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    PERF 01c

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    Leonisa Torino
    This document discusses five sources or bases for determining whether something is right or wrong: 1. Moral subjectivism - right and wrong is determined by an individual's own thoughts and feelings, but this denies the possibility of moral criticism or principles. 2. Cultural relativism - right and wrong is determined by a culture's principles, but this denies the possibility of universal moral principles or of a culture being mistaken. 3. Ethical egoism - right and wrong is determined by one's self-interest, but this implies immorality in helping others at one's own expense. 4. Utilitarianism - right and wrong is determined by the overall consequences and goodness/happiness

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    PERF 01c

    Uploaded by

    Leonisa Torino
    27 views1 page
    This document discusses five sources or bases for determining whether something is right or wrong: 1. Moral subjectivism - right and wrong is determined by an individual's own thoughts and feelings, but this denies the possibility of moral criticism or principles. 2. Cultural relativism - right and wrong is determined by a culture's principles, but this denies the possibility of universal moral principles or of a culture being mistaken. 3. Ethical egoism - right and wrong is determined by one's self-interest, but this implies immorality in helping others at one's own expense. 4. Utilitarianism - right and wrong is determined by the overall consequences and goodness/happiness

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    This document discusses five sources or bases for determining whether something is right or wrong: 1. Moral subjectivism - right and wrong is determined by an individual's own thoughts and feelings, but this denies the possibility of moral criticism or principles. 2. Cultural relativism - right and wrong is determined by a culture's principles, but this denies the possibility of universal moral principles or of a culture being mistaken. 3. Ethical egoism - right and wrong is determined by one's self-interest, but this implies immorality in helping others at one's own expense. 4. Utilitarianism - right and wrong is determined by the overall consequences and goodness/happiness

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    27 views1 page

    PERF 01c

    Uploaded by

    Leonisa Torino
    This document discusses five sources or bases for determining whether something is right or wrong: 1. Moral subjectivism - right and wrong is determined by an individual's own thoughts and feelings, but this denies the possibility of moral criticism or principles. 2. Cultural relativism - right and wrong is determined by a culture's principles, but this denies the possibility of universal moral principles or of a culture being mistaken. 3. Ethical egoism - right and wrong is determined by one's self-interest, but this implies immorality in helping others at one's own expense. 4. Utilitarianism - right and wrong is determined by the overall consequences and goodness/happiness

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    LEONISA GUERRERO TORINO BSA 2

    From the notes on the foundation of ethics, it is said that there is a difference between right and wrong. Give at least
    your 5 sources or bases when do you say something is wrong or right. Reflect on each base or source you mentioned. 5
    sentences only per bases.

    (1) Moral Subjectivism


    Right and wrong is determined by what you -- the subject -- just happens to think (or 'feel') is right or wrong.
    In its common form, Moral Subjectivism amounts to the denial of moral principles of any significant kind,
    and the possibility of moral criticism and argumentation. In essence, 'right' and 'wrong' lose their meaning
    because so long as someone thinks or feels that some action is 'right', there are no grounds for criticism. If
    you are a moral subjectivist, you cannot object to anyone's behavior (assuming people are in fact acting in
    accordance with what they think or feel is right). This shows the key flaw in moral subjectivism -- probably
    nearly everyone thinks that it is legitimate to object, on moral grounds, to at least some peoples' actions.
    (2) Cultural Relativism
    Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture just
    happens to hold at the time.
    Cultural Relativism is closely linked to Moral Subjectivism. It implies that we cannot criticize the actions of
    those in cultures other than our own. And again, it amounts to the denial of universal moral principles. Also, it
    implies that a culture cannot be mistaken about what is right and wrong (which seems not to be true), and so it
    denies the possibility of moral advancement (which also seems not to be true).
    (3) Ethical Egoism
    Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest. Or, it is immoral to act contrary to your
    self-interest.
    Ethical Egoism is usually based upon Psychological Egoism -- that we, by nature, act selfishly. Ethical
    egoism does not imply hedonism or that we ought to aim for at least some 'higher' goods (e.g., wisdom,
    political success), but rather that we will (ideally) act so as to maximize our self-interest. An ethical egoist will
    claim that the altruist helps others only because they want to (perhaps because they derive pleasure out of
    helping others) or because they think there will be some personal advantage in doing so. This leads us to the
    key implausibility of Ethical Egoism -- that the person who helps others at the expense of their self-interest is
    actually acting immorally.
    (4) Utilitarianism
    Right and wrong is determined by the overall goodness (utility) of the consequences of action.
    Utilitarianism is a Consequentialist moral theory.
    The Greatest Happiness Principle (GHP) implies that we ought to act so as to maximize human
    welfare. We do this in a particular instance by choosing the action that maximizes pleasure/happiness and
    minimizing suffering. In general, morally right actions are those that produce the best overall consequences /
    total amount of pleasure or absence of pain.
    (5) Kantianism (Immanuel Kant’s Theory)
    The rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they
    fulfill our duty. According to Kant, a good person is someone who always does their duty because it is their
    duty. It is fine if they enjoy doing it, but it must be the case that they would do it even if they did not enjoy it.
    The overall theme is that to be a good person you must be good for goodness sake. Never treat anyone
    merely as a means to an end. Rather, treat everyone as an end in themselves.

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