Chapter 4

Analysis of Structures

Prepared by: Engr. Lucia V. Ortega 8/28/20 Statics of Rigid Bodies

Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Chapter Objectives

 To develop the equations of equilibrium for a rigid body

 To introduce the concept of the free-body diagram for a rigid body
 To show how to solve rigid body equilibrium problems using the equations of equilibrium

Introduction

An engineering structure is any connected system of members built to support or transfer forces and to safely
withstand the loads applied to it. To determine the forces internal to an engineering structure, we must dismember
the structure and analyze separate free-body diagrams of individual members or combination of members. This
analysis requires careful application of Newton’s third law, which states that each action is accompanied by an equal
and opposite reaction.

Classifications of Structures

1. Truss – is a structure composed of members that are pin-connected and arranged in triangular manner to
constitute rigidity.
a) Plane trusses – the members of the truss lie essentially in a single plane. A simple truss requires three
members that are pin-connected at their ends.
b) Space trusses – consist of rigid links connected at their ends by ball-and-socket joints. It requires six bars
joined at their ends to form the edges of a tetrahedron as the basic noncollapsible unit.
2. Frame – are structures which are designed to support applied loads and are usually fixed in position
3. Machine – are structures that contains moving parts and are designed to transmit input forces or couples to
output forces or couples.

A frame or machine are a structure with at least one of its individual members is a multi-force member (also called
three-force member). A multi-force member is defined as one with three or more forces acting on it, or one with
two or more forces and one or more couples acting on it.

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Method of Joints

The method of joints may be summarized in the following steps:

1. Choose a pin (i.e., joint) on which no more than two members act. When the force in each member has been
determined, it is indicated on the truss diagram by arrows at each end of the member. These arrows act in the
direction appropriate for the force, i.e., toward the pin for compression and away from it for tension. When
force in a member is determined and appropriate arrows are marked on the original truss diagram, the member
is called marked member.

2. Draw the free-body diagram of the pin having only two unmarked members, assuming the forces in the
unmarked members to be either tension or compression. Solve the resulting equilibrium problem of
concurrent forces for the unknown forces. If a negative value is obtained for any force, the result will be correct
in magnitude, but opposite in action to that assumed.

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

3. After determining the forces at a pin, mark the original truss diagram with appropriate arrows at each end of
the member whose force you have found. Remember that the arrows act away from the pins for tension and
toward them for compression.

4. From the original truss diagram, select the next pin at which there are only two unmarked members. Draw a
new free-body diagram and determine the forces. Continue this procedure until you have marked all the
members, thereby indicating that the internal forces in all members have been found.

5. In many cases it is preferable to work from one end of the truss to the middle member, and then from the
other end of the truss back toward the same mid-member. A check of the accuracy of the calculations is
obtained if the forces in the mid-member agree as determined with these two independent methods of
analysis.

Example 4.1

Calculate the force in each member of the loaded truss shown in the figure below. Tabulate the results and
indicate the nature, i.e., tension (T) or compression (C).

Solution: b) FBD of joint A

a) Solve for the reactions ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +

1 1
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 ↷ + 1 − 𝐴𝐸 ( ) = 0 𝐴𝐵 − √2 ( ) = 0
√2 √2
𝑅𝐴 (6) − 2(3) = 0 𝑅𝐴 = 1 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐴𝐸 = √2 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶) 𝐴𝐵 = 1 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐴 − 𝑅𝐶𝑉 = 0 1 − 𝑅𝐶𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅𝐴 = 1 𝑘𝑁 ↓
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → +
𝑅𝐶𝐻 − 2 = 0 𝑅𝐶𝐻 = 2 𝑘𝑁 →

c) FBD of Joint C d) FBD of Joint E

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
𝐶𝐷 − 1 = 0 2 − 𝐵𝐶 = 0 1 1
√2 (√2) − 𝐵𝐸 = 0 √2 (√2) − 𝐷𝐸 = 0
𝐶𝐷 = 1 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
𝐵𝐸 = 1 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 𝐷𝐸 = 1 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

e) FBD of Joint B f) Check using FBD of Joint D

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
1 1 1 1
1 − 𝐵𝐷 ( ) = 0 2 − √2 ( ) − 1 = 0 √2 (√2) − 1 = 0 1 + √2 ( ) − 2 = 0
√2 √2 √2
𝐵𝐷 = √2 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶) 0=0 ok! 0=0 ok! 0=0 ok!

