Chapter 2

Control Structures

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 Control Structures

• 3 control structures:
– Sequence structure
• Programs executed sequentially by default
– Selection structures
• if, if/else, switch
– Repetition structures
• while, do/while, for

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 C++ keywords
Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names
C++ Keywords

Keywords common to the

C and C++ programming
languages
auto break case char const
continue default do double else
enum extern float for goto
if int long register return
short signed sizeof static struct
switch typedef union unsigned void
volatile while
C++ only keywords
asm bool catch class const_cast
delete dynamic_cast explicit false friend
inline mutable namespace new operator
private protected public reinterpret_cast
static_cast template this throw true
try typeid typename using virtual
wchar_t
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 if Selection Structure

• Selection structure
– Choose among alternative courses of action
– Pseudocode example:
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print "Passed"
– If the condition is true
• Print statement executed, program continues to next statement
– If the condition is false
• Print statement ignored, program continues
– Indenting makes programs easier to read
• C++ ignores whitespace characters (tabs, spaces, etc.)

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 if Selection Structure

• Syntax of if - else:
if ( condition)
statement;
else
statement;
• Translation into C++
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print "Passed"
if ( grade >= 50 )
cout << "Passed";
• Diamond symbol (decision symbol)
– Indicates decision is to be made
– Contains an expression that can be true or false
• Test condition, follow path
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 if Selection Structure

• Flowchart of pseudocode statement

A decision can be made on

any expression.
true zero - false
grade >= 50 print "Passed"
nonzero - true
Example:
false
3 - 4 is true

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 if/else Selection Structure

• if
– Performs action if condition true
• if/else
– Different actions if conditions true or false
• Pseudocode
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
print "Passed"
else
print "Failed"
• C++ code
if ( grade >= 50 )
cout << "Passed";
else
cout << "Failed";
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 Ternary conditional operator (?:)

– Three arguments (condition, value if true, value if false)

• Code could be written:
cout << ( grade >= 50 ? "Passed" : "Failed" );

Condition Value if true Value if false

false true
grade >= 50

print "Failed" print "Passed"

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 Example1
• Write a program to test if a number is positive or negative
#include<iostream.h> Start
void main()
{
int x
int x;
cout<<"Enter any number: \n";
cin>>x; Input x
if(x>=0)
{ T
F
cout<<"positive number"; If ( x>=0)
}
else
{ negative positive
cout<<"negative number";
}
}
End
OUTPUT Enter any number:
-8
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 Example2
• Write a program to test if a month entered from keyboard is valid month or not?
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int month;
cout<<"Enter the month:"<<endl;
cin>>month;
if(month>=1 && month<=12)
cout<<month<<" is a valid month"<<endl;
else
cout<<month<<" is not a valid month";
}

Enter the month:

OUTPUT
15
15 is not valid month

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 Example3
• Write a program to test if a number is odd or even
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter any number: \n";
cin>>x;
if(x%2==0)
{
cout<<"even number";
}
else
{
cout<<"odd number";
}
}

OUTPUT Enter any number:

6
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 Example4
• Write a program to find a maximum of 3 numbers entered from keyboard
Start

#include<iostream.h> int n1,n2,n3,max

void main()
{
Input n1,n2,n3
int n1,n2,n3,max;
cout<<"enter the numbers"<<endl;
cin>>n1>>n2>>n3; If ( n2>max)
max=n1; T
if(n2>max) max=n2
max=n2; T
if(n3>max) If ( n3>max)
max=n3;
cout<<"maximum number is:"<<max; max=n3
}

OUTPUT enter the numbers: Print max

5
9
End
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 Example 5
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x ,y=4, z;
cout<<"enter number"<<endl;
cin>>x;
if (x > 0 && x < 10)
{
x++;
z = x + y;
}
else
{
x--;
z = x - y;
}
cout<<x<<","<<y<<","<<z;
}

OUTPUT Without else braces

enter number: enter number: enter number:

3 3 11
4,4,8 30 4,4,0 10,4,6 Aryaf Aladwan
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 Nested if/else Structure
• Syntax:
if ( condition) if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
statements; Print "A"
else if ( condition) else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
statements; Print "B"
else if ( condition) else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
statements; Print "C"
else if ( condition) else if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
statements; Print "D"
else else
statements; Print "F"

