CAD & ADVANCE

3D MODELLING

NAME :NANDA VAISHNAVI KAMANI

ROLL NO : 19011BB025
FSP 2ND YEAR 4TH SEM
 PART – 1
INTRODUCTION TO AUTO CAD

Introduction Learning to use a CAD system is similar to learning a new language. It is

necessary to begin with the basic alphabet and learn how to use it correctly and
effectively through practice. This will require learning some new concepts and skills
as well as learning a different vocabulary. Today, the majority of the Mechanical CAD
systems are capable of creating three- dimensional solid models. Nonetheless, all CAD
systems create designs using basic geometric entities and many of the constructions
used in technical designs are based upon two-dimensional planar geometry. The method
and number of operations that are required to accomplish the basic planar
constructions are different from one system to another. In order to become effective
and efficient in using a CAD system, we must learn to create geometric entities
quickly and accurately. In learning to use a CAD system, lines and circles are the first
two, and perhaps the most important two, geometric entities that one should master
the skills of creating and modifying. Straight lines and circles are used in almost all
technical designs. In examining the different types of planar geometric entities, the
importance of lines and circles becomes obvious. Triangles and polygons are planar
figures bounded by straight lines. Ellipses and splines can be constructed by connecting
arcs with different radii. As one gains some experience in creating lines and circles,
similar procedures can be applied to create other geometric entities. In this chapter,
the different ways of creating lines and circles in AutoCAD 2017 are examined.
Starting up auto CAD 2017.

1. Select the AutoCAD 2017 option on the Program menu or select the AutoCAD
2017 icon on the Desktop. Click Start Drawing to start a new drawing.
Once the program is loaded into memory, the AutoCAD 2017 main drawing screen
will appear on the screen.

Note that AutoCAD automatically assigns generic names, Drawing X, as new drawings
are created. In our example, AutoCAD opened the graphics window using the
default system units and assigned the drawing name Drawing1.

1. If necessary, click on the down-arrow in the Quick Access bar and select
Show Menu Bar to display the AutoCAD Menu Bar. The Menu Bar provides
 access to all AutoCAD commands.

1. To switch on the AutoCAD Coordinates Display, use the Customization

option at the bottom right corner.

Drawing Units Setup

 Every object we construct in a CAD system is measured in units. We
should determine the system of units within the CAD system before
creating the first geometric entities.

1.In the Menu Bar select:

•[Format]  [Units]

The AutoCAD Menu Bar contains multiple pull-down menus where all
of the AutoCAD commands can be accessed. Note that many of the
menu
items listed in the pull-down menus can also be accessed through the
Quick Access toolbar and/or Ribbon panels.

2.Click on the Length Type option to display the different

types of length units available. Confirm the Length Type is set
to Decimal.

3.On your own, examine the other settings that are available
4.In the Drawing Units dialog box, set the Length Type to Decimal.
This will set the measurement to the default English units, inches.
5.Set the Precision to two digits after the decimal point as
shown in the above figure.
6.Pick OK to exit the Drawing Units dialog box.
Drawing Area Setup
 Next, we will set up the Drawing Limits by entering a command in the
command prompt area. Setting the Drawing Limits controls the extents of the
display of the grid. It also serves as a visual reference that marks the working
area. It can also be used to prevent construction outside the grid limits and as a
plot option that defines an area to be plotted/printed. Note that this setting does
not limit the region for geometry construction.
1. In the Menu Bar select:
[Format]  [Drawing Limits]
2. In the command prompt area, the message “Reset Model
Space Limits: Specify lower left corner or [On/Off]
<0.00,0.00>:” is displayed. Press the ENTER key once to
accept the default coordinates <0.00,0.00>.

3.In the command prompt area, the message “Specify upper right corner
<12.00,9.00>:” is displayed. Press the ENTER key
again to accept the default
coordinates <12.00,9.00>.

4. On your own, move the graphics cursor near the upper-right

corner inside the drawing area and note that the drawing area is
unchanged. (The Drawing Limits
command is used to set the drawing area, but the display will not
be adjusted until
a display command is used.)

5. Inside the Menu Bar area select:

[View]  [Zoom]  [All]
 The Zoom All command will adjust the display so that all objects in the
drawing are displayed to be as large as possible. If no objects are
constructed, the Drawing Limits are used to adjust the current
viewport
6. Move the graphics cursor near the upper-right corner inside the drawing area
and
note that the display area is updated.
7. Hit the function key [F7] once to turn off the display of the Grid lines.

• Note that function key [F7] is a quick key, which can be used to quickly
toggle
on/off the grid display. Also, note the command prompt area can be positioned
to
dock below the drawing area or float inside the drawing area as shown.

PAN
Shifts the location of a view.
1. Choose View, Pan. Or
2. Click the Pan icon. or
3. Type PAN from the command
prompt. Command: PAN or P
- While in the PAN command, click with the right mouse button to see the
following menu.
- Panning can also be done by using the window scroll bars.

