ĐỀ 2

PART I - LISTENING (50 points)

1. You will hear a lecture discussing the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. For questions
1-10, complete the notes below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. (20pts)
Trophic cascade: An ecological phenomenon occurs when an animal at the top of the (1) _________ affects
creatures at the bottom.
Before reintroduction, wolves in Yellowstone Park had been (2) _________ for 7 decades.
The increased numbers of deer had resulted in the reduction of (3) _________ in the park.
The deer changed their (4) _________ to avoid wolves in some areas of the park.
It also resulted in some trees growing five times in (5) _________ in just six years.
The number of (6) __________ began to increase.
Their dam building habits provided (7) ________ for ducks, fish and reptiles.
The roots of regenerating trees and plants prevented (8) ________.
An increase in the number of (9) __________ was significant for wildlife habitats.
So, the wolves changed both the (10) _________ and physical geography of Yellowstone Park.
2. You are going to hear two students, Brett and Mica, on an environmental studies course talking to
their tutor about photography assignment. Now listen and answer questions 1-5. Write NO MORE
THAN FIVE WORDS for each answer. (10pts.)
1. In bad weather, what should students think carefully about when it comes to photography?
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What does Brett want to take advantage of when photographing near water?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What can they avoid when they use a piece of equipment called an “angle finder”?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. According to the tutor and Brett, whose works or paintings should they use to generate ideas?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What issues should they think about when deciding on what to photograph?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. You will hear a talk about where the English language came from. For questions 1-5, listen and
decide whether the following sentences are true (T), false (F), or not given (NG). (10pts)
1. English shares many words with Italian.
2. Beowulf is an example of Old English.
3. Words that start with a “pf” sound in German start with “p” in English.
4. The Indo European family compresses all the languages spoken round the world.
5. More than 3 billion people around the world are studying English

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YOUR ANSWERS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

4. You will hear an interview in which two journalism students, called Matthew and Tracy, are
talking about fact and opinion in the news. For questions 1-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which
fits best according to what you hear. Write your answer in the space provided. (10pts)
1. Matthew believes it is difficult to differentiate fact from opinion because
A. the news is delivered in short segments.
B. people fail to give their full attention to the news.
C. there is a wide range of sources for news.
D. people may be unfamiliar with the background to a news story.
2. What change did Tracy make to the questionnaire they prepared?
A. She reduced the number of options.
B. She added more open questions.
C. She reworded some questions.
D. She defined some terms.
3. Matthew and Tracy were both impressed by an article they read about
A. education.
B. pollution.
C. transport.
D. sport.
4. Matthew feels worried about writing factual articles
A. in case he misleads readers.
B. in case he includes inaccuracies.
C. because he has little experience of it.
D. because his first one was criticized by his classmates.
5. What does Tracy point out about using photos or video when reporting news?
A. Images have a stronger impact than the written word.
B. Photos make the news seem more factual.
C. The public expect visual support for news.
D. The public prefer video to photos.
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

PART II: LEXICO-GRAMMAR (30 points)

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1. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided. (15pts)
1. The students were still able to cheat without being caught by the camera, _____ high-tech supervision.
A. so much for B. very much of C. thus be it D. so it be
2. Her ambition and _____ determination ensured that she rose to the top of her profession.
A. hounded B. wormed C. ducked D. dogged
3. The cost of expensive designer clothes is _______ for most people.
A. well-disposed B. cut-throat C. intimidated D. prohibitive
4. All her adult life she had a _______ nightmare involving a fast car with no brakes.
A. revolving B. returning C. recurring D. repetitive
5. The writer of this article is totally irresponsible. I’ve never seen such _____ reporting.
A. sensitive B. sentimental C. sensational D. sensual
6. We ______ from our guests’ parting comments that they had not enjoyed themselves.
A. implied B. inferred C. induced D. affirmed
7. Here I sit ______ - no food, no money, no anything.
A. high and dry B. thick and thin C. huff and puff D. wear and tear
8. The secretary dashed ___________ the weekly report to his director.
A. up B. off C. of D. for
9. It takes a very determined person to achieve results as good as this; you really have to put your______ to
it.
A. mind B. head C. brain D. thoughts
10. There's been a slight improvement in his heallth, but he's not out of the _______ yet.
A. bush B. wood C. hand D. reach
11. Improving the overall environmental quality is a long-term battle in which we do want the participation
of everyone in society in order to ________ results.
A. realize B. reap C. bear D. generate
12. Windows go __________ towards defining the character of a house.
A. a long way B. far out C. all the way D. far away
13. Dr Johnson managed to ensure that the scientists in his research team were the ______ of the crop.
A. top B. catch C. cream D. blend
14. The question of peace settlement is likely to figure ________ in the talks.
A. prominently B. prolifically C. proportionately D. properly
15. He didn’t mean to be offensive; it was quite an __________ remark.
A. innocuous B. inaugural C. integral D. insidious
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

