written piece dome. These technical characteristics of these facilities enabled
the obtaining of the final product, the talking about Vitruvius, a welcome Vasic bases its
postulate (Vasic 1932: 7). It is worth noting that in favor of this opinion was the fact that
during the Vinca research, performed by M. Vasic, were ascertained traces of cinnabar,
or docking of this ore which was located not far from Belgrade, at the site of hollow wall,
on Avala (Vasic 1932 7).
As one of the final products obtained by roasting the ore cinnabar and vermilion.
Vasic is of the opinion that it was used for cosmetic purposes, or that it received from the
red color which is used as a kind of makeup for the face (Vasic 1932: 7). That's what
comes across on the checkbox for the Vitruvius (Vasic 1932: 9). As evidence of its use
Vasic notes and grains, which are made of sandstone, on which the found traces of red
color, which occurred more comminution of ore processed (Vasic 1932: 20). However,
the technical issue of its receiving. The Cinnabar is received drying, and roasting of
cinnabar (mercury sulfide II). This process aimed to deliver ore from sulfur and mercury,
leaving behind so impoverished whose ore is further processed, ie. grinding could get a
red pigment. The question is whether such a need to be needed ovens. I've already talked
to afford Cinnabar was supposed to remove mercury from cinnabar, and sulfur. This was
accomplished by making the cinnabar burned at a temperature of about 400oC and then
to come first to the oxidation of the ore, whereby the first released dangerous gases sulfur
dioxide (SO2), which would then evaporated and mercury, because its boiling point more
was 357oC (Vitrovic 1987: 214). If we assume that the goal of the industry was just
getting vermilion, this process could easily have been realized on an open fire, rather than
in closed. The reason for this is the aforementioned oxidation and evaporation of sulfur
dioxide, which eventually was detrimental to the organism.
On the other hand, if we assume that the requirements of the process was to obtain live
sets up a series of questions. Vitruvius in his description speaks of its products, but also
to use it. The mercury at the time used as a natural catalyst for gilding silver and copper
items. However, Vasic about its use does not express any opinion.
If we perceive this problem with the first aspect of its receipt of the
aforementioned process can be concluded that for this need to be toasted cinabarit
indoors. The reason for this is that the temperature of 357oC, which is experimental
archeology has shown that the ovens could create, live in the form of droplets evaporates
and condenses on the walls of the building where there is a roasting ore for its collection
need to insert the container with water and drops they themselves entered into it by
concentrating on the bottom of the container, because the density of water far greater than
poultry (Vitrovic 1987: 214). Vasic therefore notes that because of this oven were used. I
must mention an important feature of the mentioned facilities must have in this process,
but it's since coming to mercury vapors in the form of droplets object must not have any
cracks, because otherwise the drops went into them, and it was difficult to gather them.
For this reason Vasic noted that the floor of the oven and the spherical section, which is
taken as objects in which the ore toasters so done to avoid this case. As in the previous
process, an open fire, and in the next live received and vermilion.
However, the question is how we see the result of this process will lead to strong
fumes of sulfur dioxide, which is eventually fatal to the organism, but whose harmful
influence speaks Vitruvius. As the oven is located in the objects themselves, the question
of their functionality. If they really used to this process it is certain that the facilities in
which they nelažene could be placed in a residential function, and precisely because the
said vapors of sulfur dioxide. It is not only harmful to the body of the person who is
directly involved in the process, but it is harmful for the immediate surroundings, and
especially for groceries nutrients that are in the same room where the process takes place.
How to dispose of not sufficient amount of information about this issue, I can not say.
Perhaps further researches the relationship of these objects with ostlim in the settlement
could be directed towards the further resolution of this problem.
It is interesting, in this regard, noting that Vasic is thinking of figurines with a pentagonal
face, with the lower part of the sharp ends that actually represent persons involved in the
processing of cinnabar. Vitruvius says that they used masks from the bladder, in order to
protect people from the strong fumes, which will Vasic accept the aforementioned
figurine attached to them (Vasic 1932: 17).