ZOOM
Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current viewport
1. Choose View, Zoom. Or
2. Click a Zoom icon. Or
3. Type ZOOM at the command prompt. Command: Zoom or Z
4. Type One of the following zoom options:
The following are basic zoom options: All Places entire drawing (all visible
layers) on display at once. Forces a regeneration.
Extents Displays current drawing content as large as possible. Previous
Restores previous view.
Window Designates rectangular area to be drawn as large as possible.
Number Magnification relative to ZOOM All display Number X Magnification
relative to current display (1X) Center Specifies center point and new display
height.
Dynamic Permits you to pan a box representing the viewing screen around the
entire generated portion of the drawing and enlarge or shrink it.
-While in the ZOOM command, click with the right mouse button to see the
menu to the right.
Drawing Lines with the Line Command

1. Move the graphics cursor to the first icon in the Draw panel. This icon is
the Line icon. Note that a brief description of the Line command appears next
to the cursor.
2. Select the icon by clicking once with the leftmouse- button, which will
activate the Line command.
3. In the command prompt area, near the bottom of the AutoCAD drawing
screen,
the message “_line Specify first point:” is displayed. AutoCAD expects us to
identify the starting location of a straight line. Move the graphics cursor inside
the
graphics window and watch the display of the coordinates of the graphics
cursor
at the bottom of the AutoCAD drawing screen. The three numbers represent the
location of the cursor in the X, Y, and Z directions. We can treat the graphics
window as if it was a piece of paper and we are using the graphics cursor as if it
were a pencil with which to draw.
 We will create a freehand sketch of a fivepoint star using the Line
command. Do not be overly concerned with the actual size or accuracy of your
freehand sketch. This exercise is to give you a feel for the AutoCAD 2017 user
interface. Coordinates

4. We will start at a location about one-third from the bottom of the graphics
window. Left-click once to position the starting point of our first line. This will
be point 1 of our sketch. Next, move the cursor upward and toward the right
side of point 1. Notice the rubber-band line that follows the graphics cursor in
the graphics
window. Left-click again (point 2) and we have created the first line of our
sketch.
5. Move the cursor to the left of point 2 and create a horizontal line about the
same
length as the first line on the screen.
6. Repeat the above steps and complete the freehand sketch by adding three
more
lines (from point 3 to point 4, point 4 to point 5, and then connect to point 5
back
to point 1).
7. Notice that the Line command remains activated even after we connected the
last segment of the line to the starting point (point 1) of our sketch. Inside the
graphics window, click once with the right-mouse-button and a popup menu
appears on the screen.
8. Select Enter with the left-mouse-button to end the Line command. (This is
equivalent to hitting the [ENTER] key on the keyboard.)
9. Move the cursor near point 2 and point 3, and estimate the length of the
horizontal line by watching the displayed coordinates for each point.

Pline Command
A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single
object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a
combination of the two.
1. Choose Draw,Polyline. or
2. Pick the Pline icon.
3. Type PLINE at the command prompt Command : PLINE or PL
4. Pick A point on the drawing to start the polyline From point:(select)
5. Type One of the following options
Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/: or
6. Pick A point to continue drawing
Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/: (pick point)

Circle Command
1. Choose Draw, Circle. or
2. Click the Circle icon. Or
3. Type CIRCLE at the command prompt. Command: CIRCLE
4. Type One of the following options: 3P/2P/TTR/<>: or
5. Pick A center point.
6. Type A radius or diameter. or
7. Pick A radius or diameter Diameter/<>:
- To create circles that are the same size, press ENTER when asked for the
circle radius.
- When selecting a circle with a pickbox, be sure to select the circumference of
the circle.

Rectangle Command
1. Choose Draw, Rectangle. or
2. Click the Rectangle icon. or
3. Type Rectange at the command prompt Command: RECTANG Chamfer
/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width/ :
4. Pick first corner. 5. Pick other corner or type coordinates

Arc Command
1. Choose Draw, Arc. Or
2. Click the Arc icon. or
3. Type ARC at the command prompt Command: ARC
4. Draw One of the arcs.
-Except for 3 point arcs, arcs are drawn in a COUNTERCLOCKWISE
direction.

Making a selection
There are many ways of making a selection in AutoCAD like a simple window
or manual selection by clicking on objects. But there are also many other ways
of making a specific type of selections using different tools like Quick Select,
Filter and other selection sets.
In this article, I will explain methods of making these selection sets using
different tools and I will explain ways of saving these selection sets so that they
can be used later.
I have used a sample drawing with circle and rectangles of the different colour
and dimensions to explain this article.

1. Window selection
This is the normal and most obvious way of making a selection in AutoCAD.
To make a window selection click at any point in the drawing area and drag the
cursor towards right side to include the objects in the selection window.
All the objects which are completely inside this solid window will be selected,
as shown in the image below.
Objects crossing the boundary will not be selected in this case, only objects
completely inside the selection window will be selected.

