Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil: Composition and Characterization of Cold Pressed
Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil: Composition and Characterization of Cold Pressed
Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil: Composition and Characterization of Cold Pressed
Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the volatile compound and the triacylglycerol profiles of
Tunisian cold pressed Moringa oleifera seed oil (MoSO) and to assess its thermal properties and its
biological activities. GC-MS analysis identified thirty six phyto-compounds amounting to 98.99% of the
total oil. These compounds were classified into eleven groups among which the fatty acid one exhibited the
highest intensity (91.63%). Cis, 6-octadecenoic acid was the most abundant compound (70.68%). The
triacylglycerol composition of MoSO was characterized by the predominance of the glycerol trioleate (OOO)
(32.42±0.12%). Thermogravimetric analysis of MoSO showed that the oil possess an interesting thermal
stability with a highly Onset temperatures (Tonset) of 390.72°C and 357.47°C, respectively in nitrogen and air
atmospheres. By using the ABTS assay, MoSO exhibited an interesting antioxidant capacity of 365 μM
TEAC. The oil was also endowed with a relatively strong anti-inflammatory activity since its treatment at
the different concentrations tested (75, 150 and 300 μg/mL). However, no antimicrobial activity was
observed. On the basis of the obtained results, MoSO could be used in diverse industrial applications such
as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food fields thanks to its thermal stability and interesting biological
activities.
Key words: Moringa oleifera seed oil, GC-MS analysis, TG/DTG, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant capacity
*
Correspondence to: Karima Gharsallah, Physics laboratory of Soft Matter and Electromagnetic Modeling, LR99ES16, Faculty of
Science of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, TUNISIA
E-mail: karima.gharsallah@fst.utm.tn
Accepted April 28, 2022 (received for review March 15, 2022)
Journal of Oleo Science ISSN 1345-8957 print / ISSN 1347-3352 online
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jos/ http://mc.manusriptcentral.com/jjocs
1261
K. Gharsallah, L. Rezig, F. B’chir et al.
A large number of medicinal and nutritional properties 48 min. High purity helium was used as the carrier gas at a
have also been ascribed to various parts of the plant constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. Split ratio and split flow
kingdom and in particular its seed oil9). Moringa oleifera were adjusted to 20:1 and of 20 mL/min, respectively.
seeds are known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-in- The injection volume of the oil mixture was of 1 µL. The
flammatory, hypocholesterolemic and anti-asthmatic activi- temperature of the ion source was set to 200℃ while the
ty2, 13). However, these activities have largely been studied interface was set to 250℃. Electron impact(EI)ionization
using its extracts and no data is available on Moringa seed mode was 70 ev and the linear velocity of the column was
oil’s anti-inflammatory activities, especially that originating 36 cm/sec. Mass range was between m/z 30 to 700.
from North African countries. Given these facts, the main Identification of individual components was archived
purpose of this work is to study the volatile compound and using library search software from The Wiley/NBS Registry
the triacyglycerol profiles of Tunisian cold pressed Mass Spectral Data and in-house“BASER Library of Fatty
Moringa oleifera seed oil (MoSO) and to assess its biologi- Acid Constituents” .
cal activities and its thermal stability by using the thermo-
gravimetric analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 2.3 Triacylglycerol analysis
was also used to examine the structural morphology of High-performance liquid chromatography( HPLC)
Moringa oleifera seed, seed flour, and defatted flour. (Agilent 1100, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with an auto-injector
and refractive index detector was used to obtain the triac-
ylglycerol(TAG)profile. TAGs were isolated on an RP-18
column(250×4 mm)with a particle size of 5 m and eluted
2 Materials and Methods from the column with a 25:75 mixture of acetonitrile and
2.1 Seed material and lipid extraction acetone at 1 mL/min. Ten microlitres of the mixture(0.05 g
Moringa oleifera seeds were collected from a plant oil diluted in 1 mL acetone)was injected into the HPLC
nursery located in the town of Beni Khiar (36° 29'02.3"N 10° column, with a total run time of 1 h. TAG peaks of MoSO
48'24.2"E)in Nabeul, Tunisia. The seeds were isolated and sample mixture detected by the high-performance liquid
washed to eliminate impurities before being air-dried in the chromatography were identified by comparison with the
shade. The seeds’shells were manually removed. Cold retention times of standard TAG peaks and those of other
pressed Moringa oleifera seed oil (MoSO) was obtained by vegetable oils such as olive, sunflower, soybean and corn
using a Komet DD 85 G vegetable oil screw press( IBG oils under similar analytical conditions, as previously de-
MonfortsOekotec GmbH & Co. KG, Mönchengladbach, scribed.