Member Force (𝒌𝑵) Nature

AB 1 T
AE √2 C
BC 2 T
BD √2 C
BE 1 T
CD 1 T
DE 1 C
xxx

Example 4.2

Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss shown in the figure below. Make use of the symmetry
of the truss and of the loading. Tabulate the results and indicate the nature, i.e., tension (T) or compression (C).

Solution:
a) Solve for the reactions
Since the truss is symmetrical and symmetrically
loaded,
1
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐸 = (30 + 60 + 30) = 60 𝑘𝑁 ↑
2
b) FBD of joint A
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
4 5
30 − 𝐴𝐵 ( )=0 𝐴𝐻 − 𝐴𝐵 ( )=0
√41 √41
𝐴𝐵 = 48.023 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶) 𝐴𝐻 = 37.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

c) FBD of Joint B d) FBD of Joint H

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
4 5 4
𝐴𝐵 ( ) − 𝐵𝐻 = 0 𝐴𝐵 ( ) − 𝐵𝐶 = 0 30 − 30 + 𝐶𝐻 ( )=0 𝐺𝐻 − 𝐴𝐻 = 0
√41 √41 √41
𝐵𝐻 = 30 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 𝐵𝐶 = 37.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶) 𝐶𝐻 = 0 𝐺𝐻 = 37.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

e) FBD of Joint G
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + Answers:
𝐶𝐺 = 60 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 𝐹𝐺 = 37.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑫𝑬 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)
𝑨𝑯 = 𝑭𝑬 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝑩𝑯 = 𝑫𝑭 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝑩𝑪 = 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)
𝑪𝑯 = 𝑪𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑮𝑯 = 𝑭𝑮 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝑪𝑮 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)

Example 4.3

Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss. All triangles are equilateral.

Solution: b) FBD of joint A

a) Solve for the reactions ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
Since all triangles are equilateral, it is also 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 𝐴𝐸 sin 60° = 0
equiangular, that means all interior angles are 7.5 − 𝐴𝐸 sin 60° = 0
60°. Assume each member to be of unit length. 𝑨𝑬 = 𝟓√𝟑 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
1 3
8(1) + 4 ( ) + 2 ( ) − 𝑅𝐶 (2) cos 60° = 0 𝑅𝐴𝐻 + 𝐴𝐸 cos 60° − 𝐴𝐵 = 0
2 2 13√3
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵 + 5√3 cos 60° − 𝐴𝐵 = 0
2
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟗√𝟑 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝑅𝐴𝑉 + 13 cos 60° − 8 − 4 − 2 = 0
𝑹𝑨𝑽 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + 𝑅𝐴𝐻 − 13 sin 60° = 0
𝟏𝟑√𝟑
𝑹𝑨𝑯 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝟐

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

c) FBD of Joint C 𝐵𝐶 − 13 sin 60° −

13√3
cos 60° = 0
3
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
𝟐𝟔√𝟑
𝑩𝑪 = = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)
𝑅𝐶 cos 60° − 𝐶𝐷 sin 60° = 0 𝟑

13 cos 60° − 𝐶𝐷 sin 60° = 0

𝟏𝟑√𝟑
𝑪𝑫 = = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝟑

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
𝐵𝐶 − 𝑅𝐶 sin 60° − 𝐶𝐷 cos 60° = 0
d) FBD of Joint E 𝐷𝐸 −
7√3
cos 60° − 5√3 cos 60° = 0
3
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
𝟏𝟏√𝟑
𝐴𝐸 sin 60° − 𝐵𝐸 sin 60° − 4 = 0 𝑫𝑬 = = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝟑
5√3 sin 60° − 𝐵𝐸 sin 60° − 4 = 0
𝟕√𝟑
𝑩𝑬 = = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)
𝟑
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
𝐷𝐸 − 𝐵𝐸 cos 60° − 𝐴𝐸 cos 60° = 0

e) FBD of Joint D f) Check using FBD of Joint B

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
𝐶𝐷 sin 60° − 𝐵𝐷 sin 60° − 2 = 0 𝐵𝐸 sin 60° + 𝐵𝐷 sin 60° − 8 = 0
13√3 7√3
sin 60° − 𝐵𝐷 sin 60° − 2 = 0 sin 60° + 3√3 sin 60° − 8 = 0
3 3
𝑩𝑫 = 𝟑√𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪) 𝟎 = 𝟎 ok!
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
𝐶𝐷 cos 60° + 𝐵𝐷 cos 60° − 𝐷𝐸 = 0 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐸 cos 60° − 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝐷 cos 60° = 0
13√3 11√3 7√3 26√3
cos 60° + 3√3 cos 60° − =0 9√3 + cos 60° − − 3√3 cos 60° = 0
3 3 3 3
0=0 ok! 𝟎=𝟎 ok!