2. Crossing window
This one is like normal window selection but in this case, any object which
even touches the boundary of the window will be selected. To make this
crossing window click at a point in drawing area and move your cursor towards
left.
All the objects within this dashed window, as well as objects touching the
boundary of the window, will be included in the selection set as shown in the
image below.

3. Window and Crossing Polygon

This one is another type of window and crossing selection. In this case instead
of rectangular selection boxes you can make a polygonal selection box.
In this case too if you make a window polygon then all objects completely
inside the polygon will be selected. If you make a crossing polygon then all the
objects within the polygon as well as objects touching the boundary of the
polygon will be selected.

To make a window or crossing polygon click at any point in the drawing area
and then type WP or CP for window polygon and crossing polygon respectively
and press enter.

In this example, I have made a window polygon to select all red circles from the
drawing. You can use crossing polygon as well for the similar type of
selections.

4. Fence Selection
Using this selection option you can create a fence in such a way that all objects
touching that fence will be included in the selection set.
To use this selection option click anywhere in the drawing area then type F on
the command line and press Enter. Your fence will start from the point of click,
now move this fence to touch other objects in the drawing to make the
selection.
In this example, I have made a fence to make the selection of all yellow
rectangles in the drawing.
5. Lasso Selection
This type of selection can also be called as the free hand selection set, it is
relatively new and it was introduced in the 2015 version of AutoCAD. In this
case, you can make a selection set simply by moving your cursor freely in the
drawing area.
Click and hold at a point don’t release your mouse key then draw your cursor in
the drawing area. You will notice that a free hand selection will be made. If you
move your cursor towards the right side, window Lasso will be made. If you
move your cursor towards left crossing lasso will be made.
In the image below I have used crossing lasso to make a selection of objects of
magenta colour.
In case of lasso selection, you can press enter or spacebar key while in the
middle of selection to cycle through Window, Crossing and Fence type of lasso
selection.

6. Chain Type selection

Using FSMODE system variable you can implement chain type selection of
objects in the drawing area. An example of this type of selection is shown in the
gif image below.
Type FSMODE and press enter, then type ON and press enter again.
Now type FS and press enter and then click on any one of the objects of
drawing. You will notice that all the objects which are connected to each other
will be selected.
If you don’t want this type of chain selection then type FSMODE press enter
and type OFF and press enter again.
When FSMODE is off the FS command will only select the object on which
you will click and one adjoining object as shown in the gif image above.

7. Removing an object from selection set

If you have accidentally selected any object(s) in your selection set then press
and hold the shift key and click on the object which you want to remove from
the selection set.
You can also press and hold the shift key then make a selection, crossing or
lasso window and instead of adding the object it will remove it from the
selection set.

8. Using Quick select

You can make meaningful selection sets using the quick select tool of
AutoCAD. Let’s assume that we want to make a selection set of all the circles
in the drawing which has the radius less than 25 units.
To start type QSELECT on the command line and press Enter. The quick select
window as shown in the image below will appear.

From this window select “Entire drawing” option in the “Apply to” drop down
menu. In the “Object type” menu select “Circle” and select “Radius” from
“Properties” panel. Select “< Less than” option from “Operator” drop down
menu and enter 25 in the value field.
The properties entered so far will tell AutoCAD to select all circles from
drawing with the radius less than 25 units. Click OK to apply this selection
criterion on the drawing and you will notice that all objects which meet the
criteria of Quick Select window will be included in the select set.

9. Select Similar option

This one is another simple yet powerful tool which can be used to make
selections quickly from your drawing.
Let’s assume that we want to select all the circles of the sample drawing, for
that I will select any one of the circle then right click and select “Select Similar”
option from the contextual menu.
You can also refine the selection criteria of the select similar tool by changing
its settings. To change the settings type SELECTSIMILAR on the command
line and press enter, then select settings option from the command line.
Now check the property boxes which you want to include in the selection
criteria of the select similar option. For example, you can include the color in
the selection criteria too.

After selecting “color” in the selection criteria if you select a circle then choose
the select similar option, it will select all the circles which have the same color
as the color of the selected circle.

10. Using Filter

This tool can be called as an advanced version of Quick Select tool. Using this
tool, you can create complex filters

Move Command
1. Choose Modify, Move.
or 2. Click the Move icon. or
3. Type MOVE at the command prompt Command: MOVE or M
4. Pick Objects to move Select objects: (select)
5. Pick A point to move from Base point or displacement: (pick point)
6. Pick A point to move to Second point of displacement: (pick point)

Copy Command
1. Choose Modify, Copy. Or
2. Click the Copy icon. Or
3. Type COPY at the command prompt. Command: COPY or CP
4. Pick Objects to copy. Select objects: (select)
5. Pick A point to move from. Base point or displacement/Multiple: (pick
point). 6. Pick A point to copy to. Second point of displacement: (pick
point) or
7. Type A point to copy to. Second point of displacement: @ 1<0