Germany). The oil extraction was carried out when the
Moringa seeds( 2 kg)were ground and pressed by the 2.4 Microscopic observations
conical screw rotation. The oil was driven through a perfo- A Quanta 200( (ESEM-EDAX), Germany)scanning elec-
rated tube. The meal was then evacuated at the end of the tron microscope(SEM) was used to examine the structural
shaft by a calibrated orifice that often interchangeably acts morphology of Moringa oleifera seed, seed flour, and de-
as a barrier to the flow of the meal(residual fat, nutritional fatted flour. Surface images of all solid materials can be ob-
value, etc.). The remaining oil flowed into the centrifuge tained at sizes ranging from a magnifying glass(×10)to an
(1248-Gyrozen)for 15 min at 5000 rpm in order to filter electron microscope in transmission(×500,000 or more).
the oil and remove plant debris. This phase was automati-
cally followed by further filtration. The seed oil was then 2.5 FT-IR analysis
(−20℃)
stored in a freezer at for further analysis. The Nicolet 380 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer
was used for the FT-IR spectra acquisition. The sample did
2.2 GC-MS analysis not require any previous preparation. FTIR spectrum was
One hundred microliters of MoSO were dissolved in 200 measured in the frequency range of 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1
µL hexane. In order to convert the mixture to its corre- with a 32 scans and 4 cm−1 resolution. The data were pro-
sponding volatile trimethylsilyl derivatives, 100 µL of pyri- cessed with Spectrum software. Analyses were carried out
dine and 200 µL of Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in triplicate and average spectra were used.
(BSTFA)were added and incubated for 1 hour at 70℃. The
sample was then analyzed by Hewlett Packard HP 6890 2.6 Thermogravimetric analysis
series gas chromatography equipped with a Hewlett Thermogravimetric( TG)curves were obtained with a
Packard 5973 mass spectroscopy detector (GC-MS), using TGA-50 TG analyzer(Shimadzu). Thermogravimetric anal-
a HP-5 MS capillary column(Agilent 19091S-433, 30 m× yses was performed in a 25 to 600℃ temperature range
250 µm internal diameter×0.25 µm film thickness). The with heating rate of 10℃/min in atmospheres of nitrogen
GC oven temperature was kept at 45℃ and programmed to and air(100 mL/min). Approximately 5 mg of sample was
250℃ at a rate of 5℃/min then kept constant at 250℃ for put in alumina crucibles. Shimadzu TA-60WS(2.20)soft-
1262
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)
Beneficial Potentials of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil
ware was used to analyze the data from 3 independent 2.9 Anti-inflammatory activity
measurements in order to obtain the TG and 1st derivative The anti-inflammatory activity of MoSO was evaluated
TG(DTG) curves. on the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line(ATCC)
through the accumulation of nitric oxide(NO). Cells were
2.7 Antioxidant activity of MoSO grown in 24-well plates at a concentration of 2×105 cells/
The ABTS assay was carried out according to Re et al.14) mL for 24 h at 37℃. Cells were then treated with various
with some modifications. ABTS radical cation(ABTS.+) was concentrations of MoSO dissolved in the DMSO or the posi-
formed by reacting 7 mM ABTS aqueous solution with 140 tive control(L-NAME) for 1 hour. In order to avoid solvent
mM potassium persulfate and allowing the mixture to stand toxicity, the final DMSO concentration in the culture
in dark at room temperature for 12 to 16 h before use. The medium mustn’ t exceed 0.1% (v/v) . To check the cytotox-
ABTS.+ solution was diluted with methanol to achieve an icity of samples on cells, the resazurin test was performed
absorbance of 0.70(±0.02)at 734 nm. In the other hand, for tested MoSO concentrations(75, 150 and 300 µg/mL).