At the end of the question use of mercury. I have already mentioned that
Vitruvius says that the mercury used in the process of gilding silver and copper (Vasic
1932: 9). It is not strange that mercury used as a natural catalyst in the process of mixing
with certain metals will receive in this amalgam, which are used for coating (Kostic,
Kostic 1997: 30). Also known is a process in which mercury is mixed with the gold-
bearing ore and which leads to obtaining pure gold, as the mercury mixes with all the
impurities in the ore and neutralizes them. However, in the localities of cultures that
handles this work are not found traces of gilding and gold, the question is whether you
live used for such use. The finds from the necropolis of Varna (Bulgaria), which is coeval
with causeway Vinca-II stage, and which was found 2000 items with a total weight of
about 6 kg, 23.5 carat pure gold (Bailey, 2000: 219), can be directed towards the
resolution of this problem that champions. In this case we can not say with certainty that
it was gold that were receiving this process, for the simple reason that we should not
neglect the fact that such a quantity could not get the natural way, and rinsing. However,
the two findings, the aforementioned Necropolis, will cause attention to the eventual
confirmation of the use of mercury. These are the vessels that were dressed in gold-
bearing ornament. About the process of obtaining his M. Gimbutas is thinking that it is a
process where gold dust inflicted on the dry glazed surface vessels and that the process of
reducing baked in ovens (Gimbutas 1977: 50). Durman on the other hand about the
technology of mixing mercury and gold, as well as an amalgam of the current which is
applied to a dry container. Then containers were baked on an open fire, at a temperature
of 360oC, and on this occasion gave off a vivid, gold clung to the bowl and black vessel
has not changed (Durman 1988: 6).
From the enclosed materials can conclude that the theory of M. Vasic, although in
some segments sketchy, should not be ignored. If we talk about the type of oven that is
assumed to have been used in these processes, not just those that are found in Vinci, but
we can meet and sites like Aradac, Banjica, Divostin, Belovode. The emergence of
cinnabar, to date, is recorded only at the site of Vinca, but not on other sites. Similar is
the case with traces of vermilion. About the use of mercury, we see that the technology
she could be obtained and used for specific purposes, and even for the Late Neolithic era.
However, as we have a very small amount of information that lead to the solution of the
problem further inference is not possible. Therefore, I would not engage in giving their
own, for that reason, although I can recommend the creation of a specific methodology in
research with the aim of obtaining more accurate information that could lead further in
the champions of solving this problem.
During the second half of the twentieth century as a result of extensive research
there has been a determination by a large number of ovens, but also to a new definition of
their use. The most widely used theory, which is still used today, is one that says that the
ovens used for thermal processing of food, baking productive acting, made of grains, and
some types of bread, as well as for heating the room in winter days.
In support of this theory, I'd use listed ethnographic data. From the provided we
find that the stoves that meet the entire present territory, which includes this work, similar
to the Late Neolithic ovens. Their use is related to the cooperative way of life, or the
moment when the community of a household consisted of more than ten members of the
household. They lived in one house, while one part of the household who was married
without children, up to the moment of getting first lived in a separate building and had
the right to subsequently separated and establish their own household and co-operative or
to join the others in the main house . The reason why the ovens occur at the time you eat
more easily and quickly save the bread, as well as certain types of food (baking smaller
livestock, cattle up to 30 kg, pumpkin pie ...). As heating material in these facilities were
used wood branches and twigs, while the use of wooden logs there was no need. For a
short time the oven had enough thermal energy to heat it quickly processed foods and it
will be a major feature in use. As the late twentieth century broke up cooperative way of
life and the use of ovens of this type is almost extinct, but their appearance has remained
evident. The ones now have several new features, depending on the household in which
they are located.
So we have those that have the stove as a symbol that they once lived in a
cooperative and which is used as with that group of households that they eventually used
for baking smaller cattle or baking bread in major celebrations. Then she who stoves used
as decoration in the interior courtyard which is noticeable phenomenon in recent times
and in urban areas, and in the end that she did not use the stove or have it in possession,
and even from their unknown reason. Specifically in this group is probably due to the
non-use of these types of buildings, and caused other social elements, prevent the loss of
its functions and such objects are left ravages of time.
Ovens are generally housed outside in the yard, although in a few cases we have
observed that they were in a special building - lebara (Kolubara valley) in which it was
located flour, as well as all tools and space to brew bread. The main characteristic in
these ovens is that the back of the calotte it was out front with a oven inside buildings.
Another type of facility in which they were a part of the oven are those objects that are on
the back side have stoves, but the front of the dryer, ie. a place where the only meat hair.
On the back of this building the last part of the calotte was a van, while the combustion
chamber was located on the inner side. When using the stove grill immediately deployed
on the sides of the object as it is in this town were hung above the meat (Plate XXV, 1,2).