ROTATE Command
1. Choose Modify, Rotate.
or 2. Click the Modify icon. Or
3. Type ROTATE at the command prompt Command : ROTATE
4. Pick Objects to rotate: Select objects:(select)
5. Pick A pivot point to rotate around Base point: (point)
6. Type A rotation angle/Reference: (number) or
7. Pick A rotation angle/Reference: (point)

SCALE Command
1. Choose Modify, Scale. Or
2. Click the Scale icon. or
3. Type SCALE at the command prompt Command: SCALE Select
objects: (select objects)
4. Pick A pivot point to scale about Base point: (point)
5. Type A rotation angle/Reference:(number) or
6. Pick A scale factor/Reference: (point) Scale factor/Reference: (points)

Offset Command
Offset Distance
To offset a specified distance:
1. Choose Modify, Offset. or
2. Choose the Offset icon. Or
3. Type OFFSET at the command prompt. Command: OFFSET or O
4. Type The distance to offset. Offset distance or : (number)
5. Pick The object to offset. Select object to offset: (select object)
6. Pick A side to offset object to. Side to offset: (pick side)
7. Pick Another object to offset Select object to offset: (pick side) or
8. Press Enter to end the command.

MIRROR Command
1. Choose Modify, Mirror. Or
2. Click the Mirror icon. Or
3. Type MIRROR at the command prompt. Command: MIRROR
4. Pick Objects to mirror. Select objects:(select)
5. Pick First point of mirror line: (point)
6. Pick Second point: (point)
7. Type Yes to delete the original objects and No to keep
them. Delete old objects?Y or N

TRIM Command
The TRIM command allows you to trim objects in a drawing so they end
precisely at a cutting edge defined by one or more other objects in the
drawing.
1. Choose Modify, Trim. Or
2. Click the Trim icon.
3. Type TRIM at the command prompt Command: TRIM Select
cutting edge(s)...
4. Pick The CUTTING edge to extend to Select objects: (select)
5. Press ENTER to accept the cutting edge Select objects: (press enter)
6. Pick Objects to trim
<Select object to trim> / Project / Edge /
Undo: Select an object, enter an option, or
press enter
7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing
objects Select object to trim/Undo: (press
enter)

Hold the SHIFT key to interactively extend instead of trim.

EXTEND Command
1. Choose Modify, Extend. Or
 2. Click the Extend icon. or
3. Type EXTEND at the command prompt Command: EXTEND Select
boundary edge(s)...
4. Pick The BOUNDARY edge to extend to Select objects: (select)
5. Press ENTER to accept the boundary edge Select objects: (press enter)
6. Pick The objects to extend
<Select object to extend> / Project /
Edge / Undo: Select an object, enter
an option, or press enter : (select)
7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects

Fillet Command

To use the Fillet command

1. Click on the fillet command icon
2. Type R and Press Enter
3. Specify the fillet Radius and Press Enter
4. Select the first line
5. Select the second line

Chamfer Command
 To use the Chamfer command
1. Click on the Chamfer icon
2. Type D and Press Enter
3. Specify the first chamfer distance and Press Enter
4. Specify the second chamfer distance and Press Enter
5. Select the first line
6. Select the second line

Rectangular Array

1. Click Home tab Modify panel Rectangular Array. Find

2. Select the objects to array and press Enter. A default rectangular array
is displayed.
3. On the array preview, drag the grips to adjust the spacing and number of
rows and columns.
4. You can also modify values on the Array context ribbon.
 To Add Levels to an Array

1. Select one of the items in the array.

2. In Array context ribbon Levels panel Levels. Find
3. Enter the number of levels.

To Modify the Number of Items in a Rectangular Array

1. Select the array.

2. Drag a grip in the top-right, top-left, or bottom-right corner t
increase or
decrease the number of rows or columns.

Polar Array

1. Click Home tab Modify panel Polar Array. Find

2. Select the objects to array.
3. Specify a center point.

A preview array is displayed.

4. Enter i (Items) and enter the number of objects to array.
5. Enter a (Angle) and enter the angle to fill.

You can also drag the arrow grips to adjust the fill angle.

Toggle the Object Rotation on Polar Arrays

Use this method if the polar array is associative and ribbons are
displayed. This procedure controls whether the objects are rotated about
the center point or maintain their original alignment.

1. Select the array.

2. Click Array context ribbon Properties panel Rotate Items. Find

Modify the Angle Between the Items in a Polar Array

1. Select the array.

2. Click the Angle Between grip.

The Angle Between grip is displayed on the second item in the first row
of the polar array. This grip is displayed only when there are three or
more items in the array.

3. Move the cursor to increase or decrease the angle between the items
and then click.
Co-ordinate Systems
AutoCAD allows you to define the placement of a point using two
different coordinate systems. The Cartesian (rectangular) Coordinate
System uses the “x” distance (left/right) and the “y” distance (up/down).
The Polar Coordinate System uses the distance between points (length or
magnitude) and the angle (direction or vector). The system you use will
depend upon the information you have. Rectangular coordinates are
typically used when you know your grid positions. Polar coordinates are
typically used when you know the exact angle between two points, along
with the distance.

