OVERCOMING THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE: A VICTIM’S PERSPECTIVE

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the College

of Criminal Justice System Education Isabela
State University - Cauayan Campus
Cauayan City, Isabela

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Presented by:

Agraan, Daryll Dave V.

Arponeda, Quennie Marie
Calixtro, Sunshine O.
Manuel, Angelica C.

June 2023

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 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction

Physical violence against a child is not the only form of child abuse. Any form of adult

maltreatment that is violent or threatening to the child is considered child maltreatment. Neglect is one

of them. It also includes various types of child abuse. Physical violence, Abuse, whether emotional or

psychological, Physical neglect, emotional or psychological neglect, and sexual abuse are all examples

of neglect. Childhood maltreatment has long been known to have detrimental effects on both physical

and psychological health. Despite the fact that the effects on child-to-adult cognition and related

educational attainment have been established, the general population has yet to be studied.

Information and abuse (sexual, physical, psychological, and witnessed), cognition, and mental health of

children were all evaluated. There were 8,928 people in the 1958 British Birth Cohort (Geoffroy,

Pereira, Li, & Power, 2016).

Child maltreatment or child abuse refers to any form of violent maltreatment by an adult or

endangering the child The perspectives of children who have been the victims of child abuse may

cause trauma and have an impact on their intellectual growth as well as their mental or physical

development health, with consequences ranging from minor injuries to severe brain damage and, in

extreme cases, death Furthermore, the majority of child abuse victims have been abused by their

families, relatives, as well as others. Child maltreatment (abuse or neglect of a child during infancy and

early childhood) has been shown to have a negative impact on child development, especially brain

development and cognitive development, as well as long-term consequences. Furthermore, it is

estimated that one in every four children will be abused or neglected at some point in their lives, and

one in every seven children has been abused in the last year. In 2016, 676,000 children were killed in

the United States, reported to child protective services, and identified as victims of child abuse or

apathy (Lipard & Nemeroff, 2019).

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 The impacts of regional and economic factors on estimates of global child maltreatment as

determined by the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were investigated in this

multilevel meta-analysis. South America had the highest estimations among the continents, Europe and

Asia had lower CTQ estimates. China, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom in particular provided

the lowest maltreatment estimates. Compared to low- or middle-income nations, high-income countries

showed lower physical neglect estimates. Estimates of childhood physical neglect were negatively

correlated with per-capita GDP (Viola, Salum, Schiavon, Vieira, Levandowski, & Oliveira, 2016).

Despite growing global awareness of children's rights, numerous documented cases of child

abuse continue to occur in many countries. There are approximately 33 million children in the

Philippines. authorities estimate that there were over eighteens in 1999 alone approximately 12,000

cases of child abuse. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) reported an

increase in from 1991 to 1997, there were cases of child abuse and neglect (Yacat & Ong, 2002).

44.5% of these cases were classified as sexual abuse, while 21.67% were classified as

physical abuse, and 15.07% due to neglect. Child Protection at the Philippine General Hospital during

the same year, Unit PGH-CPU reported a similar trend which revealed that 67.7% of the cases they

handled involved child abuse cases. Only 10% of these cases involved physical abuse. While statistics

indicate that the majority of alleged abusers are known to the victim. According to statistics, 66% of

child abusers are family members of the victims fails to reflect the abuse that occurs in Philippine

educational institutions, as well as the church Abuse in these institutions, is difficult to quantify for many

reasons. Child abuse authorities are prevented from recognizing child abuse due to societal and

cultural factors as well as dealing with abuse in schools and churches (Velayo, R., 2006).

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of child physical and psychological abuse

on victims, with a focus on how they cope with these experiences. Furthermore, in order to have a

better knowledge of child maltreatment and its effects on victims, this study wants to clarify the issues

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they face in overcoming their past. Finally, this research aims to examine abuse victims and assist

them in resolving their problems.

Theoretical framework

This study is to determine the effects of child physical and psychological abuse on victims, with

a focus on how they cope with these experiences. Furthermore, in order to have a better knowledge of

child maltreatment and its effects on victims, this study wants to clarify the issues they face in

overcoming their past. Finally, this research aims to examine abuse victims and assist them in resolving

their problems. Hence, the following are theories related to this study:

Social Learning Theory. The study is based on social learning theory, which states that people

learn through modeling, observation, and cognitive processes. When it comes to child abuse, social

learning theory says that criminality and criminal behavior may be taught. According to the concept of

social learning, parents and caregivers who abuse or neglect their children because they have suffered

or witnessed abuse as children are more likely to harm their children. To put it another way, children

who have grown up in a violent environment accept it. Intervention and recognizing child maltreatment

can help reduce the chances of delinquency and criminal behavior in abused or neglected children

(Bandura, 1977).

General Strain Theory. This research study will be anchored in the general strain theory

framework to understand the impact of child abuse on delinquent behavior. Adolescents are more likely

than adults to engage in substance abuse, so children who had been abused or neglected were at a

higher risk of substance abuse. This study applied the general strain theory to child abuse because

abuse or neglect is seen as a significant stressor or unpleasant experience that may lead to

delinquency. Children who have experienced physical abuse or sexual abuse as a child, especially by a

parent or caregiver, have a higher likelihood of adolescent delinquency, according to reports (Agnew,

2001; 2013).

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 Self-Control Theory. In this study, the self-control theory premise can be applied. Low self-

control is defined by the "absence of" socialization or learned behavior rather than the "absence of"

socialization or acquired behavior.