Method of Sections

The use or method of sections permits us to determine directly the force in almost any member instead of
proceeding to that member by a join-to-joint analysis. In the method of sections, a cutting plane is passed through
the entire truss, separating it into two parts without cutting more than three members.
The method of sections may be summarized in the following steps:

1. For a given truss configuration with the applied loadings, pass a cutting plane through the entire truss,
separating it into two parts without cutting more than three members. Each part constitute a non-concurrent
system of forces in equilibrium under the action of the known loads that act on each part and the unknown
forces (stresses) that the members of one part exert on the other.

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

2. Since the unknowns in either system are the same, it is generally best to determine the unknowns from the
equations of equilibrium applied to the simpler system. The forces in the uncut members are internal to the
free bodies shown. Consequently, the forces in these members occur in equal opposite pairs at their joints and
hence cancel out of any calculation involving the entire free body.

3. Determine each unknown force independently of the other unknown by taking moment summation at the
intersection of the unknown forces to be eliminated from the moment summation. In some cases where taking
moment summation will not eliminate the other unknowns because there are parallel forces or the forces
intersect at infinity, consider taking summation of forces (vertical or horizontal) to solve at least one of the
unknown forces. Continue taking moment summation until all the unknown force in the cut members are
solved.

Example 4.4

Calculate the forces in members BC, BE and EF. Solve for each force from an equilibrium equation, which contains
that force as the only unknown.

Solution:
a) Pass a cutting plane through members BC, BE, b) To solve for BC, take summation of moment
and EF. Consider the right side of the section so about joint E (to eliminate BE and EF)
that there will be no need to solve for the ∑ 𝑴𝑬 = 𝟎 ↷ +
reactions at the supports. (See FBD of the right 14(3) − 𝐵𝐶(2) = 0
segment.) 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer
c) To solve for EF, take summation of moment d) Since only BE remains unknown, we can take
about joint B (to eliminate BC and BE) summation of moment anywhere on the FBD
∑ 𝑴𝑬 = 𝟎 ↷ + ∑ 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎 ↷ +
1 3 28√10 3 3
14(6) − 𝐸𝐹 ( ) (3) − 𝐸𝐹 ( ) (2) = 0 14(3) − ( ) (2) + 𝐵𝐸 ( ) (2) = 0
√10 √10 3 √10 √13
𝟐𝟖√𝟏𝟎 𝟕√𝟏𝟑
𝑬𝑭 = = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪) Answer 𝑩𝑬 = = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer
𝟑 𝟑

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.5

The members CJ and CF of the loaded truss cross but are not connected to members BI and DG. Compute the
forces in members BC, CJ, CI, and HI.

Solution: d) Pass a section that will cut through BC, CI, CJ and
For this problem, we need to solve first for the HI and consider the left segment of the section
reactions at the support (at least at the left support).
∑ 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟎 ↷ +
Then we will solve for the unknown forces using the
𝑅𝐽 (6) − 6(6) sin 60° − 4(3) − 𝐻𝐼(4) = 0
combination of method of joints and method of
14.196 (6) − 6(6) sin 60° − 4(3) − 𝐻𝐼(4) = 0
sections.
𝑯𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer
a) ∑ 𝑴𝑭 = 𝟎 ↷ + ∑ 𝑴𝑰 = 𝟎 ↷ +
𝑅𝐽 (12) + 6 (4)cos 60° − 6(12) sin 60° −
𝑅𝐽 (3) + 6(4) cos 60° − 6(3) sin 60° − 𝐵𝐶(4) −
4(9) − 10(6) − 8(3) = 0 2
𝑅𝐽 = 14.196 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐶𝐼 ( ) (3) = 0
√3

b) Consider FBD of joint A 14.196(3) + 6(4) cos 60° − 6(3) sin 60° −
2
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + 𝐵𝐶(4) − 16.225 ( ) (3) = 0
√13
𝐴𝐽 − 6 sin 60° = 0 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪) Answer
𝐴𝐽 = 3√3 = 5.196 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶) ∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 ↷ +
4
6(4) cos 60° + 4(3) − 𝐵𝐶(4) − 𝐶𝐻 ( ) (3) = 0
5
4
6(4) cos 60° + 4(3) − 3(4) − 𝐶𝐻 ( ) (3) = 0
5
𝑪𝑯 = 𝟓. 𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer

c) Consider FBD of joint J

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
2
𝑅𝐽 − 𝐴𝐽 − 𝐶𝐽 ( )=0
√13
2
14.196 − 3√3 − 𝐶𝐽 ( )=0
√13
𝑪𝑱 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪) Answer

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.6

Determine the forces in members GH and CG for the truss loaded and supported as shown. Does the statical
determinacy of the supports affect your calculations?