Five methods used to specify the locations of points:

• Interactive Method – Click points on the screen with the cursor.
This method is the least accurate unless you are using osnap or snap
tools.
• Absolute Cartesian Coordinate Method – x,y – Type the x and y
coordinates on the command line to locate a point relative to the origin
(0,0).
• Relative Cartesian Coordinate Method - @x,y - Type the x and y
coordinates on the command line to locate a point relative to the
previous point.
• Relative Polar Coordinate Method - @distance<angle - Type the
distance and angle on the command line to locate a point relative to the
previous point.
• Direct Distance Entry Method – Move the cursor in the correct
direction and type the distance on the command line (should be used
with Ortho or Polar Tracking). This is the simplest method.
• Surveyors Coordinates – @100'<n29d59'e - "n29d59'e" is the
AutoCAD notation for "North 29°59' East" and the distance precedes,
making this method similar to Relative Polar Coordinates
 Designs and drawings created in a CAD system are usually defined and
stored using sets of points in what is called world space. In most CAD systems,
the world space is defined using a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate
system. Three mutually perpendicular axes, usually referred to as the X-, Y-,
and Z-axes, define this system. The intersection of the three coordinate axes
forms a point called the origin.
Any point in world space can then be defined as the distance from the origin in
the X-, Y- and Zdirections. In most CAD systems, the directions of the arrows
shown on the axes identify the positive sides of the coordinates.

A CAD file, which is the electronic version of the design, contains data that
describes the entities created in the CAD system. Information such as the
coordinate values in world space for all endpoints, center points, etc. along with
the descriptions of the types of entities are all stored in the file. Knowing that
AutoCAD stores designs by keeping coordinate data helps us understand the
inputs required to create entities. The icon near the bottom left corner of the
default AutoCAD graphics window shows the positive X-direction and positive
Y-direction of the coordinate system that is active. In AutoCAD, the coordinate
system that is used to create entities is called the user coordinate system (UCS).
By default, the user coordinate system is aligned to the world coordinate system
(WCS). The world coordinate system is a coordinate system used by AutoCAD
as the basis for defining all objects and other coordinate systems defined by the
users. We can think of the origin of the world coordinate system as a fixed point
being used as a reference for all measurements. The default orientation of the Z-
axis can be considered as positive values in front of the monitor and negative
values inside the monitor.

Polar Mode
The Polar Mode or Polar Tracking mode in AutoCAD restrict the
cursor movement to certain angles.

It displays the polar angles followed by the alignment paths.

The Polar Mode in 3D provides an additional alignment in the

upward and downward direction other than polar angles.

The Tooltip, which is present near the cursor displays the

distance and the angle.

The Polar Tracking is present on the status bar at the bottom,

as shown below:

From the drop-down list of Polar Tracking, we can choose the

angles according to the requirements.

Ortho Mode
The Ortho mode in AutoCAD is used to restrict cursor
movement to specific directions.
It allows the cursor movement only in the vertical and
horizontal direction.

When we create, modify, or move the drawings, the ORTHO

mode is used to restrict the movement relative to the UCS
(User Coordinate System).

The Ortho Mode is present on the Status bar at the bottom, as

shown below:

We can implement ortho mode in 2D as well as 3D.

We can turn ON or turn OFF ortho mode while editing or

creating drawings accordingly.

We can also use ortho mode to copy or move objects

horizontally or vertically.

Dynamic Input
Dynamic input provides a command interface near the cursor in the
drawing area.

Dynamic tooltips provide an alternative way to enter commands. When

dynamic input is turned on, a tooltip displays dynamically updated information
near the cursor. When a command is in progress, you can specify options and
values in the tooltip text box.

The actions required to complete a command or to use grips are similar to those
for the Command prompt. If the AutoComplete and AutoCorrect features are
turned on, the program automatically completes the command and offers correct
spelling suggestions just as it does on the command line. The difference is that
your attention can stay near the cursor.
Dynamic Input and the Command Window
Dynamic input is not designed to replace the command window. You can hide
the command window to add more area for drawing, but you will need to
display it for some operations. Press F2 to hide and display Command prompts
and error messages as needed. Alternately, you can undock the command
window and use Auto-hide to roll open or roll up the window.

Control Dynamic Input Settings

Click the dynamic input button ( Find) on the status bar to turn dynamic
input on and off. Dynamic input has three components: cursor (pointer) input,
dimension input, and dynamic prompts. Right-click the dynamic input button
and click Settings to control what is displayed by each component when
dynamic input is turned on.

Note: You can turn off dynamic input temporarily by holding down the
F12 key.

Pointer Input
When pointer (cursor) input is on and a command is in progress, the coordinate
location of the crosshairs is displayed in tooltip entry boxes near the cursor.
You can enter coordinates in the tooltip instead of on the command line.