the Trolox standard curve was prepared with different Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) (100 µg/mL)was added to the
concentrations(40-400 μM). Absorbance readings were treatment group of plates, while medium or LPS alone was
taken after applying an appropriate MoSO volume’ s sample, added to the control group. After 24 h of LPS stimulation
methanol as a blank, or Trolox standard to 1 mL of diluted at 37℃ in a 5% CO2, the cell-free supernatants were col-
ABTS.+ solution after 2 minutes of incubation at 30℃ in a (NO)
lected and assayed for nitric oxide levels using Griess’
s
glass cuvette. Decrease in absorbance was obtained at 734 reagent(1% sulfanilamide, 5% phosphoric acid and 0.1%
nm. All measurements were in triplicate. The antioxidant N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride)16). The
ability of MoSO sample was measured in μM of Trolox absorbance was measured at 540 nm using an automated
equivalent antioxidant capacity/mg MoSO (μM TEAC) . 96-well Varioskan Ascent plate reader(Thermo Scientific
354). Nitric oxide(NO) levels, produced by murine macro-
2.8 Antimicrobial bioassay phage-like RAW 264.7 cells, were determined by compari-
The antibacterial activity of MoSO was determined using son with a sodium nitrite( NaNO 2)standard curve. All
the disk diffusion method of Bauer-Kirby according to samples were analyzed in triplicate.
Gortzi et al.15). Four Gram positive strains(Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Staph- 2.10 Analytical methods
ylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Enterococcus feacium Analysis was carried out in triplicate. The values of dif-
19434) and four Gram negative strains (Listeria monocyto- ferent parameters were expressed as the mean±standard
genes ATCC 15313, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseu- deviation(X̅ ±SD).
domonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Klebsiella pneu-
monia ATCC 35657)were tested. The antifungal activity
was determined against one fungal strain(Candida albi-
cans ATCC 10231). A suspension of the tested microor- 3 Results and Discussion
ganisms was spread on the appropriate solid media plates 3.1 Identification of volatile compounds by GC-MS analy-
and incubated overnight at 37℃. After 1 day, 4-5 loops of sis
pure colonies were transferred to saline solution in a test Table 1 illustrates the MoSO volatile compound profile
tube for each bacterial strain and adjusted to the 0.5 Mc- analyzed by GC-MS. Thirty six phyto-compounds amount-
Farland turbidity standards(∼108 cells/mL) . Sterile cotton ing to 98.99% of the total oil were identified and classified
dipped into the bacterial suspension and the agar plates into eleven groups including fatty acids(91.63%), phenolic
were streaked three times, each time turning the plate at a compounds(1.02%), alcohols(0.72%), sugars(1.09%),
60°angle. Sterile paper discs( Glass Microfibre filters, alkanes and their derivatives( 0.67%), organic acids
Whatman; 6 mm in diameter) were placed onto inoculated (0.58%), aldehyde(0.1%), ester(0.1%), ketone(1.55%),
plates and impregnated with 10 μL MoSO diluted in Di- amino acid(0.15%)and amine(0.69%). Another unclassi-
methylsulfoxide (DMSO) (100, 200, 400, 500 and 1000 mg/ fied group was also present including trisiloxane, octa-
mL) . Ampicillin(10 μg/disc) and Nystatin(100 μg/disc) were methyl(0.46%), Hexamethyl-Disilathiane(0.1%), and Si-
used as positive control for strains bacteria and fungi, re- lanamine, N,N'-methanetetraylbis[ 1,1,1]-trimethyl
spectively. Inoculated plates with discs were placed in a (0.13%).
37℃ incubator. After 24 hours of incubation, the results Such a result was close to that reported by Adegbe et
were recorded by measuring the zones of growth inhibition al.17) on Moringa seed oil extracted by n-hexane using a
surrounding the disc. Clear inhibition zones around the soxhlet apparatus. In fact, among 24 identified compounds,
discs indicated the presence of antimicrobial and antifungal the major constituents found in the fixed oil were oleic acid
activities. The test was run in triplicate. (22.51%), palmitic acid(10.64%), stearic acid(6.07%),
9-octadecenal(12.76%)and phenyl but-3-1-yne(5.79%).