Child abuse as a result of poor parenting (nurturance, discipline, or training) can stymie a child's self-

control development and, as a result, adolescent and adult misbehavior is a potential. The first of three

minimal criteria for proper parenting that can influence an individual's self-control is nurturing a child,

and keeping an eye on a youngster As a result of recognizing and penalizing aberrant behavior,

delinquents' lack of self-control may be related to previous child maltreatment (Gottfredson and

Hirschi’s, 1990).

Three Factor Theory. This study also employed the Three Factor Theory to investigate the

etiology of physical abuse and psychological/emotional abuse. When three elements are present, the

probability of maltreatment increases: 1) "high degree of parental anger," 2) "poor level of parental

restraint of overt aggressiveness," and 3) "emphasis on parental violence on the child." A child's

experience is determined by the factor one ratio as well as component two. The greater the ratio, the

greater the likelihood of physical abuse. In contrast, as the ratio falls, the probability of

psychological/emotional abuse increases. The three variables and sub-factors are intended to help

researchers understand how parental hostility can lead to child maltreatment, particularly physical and

psychological abuse (Lesnik-Oberstein, Cohen, and Koers, 1982).

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of child abuse from the victim’s

perspective.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the effects of child abuse in the life of the participants?

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 2. What are the strategies done by the participants in overcoming the effect of child abuse?

3. Propose intervention and rehabilitation program based on the findings of the study.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the overcoming of the effects of child abuse from a victim’s

perspective. This study will be useful or provide benefits to the victims that can help them overcome the

fear from their past experience with child abuse.

Victims of Child Abuse. This research will assist them in overcoming the abuse and problems, as well

as addressing symptoms. It may also assist them in stopping dangerous behaviours, though the

individual must sincerely desire to change.

Parents. This study gives them insight into how child abuse affects their child.

Government. This study will provide the necessary information to the agencies concerned in helping the

victims in overcoming the effects of child abuse or maltreatment.

Community. This study will provide them with specific knowledge on how to maintain a peaceful

community and do what is necessary to maintain peace.

Future Researcher. This research will be beneficial and useful in their research and studies. They can

use this as a starting point and reference for future research.

Scope and the Delimitation

This study examines the effects of child abuse in Isabela from the victim's perspective. This

study's primary objective is to classify and evaluate the various factors that influence the coping

strategies of child abuse victims. This research also seeks to better understand how to assist victims of

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child abuse in coping with the effects of their abuse. This study will only include 5-7 participants who

are at least 18 years old and have experienced child abuse.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were operationally defined for clarity and a better understanding of this

study.

Anxiety. Pertains to those experiences that have been suffering from abuse.

Abuse. In this study, abuse pertains to any individual who, as a child or youth, had a sexual encounter

that was unwanted, coerced, forced, or non-consensual.

Child abuse. This refers to any form of violent maltreatment by an adult or endangering the child.

Children. This pertains to those who have been the victims of child abuse, which may cause trauma

and have an impact on their intellectual growth as well as their mental or physical development health.

Depression. In this study, it refers to a common mental disorder.

Neglect. This states that “neglect” is the failure to provide for a child’s basic needs. Neglect may be

physical, medical, educational, or emotional.

Physical Abuse. In this study, it pertains to a physical injury (ranging from minor bruises to severe

fractures or death) as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing,

choking, and hitting.

Psychological Abuse. Referred to as verbal or emotional abuse, it involves the intentional infliction of

mental anguish or the provocation of the fear of violence or isolation in the older person.

Sexual abuse. In this study, sexual abuse includes activities by a parent or caretaker such as fondling a

child’s genitals, penetration, incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through

prostitution.
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Victim. It pertains to those who have been abused by their families, relatives, as well as others.

Violence. It refers to the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against

oneself, another person, or a group or community that either results in or have a high likelihood of

resulting in injury, death, or psychological harm.

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews about the effect of child abuse into the victim’s perspective. A review of

this literature was made to provide a substantial background to the research topic.

Foreign Literature

Oloke –Ake (2000) child abuse is any form of unfairness, abnormality, or inhuman behavior

meted out by the adult generation to the young and vulnerable. Gupta & Aggarwal (2012) child abuse is

the commission or omission of an act that places a kid at risk or at risk of injury. The World Health

Organization (WHO) defines child abuse as any form of physical and/or emotional maltreatment, sexual

abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, or commercial and other exploitation that causes actual or

potential harm to the child's health, survival, development, or dignity in the context of a relationship of

trust or power. Therefore, child abuse could be defined as any sort of physical, emotional, or sexual

mistreatment that negatively impacts a kid's health and development.

The government of the United Kingdom has defined four primary types of child abuse: physical,

emotional, sexual, and neglect. In other words, child abuse can take physical, emotional, sexual, and

neglectful forms. All of these are damaging to a child's health and mental development. Physical abuse

of a child is defined as the conduct of acts by a caregiver that result in actual or potential physical

damage. This refers to non-accidental harm to the child or non-accidental bodily injuries inflicted on a

child as a form of discipline by a person responsible for the child's care (W.H.O, 2006). Physical abuse

of a kid typically occurs when caregivers or parents vent their anger on a child without taking

precautions to prevent injury. The child's ailment may necessitate hospitalization due to physical abuse.

(W.H.O, 2006) reports, nearly one-fifth of females in neighboring Swaziland had experienced physical

abuse in their lifetime, and nearly one-fifth had experienced abuse so severe that it required medical

attention.

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 Sneddon (2003) Maltreatment encompasses sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, sexual

abuse happens when a kid or teenager engages in sexual acts for which he or she does not

comprehend or cannot offer informed consent. Sexual abuse encompasses 15 distinct sexual activities

between a child and an adult or between minors. They may involve physical touches and non-physical

contact, such as genital exposure, verbal pressure to engage in sexual activity, and sexual exploitation.