The default for second and subsequent points is relative polar coordinates
(relative Cartesian for RECTANG). There is no need to type the @ sign. If you
want to use absolute coordinates, use the # sign prefix. For example, to move an
object to the origin, for the second point prompt, enter #0,0.

You can control the default format for coordinates, and when the dynamic input
tooltip is displayed.
Dynamic Prompts
When dynamic prompts are on, prompts are displayed in a tooltip near the
cursor. You can enter a response in the tooltip instead of on the command line.
Press the Down Arrow key to view and select options. Press the Up Arrow key
to display recent input.

Note: To use paste text into a dynamic prompt tooltip, type a letter and
then backspace to delete it before you paste the entry. Otherwise, the
entry is pasted into the drawing as text.

Object Snaps
Use object snaps to draw or edit objects relative to a precise location.
PDF underlay object snaps are similar to regular object snaps except
that they can be turned on and off separately from regular object snaps,
and that they apply only to the objects in the attached file.

Object snapping to PDF underlays is similar to object snapping to

drawing geometry. However, object snapping might not behave as
expected, depending on how the PDF was created. For example, if the
PDF was made from scanned architectural plans, the PDF is a raster
image, not a vector-based image. Therefore, object snapping does not
work. Also, geometry from PDF’s that were created outside of AutoCAD
for MAC may contain nonstandard snapping points, such as circles with
no center points. Use the PDFOSNAP and UOSNAP system variables
to turn object snapping on and off.

Object snapping can also be turned on and off by a shortcut menu.

Select an underlay and right-click to display the object snap menu
option.

SNAP MODE ON
1. Left-click the SNAP MODE button in the Status Bar to turn ON the SNAP
option.

2. Move the cursor inside the graphics window, and move the cursor diagonally
on
the screen. Observe the movement of the cursor and watch the coordinates
display at the bottom of the screen.
 The SNAP option controls an invisible rectangular grid that restricts cursor
movement to specified intervals. When SNAP mode is on, the screen cursor and
all input coordinates are snapped to the nearest point on the grid. The default
snap
interval is 0.5 inches and aligned to the grid points on the screen.
3. Click on the Line icon in the Draw toolbar. In the command prompt area, the
message “_line Specify first point:” is displayed.
4. On your own, create another sketch of the five-point star with the GRID and
SNAP options switched ON.
5. Use the right-mouse-button and select Enter in the popup menu to end the
Line command if you have not done so.

Tracks the cursor along vertical and horizontal alignment paths from
object snap points.

Find
Right-click the button to specify the object snap points from which to track.

Object Snap Tracking is turned on (default).

Object Snap Tracking is turned off.

Linked To AUTOSNAP

Shortcut Key F11

Previous Label OTRACK

Creating Hatches
When drawing objects you can use the hatch command to fill areas. It
creates block patterns that can represent materials such as earth,
insulations, or grass. You can also create solid fill the same way you create
hatch patterns. Although AutoCAD comes with custom standard patterns,
you can also create your own hatch patterns or use the external pattern
library displayed in the hatch
Pattern Palette dialogue box. You can define a simple hatch pattern based
on the current linetype. You define the pattern by changing the angle and
spacing of the hatch lines.

To use a predefined hatch pattern from AutoCAD

1. From the Draw Menu, choose Hatch or type Hatch in the command prompt.
2. At the right of the Boundary Hatch and Gradient fill dialog box, choose Pick
Points or Select Objects.
3. Specify an internal point for the hatch area or select the object.
4. Hit the Tab bar or press Enter to go back to the Hatch dialogue box.
5. Select Predefined in the Type box.
6. Select a Pattern From the Pattern box. If you select an ISO pattern, you
can specify a pen width, which determines the lineweight in the pattern.
7. Choose OK. To create User-Defined Hatch Patterns
1. From the Draw Menu, choose Hatch or type Hatch in the command prompt.
2. At the right of the Boundary Hatch and Gradient fill dialog box, choose
Pick Points or Select Objects. 3. Specify an internal point for the hatch
area or select the object.
4. Hit the Tab bar or press Enter to go back to the Hatch dialogue box.
5. Select User-defined in the Type box.
6. Specify the angle and spacing of the hatch pattern.
7. Select Double to use intersecting lines in the pattern.
8. Choose OK.
 Creating Dimensions
Create linear dimensions with horizontal, vertical, and aligned dimension
lines. Create baseline or chained dimensions. Place dimension lines at
an angle to the extension lines, or make extension lines oblique.

Create Horizontal, Vertical, or Aligned Dimensions

1. Click Annotate tab Dimensions panel Dimension. Find

2. Select a line or specify the first and second extension line origin poin
ts.
3. Move your pointing device to the desired position and orientation of the
dimension.
4. Before specifying the dimension line location, you can edit or rotate the text.
5. Click to place the dimension line.
6. Repeat steps to continue dimensioning or press Enter to end dimensioning.
Continued, baseline, and ordinate dimensions can be created using the options
in this command.

