Lesson 1: Functions Important Concepts

 Relations are rules that relate two

Functions and Relations
values, one from a set of inputs and the
Definition: A relation is a rule that relates
second from the set of outputs.
values from a set of values (called the
domain) to a second set of values (called  Functions are rules that relate only one
the range). value from the set of outputs to a value
- A relation is a set of ordered pairs from the set of inputs.
(x,y).

Definition: A function is a relation where Example. Which of the following relations

each element in the domain is related to are functions?
only one value in the range by some rule. 1. f ={(1,2)(2,3)(3,5)(4,7)}
- A function is a set of ordered pairs
(x,y) such that no two ordered
pairs have the same x-value but 2. g={(1,3)(1,4)(2,5)(2,6)(3,7)}
different y-values. Using functional
notation, we can write f(x) = y, read
as “f of x is equal to y.” In
3. h={(1,3)(2,6)( 3,9)…(n ,3 n),.. }
particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered
pair associated with the function f,
then we say f(2) = 1.
Forms of Functions
“All functions are relations but not all
relations are functions.” As diagrams,
Function Relation Example. Which of the following mapping
one : one one : many diagrams represent functions?
many : one
(set A) (set b)
Example. Which of the following table are
functions?

Name LRN
Ace 306401150008
Gian 104392080007
Amiel 104392080099 -3 -6
-2 -1
Solution. This is a function because each -1 0
student has their own LRN, it shows that 0 3
they have one is to one relationship. 1 15
16

Student Name Subject

Pierre
Laiza Genmath
Angela

Solution. This is a function because each

student is taking GenMath, it shows that
they have many is to one relationship.
 As table of values,
Example. Which of the following table of
values represent functions?

Time Cost Value

(years) (thousands)
0 32
1 27.2
2 23.1
3 19.67
4 16.70
As graphs,
Time Radioactivity
The Vertical Line Test (seconds) level
0 20
A graph represents a function if and only if 1 10
each vertical line intersects the graph at 2 5
most once. 3 2.5
4 1.25

Time (s) Speed (m/s)

0 49.0
1 39.2
2 29.4
3 19.6
4 9.8
5 0.0

Example. Which of the following

equations represent functions?

(a) x + y=7

(b) 3 x−2 y=5

(c) x 2+ 2 y =4

(d) x + y 2=1
(e) 2 x+ y 3 =12
As mathematical models,

Functions can often be used to model real

situations. Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to a better
Tip: Check the exponent of y-value. understanding of various phenomena.
If the exponent is odd number, the
equation is a function. If the exponent is Example. Give a function C that can
even number, the equation is not a represent the cost of buying x meals, if
function. one meal costs P40.

As piecewise functions, Solution. Since each meal costs P40,

A piecewise is a function is a function then the cost function is C(x) = 40x.
which consists of two or more functions in
a specified domain.

f ( x )=
{2−x
x−1 ,∧x >2
2
,∧x ≤2 Example. One hundred meters of fencing
is available to enclose a rectangular area
next to a river (see figure). Give a function
f ( x )=x−1 f ( x )=2−x 2 A that can represent the area that can be
enclosed, in terms of x.

Solution. The area of the rectangular

enclosure is A = xy. We will write this as a
function of x. The perimeter of a rectangle
is 2x + 2y. Since only 100 m of fencing is
available and you don’t need to fence the
part where the river is located, then x + 2y
= 100 or y = (100 – x)/2 = 50 – 0.5x. Thus,
A(x) = x(50 – 0.5x) = 50x – 0.5 x 2.

Example. A user is charged P300 monthly

for a particular mobile plan, which includes
100 free text messages. Messages in
excess of 100 are charged P1 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text
messaging using the function t(m), where
m is the number of messages sent in a
month.
Solution. The cost of text messaging can
be expressed by the piecewise function: As a function values,

{
t ( m )= 300 ,∧if 0<m ≤100
300+m ,∧if m>100
1. g ( x )=x 2−2 x +1
a. g ( 0 )

Example. If distance (D) is a function of

time (t), give a function D that can
represent the distance a car travels in t b. g ( 3 )
time, if every hour the car travels 60
kilometers.