2. Fill each gap of the following sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (10pts)
TURNING THE TABLE
Shirley wwas not looking forward to the (1) reception at all. It was to RECEIVE
be a formal affair with the guests sitting at tables, making polite (2)
conversation all evening and, as she would know few of the other CONVERSE
guests, she expected the (3) boredom to be excruciating. BORE
As soon as she saw the tables she realised that there was something
unusual about them, but she wasn’t sure what it was. So (4)
imperceptible was it that only when the guests found their
designated places and sat down did they realise that the table and PERCEIVE
chairs were moving. It was explained to them that a (5) motorized
mechanism was keeping the guests and the food in front of them
moving, so that nobody spent more than ten minutes sitting opposite MOTOR
anyone else. The (6) originator, Paulo Rais, hoped that parties and
other social events would be (7) revoultionalized by his invention.
The (8) innovative device certainly made for an interesting evening ORIGIN
and Shirley, leaving for home much later that she had expected,
realised with a degree of (9) contention that she had thoroughly REVOLUTION
enjoyed the company of all the fascinating (10) diners who had INNOVATE
shared her table and shown more than a little interest in her.

CONTENT
DINE

YOUR ANSWERS
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

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3. There are FIVE mistakes in the passage below. Find the mistakes and correct them. There is an
example which has been done for you. (5pts)
1 The huge mountain of Kilimanjaro is one of the most distinct entities within the
severe land of the African wilderness. Rivers carry life to the forests and jungles
below flow from beneath the eminence, whereas in the endless plains of this
continent an astonishing diversity of animal species have evolved to take
5 advantage of the immense African habitat. They have adapted and survived in their
different shapes and sizes. Some of them are big, some small, some eat plans and
some live by meat. There are those which wander alone, unlike the others which
gather in herd. The multiplying millions of herbivores are balanced by the
frightening meat eaters - carnivores whose body build has been shaped for speed
10 and for the strength indispensable to outmanoeuvring their prey. These superior
predators which have conducted
their daily struggle for survival in the harsh African environment all live in
unfavourable surroundings where the punishment for weakness is often dead. The
reality of Africa best pictures the exciting cruelty of nature towards the weakness
15 of individual animals as only the existence of the whole species is essential.
However, big predators like lions or tigers don't usually tolerate company and
might, then, be exposed to mortal danger, were it not for their perfect attributes
and an uncomparable skill at killing. They should never be judged by human
standards. It is obvious they don't kill out of hatred, but for the simple reason of
20 remaining alive during their lone struggle in this hostile habitat.

YOUR ANSWERS
Line
Mistake Correction
number
1 distinct distinctive
Carry Carrying
by on
herd herds
dead deadly
uncomparable incomparable