Emotional abuse may involve repeated inappropriate emotional responses and responses to the child's

feelings and conduct. Physical abuse refers to injuries and non-sexual adult conduct. Physical abuse

may 17 involve harm from the punishment that is inappropriate for the child's age or condition and can

be a one-time or repeated behavior by an adult. Neglect is the failure to protect or care for a child from

any form of harm. Neglect may involve insufficient attention, stimulation, emotional availability, food,

clothes, shelter, hygiene, nutrition, supervision, medical treatment, or education, all of which may result

in the child's deterioration. Turner, Finkelhor, Ormrod, Hamby, Leeb, Mercy, & Holt (2012) emotional

maltreatment may include hostile parenting, such as inconsistency, instability, low nurturing, coercion,

unpleasant interactions, and child rejection.

Similar to other types of abuse, academics and legislators define neglect differently. It is difficult

to detect neglect based on the severity of omitted parental actions (Mennen, Kim, Sang, & Trickett,

2010).

The definitions of physical abuse are more streamlined and agreed upon by researchers,

doctors, and legislators than those of other types of maltreatment, which are more complex and

inconsistent. The obvious, concrete and tactile characteristics of physical abuse make it easier to

define. Nevertheless, some researchers continue to ask questions. Whitney, Tajima, Herrenkohl, and

Huang (2006) the majority of activities judged to be physical abuse are obvious and straightforward to

identify.

Although they believe that the majority of instances of physical abuse are straightforward to

define, they also believe that the context around certain behaviors must be considered before defining
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them as abusive or not. For example, (Whitney, Tajima, Herrenkohl, and Huang, 2006), highlighted that

burning a child with a cigarette would always be considered abusive, but, shaking a child could depend

based on the child’s age (e.g. shaking an infant has different repercussions than shaking a teenager)

(e.g. shaking a baby has different consequences than shaking a teenager). Cruise, Jacobs, and Lyons

(1994) argued that it is essential to investigate parental intent, despite the fact that it is difficult to do so

accurately.

Given that the authors did not formally test the conditional effect of these strategies (i.e., sexual

abuse x avoidance), it remains unclear if the higher levels of depression reported in abused women

who use more avoidance coping are significantly distinct from those who rely less frequently on these

strategies. Additionally, other studies reported higher risks for depression following trauma (e.g.,

bullying and terrorism) in individuals who use more emotion- and avoidance-oriented coping strategies

(Aldwin and Revenson, 1987; Garnefski and Kraaij, 2014). Taken together, existing evidence suggests

that coping strategies may mediate and/or modulate the association between child maltreatment and

adult depressive symptoms, although stronger evidence has been observed for the former hypothesis.

However, most studies have focused on sexually abused females, which limits the generalizability of

findings to men and other forms of maltreatment (Walsh et al., 2010).

Mennen, Kim, Sang, & Trickett (2010) several sets of researchers, identified various

subcategories of neglect, including physical, mental health, cognitive, supervisory, educational,

emotional, and medical neglect. Although each of these groups has various specific subtypes, they all

have some things in common, such as the child's physical, emotional, mental, cognitive, medical,

educational, and psychological needs not being satisfied. English, Thompson, Graham, and Briggs

(2005) the degree or level of neglect should be dependent on child development, and the definition of

neglect should focus on the kid's needs and ability to function physically and psychologically.

Siegfried, Ko, & Kelley (2004) The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) in the

United States examined the association between victims of abuse and violent offenders on the

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assumption that they share many of the same risk factors. They identified victims and perpetrators as

having similar social, situational, and environmental features and lifestyles, and they used social

learning theory to propose that criminal behavior is truly "learned" through interaction with others,

particularly peer networks.

There are a considerable proportion of abused youth who do not engage in criminal activity.

Melzak (1997:102) the experience of possible violence in a kid's first five years may lead to violent

ideas and behavior in adulthood if the child does not have the opportunity to have a positive, stable

connection."

Sneddon (2003) compiled a comprehensive list of actions that constitute sexual abuse,

although it is crucial to highlight that the research surrounding the definition of child sexual abuse is

inconsistent. Haugaard, (2000) The majority of researchers concur that sexual intercourse with a child

constitutes sexual abuse; however, there is controversy regarding activities such as sleeping with or

washing a child. Haugaard researched many behaviors and discovered that it is important to consider

not just the behavior itself, but also the intensity continuum along which sexual activities can fall and the

context of these acts. For instance, a father who bathes a young child is regarded as proper, but if he

bathes an older child, the same conduct could be considered unsuitable. Haugaard presented a new

set of behaviors and conditions that had not been examined or considered by previous researchers.

Although some researchers, such as Haugaard, question the ability to precisely and precisely define

the spectrum of behaviors considered when discussing child sexual abuse, there is a consensus that

the behaviors (Sneddon 2003), constitute sexual abuse and will have a negative impact on the children.

Smith Slep, Heyman, & Snarr (2011) difficulties of diagnosing emotional abuse and

incorporated cultural considerations. 70-85% of the time, verbal punishment is utilized internationally

(e.g. yelling). The question then arises as to whether this is emotional abuse or part of a family or

group's culture. Their findings and definition complement (Sneddon's, 2003), definition of emotional

abuse, which outlines parental behaviors such as humiliating, insulting, belittling, threatening,
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abandoning, or coercing the kid, as well as excessive discipline. Although there are differing

perspectives and definitions about emotional abuse, there is unanimity regarding the terrible effects

these practices have on children.