Solution:
Hinges at E and F support the truss in this problem; therefore,
there will be four reactions (horizontal and vertical reactions at
both E and F). For a plane truss, there are three available
equations of equilibrium for the solutions. For the truss in this
problem, there is one external redundant reactions. Therefore,
it is considered first degree statically indeterminate. However,
this problem can still be solve using method of section by
passing a cutting plane through members GH, CG and CD.
Consider the left side of the section.

a) ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 ↷ +
50(8) − 𝐺𝐻(4) = 0
𝑮𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer
b) ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
1
100(4) − 𝐶𝐺 ( ) (8) = 0
√2

𝑮𝑯 = 𝟓𝟎√𝟐 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer

Space Truss

A space truss is the three-dimensional counterpart of the plane truss. The idealized space truss consists of rigid links
connected at their ends by ball-and-socket joints, which requires six bars joined at their ends to form the edges of a
tetrahedron as the basic noncollapsible unit.

Example 4.7

Determine the forces in members AB, AC, and AD.

Solution:
a) Coordinates of points
𝐴(0, 0, 6) 𝐵(−1, −3, 0) 𝐶(2, 0, 0) 𝐷(−1, 3, 0)
b) Length of Members
𝑑𝐴𝐵 = √(−1 − 0)2 + (−3 − 0)2 + (0 − 6)2 = √46
𝑑𝐴𝐶 = √(2 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 + (0 − 6)2 = √40
𝑑𝐴𝐷 = √(−1 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 + (0 − 6)2 = √46
c) Components of AB, AC, and AD
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵𝑥 𝐴𝐵𝑦 𝐴𝐵𝑧
= = =
√46 1 3 6
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝐶𝑧
= =
√40 2 6
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐷𝑥 𝐴𝐷𝑦 𝐴𝐷𝑧
= = =
√46 1 3 6

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

d) Equilibrium equations
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
𝐴𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝐶𝑥 − 𝐴𝐷𝑥 = 0
1 2 1
𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐷 = 0 eq. 1
√46 √40 √46
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → +
𝐴𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝐷𝑦 − 5 sin 30° = 0
3 3
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐷 = 2.5 eq. 2
√46 √46
∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 ↑ +
𝐴𝐵𝑧 + 𝐴𝐶𝑧 − 𝐴𝐷𝑧 − 5 cos 30° = 0
6 6 6
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐷 = 5 cos 30° eq. 3
√46 √40 √46
e) Solving equations 1, 2, and 3 simultaneously
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪) Answer
𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪) Answer
𝑨𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻) Answer

Example 4.8

The tetrahedral space truss has a horizontal base ABC in the form of an isosceles triangle and legs AD, BD, and CD
that support the mass m from point D. A vertical wire from overhead supports suspends each vertex of the base.
Calculate the forces induced in members AC and AB
Solution:
a) From truss as a whole, ∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 gives tension in vertical
wire at C
∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ↷ +
𝑚𝑔(1) − 𝑇𝐶 (3) = 0
1
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔
3
1
b) By symmetry, ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0; 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔
3
c) Consider FBD of joint A
Coordinates of A, B, C, and D
𝐴(−1, −4, 0) 𝐵(−1, 4, 0) 𝐶(2, 0, 0)
𝐷(0, 0, 6)
Length of Members
𝑑𝐴𝐵 = √(0)2 + (8)2 + (0)2 = 8
𝑑𝐴𝐶 = √(2 + 1)2 + (0 + 4)2 + (0)2 = 5
𝑑𝐴𝐷 = √(0 + 1)2 + (0 + 4)2 + (6 − 0)2 = √53
Components of AB, AC, and AD
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵𝑦
=
8 8
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝐶𝑦
= =
5 3 4
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐷𝑥 𝐴𝐷𝑦 𝐴𝐷𝑧
= = =
√53 1 4 6