1263
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)
K. Gharsallah, L. Rezig, F. B’chir et al.
1264
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)
Beneficial Potentials of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil
Other noticeable constituents found in the oil were o-Eth- erol palmitate-dioleate(POO), the glycerol stearate-diole-
yltoulene(4.64%), m-Propyltoulene(3.56%), 4-methylin- ate(SOO) , and the glycerol stearate-linoleate-oleate(SLO)
din(2.35%), 2-phenyl-2-pentane (2.47%), p-mentha -1, 3, with respective values of 14.12±0.06%, 11.97±0.05%,
8-triene(2.36%)and arachidic acid (2.21%) . and 9.72±0.02%. The predominance of the glycerol triole-
Cis, 6-octadecenoic acid was the most abundant ate, the glycerol palmitate-dioleate(POO) , and the glycerol
compound(70.68%)followed by hexadecanoic acid stearate-dioleate( SOO)is in accordance with previous
(7.41%)and octadecanoic acid(5.63%). The high amount studies conducted by Abdulkarim et al. 7)and Salama et
of oleic acid is in the same range than those reported by al.23) on Malysian and Egyptian MoSO extracted by petro-
Ruttarattanamongkol and Petrasch18) and Pereira et al.19) leum ether, respectively. In fact, the latter found that trio-
on cold pressed Moringa seed oil with respective amounts leate( OOO)was the predominant TAG with a content
of 71.87% and 70.2%. Such a finding categorizes the oil varying between 33.75% and 36.70%.
into the high-oleic acid oil group. It is worth noting that It was reported that the thermal behavior of TAG is de-
high amount of oleic acid make MoSO stable during frying20, 21). pendent on its fatty acid composition24). In terms of oxida-
The high monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)content of tive stability of the oil, Neff et al.25) found that OLL, POL,
MoSO suggests its incorporation in a MUFA-rich diet for OOO, OOL, SOL and POO are the main TAG forms respon-
lowering blood cholesterol, modulating immune function, sible for increasing the oil stability. Such a finding proves
reducing susceptibility to LDL oxidation, and improving that MoSO, rich in OLL and OOO forms, is endowed with a
HDL fluidity. However, it should be noted that according to higher oxidative stability which could be of a great interest
WHO22), the ideal ratio recommended in a diet between in food industrial applications.
saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids is 1: According to Abdulkarim et al. 7), the oil extraction
1.5: 1. process did not affect the nature and the distribution of
MoSO TAGs.
3.2 Triacylglycerol composition
Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils is useful either 3.3 Scanning electron microscope
in analyzing their stability toward oxidation or in studying Scanning electron micrographs were processed to reveal
their nutritional aspect. Furthermore, the study of their the location of lipid cells. For this, the surface appearance
physical and functional properties is of a great interest by of shelled seeds and the cellular structure of ground seeds
determining the type as well as quantities of TAG species before and after extraction were examined. Figure 1 illus-
these oils. Table 2 depicts the TAG distribution of the cold trates the scanning electron micrographs of Moringa oleif-
pressed MoSO. Eleven TAGs were detected. Among these era shelled seeds(a and b), of Moringa oleifera ground
TAGs, the glycerol trioleate (OOO)was the most abundant seeds(b), and Moringa oleifera seeds waste after cold
(32.42±0.12%)followed in descending order by the glyc- pressing(d) .
Moringa oleifera shelled seed reveals the presence of a
thin layer surrounding the spongy endosperm (Figs. 1a and
Table 2 Triacylglycerol(TAG)composition of MoSO
1b). The latter presented a non-uniform filamentous
cold pressed.
aspect with an irregular structure of the surface. Such ob-
TAGa Composition (%) servations were also reported by Tavengwa et al.26) who
OOO 32.42±0.12 confirm the presence of a matrix representing the endo-
sperm and containing the seed reserves in terms of miner-
POO 14.12±0.06
als, proteins, and lipids.
SOO 11.97±0.05 Moringa oleifera ground seeds showed swollen and
SLO 9.72±0.02 bulging lipid cells on the surface of the cell tissues(Fig.
SOS 2.31±0.02 1c) . It is worth noting that after cold pressing, these cells
LLL 2.92±0.02 become defatted and flattened(Fig. 1d) .
Such a feature is mainly due to the depletion of lipid re-
PLO 2.72±0.03
serves in the ground seeds without affecting the external
PLS 1.89±0.02 morphological structure of the cell tissue which remains
POP 1.66±0.01 smooth and intact.