Local Literature

The research also demonstrates that children are exposed to high levels of family violence,

including physical, emotional, and psychological abuse as well as the use of weapons (Ansara &

Hindin, 2009), a form of emotional and psychological abuse that can have a negative effect on

children's health. Nearly half of youngster’s report seeing their parents physically abuse one another

while they were children (Mandal & Hindin, 2013).

Hassan, Sadowski, Vizcarra, Ramiro, De Paula , Bordin & Mitra (2004) the most common

physical acts of intimate partner violence in the Philippines were "slapping" and "striking," whereas

pushing, clutching, or shoving, hitting, and throwing things were the most common in study (Fehringer

and Hindin's, 2009). Lee (2004) substance misuse and alcoholism are prevalent in domestic violence

instances in the Philippines.

Child abuse is becoming more common. Nurses' professional and legal responsibility include

reporting cases of known or suspected child abuse. In the Philippines, however, little study has been

conducted on nurses' intentions to report child abuse. A self-report, cross-sectional study was designed

to determine the factors influencing nurses' willingness to report child abuse in the Philippine context.

This study comprised 146 nurses who worked in the pediatric and emergency departments of Iloilo

district hospitals. The Child Abuse Report Intention Scale, (Feng & Levine, 2005), was used to collect

data (CARIS). Spearman's rho was used to determine whether there were any statistically significant

connections between the mentioned variables and nurses' desire to report child abuse.

The majority of the available material focused on child abuse within the context of the family

home. Seven studies in the literature review failed to differentiate between the home and community

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contexts, whereas 18 studies focused on child maltreatment in the home. Tarroja, Balajadia-Alcala,

SAC (2007) there is a notable lack of research on child abuse in institutions. It should be noted that

many children in the Philippines reside in institutions administered by the government or religious

organizations. Three publications investigate child labor as a slightly distinct context for child

maltreatment (Edralin, 2002; Gunn & Ostos 1992; Woodhead, 1999).

Other studies, using the perspectives of participants, including children, have characterized the

type of child maltreatment being considered (Figer, 2008; Lee, 2004). Figer (2008) provided children's

perspectives on emotional abuse, and (Lee, 2004), polled Filipino men regarding the characteristics of

domestic violence in their homes.

Children in developing nations such as the Philippines are more prone to be ignored since their families

are typically more exposed to poverty and its consequences (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010). However,

the concept of neglect is contentious in the context of emerging nations. Lansford, Godwin, & LMU

(2015) context often impacts the appearance of neglect. Extreme poverty, for instance, makes it

extremely challenging to give children with food, clean water, medical care, and education, yet in high-

income nations, failure to do so would be considered neglect.

Maltreatment affects a large number of children worldwide, with long-term consequences for

victims (WHO, 2016). Responses to child maltreatment, in particular in the Global South, are

understudied and under-conceptualized. Despite the importance and impact of child maltreatment in

the Philippines (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010), policy and research on the subject are in their infancy.

Policy imperatives in this area are becoming more pressing as international awareness grows of the

need for children to grow up in safe and stable environments, free from abuse and neglect ( Price-

Robertson, Bromfield, & Lamont,  2014), particularly in situations of significant child poverty and

deprivation (Price-Robertson, et al.,  2014). (PSA & UNICEF 2015). In the absence of reliable data on

child maltreatment in the Philippines (Madrid, Ramiro, Hernandez, Go, & Badilio, 2013), as well as

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limited understandings of child protection policy approaches, this review offers important insights into

child maltreatment and its responses in the Philippines. It investigates conceptions of child

maltreatment and child protection, as well as a review of policy and program approaches, and thus

contributes to the Philippines' future child protection policy agendas.

Several government organizations and institutions in the Philippines offer national policies and

activities in response to child abuse. The Department of Justice houses the Barangay Community

Councils, the Council for the Welfare of Children, and the Committee for the Special Protection of

Children, among other organizations. The DSWD is the government's primary welfare agency. Its

responsibilities include creating standards, accrediting and counseling governmental and private

institutions, groups, and individuals engaged in social welfare activities, as well as monitoring the

operations of these organizations and ensuring compliance with standards (Save the Children, 2011).

The DSWD provides and oversees residential care, domestic and international adoption, and a

range of family-based welfare programs (PSA & UNICEF, 2015). In the Philippines, the Council for the

Welfare of Children, a separate government agency, is responsible for overseeing children's issues and

policies. It is responsible for designing, coordinating, and observing children's policy as well as

monitoring children's rights throughout the nation (Bessell, 2009; CWC, 2011).

Regarding their origins and formulations, the definitions of child abuse utilized in the

publications under examination varied considerably. This was partially attributable to the variety of child

maltreatment scenarios explored and the resulting requirement for more precise conceptualizations of

child maltreatment in each study. Some studies (Jeyaseelan, Sadowski, Kumar, Hassan, Ramiro, &

Vizcarra, 2004; Hindin & Gultiano, 2006), used pre-established survey instruments that identify child

maltreatment for use in research, such as the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), defined child

abuse through the survey instruments they utilized (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010).

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 The majority of physical abuse literature focuses on severe discipline and corporal punishment.

The Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted the 1989 UNCRC provision of children's right

to protection from abuse and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment (Article 19; Article 37) as

prohibiting corporal punishment (Lansford, Godwin, & LMU, 2015). The findings of studies on the

severity of physical abuse in the Philippines differ. Ramiro, Madrid, Brown (2010) observed in their

cross-sectional survey that just 1.3% of the general population sample had ever been the victim of

physical abuse. According to supplementary research, physical abuse by parents is more widespread

in the Philippines (Runyan, Shankar, & Hassan, 2010; Sanapo & Nakamura, 2011).