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Equilibrium equations
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → + −𝐴𝐶𝑥 + 𝐴𝐷𝑥 = 0
3 1
− 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐷 = 0 eq. 1
5 √53
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → + 𝐴𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝐶𝑦 + 𝐴𝐷𝑦 = 0
4 4
−𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐷 = 0 eq. 2
5 √53
∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 ↑ + 𝑇𝐴 − 𝐴𝐷𝑧 = 0
1 6 √53
𝑚𝑔 − 𝐴𝐷 = 0 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑚𝑔
3 √53 18
Substitute AD to eq. 1
5
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚𝑔
54
Substitute AD and AC to eq. 2
4
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔
27
Answers:
√𝟓𝟑 𝟓 𝟒
𝑨𝑫 = 𝒎𝒈 (𝑻) ; 𝑨𝑪 = 𝒎𝒈 (𝑪) ; 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒎𝒈 (𝑪)
𝟏𝟖 𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟕

Redundant Members; Counter Diagonals

In trusses subjected to moving loads, such as railroad bridges, the diagonal members may undergo reversal of stress;
that is, a diagonal normally in tension may become subject to a compressive load. If the diagonal is composed of
eyebars or is otherwise so slender compared with its length that it will buckle under compressive loads, an additional
diagonal sloping in the opposite direction must be provided in the truss panel to prevent collapse of the structure.
These diagonals are usually known as counter diagonals, or more briefly, counters. In considering the action of
counter, it is convenient to regard them as wires, which can support tension but will buckle instantly if subjected to
compression.

Example 4.9

The truss shown is composed of 45 right triangles. The crossed members in the center two panels are slender tie
rods incapable of supporting compression. Retain the two rods, which are under tension and compute the
magnitudes of their tensions. Also, find the force in member MN.
Solution:
Since all triangles are 45, the legs of the triangles are of equal
length. We can assume the legs of the triangles be of unit length.
a) Solve for reactions at each supports
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
100(4) − 80(2) − 𝑅𝐵 (6) = 0
𝑅𝐵 = 60 𝑘𝑁 ↑
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅𝐴𝑉 + 60 − 100 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑉 = 40 𝑘𝑁 ↑
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → + 𝑅𝐴𝐻 − 80 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 80 𝑘𝑁 →

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

b) Pass a cutting plane through members EF, FN, EM and MN.

Consider the right segment. Member EM is under
compression; hence, we can consider it zero-force
member.
∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0 ↷ +
100(1) − 60(3) + 𝑀𝑁(1) = 0
𝑴𝑵 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0 ↷ +
80(1) − 60(2) + 𝐹𝑁(1) cos 45° = 0
𝑭𝑵 = 𝟒𝟎√𝟐 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
c) Pass a cutting plane through members FG, FL, GM and LM.
Consider the right segment. Member FL is subjected to
compressive force; hence, we can consider it zero-force
member.
∑ 𝑀𝐺 = 0 ↷ +
100(2) − 60(4) + 𝐿𝑀(1) = 0
𝐿𝑀 = 40 𝑘𝑁(𝑇)
∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0 ↷ +
40(1) + 100(1) − 60(3) + 𝐺𝑀(1) cos 45° = 0
𝑮𝑴 = 𝟒𝟎√𝟐 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)

Example 4.10

The center panel of the truss shown in the figure contains two flexible cables. What load P will cause a
compressive force of 2000 𝑙𝑏 in BD? Then determine which tension diagonal BE or CD is acting and the force in
it.

Solution:
a) Solve for the reactions at each support.
∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0 ↷ + 𝑅𝐴 (3𝐿) − 𝑃(2𝐿) = 0
𝟐
𝑹𝑨 = 𝑷
𝟑
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐹 − 𝑃 = 0
2 𝟏
𝑃 + 𝑅𝐹 − 𝑃 = 0 𝑹𝑭 = 𝑷
3 𝟑
b) Pass a cutting plane through members BD, BE, CD and CE.
Consider FBD of the left segment. Member BE is under
compression; hence, we can consider it zero-force member.
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 ↷ + 𝑅𝐴 (𝐿) − 𝐵𝐷(𝐿) = 0
2
𝑃 (𝐿) − 2000(𝐿) = 0 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
3
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
1
3000(𝐿) − 2000(𝐿) − 𝑇𝐶𝐷 ( ) (𝐿) = 0
√2
𝑻𝑪𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎√𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒍𝒃

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.11

The center diagonals of the truss in the figure can support tension only. Compute the force in each center diagonal
and the force in BC, DE, and FG.

