2016،5.

‫( ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬B) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬، 34‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬

Antimicrobial Activity of Populous Euphratica Leaves Extract on

Growth of Some Gram Negative Bacteria

Jameel M. Badi .
Nuclear researches and applications Directorate, Ministry of Science& Technology.
Email:jameelbadi@yahoo.com
Hassan M.Resen
Nuclear researches and applications Directorate, Ministry of Science& Technology.
Email: resen66h@yahoo.com
Arkan M.Majeed
Nuclear researches and applications Directorate, Ministry of Science& Technology.
Mustafa M.Abd Al razak
Nuclear researches and applications Directorate, Ministry of Science& Technology.

Received on:7/3/2016 & Accepted on:18/8/2016

ABSTRACT:
Three kinds of extracts (hot , boil water and ethanolic extracts) had been prepared from
populous euphratica leaves .Known chemical reagent was applied to different various function
groups( flavonoid , alkaloid , polyphenoles , Tannins, Saponions and Proteins) present in the
plant leaves. Different concentration of these extract (120, 180 and 240 mg/ml) were used
against various bacterial spp.( Escherichia coli ، Klebsiella pneumonae ، Salmonella typhi ,
Shigella sonei and Protus mirabilus ) to detect the antibacterial activity. The result of the
antibacterial activity of populous euphratica leaves extract has been varied according to the
kind of extract used and bacterial spp. applied. The results clear that the mean diameter of
inhibition zone increased with increasing concentration of the extract used and The results
showed that the mean diameter of inhibition zone in the range 4-26 mm for hot water extract ,
4-22 mm for boiling water and 2-14 mm for ethanolic extract .Finally , the results of hot water
extract plant leaves has shown of the higher biological activity (26 mm) for E.coli among other
extract of the same concentration(120 , 180 and 240 mg/ml) and 22 mm to extract boiling water
in Shigella soni The alcoholic extract higher inhibition zone 14 mm recorded in each of the
(Salmonella typhi Shigella soni, Protus mirabilus).Statistical analysis of the results of all kinds
of extracts was showed significant different(p<0.01).
Keyword: Antibacterial activity, Populous euphratica, The effect of plant extracts, Pathogenic
bacteria

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻕﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺗﻲ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻋﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬
(Populus euphratica ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺍﺕ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬
( Boiling water extract) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ‬، (Hot water extract) ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬. (Ethanolic extract) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺍﺣﺘﻭﺍء ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ﺑﻮﺎﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻷﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺍﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬، (Polyphenols) ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻝ‬، (Alkaloids)‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬، (Flavonoids) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻔﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬
.(Proteins)‫( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬Saponions)‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬، (Glycosides)‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻳﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺘ‬، (Tannins)
‫ﻣﻞ( ﻟﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬/‫ ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‬240، 180،120) ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ‬