Whether the ovens that were outside or within the already mentioned objects of
their structures and the basic characteristics remain the same. One lay on a platform that
was built of stone, because the stone holding exchangers, she lay on her floor, which was
built of unbaked brick, and single spherical section. Specificity is the fact that they are on
the sides and at the rear of the stove contained holes, which served to warm up the stove
when entering the air through them, and then when the stove is used the openings were
closed that warmth would not go out. Also, another peculiarity is that the stoves were
covered special roof construction that protected the oven from weather conditions (plate
XXIV, 1).
However, this archaeological theory says that the ovens used for thermal
processing of food, baking productive acting, made of grains, and some types of bread, as
well as for heating the room in winter days.
First, I analyzed the possibility that the stoves used for heating the room in winter
days. How can I make an easier connection of looking at things I'd call first on another
experimental studies that have tackled the problem of warming of residential buildings
which were built on the same principle as the facilities that can be found in the cultures in
question. Research has aimed to show the temperature range in the housing facility
during his warm-up with the help of an open fire which was in the middle of the building.
So The experiment showed that if the air temperature was 15° C, next to the fireplace she
was 25° C, while next to the wall, it would have been 19oC. If the outside air temperature
was minus 20, to the very homes they ranged from 10 to 12 degrees Celsius, and how to
go to the front and rear of the house temperature is falling rapidly in spite of themselves
mentioned walls was 1° C (Luley 1990: 43 (plate XXVII , 1)).
Also, in the northern Banat meet housing similar organization as the Neolithic in
which the first and last room we meet ovens which are open in the middle room where
was also located kitchen (plate XXVII: 2.3). Do the oven that was in the first room built
upon banak, who served for lying and sitting, as well as the back burner, where the winter
days sleeping children (Stefanovic 1969: 18). We have the same situation in the third and
final room that was used as a guest room (Stefanovic 1969: 18).
If we consider the first case that gives us experimental archeology we can
conclude that the system of open hearth warming in a residential building would not be
enough, and the temperature which is received around the hearth should be continuous
addition of fuel supplies to maintain. Therefore, in this case, the question of cost-
effectiveness, and fuel consumption of materials. However, if we take into account the
organization of home in northern Banat and the use of stoves with Albanians, and we
recognize that such facilities among other things, used for heating and special places
where sleeping, especially in the winter days. Such a system is operated so that with a
little bit of fuel materials into the warming gown, but also the bank, maintaining the
temperature for a long time. If we assume that the oven used for such purposes and in
such manner as the only confirmation of the appearance of the bank by the stove, we
have the locality of the house Divostin 13 (Bogdanovic, 1988: 52) and Vinci (Vasic
1932: 12).
Taking into account that the oven used to heat the room, and where we do not
have the appearance of a bank, I again refer to experimental studies that show that it was
necessary to heat the oven for 40 minutes at a temperature between 850 and 980oC, and
the temperature dropped to below 50° C it was necessary to slightly more than three
hours (Werner 1990: 128). Since this is a temperature within the oven, and as I do not
have the precise information on the temperature radiation that gives the spherical section
and observations ovens recent times, I can conclude that these types of ovens, especially
if they were located along the outer wall and partition which is also warming up to the
help them, could provide a higher temperature radiation of the environment than the open
hearth. It can be assumed that in the winter time sleeping in their immediate vicinity, but
the other is to impose a contrary conclusion so this postulate should be taken with a grain
of salt.
When we talk about the function of the stove for cooking the surrounding is
giving us far more information. The most common of which are stated in nesposrednoj
closer were: balls of baked earth, shells, snails, animal bones, stone grain, bowl of cereal
or cereal grains dispersed, flint tools, fragmented figurines, mostly cattle. Confirmation
of animal bones, snails and shells suggest that these types of facilities used for the
purpose of their preparation. While grain is stone, ceramic bowl with cereal grains
themselves, as well as flint tools we suggest that in the immediate vicinity of the oven is
saving and preparing what will be thermally treated in an oven. If I relied on
ethnographic data reveals similarities. Namely, by the stove in recent times we have the
case that food, if the tools and materials that were used in their preparation, was located
in the immediate vicinity.
An interesting case is made for the site of Obra II in residential horizons where we have a
set of residential facilities is the only certain occurrence of the oven environment in
which it was stated that the vessels were stored grain and grain stone, while in others this
is not the case. Per the schedule (the most information given by K13 and K15) may
conclude that a large part of the building was put into operation a kind of kitchen where
the grain was stored and prepared bread. Such examples we have in recent times recorded
in the area of the village of Kolubara (Pantic 1996: 302). Whether in the case of Obre II
like maybe the similarities with these facilities it is difficult to answer. The reason for this
is that the spatial analysis is done only for facilities with tiles, but not for the rest of the
facilities, so we have a small amount of information that would lead to further
conclusions.