Mandal & Hindin (2015) interventions for child abuse should focus on the whole family to stop

violence in the family from being passed down from one generation to the next. Ladion (2007)

spirituality can help people who have been sexually abused as children get better. Terol (2009)

services to protect women and children need to be improved. (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown 2010) reducing

poverty can reduce the number of children who are abused. Sana, Melencio-Herrera, Legarda, Vilches,

& Madrid (2014) offer a training program for employees who work with abuse victims in order to

improve justice outcomes in the criminal justice system. Sugue-Castillo (2009) legal system is too busy

and doesn't do enough to stop sexual abuse of children.

Literature provides evidence of all four types of child abuse (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010).

Physical violence is frequent in families, despite contradictory data on its prevalence and significance.

In the household, children are exposed to severe physical discipline and corporal punishment, a

widespread cultural and sanctioned practice (Runyan, Shankar, & Hassan, 2010; Sanapo & Nakamura,

2011). In the study by (Lansford, Godwin, & LMU, 2015), on physical punishment, which includes

slapping, spanking, punching, shaking, and beating, the Philippines scored relatively well on these

categories. In comparison to six other countries, the Philippines has the highest rate of parents who

spank their children, at 76%. (Runyan, Shankar, & Hassan, 2010).

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 In contrast to research on child protection in wealthier nations, which has shifted to program

evaluation, risk assessment, and intervention, the Philippines' child protection literature focuses mostly

on the incidence and prevalence of various forms of child maltreatment (Lachman, Poblete, & Ebigbo,

2002). This collection of literature provides only a limited consideration of the factors impacting child

abuse in the Philippines, usually disregarding cultural, gendered, and social dynamics as well as

structural issues such as poverty and inequality (Pells, 2012; Myers & Bourdillon, 2012a). Insufficient

research has been conducted on the intricate patterns of child sexual abuse and exploitation, as well as

the intricate patterns of child neglect and the widespread use of institutional care in the name of child

protection.

Foreign Studies

Physical maltreatment seems more likely to be associated with involvement in physical fights

and being threatened. Sexual abuse was significantly related to smoking, drinking, being drunk, and

involvement in fighting. The present study extends a small body of previous research examining poly-

victimization in developed nations to an Asian country. Considerable commonalities as well as some

differences in the findings in Vietnam compared with earlier research were found. Analysis of variance

also clearly suggested that exposure to increasing numbers of maltreatment forms significantly

increased the risk of mental and physical health problems. (Huong Thanh, 2006).

Child maltreatment has existed in various forms in every society since the early days in history.

It is only in the past four decades that abuse and neglect of children has attracted widespread interest.

Child maltreatment is a substantial public health problem, as it is associated with immediate and long-

term health problems. Most research into child maltreatment has been conducted in English-speaking,

developed countries. There remains a relative dearth of research in these populations, especially in

Asia. More research is essential to ensure effective and culturally appropriate responses to protect

children from maltreatment. The prevalence estimates of at least one type of physical and emotional

maltreatment, neglect and sexual abuse were 47.5%, 39.5% and 19.7% respectively. A significant
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proportion of respondents (41.6%) was exposed to more than one form of child maltreatment. Results

were not statistically different between urban and rural districts but children from rural schools were

more likely to report unwanted sexual experiences. There was no significant gender difference in

reports of adverse sexual experiences among girls and boys. Child maltreatment appears to be the

strongest influence on the mental and physical health of both female and male adolescents. Emotional

maltreatment significantly correlated with most behaviors examined (Nguyen H, 2006).

Child abuse is a huge public health concern with potentially devastating and long-term impacts

on children (Alink, Lenneke, Cicchetti, Kim, & Rogosch, 2012; Cicchetti, 2016; Gilbert, Ruth, Widom,

Browne, Fergusson, Webb, & Janson, 2009a; Jonson-Reid, Melissa, Kohl, & Drake, 2012). It is

critical to detect the risks of child abuse early in order to effectively prevent and reduce child abuse.

Because they come into contact with practically all of the children in the population on a regular basis,

school teachers and child healthcare professionals play an important role in the detection and reporting

of child abuse. the studies, healthcare and education professionals underreport their suspicions of child

abuse (Goebbels, Nicholson, Walsh, & de Vries, 2008; Reijneveld, de Meer, Wiefferink, & Crone, 2008;

Visscher, Simeon & Van Stel, 2017). In the Netherlands, child abuse is recorded by experts for roughly

three percent of all Dutch children (Alink & Pannebakker, 2018), however self-report studies reveal a

child abuse prevalence of 12 percent (Schellingerhout, Roelof, & Ramakers, 2016). This disparity in

percentages shows that the majority of child abuse instances in the Netherlands go undetected by

professionals. Furthermore, results from an inspection study suggest that many incidents of child abuse

are missed by Dutch education and healthcare personnel (Health Care Inspectorate, 2017). As a result,

it is critical to learn how professionals may enhance their detection and reporting of child abuse. The

purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the experiences, attitudes, viewpoints, and decision-

making abilities of healthcare and education professionals in identifying and reporting child abuse, as

well as to obtain insight into how detection and reporting might be improved.

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 Various social and cultural aspects influence professionals' reporting behaviors, including their

education, cultural background, and childhood and parental experiences. Furthermore, laws and

regulations have an impact on professional reporting. Professionals working with children and families

in the Netherlands are not legally compelled to disclose suspicions, but they must follow particular

reporting criteria if they suspect child abuse or neglect (Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2013).

