ASSIGNMENT 2:.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS AMONG BY ELDERLY IN COMMUNITY

AND SUGGEST STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS THE ISSUES
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Table of contents
Introduction 3

Social issues among elders in the community 5

Strategies to address social issues among elders 13

Suggestions 16

Conclusion 17

References 19
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Introduction

The Concept that life is a continuous process of progress, starting in infancy and

ending with death of an individual, through childhood and adulthood, is an obvious

phenomena and does not require more explanation. Many elements, such as person’s

biological and cultural heritage, affect the direction of their life. Age and aging have an equal

bearing on a person’s role taking, value orientations, and patterns of behavior, the

expectations of which change as a person matures and as a member of a society.

Just as there is stratification based on social and economic variables, every culture has

different age group within it. The social structure, which depends on a number of age-

specific activities continuing to be performed, must be able to accommodate the unending

stream of generations that are born, live out their lives, and then pass away (Iqra & Anwaar,

2015).

The extension of life and the increase in the adult population are the most visible

result of modern life and medicine. This phenomenon has been not only in affluent and

developing nations, but also in undeveloped nations in recent years as their adult populations

have increased (Paskaleva & Tufkova, 2017). The demographic transition from high birth and

death rates to relatively low fertility and mortality levels during the past five decades has

increased and share of older people in the total population. The specific health and social

concerns connected with aging are expected to grow more significant in the coming years,

with the World Health Organization(WHO) projecting that about a quarter of the world’s

population will be over 60 by 2050 (Christensen et al, 2012).

Eleven percent of Irish people are over the age of 65. In line with other European

nations, the percentage of seniors is rising and will reach 15% In line with other European

nations, the percentage of seniors reached 15% in 2021 (Paskaleva & Tufkova, 2017). One in

four Irish people will be over 65 by 2030. Eighteen percent or 9.6 million of the Swedish
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population is over 65. In 2030, this percentage is projected to increase to 23% (Official

statistics of Sweden – Annual Report 2018, 2019).

The proportion of the Sri Lankan elderly population 60 years and over to the total

population will increase to 18.4 in 2025 and to 29.4 percent in 2050. The proportionate share

of the Very old (80 years and over) will increase by nearly fivefold during same period. The

sex ratio of the elderly will continue to decline indicating that there will be more females than

male in the older ages as a result of higher mortality rates of men at advanced ages. The

ageing index which is the ratio of the population aged 60 years and over that under age 15

will increase from 179.2 by 2050. This rapidly increasing trend will lead to compelling

demands for changes in the way resources are allocated among generations (Perera, 2017).

Population ageing in worldwide in the coming decades will, therefore, pose important

social challenges to the elderly due to the rapid changes in social norms, migration, increased

female participation in the labor force outside the home and the brake down of the traditional

extended family system (Christensen et al, 2012).

The World Health Organization (WHO) created the idea of “active aging” as a

potential solution to the problem of “global aging” in 1990. Optimizing senior people’s

health, safety, and chances for an active lifestyle is known as active aging (Paskaleva &

Tufkova, 2017). To age actively is to realize one’s potential for physical, mental, and social

well- being throughout one’s life and actively engage in social, economic, and religious life

in line with one’s needs, desires, and capacity to provide proper protection, safety, and care

when one needs it (Iqra & Anwaar, 2015).

By increased government spending on pension, healthcare, and social benefit

programs for the elderly, aging populations constitute a threat to the macroeconomic and

economic stability of many civilizations. If governments are forced to redirect funds from

infrastructure and education investments pay for senior services, this could harm economic
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growth and general quality of life. In addition, as many nations struggled with unmanageable

public debt, the recent economic crisis not only raised the need for social safety but also

brought attention to population aging challenges. Long term budgetary opportunities for

greater aging related spending are constrained in many countries by the existing high public

spending levels. As a result, timely and appropriate policy responses are required to maintain

budgetary and macroeconomic sustainability as well as the wellbeing and health (Iqra &

Anwaar, 2015).