Create a Linear Dimension with Angled Extension Lines

1. Click Annotate tab Dimensions panel Linear. Find

2. Specify the first and second extension line origin.
3. At the prompt, enter r (Rotated).
4. Enter an angle for the dimension line.
5. Click to place the dimension line.
 Create a Continued or Chain Dimension

1. Click Annotate tab Dimensions panel Continue. Find

2. If prompted, select the dimension to continue.
Note: This prompt is skipped if the first extension line origin can be assumed
from the origin of the second extension line of the last created linear or angular
dimension.
3. Use object snaps to specify additional extension line origins.
4. Press Enter twice to end the command.

Create a Baseline Dimension

1. Click Annotate tab Dimensions panelBaseline. Find

2. If prompted, select the base dimension.
Note: This prompt is skipped if the first extension line origin can be assumed
from the last created linear or angular dimension.
3. Use an object snap to select the second extension line origin, or press Enter to
select any dimension as the base dimension.
The second dimension line is automatically located at the distanc specified by
the Baseline Spacing option in the Dimension Style Manager, Lines tab.

4. Use an object snap to specify the next extension line origin.

5. Continue to select extension line origins as needed.
6. Press Enter twice to end the command.

Modify a Dimension o
t Specify Oblique Extension Line s

1. Click Annotate tab Dimensions panel Oblique. Find

2. Select a linear dimension.
3. Enter a value for the angle of obliqueness, or specify two points.
 Creating dimension style

1. Click Home tab Annotation panel Dimension Style. Find

2. In the Dimension Style Manager, click New.
3. In the Create New Dimension Style dialog box, enter a name for the new
dimension style, and click Continue.
4. In the New Dimension Style dialog box, click each tab, and make any
changes for the new dimension style.
5. Click OK and then Close to exit the Dimension Style Manager.

Creating Multileader
Creates a multileader object.

Find

A multileader object typically consists of an arrowhead, a horizontal landing, a

leader line or curve, and either a multiline text object or a block.

Multileaders can be created arrowhead first, leader landing first, or content first.
If a multileader style has been used, the multileader can be created from that
specified style.
 The following prompts are displayed.Leader arrowhead location/first
Specifies a location for the arrowhead of the multileader object. Leader
landing location/first Specifies a location for the landing line of the
multileader object.
Content first Specifies a location for the text or block associated with the
multileader object.

Point selection
Sets placement for the text box for the text label associated with the multileader
object. When you finish entering text, press Esc or click outside the text box.

options
Specifies options for placing the multileader object.

Leader type

Specifies how the leader line is handled.

 Straight. Creates a straight multileader line.

 Spline. Creates a spline multileader line.
 None. Creates a multileader with no leader line.
Leader landing
Specifies whether to add a horizontal landing line. If you enter Yes, you are
prompted to set the landing line length.

Content type

Specifies the type of content that will be used for the multileader.

 Block. Specifies a block within your drawing to associate with the new
multileader.
 Mtext. Specifies that multiline text is included with the multileader.
 None. Specifies that no content is displayed at the end of the leader line.
Maxpoints
Specifies a maximum number of points, or segments, for the new leader line.
 First angle

Constrains the angle of the first point in the new leader line.

Second angle

Constrains the second angle in the new leader line.

Exit options

Exits the Options branch of the MLEADER command.

Creating Text Style

1. Click Home tab Annotation panel Text Style. Find

2. In the Text Style dialog box, do one of the following:
 To create a style, click New and enter the style name.
Note: Text style names can be up to 255 characters long. They can contain
letters, numbers, and the special characters dollar sign ($), underscore (_), and
hyphen (-).
 To modify an existing style, select the style name from the list of styles.
Font. Under Font Name, select the font you want to use. TrueType
fonts display a TrueType icon in front of their names.
 To assign an Asian-language font, select the name of an SHX font file, check
Use Big Font, and select an Asian-language big font.
Size. In the Height box, enter the text height in drawing units.
Oblique angle. Under Effects, enter an angle between -85 and 85
in the Oblique Angle box.
A positive value slants text to the right. A negative value slants text to the left.

Character spacing. Under Effects, enter a value in the Width

Factor box.
Entering a value less than 1.0 condenses the text. Entering a value greater than
1.0 expands it.
 Annotative. Check this option so that any text using this style
displays uniformly at the same size or scale regardless of the scale of
the view.
Specify other settings as needed.
To update text of the current style in the drawing, click Apply.
10. Click Close.

Creating Singleline Text

Creates a single-line text object.

Find

You can use single-line text to create one or more lines of text, where each text
line is an independent object that you can move, format, or otherwise modify.
Right-click in the text box to select options on the shortcut menu. While you are
in the TEXT command:

 Click elsewhere in a drawing to start a new set of rows of single-line text

 Press Tab or Shift+Tab to move forward and back between the sets of single-
line text
 Press Alt and click a text object to edit a set of text lines
Once you leave the TEXT command, these actions are no longer available.