Solution:
a) Solve for reactions at each support
∑ 𝑀𝐻 = 0 ↷ +
𝑅𝐶 (50) − 200(70) − 600(30) − 600(15) − 300(20) = 0
𝑅𝐶 = 940 𝑙𝑏
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
940 + 𝑅𝐻𝑉 − 200 − 600 − 600 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = 460 𝑙𝑏
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → +
𝑅𝐻𝐻 − 300 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐻 = 300 𝑙𝑏
b) Pass a cutting plane through members BD, BE, CD and CE.
Force in member 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟎
∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0 ↷ +
𝐵𝐷(20) − 300(20) − 𝑅𝐻𝑉 (30) + 600(15) = 0
𝐵𝐷(20) − 300(20) − 460(30) + 600(15) = 0
𝐵𝐷 = 540 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)
∑ 𝑀𝐻 = 0 ↷ +
𝐵𝐷(20) − 600(30) − 600(15) − 300(20) +
1
𝐵𝐸 ( ) (30) = 0
√2
540(20) − 600(30) − 600(15) − 300(20) +
1
𝐵𝐸 ( ) (30) = 0 d) Consider FBD of joint C
√2
𝑩𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟏𝟖 𝒍𝒃 (𝑻) ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝐵𝐶 − 𝑅𝐶 = 0
c) Pass a cutting plane through members DF, EF, DG and EG. 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟗𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (𝑪)
Force in member 𝑬𝑭 = 𝟎 e) Consider FBD of joint E
∑ 𝑀𝐺 = 0 ↷ + ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
1
𝐷𝐹(20) − 300(20) − 𝑅𝐻𝑉 (15) = 0 𝐵𝐸 ( ) − 𝐷𝐸 − 600 = 0
√2
𝐷𝐹(20) − 300(20) − 460(15) = 0 𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (𝑪)
𝐷𝐹 = 645 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶) f) Consider FBD of joint G
∑ 𝑀𝐻 = 0 ↷ + ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
4
𝐷𝐹(20) − 600(15) − 300(20) + 𝐷𝐺 ( ) (15) = 0 4
𝐷𝐺 ( ) + 𝐹𝐺 − 600 = 0
5
5
4
645(20) − 600(15) − 300(20) + 𝐷𝐺 ( ) (15) = 0 𝑭𝑮 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (𝑪)
5
𝑫𝑮 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃 (𝑻)

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Frames and Machines

A frame or a machine is a structure with at least one of its members is a multi-force member. A multi-force member
is defined as one with three or more forces acting on it. Frames are structures which are designed to support applied
loads and are usually fixed in position. Machines are structures which contain moving parts and are designed to
transmit input forces or couples to output forces or couples.

Example 4.12

For the frame loaded as shown in the figure, determine the horizontal and vertical components of the pin pressure
at B. Specify directions (up or down; left or right) of the force as it acts upon member CD.

Solution: c) Check your answers using FBD of member AB

a) Consider FBD of the whole frame ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ + 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 200 = 0
200(2) + 300(6) − 𝑅𝐷𝑉 (4) = 0 550 − 350 − 200 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑉 = 550 𝑙𝑏 ↑ 0=0 ok!
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
𝑅𝐷𝑉 − 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 200 = 0 𝐵𝐻 − 𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 0
550 − 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 200 = 0 450 − 𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑉 = 350 𝑙𝑏 ↓ 𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 450 𝑙𝑏 ←
b) Consider FBD of member CBD d) Consider FBD of the whole frame
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ↷ + ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 → +
300(6) − 𝐵𝐻 (4) = 0 𝑅𝐷𝐻 − 𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 0
𝑩𝑯 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ← 450 − 450 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + 0=0 ok!
𝑅𝐷𝑉 − 𝐵𝑉 = 0
550 − 𝐵𝑉 = 0
𝑩𝑽 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ↓

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.13

The frame shown in the figure is hinged to rigid supports at A and E. Find the components of the hinge forces at
A and E and the forces in members BC and BD.