In this assignment the social problems among the elderly in community and suggested

strategies to address each issue will be discussed. The later part of this report will be given

conclusion for the discussed issues.

Social issues among elders in the community

It is important to understand that getting older not is a bad thing and that senior

citizen can be respected as valuable member of their communities. Many older adults lead

full, active, independent lives with few health or social challengers as well as some adults

who experience health or social problems can also lead pleasant lives. Though society makes

assumption that older people will be less physically fit or cognitively attentive, it is not a

truth always. As example, mobility issues do not affect mental ability, so even if someone

need assistance getting around, they can still engage in recreational activities that do not

demand agility (The live in- care hub , n.d).

According to Asian culture, elders held positions of authority and dignity inside

families. But, they are currently growing more passive, reliant, ill, and weak in terms of their

physical, psychological, and economic health. This phenomenon causes a number of social

and economic issues (Mohammad, 2018).

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Some social issues are more likely to have an impact on senior citizens quality of life.

Some of them are loneliness, social isolation, and social mobility, feminization of aging,

abuse, issues with authority, family problems, and dependency.

Loneliness

Many western nations have reported high rates of loneliness among the elderly. The

main issue with loneliness is that it raises people’s chances of developing mental and physical

illnesses. Elderly loneliness exerts stress on their family members as well. That puts a strain

on both the welfare services and healthcare industry. Loneliness among the elderly raises

social concerns about a societal morality and sense of affinity (Schirmer & Michailakis,

2016).

According to research findings, loneliness has negative effects on one’s mental and

physical health as well as one’s overall quality of life. Several studies have demonstrated the

detrimental impacts of involuntary loneliness on people’s wellness. The most prevalent result

is depression, which frequently result in suicidal ideation, especially after the death of spouse.

However, research has also identified a number of physical conditions, including high blood

pressure, cardiovascular disease, decreased cognitive functions and a weakened immune

system (Best & Harris, 2012). . In the UK, that translates to 7.7 million people living alone.

Women make up 66.5% of those living alone among those 65 and older (Schirmer &

Michailakis, 2016).

Our lives are being impacted by rapid urbanization, a competitive lifestyle, rising

aspirations, and an unquenchable desire to succeed without comprehending the social cost.

The “empty nest syndrome” is a rising problem, which explains why. The children leave for

distant nations in search for economic advancement. Nuclear families are increasingly

common, especially in rural areas, as a result of social change and the development of new

values like, space, privacy, individuality and non- interference. Love marriages have made
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the breakdown of join family system worse. Because children do not show them the popper

attention, care and concern, elderly feel lonely even in join families. Today’s issue is that

people do not have time because they have to deal with work. The woman is occupied with

juggling work at the workplace or at home. The kids are occupied with school, then struggle

to do their school work before playing electronic games. Hence no one covers with them.

In general, intergenerational bonds and awareness of the need for emotional support

among elders among the younger generation are lacking. In urban areas, neighborhood

relations are dwindling as friends and family are preoccupied with their own life. Visits

become few, and phone calls infrequent. The elderly become depressed despite their best

efforts to stay engaged when they are left alone for long periods of time with no human

contact, especially when they reflect on their productive past and the sacrifices they made for

their families and contrast them with the substandard situation they are forced into (Tewari,

2015).

Social isolation

Social isolation is a process that occurs when individuals, groups, or cultures stop

communicating with or cooperating with one another, frequently leading to open conflict.

When a person become old and reaches older ages, they may experience social isolation.

Social isolation is typically characterized as interpersonal alienation from others and the

ensuing lack of social support. Older persons who live in communities frequently experience

social isolation, which can cause a variety of harmful health issues. Social isolation will have

an effect on many older adult’s health, wellbeing, and quality of life in the near future due to

its high prevalence and growing older population (Nicholson, 2012).