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 nested if/else example
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int grade;
cout<<"enter the grade"<<endl;
cin>>grade;
if ( grade >= 90 )
cout << "A";
else if ( grade >= 80 )
cout << "B";
else if ( grade >= 70 )
cout << "C";
else if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "D";
else
cout << "F";
}
OUTPUT Enter the grade:
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 if/else Selection Structure

• Compound statement
– Set of statements within a pair of braces
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed.\n";
else {
cout << "Failed.\n";
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
}
– Without braces,
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
always executed for all grades
• Block
– Set of statements within braces

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 Another example

• Write a program to calculate the following mathematical

relation:

 x − 1, x  a;
 2
Z = x , a  x  b
2 x , x  b


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 The Flow Chart
Start

int x,z,a,b

Input x

F T
If x<= a

F T
If x<b
z=x-1

z= z * x z = x2

Print z

End

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#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x,z,a,b;
cout<<“Enter a"<<endl;
cin>>a; OUTPUT
cout<<“Enter b \n"; Enter a:
cin>>b; 2
cout<<“Enter x"<<endl; Enter b:
cin>>x; 7
if (x<=a) Enter x:
z=x-1; 6
Z = 36
else if (x<b)
z=x*x;
else
z=2*x;
cout<<" z = "<<z;
}

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#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"enter x:"<<endl;
cin>>x; OUTPUT
if (x>50)
enter x: 77
{
pass
if (x>90)
cout<<"excellent";
else if (x>80) enter x: 93
cout<<"very good"; excellent

else
cout<<"pass"; enter x: 88
very good

}
else enter x: 44
cout<<"fail"; fail

}
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 Switch Multiple-Selection Structure
- switch keyword
- Test variable for multiple values
- Series of case labels and optional default case
switch ( variable )
{
case value1 : statements; break; // taken if variable == value1
case value2 : statements; break; // taken if variable == value2
case value3 :
case value4 : statements; break; // taken if variable == value3 or value4
case value5 : statements; break; // taken if variable == value5
default : statements; break; // taken if variable matches no other cases
}

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 switch Multiple-Selection Structure

true
case a case a action(s) break

false

true
case b case b action(s) break

false

.
.
.

true
case z case z action(s) break

false

default action(s)

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 Cont.

• Switch example • If – else example

int x; int x;
cin>>x; cin>>x;
switch (x){ if (x= = 1)
case 1:cout<<″x is 1″;break; cout<<″x is 1″;
case 2:cout<<″x is 2″;break; else if (x = = 2)
default:cout<<″unknown x″; cout<<″x is 2″;
} else
cout<<″unknown x″;

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 Cont.

• Example upcoming
– Program to read grades (A-F)
– Display number of each grade entered
• Details about characters
– Single characters typically stored in a char data type
• char a 1-byte integer, so chars can be stored as ints
– Can treat character as int or char
• 97 is the numerical representation of lowercase ‘a’ (ASCII)

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#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
char grade;
cout << "Enter the letter grades." << endl;
cin>> grade;
switch ( grade )
{
case 'A': cout<<"The grade is: A"; break;
case 'B': cout<<"The grade is: B"; break;
case 'C': cout<<"The grade is: C"; break;
case 'D': cout<<"The grade is: D"; break;
case 'F': cout<<"The grade is: F"; break;
default: cout << "Incorrect letter grade entered! Enter a new grade\n ";
break; // optional; will exit switch anyway
} // end switch
}

OUTPUT 1 OUTPUT 2

Enter the letter grades. Enter the letter grades.

C K
The grade is: C Incorrect letter grade entered! Enter a new grade

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#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int y = 1;
switch (y)
{
case 1:cout<<"welcome"; break;
case 2:cout<<" to our lecture"; break;
case 3:break;
default :cout<<"bye\n";
}
}

OUTPUT 1

welcome

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 goto
• goto statement allows the programmer to transfer the control to another
destination in the program.
• Iteration structure replace the goto statement.