Solution. D(t) = 60t

c. g(−1)
Example. An internet company chargers
P500.00 for the first 30GB used in a
month. Every exceeding GB will then cost 2.
P30.00. But in the consumer reach a total
of 50GB and above, a flat rate of
P1000.00 will be charged instead. Write a
piecewise function C(g) that represents
the change according to GB used?

Example. The cost of hiring a catering

service to serve for food for a party is
P150 per head for 20 persons or less,
P130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and
P110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For
100 or more persons, the cost is at P100
per head. Represent the total cost as a
piecewise function of the number of
attendees of the party.
Solution.
 e. ( f ° g)( x)
Operations on Functions
The sum function f +g is the function
defined by: (f + g)( x)=f ( x)+ g ( x)
Problem Solving Involving Functions
Example. Emma and Brandon drive away
The difference function f – g is the from a campground. Emma went North
function defined by: and Brandon went East. Emma’s speed is
(f −g)(x)=f (x ) – g( x) 40 kph and Brandon’s speed is 75 kph.
Express the distance between the cars as
a function of time.
The produce function f∗g is the function
defined by: (f∗g)( x)=f ( x)g (x)

f
The quotient function is the function
g
f f ( x)
defined by: ( )(x) = , g(x )≠ 0
g g(x)

Example. A rectangular field is to be

fenced along the bank f a river, and no
The composite function f ° g is the
fence is required along the river. The
function defined by: (f ° g)( x)=f (g(x ))
material for the fence costs Php8 per
running foot for the two ends and Php12
per running foot for the side parallel to the
Example. Given f ( x)= x+1 and river; Php3600 worth of fence is to be
g(x )=x 2−x – 2. Find the following. used. Express the area of the field as a
function of x.
a. ( f + g )( x )

b. ( f −g ) ( x )

c. ( f∗g ) ( x )

Example. A buko pie store can produce

d. ()f
g
(x) buko pie at Php95. It is estimated that if
the selling price of the buko pie is x pesos,
then the number of buko pie sold each day
is 1000-x. 1. Express the daily profit of the
store as a function of x. 2. Use the result
in a to determine the daily profit, given that x −2 −1 0 1 2 1 3 4 5
2
the selling price is Php160. 2
y 3 1 1 3 2 0 a 6 5
3 3 3
5 2 3

Example. You went downtown and Through graph,

decided to buy green mangoes. The seller
charges you Php30 a kilo for first 10 kilos.
You planned to get more mangoes and Rational Functions, Rational
the seller told you that if you buy up to 20
Equations, Rational Inequalities
kilos after the first 10 kilos, you’ll get
Php10 discount for each kilo. The seller Rational Functions
added that if you want to add more, the 2x
3

price each kilo of green mangoes is Php10 f ( x )=

1
after the first 20 kilos. 1. Write a function
that models this situation 2. How much will 1
the seller charge if you buy 29 kilos? g ( x )=
x

x+ 2
h ( x )=
3 x −1

Rational Equations
2 4
+ =0
x−1 2−x
Lesson 2: Rational
Functions 10 4 5
+ =
Definition: is a function in the form x( x −2) x x−2
P( x)
y=f ( x )= , where P( x ) and Q(x ) are x+2
Q( x) +1=0
polynomial functions and Q(x ) ≠ 0 . 3 x −1

Example. Rational Functions Rational Inequality

2
2x
3 x +3 x +2
f ( x )= 2
≥0
1 x −16

1 x 1
g ( x )= − ≤0
x x+2 x+ 1

x+ 2 x+2
h ( x )= >0
3 x −1 3 x −1

Rational Equation
Rational Function can be represented;
Through equation, P(x )
– if in the rational function is
x Q( x)
y= +4 equated
x−3
to 0.
Through table of values,
Rational Inequality
– if the = symbol in the rational equation is
replaced with ≤ , ≥ , < , >

Solving Rational Equations and

Inequalities
Solving Rational Equations