There are several reasons why elders may experience social isolation. Many older

citizens go through physical changes and life upheavals, which can inhibit social interaction

and restrict activities. Seniors may experience social isolation as a result of social and
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environment issues like poverty and transportation. It results in mishaps while completing

daily tasks, and inconsistent medication intake (Nicholson, 2012).

Social mobility

Due to the demographic changes and the increasing awareness of the role of physical

function, mobility in older age is becoming an important topic. Mobility limitations have

been reported as increasingly prevalent in older persons affecting about 35% of persons aged

70 and the majority of persons over 85 years. Mobility limitation has been associated with

fall risk, hospitalization, a decreased quality of life, and even mortality.

There are evidences revealed increased health care expenses for elderly people with mobility

issues. An additional $2773 in total health care cost, an additional $274 in out of pocket cost

and an additional $ 14 hospitalizations per 100 beneficiaries occurred in older people with

mobility issues (Hardy et al., 2011).

Feminization

Because of feminization aging, older women typically have fewer resources. The life

of an elderly woman who has lost her partner and is solely dependent on her children is

fraught with difficulties. The elderly person simply endures excruciating pain as she nears

death. The feminization of aging, or the continual increase in the percentage of women in

each older age group, which makes up a bigger percentage of the elderly than they younger

and middle aged exacerbates these issues. The feminization of aging will occur due to elderly

women’s poverty, absence of a partner who can and will provide for them, and the fact that

women generally get illness more than men. The expense of providing health and social

services will increase due to feminization of aging (Iqra, 2015).

Older women who are widowed housed with their children deal with a variety of

issues. In the context of health and other services, the feminization of aging has a variety of

effects. The health outcome is influenced by a variety of elements, including cultural, social,
 9

economic, and political influences. And these elements have an impact beyond just the

physical. The less knowledgeable about the services and policy women are, the more

discrimination they experience in this situation. Also, they receive all social security benefits.

If they receive any pension rom their spouse, it will be cut in half and will not be enough to

meet their requirements. Children do not want to spend more time with them since they are

elderly and sick, and these issues are getting worse every day. Even those older women who

are in generally good health will need more social and practical support. Health providers

must be aware of widowhood’s broader implications and acknowledge that widow’s needs

extend beyond those of a conventional medical response to include concerns about support,

networks and resources (Fineman, 2014).

Abuse

Elder abuse and neglect are pervasive in many civilizations, including in

industrialized and developing nations. Yet, there are significant obstacles to determining the

scope of the issue across societies, including a dearth of data, accurate assessment tools, and

reporting procedures. Cultural factors contribute to other comparability issues. For instance,

while it may be viewed as elder abuse in some cultures, it may be seen as a part of tradition in

others when elderly people are overburdened with family chores (Perera, 2017).

Elder abuse also known as abuse of elderly, is any act, whether one time or

repeatedly, or lack of appropriate action, that harms or distress an elderly person while taking

place in a relationship where there is a trusting expectation. This sort of violence, which

encompasses physical, sexual, psychological, and emotional abuse as well as financial and

material exploitation, abandonment, neglect, and severe loss of respect, constitutes a violation

of human rights (WHO, 2022). According to a 2017 study of 52 studies from 28 different

nations and distinct locations, one in six adults who are 60 years of age or older have

experienced abuse (Yon, 2017).

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Results of an NGO Helping Aging India poll on a sample of 1200 older person from

12 cities in 8 states of the country showed that, while in 2013, 23 percent of elders

experienced abuse by their son and daughter-in –law, the figure has gone up to 50 percent in

2014. The percentage of daughter-in-law, the figure has gone up from 39 percent in 2013 to

61percent in2014. Furthermore, 51 percent subjected to verbal abuse. Meanwhile 59 percent

sons abused their parents. Surveyed identified that 65 percent elderly females and 57 percent

elderly males were abused by their daughter -in –law. From the 1200 subjects, 77 percent

were found to be living with their families and more than 60 percent were owner of house

(Tewari, 2015).