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PART III: READING (60 pts)
PART 1. Choose the best word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the
following passage. (10 points)
Today the police are able to make use of all kinds of scientific and technological aids in their (1)________
against crime. However, this was not always the (2)______.
In the early days of the British police force, during the nineteenth century, the police officer’s whistle was
his (3)________ way of calling for help if he got into (4)_________. Gradually, in the twentieth century,
things (5)_________ to improve. Those police officers lucky enough to be (6)_______ a patrol car rather
than a bicycle could also take (7) ________ of radio communications.
In 1903, a new system for identifying people by their fingerprints was discovered. (8) _________ it soon
proved to be one of the most significant developments in crime investigation, a (9) _________ of the
national fingerprint collection could (10)_______ days, if not weeks, until computers were introduced in the
1970s.
1. A. charge B. duty C. fight D. match
2. A. instance B. case C. event D. condition
3. A. mere B. whole C. pure D. main
4. A. difficulty B. anxiety C. concern D. complaint
5. A. believed B. belonged C. became D. began
6. A. given B. thought C. thrown D. caught
7. A. profit B. advantage C. benefit D. service
8. A. Moreover B. Whether C. Despite D. Although
9. A. hunt B. look C. search D. seek
10. A. pass B. stand C. spend D. take
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PART 2. For questions 1 - 10, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and
write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (10 pts)
WHERE HAVE ALL THE GOOD CARTOONS GONE?
Childhood will never be the same again. Remember Saturday mornings spent lounging on the sofa,
hour (1) after hour, watching your favorite cartoons? (2) Could there have been a better reward for the long
school week that had had to be endured? Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, and Mickey Mouse brought virtually
life into (3) our living rooms. Back then, they were in black and white, and back then, they were meant to
amuse, to entertain.
It seems this has changed – and definitely (4) for the worse. Now when you turn on the television on
a Saturday or Sunday morning, you do (5) so at your own risk! Be prepared to confront violence in all its
animated glory: exploding bombs, falling buildings, blazing weapons, and a bad guy after bad guy. I don’t
see (6) what is funny about this warped vision of our times and our society. Nor do I see what’s worth
watching on these programs with (7) such gruesome caricatures of good and evil. Who is responsible for
children’s programming these days?
It cannot be good for today’s youth to be exposed (8) to this type of entertainment. (9) At best, they
are missing out on the humor, sensitivity and moral lessons that were to be had from the cartoons of old. At
worst, their childish brains are (10) being filled with scenes of non-stop violence and ideas that are morally
corrupt. Childhood should be a time of innocence, short-lived as it may be in these turbulent times in which

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we live. Perhaps we should bear this in mind the next time we see our child glued to the TV on a Saturday
morning.
Your answer:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PART 3. Read the text and choose the best answer A, B, C or D. (10 points)
It is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet
better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception, an obvious choice would be color
photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable
to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become
spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be
no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond
this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.
In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a
speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright
illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the
same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion
of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in
shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning,
are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is
obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were
accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the
person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also
recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He
was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an
extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of the
external world than could the camera.

