Topic 1: Medication  Administer medication to family and

 Cure a disease, treat a disease, relief or patient education on the medication

prevention of disease. Also called drugs. Types of Medication Action
1. Therapeutic Effect
What is prescription?  Or a desired effect of the medication
 It is the written direction for the  The primary effect intended that is the
preparation and administration of a drug reason the drug is prescribed

Clinical Pharmacist Side Effects of Citirisis: fall asleep

 Is a specialist who often guides the
primary care providers in prescribing 2. Adverse Effect or Reaction
drugs, they are the experts in the  May justify the discontinuity of a drug
therapeutic use of medicine in the health  Undesired effect, unintended effect,
care field. unpredictable effects that ranges from
mild to severe
Pharmacology
 Is the study of the effect of drugs on living 3. Side Effects or Secondary Effect
organisms  This are also unintended usually
predictable and maybe harmless or
Pharmacist potentially harmful
 Is a person licensed to prepare and
dispense drugs and to make up 4. Toxic Effect
prescriptions  Often developed after prolonged intake
 Dispensing of a medication or when a medication
accumulates on the blood because of
Pharmacy impaired metabolism or excretion
 Is the art of preparing, compounding, and  Excess amount of medication within the
dispensing drugs. Also refers to the place body sometimes may have lethal effects
where drugs are being prepared or
dispense 5. Idiosyncratic Reaction
 In which patient overreacts to a
Kinds of drug names medication or has a reaction different
1. Genetic Name from normal
 Given before a drug becomes officially an
approve medication 6. Allergic Reaction
 They are the unpredictable responses to a
2. Official Name medication
 The name under which it is listed in one
of the official publication Common Dosage Administration Schedules
Dosage Schedules Abbreviation
3. Chemical Name before meals AC, ac
 Describes the anatomical and molecular As desired ad lib
structure of the medication twice each day BID
3 times per day TID
4. Brand Name after meals PC
 It is the given name by the drug as needed PRN
manufacturer every 4 hours q4h
4 times a day QID
Pharmacist role once a day OD
 The role of a pharmacist is to prepare and give immediately STAT
dispense drug and to make up
at bedtime HS
prescriptions