Issues with authority

Seniors who have lived their life in complete control, joy, and comfort become more

sensitive when they perceive a threat to their ego and reputation. They believe that they are

losing all of the privileges they had when they independent, self- sufficient, and in charge.

When a person’s life cycle is over and they are becoming older after living a long and busy

life, they want to be in charge of everything, but they are unable to do so. The person who

was formerly in charge of everything all of a sudden become frail and also, and his voice now

shakes. But for various reasons, many senior citizens are in position of power. According to

the survey, 22% of senior citizens run their own businesses and are in charge of them. They

do not want to cede their authority to their family because they fear that if they do, the

following day, their family and children will throw them out of the home and send them back

to the old one (Iqra, 2015).

Senior citizen used to be in charge until the day they passed away and had the

authority to decide on everything that happened in the family. The family pattern has

completely changed due to modernization, and as a result, parents are losing their authority,

which is crucial for parents when they reach the status of senior citizens. Senior citizens used
 11

to be the dominant one and make all the decisions for the family. Children used to respect

them and never disagree with their decisions.

Family problems

Many elderly people are being impacted by the rise in family conflicts. Family issues

are common difficulty for many elderly people. Many people live in nuclear families, which

indicate that there are family issues present. According to the older people, modernization has

had the greatest impact. Family issues have numerous facts, the elderly person is not treated

with respect by the family, and there is also a property dispute. In Pakistan, respect for elders

is sociocultural value.

Family issues are becoming more prevalent as a result of altered family and social

patterns. An elderly person is aware of their obligations makes an effort to improve the well-

being of the family. Older adults perform their role in the family and contribute to society by

resolving family issues, although occasionally children neglect their parental responsibilities.

They maintain their power and business for the sake of harmony, avoiding conflicts, and

above all else for their own protection since they are aware of reality and their place in the

family (Connidis, 2018).

Dependency

Everyone must pass through the period of aging and old age, with the exception of

those who fell down unintentionally or involuntarily. Senior citizens are term used to show

respect in modern communities for the elderly. The life situation of older persons is one in

which they depend on others, and depending on others poses a serious threat to their survival.

Dependency exists on many levels, including the society and the individuals. Another

significant difficulty with dependency is impairment, biological, and mental disorders, and

health issues (Christensen, 2012). The main problem facing older people is health related,

which makes them dependent on others socially and then economically. Some elderly people
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pass away solely as a result of their dependence on others. Children do not look after their

parents. Now when parents are getting older and their children are depending on them. We

can see that previously there was a youngster was dependent on their parents. It concerns the

compassion and care that primarily elderly people require. Couples in their senior years

without children must rely on one another, which is very challenging for them.

Income and savings

All other challenges that older people encounter start with economic issues.

Retirement affects both social statuses as well as economic status. Many seniors begin their

later years with considerable assets and investment, while others do not. Those with low

savings some additional cash, there is a difficulty as well. Along the way to reaching an

advanced age of 85, 90, or, 95, a variety of expenses, such as unforeseen high medical cost or

necessary home upkeep, have eaten into saving and assets. In the modern society, we

frequently see the children coming home and asking for help their finances or moving in

since they do not have any money. Lack of financial resources makes life stressful and affects

psychology and physical stability (Nguyen &Nguyen, 2020).

Vulnerability to financial exploitation and security

People tend to become more trusting as they age, making them more susceptible to

being taken advantage of financially. To assist them with their maintenance, or remodeling

needs, many seniors will engage service providers. Several unscrupulous maintenance and

repair companies take advantage of elderly by offering needless services and frequently

charging more for such services. Elderly citizens are easy prey for theft, robbery, and

financial scams (Nguyen &Nguyen, 2020).