These guidelines outline the five steps that professionals should take when deciding whether or not to

report suspicions of potential child abuse: (1) identifying signs of child abuse, (2) consulting colleagues,

(3) discussing the identified child abuse signs with those involved (parents and/or children), (4)

assessing the nature and severity of the abuse, and (5) deciding on organizing professional care and

reporting the potential abuse. Since July 1, 2013, the Mandatory Reporting Code Act has required

organizations in health care, child and youth care, day care, social support, criminal justice, and

education to implement these principles and to promote their usage among experts (Ministry of Health,

Welfare and Sport, 2013). However, research suggests that professionals working with children

implement these obligatory standards poorly because they are unaware of the individual procedures or

may not recognize signs of child abuse (Health Care Inspectorate, 2017). Furthermore, the results of

the evaluation of the mandatory guidelines indicate that Dutch professionals who are required to work

with these guidelines find it difficult to detect indicators of child abuse, particularly less obvious signs,

and are thus unable to proceed with the rest of the procedures (Ridderbos-Hovingh, Chantal, Brenda.

Frederiks, Veen, Tingen, Beukers, Geertsema, van Dijk, Woestenburg, & Winter, 2020 ). Inadequate

detection and reporting of child abuse by healthcare and education experts is problematic, as both

groups of professionals play a critical role in minimizing child abuse. In the Dutch child health care

system (CHC), professionals such as nurses and doctors provide preventative child health care

services in child health clinics and schools (Konijnendijk, Annemieke , Boere-Boonekamp,

Smallegange, & Need, 2014). Because nearly 95% of Dutch children regularly consult a CHC

professional (Reijneveld, de Meer, Wiefferink, & Crone, 2008), these experts can play an important role

18
in recognizing and responding to (suspicions of) child abuse. Furthermore, despite their limited

interaction with children, practitioners in mental health treatment play a vital role in spotting and

reporting child abuse. Because parental mental health problems are important predictors of child abuse

(Assink, Mark, van der Put, Meeuwsen, de Jong, Oort, Stams, & Hoeve, 2019; Mulder, Kuiper, van der

Put, Stams, & Mark Assink, 2018), and victimization of child abuse itself is an important risk factor for

mental health problems later in life, both perpetrators and victims of child abuse are at high risk of

coming into contact with mental health care during their lifetime (Alink, Lenneke, Cicchetti, Kim, &

Rogosch, 2012; Gilbert, Ruth, Widom, Browne, Fergusson, Webb, & Janson, 2009a). Furthermore, a

parent with a mental health or substance addiction condition is implicated in 43% of all child abuse

instances (Kinderrechtencolleftief, 2011). Finally, because of their frequent interaction with children,

teachers and other primary and secondary school personnel are uniquely positioned to detect child

abuse. This permits them to observe changes in children's behavior and appearance (Gilbert, Ruth,

Thoburn, Kemp, Sidebotham, Radford, Glaser, & Macmillan, 2009b). Furthermore, instructors are

generally close to the parents of their students, so they have some understanding of the parent-child

interaction (Schols, Manuela, de Ruiter, & Öry, 2013).

Furthermore, past research has found that healthcare and education workers face obstacles in

detecting and reporting child abuse, such as a lack of awareness about the indications of child abuse.

Professionals say there is a dearth of pre- and post-service training on how to detect various types of

child abuse. Furthermore, fear is a significant obstacle to discovering and reporting child abuse. This

relates to the dread of a child suffering unfavorable repercussions as a result of a child abuse

allegation, as well as the worry of losing the trust of parents (Gilbert, Ruth, Thoburn, Kemp,

Sidebotham, Radford, Glaser, & Macmillan, 2009b; Greco, Guilera, & Pereda, 2017). Finally, one of the

most significant barriers in the reporting process is experts' difficulty in discussing their suspicions or

indicators of child abuse with children and/or parents (Schols, Manuela, de Ruiter, & Öry, 2013).

19
 Professionals are legally required to report suspicions of child abuse and neglect to Child

Protective Services in many countries, including the United States (Child Welfare Information Gateway,

2019), Australia (The Council of Australian Governments, 2009), and almost all European countries

(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2017) (CPS). International research shows,

however, that the underreporting of child abuse is rather common among education and health care

professionals, such as public child healthcare nurses (Fraser, Mathew, Walsh, Chen, & Dunne, 2010),

social services professionals (Cerezo & Pons-Salvador, 2004), orthopedic surgeons (Lane & Dubowitz,

2007), school teachers (Goebbels, Nicholson, Walsh, & de Vries, 2008; Webster, O’Toole, O’Toole, &

Lucal, 2005), and kindergarten teachers (Feng, Jui-Ying, Huang, & Wang, 2010). As a result, the

number of recorded cases of child abuse is frequently referred to as the "tip of the iceberg" (Chang,

Misra, Ziegfeld, Haider, Warfield, & Paidas, 2004; De Haan, Joy, Beddoe, & Iam, 2019). Greco,

Guilera, & Pereda 2017), for example, evaluated the reporting habits of 184 school staff members and

discovered that while more than 74% of staff members suspected at least one case of victimization

during their careers, only 27% reported these suspicions. Furthermore, (Feng, Jui-Ying, Huang, &

Wang, 2010), discovered that 97% of 598 Taiwanese kindergarten teachers had no experience

reporting a child abuse case, and 11% had suspected at least one occurrence of child abuse but did

not report the case.

Local Studies

Family violence is the main focus of the work covered in this article as a form of emotional and

psychological abuse that can have a severe impact on children's psychosocial well-being. In the study

done by (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010), participants reported high rates of psychological and emotional

abuse, with 22.8% of participants under 18 years old reporting psychological abuse and neglect. In

addition, (Mandal and Hindin, 2013), in the Philippines, 44% of females and 47% of males grew up

seeing physical abuse between their parents.