POS 1.55±0.01
3.4 FT-IR spectra
PLP 1.08±0.01
Figure 2 illustrates the Fourier-transform infrared
Others 17.64±0.03 (FT-IR)spectrum of cold pressed MoSO. The peaks and
a
L: linoleic acid, O: oleic acid, P: palmitic acid, S: stearic shoulders provide information about structure and func-
acid tional groups present in the sample27).
1265
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)
K. Gharsallah, L. Rezig, F. B’chir et al.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
dant capacity of MoSO was of 3.65 mM TEAC/mg. The in- era seeds using a response surface methodology. Sep.
teresting capacity of MoSO in scavenging the free radical Purif. Technol. 113, 9-17 (2013).
ABTS.+ could be attributed to the richness of this uncon- 7)Abdulkarim, S.M.; Long, K.; Lai, O.M.; Muhammad,
ventional oil source in bioactive compounds. However, S.K.S.; Ghazali, H.M. Some physicochemical properties
MoSO didn’ t exhibit an antimicrobial activity against four of Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted using solvent
Gram positive strains, four Gram negative strains, and one and aqueous enzymatic methods. Food Chem. 93,
fungal strain. 253-263(2005).
GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirty six com- 8)Anwar, F.; Rashid, U. Physico-chemical characteristics
pounds classified in eleven groups. Oleic acid was the pre- of Moringa oleifera seeds and seed oil from a wild
dominant phyto-compound among the major fatty acid provenance of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 39, 1443-1453
group which represented 91.63% of the total volatile com- (2007).
ponents identified. This fact is of a great economic interest 9)Leone, A.; Spada, A.; Battezzati, A.; Schiraldi, A.; Aris-
due to several possible applications of this component in til, J.; Bertoli, S. Moringa oleifera seeds and oil: Char-
the food, cosmetic and medical industries. acteristics and uses for human health. Int. J. Mol. Sci.
On the light of the obtained results, Tunisian cold 17, 21-41(2016).
pressed MoSO has good prospect for use by the food, phar- 10)Bhutada, P.R.; Jadhav, A.J.; Pinjari, D.V.; Nemade, P.R.;
maceutical and medical factories. Nevertheless, it should Jain, R.D. Solvent assisted extraction of oil from Mor-
be noted that the use of Moringa seed oil for industrial ap- inga oleifera Lam. seeds. Ind. Crop Prod. 82, 74-80
plications could necessitate its exposure to high thermal (2016).
treatments, which would have a negative impact on its 11)Gharsallah, K.; Rezig, L.; Msaada, K.; Chalh, A.; Soltani,
quality. It is therefore relevant that further studies are T. Chemical composition and profile characterization
needed to investigate the effects of thermo-oxidation on of Moringa oleifera seed oil. S. Afr. J. Bot. 137, 475-
the physicochemical properties and bioactive activities of 482(2021).
such unconventional oil source. 12)Anwar, F.; Ashraf, M.; Bhanger, M.I. Interprovenance
variation in the composition of Moringa oleifera oil
seeds from pakistan. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82, 45-51
(2005).
Conflict of Interest 13)Nepolean, P.; Anitha, J.; Renitta, E. Isolation, analysis
The authors hereby declare that there are no conflicts of and identification of phytochemicals of antimicrobial
interest. activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Current Biotica 3,
33-39(2009).
14)Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannalla, A.;
Yang, M.; Rice-Evan, C. Antioxidant activity applying
References an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay.
1)Ramachadran, C.; Peter, K.V.; Gopalakrishnan, P.K. Free Radical Bio. Med. 26, 123-137 (1999).
Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) : A multipurpose Indian 15)Gortzi, O.; Lalas, S.; Tsaknis, J.; Chinou, I. Evaluation
vegetable. Eeon Bot. 34, 276-283 (1980) . of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Orig-
2)Farooq, F.; Rai, M.; Tiwari, A.; Khan, A.A.; Farooq, S. anum dictamnus extracts before and after encapsu-
Medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera: An over- lation in liposomes. Molecules 12, 932-945(2007).
view of promising healer. J. Med. Plant Res. 6, 4368- 16)Green, S.J.; Meltzer, M.S.; Hibbs, J.J.B.; Nacy, C.A. Ac-
4374 (2012) . tivated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania
3)Abd El Baky Hanaa, H.; El-Baroty Gamal, S. Charac- major amastigotes by an L-arginine-dependent killing
terization of Egyptian Moringa peregrine seed oil mechanism. J. Immunol. 144, 278-283(1990).
and its bioactivities. Int. J. Econ Bus. Res. 2, 99-108 17)Adegbe, A.A.; Larayetan, R.A.; Omojuwa, T.J. Proxi-
(2013) . mate analysis, physicochemical properties and chemi-
4)Moyo, B.; Masika, P.J.; Muchenje, V. Antimicrobial ac- cal constituents characterization of Moringa oleifera
tivity of Moringa oleifera(Lam.)root extract. Afr. J. (Moringaceae)seed oil using GC-MS analysis. Am. J.