.
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Strategies to address social issues among elders

Social support and social security of elders are important issues and need urgent

attention of the government, non- governmental organizations and general public. Some

scholars define traditional social networks also has been a source of social assistance to

operate the informal sector. A great proportion of the elders depend on their children or

relatives for shelter and food. Some scholars found that the pension scheme had caused to

increase in the social security of elders in the formal sector. According to informal social

assistance, respect and taking care of older adults had a positive impact on the social security

of elder (Bilesha, 2011). But the existing security system was insufficient to improve

financial needs. Hence welfare of people is core responsibility of the government (Perera,

2017).

Work is a crucial component of one’s wellbeing for material and non- material

reasons. Understanding this can be a crucial component of the answer. Paid job enhances

psychological health by providing social contacts and chances for personal and professional

development in addition to material well- being. Moreover, unpaid employment can offer the

same psychological advantages, such as volunteering, caring for others, and creative

endeavors. Given these benefits, promoting and rewarding both paid and unpaid employment

among the elderly could be a key component of the solution to the economic and social

problems associated with aging.

To implement such a plan, policymakers could take into account a gradual retirement

program that allows elderly workers to work fewer hours while still contributing to society

and paying taxes into later life and providing opportunities for and recognizing caring,

artistic, and volunteer work among older members of society

The best way to deal with the commercial and macroeconomic difficulties brought on

by the aging of the population is frequently suggested to be to encourage older workers to

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stay in the workforce for longer. A plan known as “phased- in retirement’ allow older

workers to select to work fewer hours yet stay in the workforce for a longer period of time,

even after they retire. Moreover, phased retirement has advantages for people, employers, and

societies.

Late life-work has positive health and perceived well-being effects for older

employees. First phased-in-retirement allows continuity in tax revenues and reduces pension

spending, which hold particular importance for economic stability. Older workers can be

valuable to organizations and younger coworkers due to their knowledge and experience.

Governments might encourage and reward volunteering, care work, and artistic labor

among the elderly in situations where people are unable to take advantage of phased- in

retirement due to health problems, fame obligations or skills mismatches. Such unpaid work

enhances the social fabric, promotes the wellbeing of individuals involved, boots the

economy, and lowers healthcare and welfare expenses.

One of the most significant social practices with numerous social and personal

advantages is volunteering. For instance, roughly 25% of Americans volunteer,

contributing184 Dollars in service and 7.9 billion hours of service. Late-life volunteers also

have reduced chances of delayed mortality and declining physical and mental health.

National policy should aim to enable, reward, and adjust such possibilities for older people in

light of these advantages. Also, the care work performed by older people, such as child care,

meal preparation, cleaning, and assistance to the elderly should be valued and rewarded

financially (Nikolova, 2016) .

Joining senior citizen homes could help seniors combat their loneliness issue. Yet,

these homes are not adequately run in all over the world. Private homes are the final resort

because free ones are run in a horrible manner. Another opinion is to join forum or
 15

associations for alder adults, which will satisfy their psychology demand for social

networking to combat loneliness (Tewari, 2015).

Also, encouraging the elderly to focus on creative projects like writing, music, or

paintings can be advantageous to society and lesson social isolation. Governments might

support these activities by funding arts and crafts classes in senior citizen social groups or

community centers (Nikolva, 2016).

Evidence suggest that social participation is associated with the lower levels of older

–age morbidity and mortality. Social gatherings, cultural and religious events, which are part

and parcel of rural settings, provide more opportunities for the elders to enjoy life with

others. Such community level organizations in Sri Lanka include farmers’ societies, death

donation societies, and women’s societies where mostly elderly communities lead and

actively participate (Perera, 2017).

The senior citizen forum can be made more interesting and useful by including lunch

or dinner in a central location, a picnic to a nearby location, cultural event, a visit to a senior

citizens’ home or the geriatric ward in a hospital to talk to the patients, awareness program on

health, safety, and security, the use of pets for assistance, investment priorities, insurance

facilities, legal issues, will writing, a book circulation program. The individuals that get along

well together might develop into close friends, and this friendship may even reach the family

level. As a result, the lonely elders can gain family friends and successful social networking.