 It is important to note the specific findings almost constantly monitor the oven,
and it is the balls of baked earth. In the archaeological literature that can meet these types
of items used as weights for fishing nets or weights for weaving loom. But the question
arises why this type of object was located near the oven and whether perhaps they had
nothing to do with it. This is supported worthwhile to note the locality Medvednjak case
where the stove concluded 150 such cases. How similar examples I have found the
ethnographic material is very hard for me to say something about the wider use of those
items. Evident fact that I almost no sites where the stove ascertained and listed weights of
baked earth. For this reason, it is very likely that they had some sort of connection with
tiles.
I could conclude that the theory of the function of the oven for the production of
food and baking bread has a specific meaning and a certificate accompanying the
material was noted around the stove. It is important to note that in all cases a oven whose
base was under the horizontal angle to the surface on which they may be. The theory of
possible use for heating also has a specific meaning, but lack information for now can not
fully confirm this postulate.
At the end of all the supplied could say that the problem of the appearance and
use of the oven, during the Late Neolithic, the professional literature has created a bit
confusing picture. The reason for this may lie in the application of imprecise
methodology that was applied during the research, which resulted in part of information.
It is for this reason can not create a clear idea of their function within a village.
Two main theories presented to date on this issue and are subject to mutual
disputes have essentially defined meaning. From the material we see that the oven which
are assumed to have served the purpose of industry cinnabar spread throughout the
territory of the Vinca culture group and that the technology and the industry was possible
during the Late Neolithic. But many questions remain open use of end products and their
precise confirmation of the archaeological sites. On the other hand, a theory which
suggests their use for thermal processing of food, heating the room in winter time, as well
as for the production of some types of bread, has a particular meaning due observance of
supporting materials, or how even in this case they are not present in sufficient amounts
and the postulate raises many questions to be answered.
Therefore, as a possible solution to this problem could propose the creation of a
specific methodology that was applied during the archaeological excavations in this type
of object. It would aim precise documentation of all movable finds themselves around the
stove, as well as those that are found in the house, whether it is the oven located within or
outside of them. That kind of information would serve as the main material for the
creation of spatial analysis that aimed to show us a clear organization within and around
the building where the ovens were found. A similar methodology could be applied to
other facilities within the village so that their mutual comparison was possible, all with
the aim of acquiring a multitude of precise information that would contribute to solving
the problem of the use and function of the oven in the settlements of the Late Neolithic.

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List of assumed photos and sketches into tablets

Plate II - Jovanović, B. 1982. Rudna Glava najstarije rudarstvo bakra na centralnom

Balkanu. Bor, Beograd: Muzej rudarstva i metalurgije, Arheološki institut
Plate III (photo 01-10) -Werner, A. 1990. Backofen der jungsteinzenit, U: Experimentalle
archaologie in Deutchland, 126-130, Tom 04, Oldenburg: Staatlichen museum for
naturkunde und vorgeshichte Oldenburg
Plate VI (photo 01-04, 06-07) - Petrović, B. 2003. Model neolitske peći iz Prograra, U:
Zbornik muzeja grada Beograda, broj XLVII/VIII, 11-21, Beograd (photo 05) - Tasić, N.