Biotechnol. 11, 2797-2802 (2012) . Chem. 6 (2), 23-28(2016).
5)Upadhyay, P.; Yadav, M.K.; Mishra, S.; Sharma, P.; Pu- 18)Ruttarattanamongkol, K.; Petrasch, A. Antimicrobial
rohit, S. Moringa oleifera: A review of the medical activities of Moringa oleifera seed and seed oil resi-
evidence for its nutritional and pharmacological prop- due and oxidative stability of its cold pressed oil com-
erties. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 5, 12-16(2015) . pared with extra virgin olive oil. Songklanakarin J.
6)Zhao, S.; Zhang, D. A parametric study of supercritical Sci. Technol. 37, 587-594(2015).
carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Moringa oleif- 19)Pereira, F.S.G.; Galvão, C.C.; de Lima, V.F.; da Rocha,
1269
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)
K. Gharsallah, L. Rezig, F. B’chir et al.
M.F.A. et al. The versatility of the Moringa oleifera cant properties of Moringa oil using thermal and tri-
oil in sustainable applications. OCL 23 (6) (2016).
, 1-7 bological techniques. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 96,
20)Abdulkarim, S.M.; Long, K.; Lai, O.M.; Muhammad, 999-1008(2009).
S.K.S.; Ghazali, H.M. Frying quality and stability of 32)Chu, Y.H.; Chang, C.L.; Hsu, H.F. Flavonoid content of
high-oleic Moringa oleifera seed oil in comparison several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. J.
with other vegetable oils. Food Chem. 105, 1382-1389 Sci. Food Agric. 80, 561-566(2000).
(2007) . 33)Adebayo, I.A.; Arsad, H.; Samian, M.R. Total phenolics,
21)Sánchez-Machado, D.I.; Lòpez-Cervantes, J.; Nùñez- total flavonoids, antioxidant capacities, and volatile
Gastelum, J.A.; Servìn de la Mora-Lòpez, G.; Lòpez- compounds gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Hernández, J.; Paseiro-Losada, P. Effect of the refining profiling of Moringa oleifera ripe seed polar fractions.
process on Moringa oleifera seed oil quality. Food Pharmacogn. Mag. 14 (54) , 191-194(2018).
Chem. 187, 53-57 (2015) . 34)Spiliotis, V.; Lalas, S.; Gergis, V.; Dourtoglou, V. Com-
22)WHO. Interim summary of conclusions and dietary parison of antimicrobial activity of seeds of different
recommendations on total fat and fatty acids. Geneva, Moringa oleifera varieties. Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett.
Switzerland: The joint FAO/WHO expert consultation 7, 39-40(1997).
on fats and fatty acids in human nutrition, World 35)Lalas, S.; Gortzi, O.; Athanasiadis, V.; Tsaknis, J.; Chi-
Health Organization (2008) . nou, I. Determination of antimicrobial activity and re-
23)Salama, M.A.; Owon, M.A.; Osman, M.F.; Esmail, A.I.; sistance to oxidation of Moringa peregrine seed oil.
Matthäus, B. Characterization of Egyptian Moringa Molecules 17, 2330-2334(2012).
oleifera lipids (whole seeds and kernels) . J. Food and 36)Salkowski, C.A.; Detore, G.; Menally, R.; Van Rooijem,
Dairy Sci. 9 (12) (2018)
, 379-384 . N.; Vogel, S.N. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide syn-
24)Chouaibi, M.; Mahfoudhi, N.; Rezig, L.; Donsì, F.; Fer- thase messenger RNA expression and nitric oxide pro-
rari, G.; Hamdi, S. Nutritional composition of Zizy- duction by lipopolysaccharide in vivo: the roles of
phus lotus L. seeds. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 92, 1171- macrophages, endogenous IFN-gamma and TNF re-
1177 (2011) . ceptor-1-mediated signalling. J. Immunol. 158, 905-
25)Neff, W.E.; Mounts, T.L.; Rinsch, W.M.; Konishi, H.; 912(1997).
