14 Different Special Types of Concrete - Prons and Cons: September 30, 2020 by Sanjay Singh
14 Different Special Types of Concrete - Prons and Cons: September 30, 2020 by Sanjay Singh
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In this article, We explain different special types of concrete. like fiber-reinforced concrete,
high-density concrete, lightweight concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, plum
concreet, polymer concrete, No fine concrete, etc.
Table of Contents
1. Different Special types of concrete :
1.1. 1. Light Weight Concrete:
1.2. 2. Plum concrete:
1.3. 3. Fiber Reinforced Concrete:
1.4. 4. Polymer Concrete:
1.5. 5. High Density Concrete:
1.6. 6. Prestressed Concrete:
1.7. 7. Precast Concrete:
1.8. 8. Controlled concrete:
1.9. 9. Self Healing Concrete
1.10. 10. Fly ash Concrete:
1.11. 11. Silica fume concrete:
1.12. 12. Self Compacting Concrete:
1.13. 13. Transparent Concrete:
1.14. 14. Ready mix concrete:
Lightweight concrete is special types of concrete which have less weight and less density
compare to other concrete.
The density of ordinary concrete is 2400 kg/m3. But light weight concrete has 400 to
2000kg/m3 density.
Construction Density
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Thermal Insulation
Fire Resistance
Repairability
Durability
Construction Density:
The density of light weight concrete is 400 to 2000 kg/m3. Low density light weight
concrete used as thermal insulation material in building where high density light weight
concrete used as structure block in building.
Compressive strength:
Compressive strength of light weight concrete is relatively high in its density. As the
density increases the compressive strength increases from 0.5 N/mm2 to 35 N/mm2.
Tensile strength:
Thermal Insulation:
The Thermal Insulation of light weight concrete is three to six times more than of bricks
and ten times more than of concrete.
Fire Resistance:
Light weight concrete has very good fire resistance and due to its low thermal
conductivity, the building can be protected from the effects of fire.
Repairability:
Light weight concrete can be easily broken, cut, loosened. Thus construction can be
easily repaired.
Durability:
Due to the porosity and low alkalinity of light weight concrete, it does not protect the iron
from corrosion. Therefore, special processing is required to protect the iron from
corrosion.
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i. Light Weight Aggregate Concrete:
Volcanic cinders
Natural sand is added to improve the workability, strength and water requirement of light
weight concrete to ensure that the concrete does not segregate during mixing.
Light weight aggregates increase water absorption. Thus aggregates can be coated with
silicon compounds, which reduce water absorption.
The aggregate can also be coated with bitumen, but bitumen coating reduces the bond
between the aggregate and the paste.
More concrete cover than normal concrete is provided to prevent corrosion of iron.
Hydrogen peroxide and bleaching powder are also used for cellular concrete.
This special types of concrete does not use fine aggregate, only coarse aggregate,
cement and water are mixed to make no-fine concrete.
As the dead load of the building decreases, the cross section of the building
becomes smaller so that construction becomes economical.
As the weight of the building decreases, the depth and cross-section of the
foundation decreases.
Construction speeds up, the cost of transportation decreases.
Formwork has to undergo relatively low weight/pressure.
The thermal conductivity of this concrete is higher than that of ordinary concrete.
So, where air conditioning is to be used, it gives good weather and low power
consumption.
Light weight concrete can be easily nailed, easily cut, easily repaired.
The use of light weight concrete increases the use of industrial waste such as
clinkers, fly ash, slag etc.
2. Plum concrete:
Plum concrete is made for mass concrete using a large aggregate of a maximum size of
300 mm(called plums).
Low heat cement should be used to reduce the heat generated during concreting.
Heat loss can be achieved by arranging pipes in concrete and carrying cold water in them.
Plain concrete has very low tensile strength as well as ductility and resistance
against cracks.
If small fibers are mixed in such concrete, its tensile strength increases a lot. Such
concrete is called fiber reinforced concrete.
Fibers added to concrete reduce the workability of the concrete by winding around
the aggregate. However, concrete mixes become more cohesive and less likely to
segregate.
Different types of fibers are used in this type of concrete. Such as steel, glass,
polypropylene, nylon, asbestos, jute, coir. carbon etc. The fibers are rounded or
flattened.
The aspect ratio= Length of fiber/diameter is very important for fibers, which is
around 30 to 150.
Ex. Steel, carbon, Glass, etc. Ex. Polypropylene, nylon, Vegetable fibers, etc.
Fibers Hard instrusion Soft instrusion
Concrete whose flexural and impact Concrete whose impact strength is more but
strength both are more. flexural strength has less.
Steel fibers have more strength than nylon and polypropylene fibers. Round steel fibers are
commonly used with a diameter of 0.25 to 0.75 mm.
Steel fibers increase the flexural, impact and fatigue strength of concrete. Steel fibers
range from 1.0 to 2.5%.