Role of Nurses in the Administering of

Medications
14 Rights in the Medication Administration
1. Right Drug or Medication- read the label 7. Elixir
3x  a sweetened and aromatic solution of
2. Right Client or Patient- ask the name of alcohol used as a vehicle for medical
the client, check his/ her ID band agents
3. Right Route- check the order (oral, IQ,  Example: pediatric paracetamol elixir,
etc.) bromhexine elixir
4. Right Dose- check the medication sheet,
doctor’s sheet 8. Extract
5. Right Frequency or Time- check when it  A concentrated form of drug made form
would be given vegetables or animals
6. Right Assessment- secure a copy of the
client hx to drug interactions and allergies 9. Gel or Jelly
7. Right Approach  A clear or translucent semisolid that
8. Right Education- what drug or liquefies when applied to skin
therapeutic effects
9. Right Evaluation 10. Liniment
10. Right Documentation- write the time and  A medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or
any remarks on the chart correctly soapy emollient and applied to the skin
11. Right to Refuse- ensure that the patient  Methyl salicylate is used as a liniment to
consent to administer meds soothe joint and muscle pain and choline
12. Right Principle of Care salicyde is used to typically to relieve the
13. Right Prescription pain of mouth ulcers
14. Right Nurse Clinician
11. Lotion
Type of Drug Preparation  A medication in a liquid suspension
1. Aerosol Spray of Foam applied to the skin
 They are liquid, powder or foam
deposited in a thin layer on the skin by 12. Lozenges
air.  A flat, round, or oral preparation that
 Example: metered dose inhaler dissolves and release a drug when held in
the mouth
2. Aqueous Solution
 One or more drugs dissolved in water 13. Ointment
 An aqueous solution is a solution in which  A semisolid preparation of one or more
the solvent is water (Gatorade) drugs used for application to the skin and
mucous membrane
3. Aqueous Suspension
 One or more drugs finely divided in a 14. Paste
liquid such as water  A preparation like ointment, but thicken
 Example: antibiotics and stiff, that penetrates the skin less
than an ointment
4. Caplet
 A solid form, shaped like a capsule, 15. Pill
coated, and easily swallowed  One or more drugs mixed with a cohesive
 A caplet is an oval tablet of medicine material, in oval round or flattened
shapes
5. Capsule
 a gelatinous container hold a drug in 16. Powder
powder, liquid, or oil form  A finely ground drug or drugs; some are
used internally others externally
6. Cream 
 a non- greasy, semisolid preparation use 17. Suppository
on the skin
  One or several drugs mixed with a firm
base such as gelatin and shaped for
insertion into the body (e.g., the rectum)
the base dissolves gradually at body
temperature releasing drug
18. Syrup
 An aqueous solution of sugar often used Topic 3: Routes of Medication
to disguise unpleasant tasting drugs Methods of Medication Administration
1. Enteral Route
19. Tablet  This are the drugs administered orally
 A powdered drug compressed into a hard  Either mouth or tube
small disc; some are readily broken along
scored line; others are enteric coated to a. Oral Route- most common, least
prevent them from dissolving in the expensive, and most convenient for most
stomach clients.
b. Sublingual Route- administration a drug
20. Tincture is placed under the tongue, where it
 An alcoholic or water-and-alcohol dissolves
solution prepared from drugs derived c. Buccal Route- means “pertaining to the
from plants cheek”. Administration a drug is placed
between gums and teeth
21. Transdermal Patch
 A semipermeable membrane shaped in 2. Topical Route
the form of a disc on patch that contains  Applied locally to the skin or to the
a drug to be absorb through the skin over mucous membrane. They affect only the
a long period of time area to which they are applied
 Transdermal or Dermatologic
Topic 2: Factors Affecting Medication Action  Opthalmic
1. Patient Related Factors  Otic
 Age  Nasal
 Gender  Vaginal
 Body weight  Rectal
 Presence of food in stomach
 Drug allergies a. Transdermal- refer to patches can be
 Genetic variation delivered slowly….and continuously for
 Environmental state many hours.
 Pathological state Example: salonpas
 Psychological state b. Opthalmic- administration of drugs
through the eyes.
2. Medication Related Factors Example: eye drops
 Physical state of drugs Eyes- the most sensitive organ from inner
 Route of administration to outer
 Time of administration c. Otic- apply directly to the affected ears
 Administration of otic for adult-
 Drug tolerance pulling the pinna up and back and placing
 Drug dependence the tip of dropper above auditor canal
Administration of otic for
Factors in Medication Administration children- pulling pinna straight back
 Convenience Administration of otic for infant,
 State of patient children less than 3- pulling pinna down
 Desired onset of action and back
 Patients cooperation d. Nasal- these are the medications
insufflated through the nose, dropper
 Nature of medication
above the nares
 Age of patient
 Effects on gastrointestinal tract
 e. Vaginal- slowly absorbed through the
vaginal wall and often use to give Non- Luer Lok has a smooth graduated
estrogen syringe and needles are slip into it, the larger non-
luer lok syringe is use for irrigation of wound and
f. to women during menopause to relieve Luer Lok Syringe has a tip that requires a
vaginal symptoms, soreness, and redness needle to be twisted onto it to avoid accidental
g. Rectal- medication is mixed with a waxy removal of the needle
substance that dissolves or liquefies after Prefilled unit dose system they are
it is inserted into the rectum available and disposable prefilled syringes ready
3. Parenteral for use; made of plastic or glass
 This are the invasive method of Ampules or Vials ampules is a glass
administering medication. This refers to container usually design to hold a single us of
giving medications by needle drugs it is made of a glass distinctive shape with a
 Subcutaneous constrict neck, vials is a small glass bottles with a
 Intramuscular sealed rubber cap comes in different sizes, vials
 Intravenous are sometimes single dose and multiple dose vials
 Intrathecal
A. Intradermal Route
3 Variable Characteristics  It is the administration of drug into the
1. Slant or Length of the Bevel dermal layer of the skin just beneath the
 Longer bevel provide the sharpest needle epidermis. This method is use in allergy
and cause less discomfort testing and TB screening
 IM, SC
 IV push 3-5 minutes, too fast may B. Subcutaneous Route
cause__  Administered subcutaneously like
vaccines, insulin, heparin
2. Length of the Shaft Common Site:
 Commonly use varies from ½ until 2  Outer aspect of the arm
inches  Anterior aspect of the thigh- 3 ml syringe
with a gauge of 25 needle or smaller
3. Gauge or Diameter  Abdomen or thigh
 Varies from 18- 30___
C. Intramuscular Route
The larger the number the  Are absorbed more quickly than of
subcutaneous injections
 3m, 5ml syringe
Types of Syringe  Standard package IM needle is 1 and ½ in
1. Standard or Hypodermic gauze 21 or 22
 Comes I n 3ml, 5ml, 10ml, 20ml, 50ml Factors
 10ml, 20ml, 50ml are not use to 1. Muscle
administer medication directly but can be 2. Type of Solution
useful for adding medication to IV 3. Amount of adipose tissue covering the
solutions or for irrigating wounds muscle
4. Age of Client
2. Insulin Syringe
 This is similar to hypodermic syringe but D. Intravenous Route
the scale is design for insulin  Medication enters into the client
 1ml different unit bloodstream directly by way of vein, they
are appropriate when a rapid effect is
3. Tuberculin Syringe required
 A narrow syringe calibrated in the tenth  Is also appropriate when
and hundredths of a milliliter  Fastest for drug administration
 1ml
 Use for administering drugs especially
when small and precise measurement is E. Intra-arterial Route
indicated
  Administration of medication through
artery

F. Intrathecal Route
 Delivery of the medication into the
cerebrospinal fluid

G. Intraperitoneal Route
 Administration into the peritoneum

Topic 4: Medication Administration

Nurses who do not follow the 5R’s

Common Reasons
1. Pharmalogical Knowledge
2. Miscalculation/ Miscomputation
3. Interruption
4. Workload
5. Fatigue

Topic 5: Medication Dosage Calculation

Amt. to administer=Desired Dose x Quantity
Stock Dose
Amt. to administer= D/S= n
Amt. to administer= nxQ