Solution:
a) Consider FBD of the whole frame
∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0 ↷ + 120(4) − 𝐴ℎ (4) = 0
𝑨𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ←
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → + 𝐸ℎ − 𝐴ℎ = 0
𝐸ℎ − 120 = 0 𝑬𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃 →
b) Consider FBD of member AB
3
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → + 𝐵𝐷 ( ) − 𝐴ℎ = 0
5
3
𝐵𝐷 ( ) − 120 = 0 𝐵𝐷 = 200 𝑙𝑏 ↗
5
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
4
120(4) − 𝐵𝐷 ( ) (8) + 𝐵𝐶(8) = 0
5
4
120(4) − 200 ( ) (8) − 𝐵𝐶(8) = 0
5
𝐵𝐶 = 100 𝑙𝑏 ↓
4
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + 𝐴𝑉 + 𝐵𝐷 ( ) − 𝐵𝐶 = 0
5
4
𝐴𝑉 + 200 ( ) − 100 = 0 𝑨𝑽 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ↑
5
c) Consider FBD of member CDE
4
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ + 𝐸𝑉 − 𝐵𝐷 ( ) + 𝐵𝐶 = 0
5
4 ∑ 𝑀𝐸 = 0 ↷ +
𝐸𝑉 − 200 ( ) + 100 = 0 𝑬𝑽 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ↑
5 4
𝐵𝐷 ( ) (5) − 𝐵𝐶(8) = 0
d) Check 4
3 4
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → + 𝐸ℎ − 𝐵𝐷 ( ) = 0 200 ( ) (5) − 100(8) = 0
5 4
3 𝟎=𝟎 ok!
120 − 200 ( ) = 0 𝟎=𝟎 ok!
5

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.14

A billboard BC weighing 1000 𝑙𝑏 is subjected to a wind pressure of 300 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 as shown in the figure. Neglecting
the weights of the supporting members, determine the components of the hinge forces at A and F.

Solution:
a) Consider FBD of member BC
3
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 ↷ + 300(10)(5) − 𝑅𝐶 ( ) (10) = 0
√10
𝑅𝐶 = 500√10 𝑙𝑏
b) Consider FBD of member DEF
∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0 ↷ +
3 3
500√10 ( ) (8) − 𝑅𝐸 ( ) (4) = 0
√10 √13
𝑅𝐸 = 1000√13 𝑙𝑏
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → +
3 3
500√10 ( ) − 1000√13 ( ) + 𝑅𝐹𝐻 = 0
√10 √13
𝑹𝑭𝑯 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 →
c) Consider FBD of member CD
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅𝐷 = 500√10 𝑙𝑏
d) Consider FBD of the whole structure
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → + 300(10) + 𝑅𝐹𝐻 − 𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 0
300(10) + 1500 − 𝑅𝐴𝐻 = 0 𝑹𝑨𝑯 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ←
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
300(10)(9) + 1000(6) − 𝑅𝐹𝑉 (12) + 𝑅𝐹𝐻 (4) = 0
300(10)(9) + 1000(6) − 𝑅𝐹𝑉 (12) + 1500(4) = 0
𝑹𝑭𝑽 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ↑
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅𝐹𝑉 − 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 1000 = 0
3250 − 𝑅𝐴𝑉 − 1000 = 0 𝑹𝑨𝑽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ↓

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.15

For an 80-N squeeze on the handles of the pliers, determine the force F applied to the round rod by each jaw. In
addition, calculate the force supported by the pin at A.

Solution:
a) ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
80(95) − 𝐹(35) = 0
𝑭 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝑵
b) ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
𝐴 = 80 − 217.143 = 0
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝑵

Example 4.16

The automobile bumper jack is designed to support a 400 N downward load. Begin with a free-body diagram of
BCD and determine the force supported by roller C. Note that roller B does not contact the vertical column.

Solution:
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
𝐶(340) − 4000(550) = 0
𝑪 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝑵

Example 4.17

The device shown in the figure is designed to drive brads into picture-framing material. For a gripping force of 10
lb on the handles, determine the force F exerted on the brad.

Solution:
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
10(2.5) − 𝐵𝑥 (1) = 0
𝐵𝑥 = 25 𝑙𝑏
The for F on the brad is 25 lb

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.18

Determine the magnitude of the pin reaction at A and the magnitude and direction of the force reaction at the
rollers. The pulleys at C and D are small.

Solution:
𝑚
a) 𝑇 = 60 𝑘𝑔 (9.81 ) = 588.6 𝑁
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
b) Consider FBD of ABFC (contact at bottom roller)
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
5 5
588.6(1.2) − 588.6 ( ) (1.2) − 588.6 ( ) (0.4) − 𝐹(0.8) = 0
13 √41
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟑 𝑵 ↑
c) ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
4 12
𝐴𝑥 − 588.6 ( ) − 488.6 ( ) = 0
√41 13
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟗𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝑵 →
d) ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑ +
5 15
588.6 ( ) + 488.6 ( ) + 313.513 − 588.6 − 𝐴𝑦 = 0
√41 13
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝑵 ↓

Example 4.19

Determine the components of all forces acting on each member of the loaded truss.