In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a color card the colors of two pictures in
dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are colored an equal shade of green. In
making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently
looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own
experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.
In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of
pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which
they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than
the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise
with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In
other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the
percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.
The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent
goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature,
people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect,
however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in
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what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more
relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are
not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called “autistic” perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than
any normal percept.
1. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that__________.
A. color photography is a biological process.
B. vision is rather like color photography.
C. vision is a sort of photographic process.
D. vision and color photography are very different.
2. What does the word “it”, underlined in the first paragraph, refer to?
A. perception B. the photographic process
C. the comparison with photography D. the answer
3. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person__________.
A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a camera.
B. can see more clearly than a camera.
C. is more sensitive to changes in light than a camera.
D. sees colors as they are in spite of changes in the light.
4. What does the word “that”, underlined in the second paragraph, refer to?
A. the proportion of black to white B. the brightly illuminated disc
C. the other disc D. the grey color
5. The second experiment shows that___________.
A. people see colors according to their ideas of how things should look.
B. colors look different in a dim light.
C. cameras work less efficiently in dim light.
D. colors are less intense in larger objects.
6. What does the word “satiated”, underlined in the fourth paragraph, means?
A. tired B. bored
C. not hungry or thirsty D. nervous
7. What does “to equalize the brightness", underlined in the fourth paragraph, mean?
A. to arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together
B. to change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright
C. to describe the brightness
D. to move the pictures nearer or further away
8. The third experiment proves that________________.
A. we see things differently according to our interest in them.
B. pictures of food and drink are especially interesting to everybody.
C. cameras are not good at equalizing brightness.
D. satiated people see less clearly than hungry or thirsty people.
9. The expression “contrary to what one might expect” occurs the fifth paragraph. What might one
expect?
A. that the subjects would go to sleep.
B. that they would feel uncomfortable and disturbed.
C. that they would see, hear and feel nothing.
D. that they would see, hear and feel strange things.
10. The fourth experiment proves_______________.
A. that people deprived of sense stimulation go mad.
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B. that people deprived of sense stimulation dream.
C. that people deprived of sense stimulation experience unreal things.
D. that people deprived of sense stimulation lack perceptual experience.
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PART 4. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. Write your answer in the space
provided. (10pts)
What destroyed the Civilization of Easter Island?
A. Easter Island, or Rapu Nui as it is known locally, is home to several hundred ancient human statues - the
moai. After this remote Pacific island was settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for centuries. All
the energy and resources that went into the moat - some of which are ten metres tall and weigh over 7.000
kilos - came from the island itself. Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722. they met a Stone Age culture.
The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without the use of animals or
wheels, to massive stone platforms. The identity of the moai builders was in doubt until well into the
twentieth century. Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues had
been created by pre-Inca peoples from Peru. Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Daniken believed they were
built by stranded extraterrestrials. Modern science - linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence - has
definitively proved the moai builders were Polynesians, but not how they moved their creations. Local
folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to assume the ancestors dragged
the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.
B. When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In the 1970s and
1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments, which proved the island had been
covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years. Only after the Polynesians arrived did those forests
disappear. US scientist, Jared Diamond, believes that the Rapanui people- descendants of Polynesian settlers
- wrecked their own environment. They had unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island – dry, cool,
and too remote to be properly fertilized by windblown volcanic ash. When the islanders cleared the forests
for firewood and farming, the forests didn't grow back. As trees became scarce and they could no longer
construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields. Before
Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had descended into civil war and cannibalism, he maintains. The collapse of
their isolated civilization, Diamond writes, is a 'worst-case scenario for what may lie ahead of us in our own
future'.
C. The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as power displays by rival
chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting their dominance. They
competed by building ever bigger figures. Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled
over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people. To feed the people, even more land
had to be cleared. When the wood was gone and civil war began, the islanders began toppling the moai. By
the nineteenth century none we re standing.
D. Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University agree
that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an 'ecological catastrophe’ - but they believe the
islanders themselves weren't to blame. And the moai certainly weren't. Archaeological excavations indicate
that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields They

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built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to
keep the soil moist. In short. Hunt and Lipo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable
farming.
E. Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an activity that helped keep the peace between islanders.
They also believe that moving the moai required few people and no wood, because they were walked
upright. On that issue. Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore. Recent
experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily
manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The figures' fat bellies tilted them forward, and a
D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and rock them side to side.
F. Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the
island's trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves, made by
the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few years. Hunt and Lipo
calculate, they would have overrun the island. They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-
growing palm trees and thereby doomed Rapa Nui's forest, even without the settlers' campaign of
deforestation. No doubt the rats ate birds' eggs too. Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui
civilization collapsed when the palm forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained
more or less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had
no immunity. Then in the nineteenth century slave traders decimated the population, which shrivelled to 111
people by 1877.
G. Hunt and Lipo's vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders
and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining their own environment and
society. ‘Rather than a case of abject failure. Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success', they claim.
Whichever is the case, there are surely some valuable lessons which the world at large can learn from the
story of Rapa Nui.
a/Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct
number, i-ix, next to Questions 1-5. (10pts)

List of Headings Example

i. Evidence of innovative environment management practices Paragraph A  __ii__
ii. An undisputed answer to a question about the moai
iii. The future of the moai statues
iv. A theory which supports a local belief
v. The future of Easter Island
vi. Two opposing views about the Rapanuis’ control
vii. Destruction outside the inhabitants’ control Paragraph G ___vi__
viii. How the statues made a situation worse
ix. Diminishing food resources
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. Para B:
2. Para C:
3. Para D:
4. Para E:

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 5. Para F:

b/Questions 7-10: Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for
each answer. Write your answer in the space provided. (10pts)
Jared Diamond’s View
Diamond believes that the Polynesian settlers on Rapa Nui destroyed its forests, cutting down its
trees for fuel and clearing land for (6)________. Twentieth-century discoveries of pollen prove that Rapu
Nui had once been covered in palm forests, which had turned into grassland by the time the Europeans
arrived on the island. When the islanders were no longer able to build the (7) _________ they need to go
fishing, they began using the island’s (8)______ as a food source, according to Diamond. Diamond also
claims that the maoi were built to show the power of the island’s (9)______, and that the methods of
transporting the statues needed not only a great number of people, but also a great deal of (10) ________.
YOUR ANSWERS:
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PART 5. Identify which section A–D each of the following is mentioned. Write ONE letter A–D in the
corresponding numbered space provided. Each letter may be used more than once. (10pts)
You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the future of fuel. For
questions 1-10, choose from the writers A-D. The writers may be chosen more than once.
A. Howard Bloom, Author:
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me, peak oil is just a
hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in interstellar gas clouds, comets and in
space ice, and if this is the case, our planet could ooze oil for ever. And even if we stay earthbound, those
who say we have raped the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw materials we
haven't yet learned to use. There are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn solid granite into
food. If bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains can do it better. As far as the near future of energy
is concerned, I believe the most promising alternative fuels are biofuels, such as ethanol. It's an alcohol
made from waste products such as the bark of trees, woodchips, and other 'waste materials'. And that's not
the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the biomass industry is perfecting an energy-generation
plant that can run on human waste. We produce that in
vast quantities, and it's already gathered in centralized locations. 

B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at The University of Adelaide 

Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow and we need it to
mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these into finished goods. So the most
fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism to allow the exchange and allocation of different forms
of energy. Recently, people have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was possible to
expand our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in decline, and at the
same time, and as a direct result of this, the world's economy has been unable to expand, leading to global
recession. With the world's energy and the profitability of energy production in decline at the same time, the
net energy available to support activities other than energy procurement will decrease. We could increase
energy production by diverting a large proportion of our remaining oil energy into building nuclear power
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stations and investing in renewable forms of energy. However, this is very unlikely to happen in democratic
nations, because it would require huge, voluntary reductions in living standards. Consequently, the world
economy will continue to contract as oil production declines. With energy in decline, it will be impossible
for everyone in the world to become wealthier. One person's increased wealth can only come at the expense
of another person's worsened poverty. 

C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell 

People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and
international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without foundation. With continued economic growth,
the world's energy needs could increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe that the
world is running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long time in the
future. Taking unconventional resources into account, we are not even close to peak oil. The priority for oil
companies is to improve efficiency, by increasing the amount of oil recovered from reservoirs. At present,
just over a third is recovered. We can also improve the technology to control reservoir processes and
improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly, complex and technically demanding, and they depend
on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage young people to take up a technical career in the
energy industry. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy need to be made economically viable. International
energy companies have the capability, the experience and the commercial drive to work towards solving the
energy problem so they will play a key role. But it is not as simple as merely making scientific advances and
developing new tools; the challenge is to deliver the technology to people worldwide. Companies will need
to share knowledge and use their ideas effectively. 

D. Craig Severance, blogger 

What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else. Not only are
world oil supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very dirty to obtain. The Deepwater
Horizon oil spill occurred precisely because the easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil
now, we will see more disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The
cheap petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our oil — not just in dollars,
but in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet. The only solution is to get on with what we will
have to do anyway - end our dependence on it! There are many instances in which oil need not be used at
all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other ways, such as solar power or natural gas.
The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation. That doesn't mean the transportation of goods
worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving around of people. It means we have to change what we drive. The
good news is that it's possible. There is a wide range of fuel-efficient cars on offer, and the number of all-
electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long-distance travel and freight, the solution to this is to look to
rail. An electrified railway would not be reliant upon oil but could be powered by solar, geothermal, hydro,
and wind sources. There is a long way to go, but actions we take now to kick our oil addiction can help us
adapt to a world of shrinking oil supplies. 
(From Certificate in Advanced English exam)
Which writer:
1. believes oil will be available for many more years
2. believes that from now on, less oil is available
3. believes there are ways to obtain energy that we have not yet discovered
4. sees a great potential in natural fuels
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5. believes the fuel crisis will cause the poor to become poorer
6. sees energy and the economy as intrinsically linked
7. believes we should reduce our dependence on oil immediately
8. believes that people need to be attracted to working in the energy industry
9. believes that it is unlikely that governments will invest a lot of money into alternative energy
10. believes that future oil recovery will lead to more environmental disasters
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