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
float x; OUTPUT 1
x=0;
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
L1: 1.4 1.6 1.8
cout<<x<<" ";
x=x+0.2;
if(x<=2.0)
goto L1;
}

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 Iteration Structure

• For loop
• Nested For loop
• While loop
• Do … while loop

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 for Repetition Structure
• General format when using for loops
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
statement;
} initialization

T
condition statement increment

• Example
for( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
cout << counter << endl;
– Prints integers from 1 to 10 No semicolon after last
statement

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 #include <iostream.h>
void main()
{

for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )

cout << counter << endl;
}

OUTPUT
counter = 1
1
2
3 T
4 counter <= 10 Print counter counter ++
5
6 F
7
8
9
10

90
 for Repetition Structure
• Initialization and increment
– For multiple variables, use comma-separated lists
for (int i = 0, j = 0; j + i <= 10; j++, i++)
cout << j + i <<" ";
Output is : 0 2 4 6 8 10

- Ex:
- int x=1,y=2;
for (int j = x; j<= 4*x*y ; j+= y /x)
cout<<j<<" ";
Output is : 1 3 5 7

- Ex:
- for (int j = 2; j<= 20; j+=3)
cout<<j<<" ";
output is : 2 5 8 11 14 17 20
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 Example 1

• Write a program to print " Hello world" 5 times.

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for ( i=0; i<5; i++ )
cout << "Hello World \n";
}

OUTPUT

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
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 Example 2
Write a program to calculate the sum for even integers from 2 through 100.

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int sum = 0;
// sum even integers from 2 through 100
for ( int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 )
sum += number;
cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;
}
OUTPUT for the two methods

Sum is 2550
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int sum = 0;
for ( int number = 1; number <= 100; number++)
{
if(number%2= =0)
sum += number;
}
cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;
}
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 Example 3
• Write a program to characters from a to r.
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
char letter;
for (letter='a'; letter<='r'; letter++ )
{
cout << "\t" <<letter<<"\t";
}
}

OUTPUT

a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
p q r
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 Example 4

• Write a program to print 10 t0 1.

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
for (int n=10; n>0; n-- ) OUTPUT

{
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
cout << n << " ";
}
}

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Example 5 Start

• Write a program int grade, n, sum=0

float average
to find the
average of n Input n

marks?
int i = 0

F
If ( i < n)
T

average = sum / n
Input grade

Print average
sum = sum + grade

End i++

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 The code
#include <iostream.h>
OUTPUT
void main()
{
enter how many marks?
int grade ,n, sum=0;
5
float average;
enter marks
cout<<"enter how many marks?"<<endl;
77
cin>>n;
60
cout<<"enter marks"<<endl;
83
for ( int i=0;i<n; i++)
90
{
53
cin>>grade;
average is 72
sum= sum +grade;
}
average= sum / n;
cout<<"average is "<<average;
}

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 Example 6
• Write a program to find the factorial of n?
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{ n!= 1x2x3 ….. (n-1)xn
int k, fact=1; Fact k = fact k-1 x k
cout<<"enter k";
cin>>k;
if (k<0)
fact=0; OUTPUT

for (int i=1;i<=k;i++)

enter k?
{
5
fact= fact*i;
factorial of 5 is 120
}
cout<<"factorial of"<<k<<"is"<<fact;
}

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 Example 7
• Write a program for determining any mathematical operator entered
from the keyboard?
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
char symbol;
cout << "Enter the mathematical operator (+ add, - sub , * mul , / for div , % for mod)" << endl;
for (int i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
cin>> symbol;
switch ( symbol )
{
case '+': cout<<"The operation is addition"; break;
case '-': cout<<"The operation is subtraction"; break;
case '*': cout<<"The operation is multiplication"; break;
case '/': cout<<"The operation is division"; break;
case '%': cout<<"The operation is modulus"; break;
default: cout << "Incorrect operator\n ";break;
}
}
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 OUTPUT
Enter the mathematical operator (+ add, - sub , * mul , / for div , % for mod )
+
The operation is addition
-
The operation is subtraction
*
The operation is multiplication
/
The operation is division
%
The operation is modulus
$
Incorrect operator

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 while Repetition Structure

• Repetition structure
– Action repeated while some condition remains true
– while loop repeated until condition becomes false
– Structure:
while (condition)
{ true
condition statements
statements;
counter ++; false

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#include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h>
void main() void main() void main()
{ { {
int counter=1; int counter=1; int counter=1;
while (counter<=10) while (counter<=10) while (counter++<=10)
{ { {
cout<<counter<<" "; counter++; cout<<counter<<" ";
counter++; cout<<counter<<" "; }
} } }
} }

OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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#include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h>
void main() void main() void main()
{ int counter=1; { int counter=10; {
while (counter<=10) while (counter>0) int counter=1;
{ { while (counter<=10)
cout<<counter<<" "; cout<<counter<<" "; { counter++;
counter++; counter--; cout<<counter<<" ";
} } counter++;
cout<<counter; } }
} }

OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 10

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#include <iostream.h>
void main() Write a program
{ to find the
int p=0,f=0; average of 10
int total; marks?
int gradeCounter;
int grade;
float average;
total = 0;
gradeCounter = 1; Enter grade: 77
while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) Enter grade: 65
{ Enter grade: 41
cout << "Enter grade: "; Enter grade: 80
cin >> grade; Enter grade: 60
total = total + grade; Enter grade: 78
if(grade>=50) Enter grade: 79
Enter grade: 40
p++;
Enter grade: 50
else
Enter grade: 88
f++;
Class average is 65
gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1;
number of failures: 2
} number of passers: 8
average = total / 10;
cout << "Class average is " << average << endl;
cout<<"number of failures: "<<f<<endl;
cout<<"number of passers: "<<p;
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}
Write a program which calculate the sum of the following sequence

1 1 1 1
H =1 + + + + ....... +
2 3 4 n
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
OUTPUT
{
float H=0.0; 2.92897

for (int i=1;i<=10;i++)

H+=(float)1/i;
cout<<H;
}

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 do/while Repetition Structure

• Similar to while structure

– Makes loop continuation test at end, not beginning
– Loop body executes at least once
• Format
do {
action(s)
statements;
} while ( condition );

true

condition

false

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#include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h>
void main() void main() void main()
{ { {
int counter=1; int counter=1; int counter=1;
do do do
{ { {
cout<<counter<<" "; counter++; cout<<counter<<" ";
counter++; cout<<counter<<" "; }while (counter++<=10);
}while (counter<=10); }while (counter!=7); }
} }

OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 234567 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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 #include <iostream.h> #include <iostream.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
char counter=‘b'; int counter=8;
do do
{ {
cout<<counter<<" "; counter++;
counter--; cout<<counter<<" ";
} while (counter>'z'); counter++;
} } while (counter<=10);
}

OUTPUT OUTPUT

b 9 11

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#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int A =3;
char g ='f';
do{
A++;
if (g=='m')
cout<<g<<endl;
else
cout<<++A<<endl;
g ='m';
}while (A<8);
cout<<"thx";

OUTPUT 5
m
m
m
thx
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 break and continue Statements

• break statement
– Immediate exit from while, for, do/while, switch
– Program continues with first statement after structure
• Common uses
– Escape early from a loop
– Skip the remainder of switch

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 break statement

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ )
{
// if x is 5, continue with next iteration of loop
if ( x == 5 )
break; // skip remaining code in loop body
cout << x << " "; // display value of x
} // end for structure
cout<<" \n broke out of loop at x of "<<x;
}

OUTPUT

1 2 3 4
broke out of loop at x of 5

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 break and continue Statements

• continue statement
– Used in while, for, do/while
– Skips remainder of loop body
– Proceeds with next iteration of loop
• while and do/while structure
– Loop-continuation test evaluated immediately after the
continue statement
• for structure
– Increment expression executed
– Next, loop-continuation test evaluated

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 continue statement

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ )
{
// if x is 5, continue with next iteration of loop
if ( x == 5 )
continue; // skip remaining code in loop body
cout << x << " "; // display value of x
} // end for structure
cout << " Used continue to skip printing the value 5 ";
}

OUTPUT

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
Used continue to skip printing the value 5

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 Nested For

• General format when using nested for loops

for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
Outer
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
loop
Inner {
loop statements;
}
}

initialization F

T T
condition initialization condition statement increment

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 Example 1

#include <iostream.h>
OUTPUT
void main()
{
i=1 j=1
int i, j; i=1 j=2
for (i=1;i<=4;i++) i=1 j=3
{ i=2 j=1
for (j=1;j<=3;j++) i=2 j=2
cout<<"i="<<i<<" j="<<j<<endl; i=2 j=3
} i=3 j=1
} i=3 j=2
i=3 j=3
i=4 j=1
i=4 j=2
i=4 j=3

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 Example 2

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{ OUTPUT
int i, j;
for (i=0;i<=4;i++)
*****
{
****
for (j=i;j<=4;j++)
***
cout<<"*";
**
cout<<endl;
*
}
}

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 Example 3

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{ OUTPUT
int i, j;
for (i=1;i<=5;i++)
*
{
**
for (j=1;j<=i; j++)
***
cout<<"*";
****
cout<<endl;
*****
}
}

132
Aryaf Aladwan
133
Aryaf Aladwan
 End of ch2

134
Aryaf Aladwan