1959/60. Završna istraživanja na praistorijskom naselju kod Valača, U: Glasnik muzeja
Kosova i Metohije 4/5, 11-80, Priština
Plate VII (photo 02) - Todorović, J., Cermanović, A. 1961. Banjica naselje vinčanske
kulture. Beograd: Muzej grada Beograda
Plate VIII (photo 01) - Todorović, J., Cermanović, A. 1961. Banjica naselje vinčanske
kulture. Beograd: Muzej grada Beograda
(photo 02) - Todorović, J. 1977. A recently discovered house in the neolithic settlement
of Banjica in Belgrade, U: Archaeologia Iugoslavica, broj XVIII, 13-16. Beograd
Plate IX (photo 01) - Tasić, N. 1959/60. Završna istraživanja na praistorijskom naselju
kod Valača, U: Glasnik muzeja Kosova i Metohije 4/5, 11-80, Priština
(photo 02-03) - Šljivar, D., Jacanović, D. 1998. Veliko Laole Belvode - naselje vinčanske
kulture, U: Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva, broj 14, 73-77. Beograd
Plate X (photo 01-02) - Vasić, M. 1932. Industrija cinabarita u Vinči, U: Preistoriska
Vinča, Tom I, 1-22, Beograd: Državna štamparija
Plate XI (photo 01-02) - Vasić, M. 1932. Industrija cinabarita u Vinči, U: Preistoriska
Vinča, Tom I, 1-22, Beograd: Državna štamparija
Plate XII (photo 01-02) - Vasić, M. 1932. Industrija cinabarita u Vinči, U: Preistoriska
Vinča, Tom I, 1-22, Beograd: Državna štamparija
Plate XIII (photo 01-02) - Petrović, J. 1992. Arhitektura kuće 4 na Gomolavi, U: Rad
Vojvođanskih muzeja, broj 34, 19 - 28. Novi Sad
Plate XIV (photo 01-02) - Bogdanović, M. 1988. Architecture and structural features, U:
Divostin and the neolithic of central Serbia, 35-142, Kragujevac: Narodni muzej
Kragujevac
Plate XV (photo 01-02) - Bogdanović, M. 1988. Architecture and structural features, U:
Divostin and the neolithic of central Serbia, 35-142, Kragujevac: Narodni muzej
Kragujevac
Plate XVI (photo 01-02) - Bogdanović, M. 1988. Architecture and structural features, U:
Divostin and the neolithic of central Serbia, 35-142, Kragujevac: Narodni muzej
Kragujevac
Plate XVII (photo 01-02) - Bogdanović, M. 1988. Architecture and structural features, U:
Divostin and the neolithic of central Serbia, 35-142, Kragujevac: Narodni muzej
Kragujevac
Plate XVIII (photo 01-02) - Bogdanović, M. 1988. Architecture and structural features,
U: Divostin and the neolithic of central Serbia, 35-142, Kragujevac: Narodni muzej
Kragujevac
Plate XIX (photo 01) - Tica, M., Karanović, D. 1994. Neolitska peć - eksperiment. U:
Petničke sveske, broj 38. 28-37. Petnica
(photo 02-03) - Jordanović, Č., Blagojević, M. 1998. Lokalitet Kalenić - Livade
(Rudarski basen Kolubara), U: Glasnik Društva konzervatora Srbije, broj 22, 49-51,
Beograd
Plate XX (photo 01) - Stalio, B. 1974. Aradac: Kameniti vinogradi, U: Zbornik Narodnog
muzeja Beograd, broj 06, 73-83. Beograd
(photo 02-03) - Jovanović, B. 1961. Stratigrafija naselja vinčanske kulture. U: Glasnik
Muzeja Kosova i Metohije, broj 6, 9-67, Priština
Plate XXI (photo 01-02) - Benac, A. 1971. Obre II - Neolitsko naselje Butmirske grupe
na Gornjem polju, U: Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja, broj XXVI n.s., Sarajevo
Plate XXII (photo 01-02) - Benac, A. 1971. Obre II - Neolitsko naselje Butmirske grupe
na Gornjem polju, U: Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja, broj XXVI n.s., Sarajevo
Plate XXIII (photo 01-02) - Benac, A. 1971. Obre II - Neolitsko naselje Butmirske grupe
na Gornjem polju, U: Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja, broj XXVI n.s., Sarajevo
Plate XXIV (photo 01-02) - Findrih, R. 1994. Narodno neimarstvo Stanovanje.
Sirogojno: Muzej staro selo
Plate XXVII (photo 01) -Luley, H. 1990. Die Rekonstruktion eines Hauses der Rossener
ultur im Archaologischen Freilichtmuseum Oerlinghausen, U: Experimentalle
archaologie in Deutschland, 31-44, Tom 04, Oldenburg: Staatlichen
museum for naturkunde und vorgeshichte Oldenburg
(photo 02-03) - Stefanović, A. 1969. Kuća i pokućanstvo u severnom Banatu, U: Rad
Vojvođanskih muzeja, broj 18-19, 13-27. Novi Sad
Plate I – Original formular
Plate II - Map of Neolithic culture in the Balkans
Plate III – Experimental work
Plate IV
Plate V
Plate VI
Plate VII
Plate VIII
Plate IX

Plate X
Plate XI
Plate XII
Plate XIII
Plate XIV
Plate XV
Plate XVI
Plate XVII

Plate XVIII
Plate XIX

Plate XX
Plate XXI
Plate XXII
Plate XXIII
Plate XXIV

Plate XXV
Plate XXVI
Plate XXVII