169
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ(‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 34‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (B‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪2016،5.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ )‪soni، Salmonella typhi ، Klebsiella pneumonae ، Escherichia coli‬‬
‫‪ . (Protus mirabilus، Shigella‬ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖﻻﻻﻻﻻﺕ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻟﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 26- 4‬ﻣﻠﻢ ‪ 22-4 ،‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ ﻭ‪ 14-2‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻻﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺍﺗﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ 26‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪ E.coli‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ‪ 240 ، 180 ، 120‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻞ ﻭ‪22‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ‪ Shigella soni‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ‪14‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ .(Salmonella typhi, Shigella soni, Protus mirabilus‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻻﺼﺎﻻ)‪.( p<0.01‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ‪.،‬ﺗﺎﺛﻲﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠ ﺼﺍﺗ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻀﻓﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻫ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺍﺕ‬
‫]‪ .[2] ، [1‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻟﻨﺒﺎ ﺗﺎﺗ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻬﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻌﻄﻴ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺴ ﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﻣﺤﺪﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎ ﺗﺎﺗ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻻﺍﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ]‪ ، [4، 3‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﻔﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺍﺕ ]‪ [5‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ]‪ .[6‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺍﺭﻲﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺑﺍﺘ ] ‪. [ 7‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺍﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺣﻴﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺍﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (Tannins‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻟﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ )‪ (Alkaloids‬ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺍﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻫﺬﻫ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻫ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ]‪ . [8‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺍﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ]‪ . [ 9‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺍﺣﺜﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﺍ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻫ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔ ‪.‬ﺍ‪.‬ﻴﺔ )‪ (Salicaceae‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻢ ‪ 300‬ﻧﻮﻉ ]‪ [ 10‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺎﻔ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻭﺮﺏﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ]‪ . [11‬ﺗﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺎﻔ ﻧﻬﺮﻱ ﺩﺟﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻓﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺎﻔ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﺔ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻛﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻡ]‪ ، [12‬ﻭﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻛﻌﻼﺝ ﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻶﻶﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻨﺠﺎﺕ]‪ . [14،13‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻷﻷﺍﻷ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﻷ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺍﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻞﻮﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁﺔ ]‪.[ 16 ، 15‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﻬ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (Biofilm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺕﻴﺮﻳﺔ ]‪ . [17‬ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻬﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ (Disinfection‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (Antibiotics‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻟﻌﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Phagocytes‬ﻭﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Immune system‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻡ) ‪Gram‬‬
‫‪ (negative‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻡ)‪ (Gram positive‬ﺑﺴ ﺒﺒ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺪﺓ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ )‪ (Lipopolysaccharide‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻫ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺗﺼﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ]‪.[18‬‬
‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺝﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫‪170‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ(‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 34‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (B‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪2016،5.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫‪-1‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ ‪ (Populus euphratica‬ﻣﻦ ﺿﻓﺎﻓ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣ ‪ ، 2013‬ﻭﺻﻨﻔﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻷﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﻟﺘﺠﻒ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﻁﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺎﺣﻮﻧﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨ ﺒﺎﺗﻴ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺧﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ --2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻳ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻟﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺎﻟﺕﺎﺑﻌﺓ ﻠﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻮﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ)‪:(Infusion‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻊ ‪ 8‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻢ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ]‪ ، [19‬ﻭﺭﺷﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ . Whatman No 1‬ﺍﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺢ ﻭﺟ ﻔﻔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 40‬ﻡ˚‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ)‪:(Decoction‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻊ ‪ 8‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻢ ﻏﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 15‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ]‪ ، [19‬ﻭﺭﺷﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪Whatman No 1‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺢ ﻭﺟﻔﻔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺮﺓ ‪ 40‬ﻡ˚‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻲ )‪:( Ethanol Extraction‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻊ ‪ 8‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻠﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺛﻴﻠﻲ)‪ (%80‬ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ]‪، [19‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺷﺢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ Whatman No 1‬ﺍﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺢ ﻭﺟﻔﻔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺮﺓ ‪ 40‬ﻡ˚‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 4‬ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﻛﻨ ‪...‬ﻒ ‪ Dragendroff reagent ,‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ]‪، [20‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﻔﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ]‪ [21‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺑﺎﻳﻮﺭﻳﺖ ﻟﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ %1‬ﻛﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﻚ ﻟﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻔﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ )‪ (Flavonoids‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ‪ .%10‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺍﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻄﺭﻳﻘﺔ ]‪.[22‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻳﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺑﻨﺪﻛﺖ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ]‪.[23‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺗﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ]‪ ، [ 19‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 120‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‪1/‬ﻣﻞ‪،‬‬