It helps to encourage one another. This is a good strategy to follow senior citizen to eradicate

loneliness (Tewari, 2015).

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Suggestions

1. The government should effectively implement the national program for the health

care of the elderly

2. The government and Non- Government Organizations (NGO) should make an effort

to educate seniors about the various government programs and initiatives.

3. NGOs cold develop daycare facilities where senior citizens can interact with their

peers and use their time in a socially beneficial way.

4. Older people’s experiences and expertise should properly utilize for society so that

their pessimistic outlook on life can be transformed into positive one. This will also

assist to lessen their sense of dependence on their family members

5. National policies and programs for the elderly should be implemented properly and

effectively.

6. Public places should be made elder friendly

7. Children should be sensitized, right from primary level, towards intergenerational

bonding.

8. Old age homes should be strengthened in terms of capacity, locational and

geographical spread and quality and magnitude facilities.

9. Encouraging the application of internet to elderly care and internet use among the

elderly are important means of promoting digital health technologies.

10. Improving research and strengthening the evidence

11. Enhance opportunities of nurse’s involvement of elderly care

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Conclusion

Around 11% of the world’s population is made up of older individuals, and as more

people reach age of 60, that percentage is expected to grow. Financial limitations, abuse, and

a lack of high- quality medical care just a few of the difficulties that come with getting older.

Due to stress and other connected circumstances, aging is also associated with mental

psychological difficulties. The majority of older people live alone, which may worsen their

mental health. Governments all across the world are very concerned about the aging

population since these people require particular care.

In order to ensure that the demands of the special groups are satisfied, policy reforms

are therefore required. Encouragement of the elderly population to invest in real assets policy

adjustments is thus necessary to guarantee that the aspirations of the particular groups are

met. One of the methods that could be helpful in addressing the problems associated with old

age is encouraging the senior people to invest in real assets so they can be certain of a steady

income in the future. The government must ensure that everyone has access to affordable, all-

inclusive healthcare and increase public understanding of the negative long- term effect of

teenage substance abuse.

In order to solve the issues affecting older groups in 50 years, it is imperative to

address the problems currently affecting the younger generation. This assertion is accurate

because the youthful people of today will ultimate age. The mentioned milestones will be

attained by the senior population in the future by solving the issues that youthful generations

are currently confronting.

Giving elderly people the chance to work for extended stretches of time while still

participating in volunteer, caring, and artistic endeavors can have positive social and

economic effects and lessen some of the financial strains associated with aging societies. Yet,

engaging in work activities does not always result in increased social wellbeing. Instead
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giving elderly people useless or demeaning chores just to keep them occupied, policies

should be set up in a way that respects their dignity and liberty. Activities should be tailored

to the physical and mental capabilities of older people in addition to providing meaningful

and fulfilling possibilities. While both paid and unpaid employment activities are

advantageous to society and the elderly, giving them the freedom to choose is key element.

It is crucial to understand that implementing those programs and plans might have

some immediate expenses. Phased –in-retirement choices may result in greater costs for

employers and older workers. Also, employers might have to pay for recognizing or adjusting

jobs and local governments might have to pay for reorganizing or adjusting jobs, and local

governments might have to build community facilities to accommodate senior volunteerism

and other activities. Yet, the long-term welfare advantages to society will probably outweigh

these immediate expenses and strengthen the macroeconomic and budgetary situations.

The majority of elderly people reside in extended families. In order to ensure older

women’s wellbeing in old age, it is important to make sure they receive enough economic

and social support. The majority of old-age women are not economically active. In order for

women to have a consistent income during their working years, plan for and be ready for

retirement, and reduce their vulnerability in old age, it is also vital to promote their

employment involvement. To better fulfill the needs and well-being of the elderly, effective

policies, strategies, and programs should be incorporated into development planning that

takes place at all levels, including Grama Niladhari, Divisional secretariat, and District,

Provincial, and National levels in Sri Lanka.

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