Agaimy, E.I. Triacylglycerols with altered fatty acid 37)Bourgou, S.; Ezzine, Y.; Ben Mansour, R.; Dakhlaoui, S.;
compositions as affected by triacylglycerol composi- Selmi, S. et al. Preliminary phytochemical analysis,
tion and structure. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71, 1101- antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activi-
1109 (1994) . ties of two Tunisian Ephedra species: Ephedra alata
26)Tavengwa, N.T.; Cukrowska, E.; Chimuka, L. Applica- and Ephedra fragilis. S. Afr. J. Bot. 135, 421-428
tion of raw and biochared Moringa oleifera seed pow- (2020).
der for the removal of nitrobenzene from aqueous so- 38)Muangnoi, C.; Chingsuwanrote, P.; Praengamthanacho-
lutions. Desalin. Water Treat. 57, 25551-25560 ti, P.; Svasti, S.; Tuntipopipat, S. Moringa oleifera pod
(2016) . inhibits inflammatory mediator production by lipo-
27)Chacón-Fernández, M.G.; Hernández-Medel, M.R.; polysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macro-
Bernal-González, M.; Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa, phage cell lines. Inflammation 35, 445-455 (2011).
M.C.; Solís-Fuentes, J.A. Composition, properties, sta- 39)Aparicio-soto, M.; Sanchez-Fidalgo, S.; Gonzalez-Ben-
bility and thermal behavior of tamarind (Tamarindus jumea, A.; Maya, I.; Fernandez-Bolanos, J.G. et al.
indica) (2019)
seed oil. Grasas aceites 70, 333 . Naturally occurring hydroxytyrosol derivatives: hy-
28)Duarte, A.M.; Aquino, J.S.; Queiroz, N.; Dantas, D.L.L.; droxytyrosyl acetate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
Maciel, G.S.; Souza, A.L. A comparative study of the modulate inflammatory response in murine peritoneal
thermal and oxidative stability of moringa oil with ol- macrophages. Potential utility as new dietary supple-
ive and canola oils. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 134, ments. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63, 836-846(2014).
1943-1952 (2018) . 40)Cardeno, A.; Sanchez-Hidalgo, M.; Aparicio-Soto, M.;
29)Szabo, M.R.; Chambre, D.; Iditoiu, C. TG/DTG/DTA for Sanchez-Fidalgo, S.; Alarcon-de-la-Lastra, C. Extra
the oxidation behavior characterization of vegetable virgin olive oil polyphenolic extracts downregulate in-
and animal fats. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 110, 281- flammatory responses in LPS-activated murine perito-
285(2012) . neal macrophages suppressing NF k B and MAPK sig-
30)Santos, J.C.O.; Santos, I.M.G.; Conceicão, M.M.; Porto, nalling pathways. Food Funct. 5, 1270-1277(2014).
S.L.; Trindade, M.F.S. et al. Thermoanalytical, kinetic 41)Moreno, J.J. Effect of olive oil minor components on
and rheological parameters of commercial edible oils. oxidative stress and arachidonic acid mobilization and
J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 75, 419-428 (2004) . metabolism by macrophages RAW 264.7. Free Radic.
31)Sharma, B.K.; Rashid, U.; Anwar, F.; Erhan, S.Z. Lubri- Biol. Med. 35, 1073-1081(2003).
1270
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)
Beneficial Potentials of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil
42)Montserrat-de la Paz, S.; Fernández-Arche, A.; Angel- CC BY 4.0( Attribution 4.0 International). This
Martín, M.; García- Giménez, M.D. The sterols isolated license allows users to share and adapt an article,
even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is
from evening primrose oil modulate the release of pro-
given. That is, this license lets others copy, distrib-
inflammatory mediators. Phytomedicine 19, 1072-
ute, remix, and build upon the Article, even com-
1076(2012) . mercially, provided the original source and Authors
are credited.
1271
J. Oleo Sci. 71, (9) 1261-1271 (2022)