Solution: d) Consider FBD of AC

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → + 𝑹𝑨𝑯 = 𝑹𝑪𝑯 = 𝟎
a) Consider FBD of segment AC
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
𝑅𝐴𝑉 + 𝑅𝐶𝑉 − 𝑃 = 0
𝑃(𝑅 − 𝑅 cos 45°) + 𝑅𝐶𝐻 (𝑅) − 𝑅𝐶𝑉 (𝑅) = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑉 + 0.293𝑃 − 𝑃 = 0
𝑅𝐶𝑉 − 𝑅𝐶𝐻 = 𝑃(1 − cos 45°) eq. 1
𝑹𝑨𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝑷 ↑
b) Consider FBD of segment BC
e) Consider FBD of BC
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↷ +
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → + 𝑹𝑩𝑯 = 𝑹𝑪𝑯 = 𝟎
𝑃(𝑅 − 𝑅 cos 45°) − 𝑅𝐶𝐻 (𝑅) − 𝑅𝐶𝑉 (𝑅) = 0
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
𝑅𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅𝐶𝐻 = 𝑃(1 − cos 45°) eq. 2
𝑃 − 𝑅𝐵𝑉 − 𝑅𝐶𝑉 = 0
c) Solving eqns. 1 and 2 simultaneously
𝑃 − 𝑅𝐵𝑉 − 0.293𝑃 = 0
𝑹𝑪𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝑷 𝑹𝑪𝑯 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑩𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝑷 ↓

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Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.20

A beam carrying the loads shown in the figure is composed of three segments. It is supported by four vertical
reactions and joined by two frictionless hinges. Determine the values of the reactions.

Solution:

a) Consider FBD of the left segment

∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0 ↷ + 400(3) − 𝑅5 (6) = 0
𝑹𝟓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅1 + 𝑅5 − 400 = 0
𝑅1 + 200 − 400 = 0 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
b) Consider FBD of the right segment
∑ 𝑀𝑅6 = 0 ↷ + 100(6)(3) − 𝑅4 (6) = 0
𝑹𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅6 + 𝑅4 − 100(6) = 0
𝑅5 + 300 − 100(6) = 0 𝑹𝟔 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
c) Consider FBD of the middle segment ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ +
∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0 ↷ + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 − 200(14) − 𝑅5 − 𝑅6 = 0
200(14)(3) + 𝑅6 (14) − 𝑅5 (4) − 𝑅3 (10) = 0 𝑅2 + 1180 − 200(14) − 200 − 300 = 0
200(14)(3) + 300(14) − 200(4) − 𝑅3 (10) = 0 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒍𝒃

Prepared by: Engr. Lucia V. Ortega Page 19 of 20

Statics of Rigid Bodies Chapter 4: Analysis of Structures

Example 4.21

The bridge shown in the figure consists of two end sections, each weighing 200 tons with center of gravity at G,
hinged to a uniform center span weighing 120 tons. Compute the reactions at A, B, E, and F.

Solution:

a) Consider FBD of the middle segment

∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0 ↷ + 60(40) + 120(30) − 𝑅𝐷 (60) = 0
𝑹𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐷 − 60 − 120 = 0
𝑅𝐶 + 100 − 60 − 120 = 0 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
b) Consider FBD of the left segment
∑ 𝑀𝑅𝐴 = 0 ↷ + 200(30) + 𝑅𝐶 (70) − 𝑅𝐵 (50) = 0
200(30) + 80(70) − 𝑅𝐵 (50) = 0 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 200 − 80 = 0
𝑅𝐴 + 232 − 200 − 80 = 0 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
c) Consider FBD of the right segment
∑ 𝑀𝑅𝐸 = 0 ↷ + 200(20) − 𝑅𝐹 (50) − 𝑅𝐷 (20) = 0
200(20) − 𝑅𝐹 (50) − 100(20) = 0 𝑹𝑭 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ + 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝐹 − 200 − 𝑅𝐷 = 0
𝑅𝐸 + 140 − 200 − 100 = 0 𝑹𝑬 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔

Prepared by: Engr. Lucia V. Ortega Page 20 of 20