20
 The purpose of this research is to look into the local-level actors, functions, and processes that

work to protect children and respond to child maltreatment in the Philippines. The Philippines has a

strong need for localized and contextualized child protection analysis, given that a recent analysis of

national child protection policies and systems revealed a lack of information, research, and analysis of

child protection (Roche, 2019). Furthermore, approaches to improving child protection systems

frequently focus on formal structures and government-managed services, which can overlook informal,

community-based child protection efforts of communities and families (Wessells, 2015), as well as the

Global South's low utilization rates of child protection systems (Wessells, Lamin, King, Kostelny, Stark,

& Lilley, 2012).

In response, this study uses a case study design to investigate child protection practices in one

Local Government Unit (LGU) in the Philippines' Central Visayas, highlighting child protection actors

and their functions. It focuses on child protection from a local perspective, with the goal of better

understanding the role, interactions, and influence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs),

including residential care, as components of broader child protection approaches. This is significant

because over-reliance on institutional care for children—in residential care, orphanages, group homes,

and other settings—is a major component of Philippine approaches to children's welfare and protection.

Despite this, its relationship to formal or informal child protection practices has yet to be investigated.

Given the significant risks to children's well-being in the Philippines, the focus of this study is

significant (Roche, 2017). Emotional and psychological abuse is widespread, including corporal

punishment and family violence (Sanapo & Nakamura, 2011), and children are frequently exposed to

violence (Hassan et al., 2004). Despite evidence that 17.1% of children over the age of 13 have

experienced such violence, child sexual abuse remains under-investigated (Council for the Welfare of

Children [CWC] & UNICEF, 2016). Children face significant safety risks as well, such as commercial

sexual exploitation, child labor, extrajudicial killings, and armed conflict (Daly et al., 2015; Mapp &

Gabel, 2017). Major structural disadvantage and the risks it entails influence the frequency and severity

21
of child maltreatment (Pells, 2012). This is relevant to the Philippines because an estimated 31.4% of

children live in poverty (Philippine Statistics Authority [PSA], 2017); 13.4 million children are considered

income poor, while 5.9 million live below the 'food poverty line' (PSA & UNICEF, 2015).

These studies demonstrate that child neglect is rampant in the Philippines. Using a cross-

sectional survey of a general population sample, (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010), discovered that 22.8%

of participants had experienced physical neglect during their first 18 years of life. From a worldwide

perspective, (Lansford, Godwin, & LMU, 2015), found that, among the nine nations examined, the

average number of "child reported neglect" cases ranked third. Physical maltreatment as a youngster

was associated with a twofold increase in the likelihood of consuming alcohol and illegal drugs in the

Philippines (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010). Numerous studies have investigated child labor and

exploitation, which can also be considered as a sort of neglect (Edralin, 2002; Gunn & Ostos, 1992;

Woodhead, 1999).

Runyan, Shankar, & Hassan (2010) the "spanking" rate in the Filipino community is 76%, which

is significantly higher than the rate in the Indian community (26%), indicating that cultural practice is a

significant role in discipline practices. Six nations were contrasted in the study. The same poll found

that Filipino families used all types of physical punishment on their children; 9.9% of households

reported using hard physical punishment on their children, 83.0% used moderate physical punishment,

and 56.0% used harsh physical punishment by hitting with an object (Runyan, Shankar, &

Hassan,2010).

Sanapo and Nakamura (2011) 49.7 percent of sixth-grade participants who received physical

punishment at home indicate that corporal punishment is a frequent practice in the Philippines. They

assert that the fact that the law in the Philippines allows parents to physically reprimand their children is

a contributing factor to the high rates of corporal punishment in the household. In a study that spanned

nine nations, including the Philippines, parents were more likely to employ corporal punishment to

improve their children's behavior if they regarded it to be a normative strategy (Lansford, Godwin,

22
& LMU, 2015). Lansford, Malone, & Dodge, (2010) found that across four countries, including the

Philippines, children's anxiety and hostility were influenced by physical discipline, as reported by their

mothers.

In the literature, prevalence and characteristics of child sexual abuse in the Philippines have

been described. In a large population sample, (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010), found that 6.0% of

women and 4.5% of men had experienced sexual abuse before the age of 18. A survey of hospital case

files of sexually assaulted children revealed that, on average, the victims were roughly 10 years old and

97.3% of them were female. In 93.8% of incidents, the victim was familiar with the offender (Sugue-

Castillo, 2009). Maiquilla et al., 2011) also found that in the majority of instances of child sexual assault,

the victim knew the offender.

Similarly, a qualitative study examining the experiences of sexual abuse among girls with

intellectual disabilities found that the majority of abusers were known to the victims and that caregivers

were the first to identify the abuse (Terol, 2009). The mental impairment, urban density, financial status,

and living conditions of these girls were all risk factors for child sexual abuse (Terol, 2009). 12 times

more likely to engage in early sexual activity, 9 times more likely to become pregnant before their due

date, and 5 times more likely to attempt suicide than those who had not suffered sexual abuse as

children (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010).

Terol (2009) provides a concise summary of the interdisciplinary Child Protection Units

employed by the Philippine health system to address child protection issues (CPUs). The Department

of Health oversees 39 child protection units around the Philippines, while the National Bureau of

Investigation and Philippine National Police operate centers for medico-legal evaluation of child sexual

abuse cases (Terol, 2009). However, CPUs frequently work alone while addressing instances of child

sexual abuse (Terol, 2009). (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010) argue that national legislation and child

protection initiatives should be effectively monitored and reviewed in order to ensure implementation at

the local level.