Steel Fibers Rainforced Concrete (SFRC) is mainly used for highways, tunnel linings,
bridge rails, hydraulic struts, earthquake resisting buildings, gutter covers, repair work,
etc.
Steel Fibers Rainforced Concrete has a kinetic and shock resistance of 8 times to 10
times more than ordinary concrete. While tensile strength is doubled.
i. Type of fiber:
The modulus of elasticity of the fibers should be greater than the modulus of elasticity of
the matrix. So that stresses can be effectively transferred between the matrix and the
fibers.
As the total fiber size increases in concrete, the strength and resistance against impact
increases. But if the fiber content exceeds 2%, the concrete becomes hard and
segregation takes place.
Tensile strength and shock resistance increase if the aspect ratio of the fiber is up to 75
but tensile strength and shock resistance decrease if the aspect ratio exceeds 75.
iv. Placement of fibers:
If the fibers are Placed in the direction of the applied force, it gives greater tensile strength
and shock resistance.
If the size of coarse aggregate exceeds 10 mm, the strength of concrete decreases.
4. Polymer Concrete:
For more details of Polymer Concrete click Here: What is Polymer Concrete and Sulphur
Infiltrated Concrete, Types, Application.
The density of ordinary concrete is 2400 kg/m3, but the density of high density concrete is
3300 kg/m3 to 5500 kg/m3.
The ordinary aggregates used in concrete has density is 2.6. But natural and
synthetic aggregates with a density of about 4.0 are available.
High density concrete formed, by breaking down magnetite or hematite or barite
rocks containing heavy iron and using natural aggregates as suitable aggregates
and fine aggregates of suitable grade. Hence we get 3500 kg/m3 density of
concrete.
If iron shots are used on both the site coarse aggregate and the fine aggregate. The
density of the resulting concrete is as high as 5500 kg/m3.
The compressive strength of such concrete is 20 to 21 N/mm2.
Cement aggregate ratios are kept at 1: 5 to 1: 9 and water cement ratios are kept at
0.5 to 0.65.
6. Prestressed Concrete:
Simply prestressed concrete is a special types of concrete in which reinforcement bar are
tensioned before embedded in concrete.
Types of prestressing:
Pre – tensioning
Post – tensioning
i. Pre – tensioning:
In this method first formwork is prepared and wires (cables) are arranged in it.
The cables are tied by pulling at both ends.
Then concreting is done.
Once the concrete has hardened, the cables are cut from both ends. So that the
cables try to get shorter and compression are generated in the concrete.
In this method poly pipes (ducts) are arranged from the profile in the right place in
the formwork.
Concreting is then done.
Once the concrete has hardened, the cable is passed through a pipe and pulled to
one end.
Thus, in pre-tensioning, the cable is pulled before the concrete hardens while in
post-tensioning the cable is pulled after the concrete hardens.
7. Precast Concrete:
Various components of concrete are cast before being used in the structure, dried and
then used in the structure. Such concrete is called pre-cast concrete.
Such precast units are cast near the building site. It was then used in the building.
8. Controlled concrete:
The strength of the concrete found in the laboratory and the strength on site are compared
as follows.
Ft = Fck + K. S
where,
Self-healing concrete is introduced in the concrete which helps to repair the cracks by
producing calcium carbonate crystals that block the micro-cracks and pores in the
concrete.
The B. Pasteurii, Bacillus subtilis and B. Spharicus etc bacteria are use as self healing
agent.
Click here to see more details of self-healing concrete : SELF HEALING CONCRETE ( BIO-
CONCRETE)
Generally fly ash is used in concrete for the purpose of increasing the workability of
concrete and as well as reducing the cement content in concrete.
As per IS:456-2000, Fly ash used in concrete up to 35% permitted by replacing of Ordinary
Portland cement
Silica fume concrete is a special types of concrete that is prepared by mixing of concrete
components with silica fume. Silica fume is a by-product of silica. silica is also act as
pozzolana material in concrete that means it also affects the concrete strength.
Self compacting concrete is a special types of concrete that flow under its own weight
and fill space of formwork without need for Mechanical vibration. It is also known as
flowing Concrete.
Transparent concrete is a Special types of concrete which allows pass light through it.
Transparent concrete is also known as light-transmitting concrete or translucent
concrete.
Light transmitting through concrete Due to some amount of coarse aggregate content of
concrete is replace with light-transmitting material or optical fibers.
In this concrete, the high amount of fine aggregate is used or fine material is used.
For more details of transparent concrete click here: What is transparent concrete?
Material used || Advantages and Disadvantages.
Ready mix concrete is a special types of concrete that is prepared at ready mix plants and
transport from to construction location.
Ready mix concrete is good quality of concrete because it is prepared under good quality
of control and the content of aggregate, sand, and water is also well specified as per
design mix of concrete.
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