If TEXT was the last command entered, pressing Enter at the Specify Start
Point of Text prompt skips the prompts for paper height and rotation angle. The
text that you enter in the text box is placed directly beneath the previous line of
text. The point that you specified at the prompt is also stored as the insertion
point of the text.

If the TEXTED system variable is set to 1, text created using TEXT displays
the Edit Text dialog box. If TEXTED is set to 2, the In-Place Text Editor is
displayed.

You can enter special characters and format text by entering Unicode strings
and control codes.
Note: Text that would otherwise be difficult to read (if it is very small,
very large, or is rotated) is displayed at a legible size and is oriented
horizontally so that you can easily read and edit it.

The following prompts are displayed.

Start Point
Specifies a start point for the text object. Enter text in the In-Place Text Editor
for single-line text.

The Specify Height prompt is displayed only if the current text style is not
annotative and does not have a fixed height.

The Specify Paper Text Height prompt is displayed only if the current text style
is annotative.

Justify
Controls justification of the text.

You can also enter any of these options at the Specify Start Point of Text
prompt.

Left

Left-justifies the text at the baseline, which you specify with a point.

Center
Aligns text from the horizontal center of the baseline, which you specify with a
point.

The rotation angle specifies the orientation of the text baseline with respect to
the center point. You can designate the angle by specifying a point. The text
baseline runs from the start point toward the specified point. If you specify a
point to the left of the center point, the text is drawn upside down.

Right

Right-justifies the text at the baseline, which you specify with a point.

Align

Specifies both text height and text orientation by designating the endpoints of
the baseline.

The size of the characters adjusts in proportion to their height. The longer the
text string, the shorter the characters.

Middle

Aligns text at the horizontal center of the baseline and the vertical center of the
height you specify. Middle-aligned text does not rest on the baseline.

The Middle option differs from the MC option in that it uses the midpoint of all
text, including descenders. The MC option uses the midpoint of the height of
uppercase letters.

Fit
Specifies that text fits within an area and at an orientation defined with two
points and a height. Available for horizontally oriented text only.
The height is the distance in drawing units that the uppercase letters extend
from the baseline. Designated text height is the distance between the start point
and a point you specify. The longer the text string, the narrower the characters.
The height of the characters remains constant.

TL (Top Left)

Left-justifies text at a point specified for the top of the text. Available for
horizontally oriented text only.

TC (Top Center)

Centers text at a point specified for the top of the text. Available for
horizontally oriented text only.

TR (Top Right)

Right-justifies text at a point specified for the top of the text. Availa ble for
horizontally oriented text only.

ML (Middle Left)

Left-justifies text at a point specified for the middle of the text. Available for
horizontally oriented text only.

MC (Middle Center)
Centers the text both horizontally and vertically at the middle of the ext.
Available for horizontally oriented text only.
The MC option differs from the Middle option in that it uses the midpoint of the
height of uppercase letters. The Middle option uses the midpoint of all text,
including descenders.

MR (Middle Right)
Right-justifies text at a point specified for the middle of the text. Available for
horizontally oriented text only.

BL (Bottom Left)
Left-justifies text at a point specified for the baseline. Available for horizontally
oriented text only.

BC (Bottom Center)
Centers text at a point specified for the baseline. Available for horizontally
oriented text only.

BR (Bottom Right)

Right-justifies text at a point specified for the baseline. Available for

horizontally oriented text only.

Style
Specifies the text style, which determines the appearance of the text characters.
Text you create uses the current text style.
 Entering ? lists the current text styles, associated font files, height, a d other
parameters.

Creating Multiline Text

For longer notes and lab els with internal formatting, use multiline text.

1. Click Home tab Annotation panel Multiline Text. Find

2. Specify opposite corners of a bounding box to define the width of the
multiline text object.
If the ribbon is active, the Text Editor contextual tab displays.

If the ribbon is not active, t

he Text Formatting toolbar displays.

Note: The MTEXTTOOLB

Text Formatting toolbar. AR system variable controls the display of the
3. Specify the initial formatting.
 To indent the first line of each paragraph, drag the first-line indent slider on the
ruler. To indent the other lines of each paragraph, drag the hanging indent
slider.
 To set tabs, click the ruler where you want a tab stop.
 To change the current text style, select the desired text style from the drop-
down list.

Enter the text.

Note: While typing, the text may be displayed horizontally and at a
legible size.
To change individual characters, words, or paragraphs, highlight
the text and specify the formatting changes.
Note: SHX fonts do not support boldface or italics.
To save your changes and exit the editor, use one of the following
methods:
 On the Text Editor ribbon contextual tab, in the Close panel, click Close Text
Editor.
 Click OK on the Text Formatting toolbar.
 Click in the drawing outside the editor.
 Press Ctrl+Enter.
Note: Press Esc to exit the editor without saving your changes.
 REGARDS BY :-
NAME :NANDA VAISHNAVI KAMANI
ROLL NO : 19011BB025
FSP 2ND YEAR 4TH SEM