23
 When formulating future child protection policies, it is essential to take in mind the findings of a

number of the studies analyzed in this review. (Sugue-Castillo, 2009), law enforcement refers 43.4% of

child sexual abuse cases to medical facilities, social work refers 21.4%, and walk-ins refer 21.4%.

(Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010), there is a "co-occurrence" phenomenon, which claims that the more

instances of child maltreatment a kid is exposed to as an adult, the more health-risk behaviors they

engage in. They found that the incidence of suicide attempts, drug use, and sexually risky conduct

increased as the number of negative early exposures rises (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010).

Since neglect is a complicated, socially constructed concept that is difficult to evaluate in

developing nations, where poverty can influence a family's ability to meet children's fundamental needs,

his review found less evidence for neglect. In spite of this, (Ramiro, Madrid, Brown, 2010), found that

22.8% of participants were physically ignored during their first 18 years of life. In light of ECPAT

International's 2006 assertion that commercial sexual exploitation of children is a substantial problem in

the Philippines, the paucity of evidence for child sexual abuse is a surprising finding. Sugue-Castillo

(2009) states that the victims are approximately 10 years old, are virtually invariably female, and know

the perpetrator in 93.8% of cases. Terol (2009) and highlight that low socioeconomic position, residing

in dense metropolitan areas, and intellectual handicap are risk factors for child sexual abuse. Clearly,

there is a need for additional research on child sexual abuse in the Philippines.

In contrast to research on child protection in wealthier nations, which has shifted to program

evaluation, risk assessment, and intervention, the Philippine literature on child protection focuses

mostly on the incidence and prevalence of different forms of child maltreatment ( Lachman, Poblete,

& Ebigbo, 2002). This collection of research offers only a limited study of the causes influencing child

abuse in the Philippines, frequently disregarding cultural, gendered, and social dynamics, as well as

structural factors such as poverty and inequality, which also play a role (Pells, 2012; Myers &

Bourdillon, 2012a). Insufficient research has been conducted on the intricate patterns of child sexual

24
abuse and exploitation, as well as the subtle patterns of neglect and the widespread use of institutional

care in the name of child protection.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This Chapter discusses the General Methodology and Procedures used in this

research. It describes the Research Design Approach, Research Method, Population of the study,

Locale of the Study, Data Gathering Tool, Data Gathering Procedure, and Ethical Consideration

Research Design

The qualitative-descriptive research design was employed in this study. This method is used to

describe phenomena as they are. It was also utilized to identify and acquire information on the features

of a certain problem or concern, especially in situations involving overcoming the effects of child abuse.

it also presents a relevant and accurate picture of events and attempts to explain people's perceptions

and behavior using the data obtained (Calderon, J., Gonzales, E., 2005). The research design is further

enhanced through the qualitative method in order to have an exact calculation of the respondents'

answers for the study's variables. Because this research study was concerned with overcoming the

effects of child abuse, descriptive research was the most appropriate method to use. Phenomenological

research is fit for our research studies in that it is an inquiry design derived from philosophy and

psychology in which the researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals in relation to a

phenomenon as described by participants. This description concludes with the essence of the
25
experiences of multiple people who have all encountered the phenomenon. This design has solid

philosophical foundations and typically involves interviewing participants (Giorgi, 2009; Moustakas,

1994).

Locale of The Study

The study will be conducted in Isabela. Participants were interviewed in their homes or any

other comfortable location they prefer.

Figure 1 Map

Participants of the Study

The study's participants are people who live anywhere within the selected areas in Isabela and

were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Everyone in the population will have an equal

probability of being included in the sample size.

Data Gathering Tool

26
 The interview approach will be used to acquire relevant data for this research project. Because

it does not allow for ambiguity, the interview approach refers to the use of a systematic questionnaire.

The interview guide is straightforward, concise, and objective; it consists of a group of questions that

were asked to the subject in a systematic manner. The interview approach, on the other hand, employs

a systematic questionnaire. The interview guide is centered on the individuality of individual in selected

areas of Isabela, as it is influenced by the environment. It includes the types of child abuse, the effects

of child abuse on the lives of the victims, and how to overcome the effects of child abuse.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will ask for written permission from the research coordinator as well as the

dean of the college to conduct the study. Following that, the researchers will secure written permission

from the Participants to conduct the study in Isabela. The written permission will contain statements

citing that the data to be collected will be utilized only for research purposes and will be treated with the

utmost confidentiality. Upon approval of the said permission, the participants' informed consent will also

be drafted, and the researchers will send each participant a letter requesting their participation in the

study. The interview questions will be written in a brief and clear way. The researchers will explain the

questions to the respondents if necessary. The participants will be guaranteed that any information

obtained prior to the procedure will be kept confidential. This approach will be used to establish trust

between the researchers and the participant. The researchers will assure that the respondents'

anonymity will be strictly observed to gather honest answers.

The researchers will conduct a semi-formal interview with participants who agree to participate

in the study. After conducting the interviews, the researchers will interpret, comprehend, and analyze

the data to determine how victims of child abuse have overcome it.

Ethical Consideration

27
 The expectation that communications and information from participants in a community

intervention or program including conversations, written or records, notes, test results, and so on will be

kept confidential is probably the most familiar of ethical issues — perhaps because it's the one most

often violated. Also, the researchers will use “Alias’’ for the protection of their identity. Furthermore, the

respondents were informed that their participation in the study was entirely optional and that they had

the right to decline anytime while the interview is ongoing if they wish. It provides privacy protection for

both participants and the organization, as well as establishing a trusting relationship between the

participant and the program.

28
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