‫‪180‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‪1/‬ﻣﻞ‪ 240،‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‪1/‬ﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒ ﻴﻄﻴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ)‪Kle. ، E. coli‬‬
‫‪.(Pro. mirabilus، Shi. soni، Sal. typhi،pneumonae‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺎﻟﺘﻳ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ]‪ ، [24‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ Nutrient Agar‬ﻭﺣﻀﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 37‬ﻡ˚ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻌﺸﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻮﻴ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ‪Nutrient Broth‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﻀﻨﺖ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺮﺓ ‪ 37‬ﻡ˚ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 6-4‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺍﻓﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ(‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 34‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (B‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪2016،5.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺪ ‪ 107×1‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻣﻞ ‪-7‬ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒ ﻴﻄﻴ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺮ)‪ (Well agar diffusion‬ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺍﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻟﺺﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﻫﺍ ]‪ . [25‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ )‪ (Wells‬ﺑﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺑﻘﻄﺮ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Muller Hintone‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻋﻼﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 0.1‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪108×1.5‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻜﻔﺮﻻﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ 0.1‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻛﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻻﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 37‬ﻣﺌﻮﻱ ﻭﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﻘﻳﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺗﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻟﺖ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻬﺬﻬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-8‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤ ﻠﻴﻠ ﺍﻻﺣ ﻻﺍﻻﻴ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺠﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻣﻴﻣ ﺍﻟﻼﻼﻼﺍﻼﻴ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﻜﺮﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ)‪ (ANOVA‬ﻟﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ±‬ﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟ ﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﻻﻻ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ (1‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤ ﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺍﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺣﺘﻭﺍء ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻔﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ )‪ ، (Flavonoids‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ)‪ ، (Alkaloids‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻝ )‪ ، (Polyphenols‬ﺍﻟﺘﺍﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ ، (Tannins‬ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻳﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ )‪ ، (Glycosides‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺎﺕ )‪ (Saponions‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ .(Proteins‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ (2‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒ ﻴﻄﻴ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺍﺭ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒ ﻴﻄﻴ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺍﺋﻳ ﺍﻟﺤﺍﺭ)‪ 240‬ﻣﻠﻐﻢ\ﻣﻞ( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪ E. coli‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ )‪ 26‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ Sal. typhi‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ )‪ 22‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﺛﻢ ‪ Shi. soni‬ﻭﺍﻝ ‪ Kle. Pneumanae‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ )‪ 12‬ﻣﻠﻢ(‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻝ ‪ Pro. mirabilus‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ )‪ 8‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺒﺒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻟﻮﻱ)‪ (Outer membrane‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺘﻪ ]‪ .[ 26‬ﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ (3‬ﻓﻴﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒ ﻴﻄﻴ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪ 240‬ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‪ /‬ﻣﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺜﺒ ﻴﻄﻴ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫‪Shi. Soni‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ )‪ 22‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ‪ Pro. mirabilus،‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ )‪ 18‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ‪ Sal. Typhi ،‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ )‪ 14‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ‪ E.coli ،‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ )‪ 12‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﻭ ‪ Kle. Pneumonae‬ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ )‪ 8‬ﻣﻠﻣ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺒﺒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 100‬ﻣﺌﻮﻱ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ]‪ . [19‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ (4‬ﻓﻴﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻅﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪ 240‬ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‪ /‬ﻣﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪Pro. ، Shi .soni ، Sal. Typhi‬‬
‫‪، Mirabilus‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ )‪ 14‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ‪ Kle. Pneumonae‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ )‪ 12‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ﻭ‬
‫‪ 4) E.coli‬ﻣﻠﻢ( ‪ .‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺍﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﻵﻵﻳﻦ ]‪ ، [27‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﺒﺒ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺰﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ]‪ ، [28‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨ ﺼﺼ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺨﻬﺎ‪ (Protein denaturation) .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮ]‪ .[29‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻟﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ]‪ .[30‬ﺍﻅﻬﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺕﺍﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ)‪.( p<0.01‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺧﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻭﺻﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ)‪ ( World Health Organization‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟ ﺒﺤﺜﻳ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺎ‬
‫)‪ ، (Bioactive‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺍﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ(‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 34‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (B‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪2016،5.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (1‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍ ﺷﻓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ)ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺪﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪Flavonoids‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻣﻖ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺑﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﻛﻨﺪﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ‪Alkaloids‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻟﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﻚ ‪1%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺭﻕ‬ ‫‪Polyphenols‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺮﺻﺎﺻ ‪1%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪Tannins‬‬

‫ﻫﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻣ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺑﻨﺪﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻳﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪Glycosides‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻮﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻠﻤﺪﺔ ﺴﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺝ ﺍﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻠﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪Saponins‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺑﺎﻳﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻮﺘﻲﻨﺎﺕ‪Proteins‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻝﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮ ﻟ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺍ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻻﻲﺔ‬
‫‪5.5‬‬ ‫‪5.5‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫‪ +‬ﺗﻤﺜ ﻟ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟ ﺩﻭﻟ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( 2‬ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺺﻠ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺭﺎﻕﻷ ﺭﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ‪/‬ﻣﻠﻢ‬

‫‪240‬ﻣﻟﻐﻣ ‪/‬ﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪180‬ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‪/‬ﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪120‬ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‪/‬ﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪Control‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬

‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫‪26.0±1.06‬‬ ‫‪22.0±0.94‬‬ ‫‪14.0±0.73‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Escherichia coli‬‬
‫‪12.0±1.0‬‬ ‫‪8.0±0.38‬‬ ‫‪6.0±0.63‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Klebsielal pneumonae‬‬
‫‪22.0±0.4‬‬ ‫‪16.0±0.44‬‬ ‫‪8.0±0.86‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Salmonella typhi‬‬
‫‪12.0±1.0‬‬ ‫‪12.0±0.32‬‬ ‫‪8.0±0.94‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Shigella soni‬‬
‫‪8.0±.93‬‬ ‫‪6.0±0.48‬‬ ‫‪4.0±0.99‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Protus mirabilus‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (3‬ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪15‬‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻷﻭﺭﺍﻧ ﻕﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻠﻐﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ‪/‬ﻣﻠﻢ‬

‫‪240‬ﻣﻐﻠﻣ ‪/‬ﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪180‬ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‪/‬ﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪120‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‪/‬‬ ‫‪Control‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬

‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫‪Mean±SE‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫‪12.0±0.55‬‬ ‫‪8.0±0.53‬‬ ‫‪6.0±1.03‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Escherichia coli‬‬

‫‪8.0±0.82‬‬ ‫‪6.0±0.79‬‬ ‫‪4.0±0.63‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Klebsielal‬‬
‫‪pneumonae‬‬
‫‪14.0±0.58‬‬ ‫‪12.0±0.65‬‬ ‫‪6.0±0.14‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Salmonella typhi‬‬
‫‪22.0±0.77‬‬ ‫‪16.0±0.61‬‬ ‫‪12.0±0.37‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Shigella soni‬‬
‫‪18.0±0.67‬‬ ‫‪12.0±0.38‬‬ ‫‪10.0±0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪Protus mirabilus‬‬

‫‪173‬‬
 (‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬ 2016،5.‫( ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬B) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬، 34‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻡ‬

‫( ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺤ ﻭﻠ ﺍﻻ ﺛﻳﻠﻳ ﻷﻕﺍﺭﻭ‬4) ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬24 ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻢ‬/‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ‬

‫ﻣﻞ‬/ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻣ‬240 ‫ﻣﻞ‬/‫ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‬180 ‫ﻣﻞ‬/‫ﻣﻠﻐﻣ‬120 Control ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬

Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
4.0±0.36 2.0±0.56 2.0±0.33 0.0 Escherichia coli
12.0±0.40 6.0±0.36 2.0±0.46 0.0 Klebsielal
pneumonae
14.0±0.29 4.0±0.40 2.0±0.39 0.0 Salmonella typhi
14.0±0.30 4.0±0.30 2.0±0.41 0.0 Shigella soni
14.0±0.64 10.0±0.42 4.0±0.30 0.0 Protus mirabilus

:‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬.. ‫ﺃﻅ‬-1
.(‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ)ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻥ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺎﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬-2
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
.‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬-1
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻼﻼﻼﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﻳﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬-2
HPLC ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
.HPLC ‫ﺍﺠﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺍﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻞﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻳ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-3

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