SECTION IV. WRITING (60 points)

Part 1: Write a summary of NO MORE THAN 120 WORDS based on the passage given. Credit will
be given for use of own words but care must be taken not to change the original meaning. (10 pts)
The sea turtles, especially the leatherbacks, are undoubtedly one of nature’s most amazing creatures. They
roam the warm seas of the world throughout their life and come ashore only to lay eggs. Malaysia with its
long sandy shorelines has been destined as one of their breeding grounds. Unfortunately, the number of
leatherback turtles landing on the beaches has been declining over the years. According to the WWF
estimates, about 2000 leatherbacks arrived on Malaysian beaches in 1970. In 1989, only between 30 and 60
leatherbacks were found. The drastic drop within such a short span is certainly a great cause for concern.
Where have they gone to? Are they avoiding the beaches of Malaysia? Whatever it is, the message is
disturbingly clear – they may become an extinct species soon, that is, if no concerted effort is taken to check
the decline now.
The belief that the declining landings of turtles in Malaysia is the result of increasing landings in others parts
of the world is a fallacy. This is because the scenario is the same in other countries known to have been
visited by the turtles. What has caused the species to dwindle at such a rapid rate? There are many reasons
but an obvious one is none other than man’s greed. Turtles are killed for their meat. In the days before
refrigeration, turtles had been a source of fresh food for sailing ships. Today, turtle soup is a favorite dish
among Asians. Their shells have become coveted items for decorations and jewelry. Their eggs which are
meant to be hatched into young turtles are instead harvested and eaten. When deep sea fishing nets
inadvertently trap the turtles, fishermen often kill the turtles instead of cutting their nets to release them.
Pollution of the sea has also reduced the number of turtles. Many are choked to death by the plastic bags that
they mistake for jellyfish. It appears that the turtles are no longer safe in the sea where they spend most of
their lives.
Neither are they safe when the females come ashore to lay eggs. In fact ,this is the time when they are
particularly vulnerable as their movements are slow on land. The nesting places for these turtles have also
been greatly reduced. As more and more beaches are taken over for tourism with the construction of hotels,
chalets, and condominiums, the breeding grounds are reduced in the process. The intrusion of tourists into
these places makes it difficult for the turtles to lay their eggs. They have to look elsewhere to places that are
still quiet and undisturbed to lay their eggs. Unfortunately, these ideal places are few to come by now. Too
much development has taken place even along the coastline in most countries.

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Perhaps all is not lost yet. Sincere efforts are being taken to check the decline. In Malaysia, it is heartening
to note that concrete steps have been taken to protect the turtles that come ashore to lay eggs. The
indiscriminate collection of turtle eggs on the beaches is no more allowed. Turtle sanctuaries have been set
up in RantauAbang in Terengganu. The eggs collected by designated officials are sent to hatcheries in the
sanctuaries. In this way, the loss of eggs and the rate of mortality among the baby turtles are reduced. In
other words, more baby turtles are now able to return to sea and grow into adulthood.
In an effort to discourage the public from eating turtle eggs a Turtle Enactment Act has been introduced to
prohibit the sale of leatherback eggs. The WWF has also launched the ‘Save the Turtle Campaign’ to create
awareness among the public to help save endangered species. In this way, the consumption of turtle eggs
and perhaps turtle meat will be discouraged, thus putting a stop to the illegal sale of eggs and trapping of
turtles.

Part 2: report writing (20pts)

The graph shows the stock price of four technology companies between 2011 and 2016. Summarize the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Part 3: In the modern world, more and more emphasis is being placed on acquisition of practical
skills rather than knowledge from text books of other sources.
In about 200- 250 words, write an essay to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend. Use
reasons and examples to support your position. (30 points)

- THE END -

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