NERVOUS

SYSTEM
BY: MIchelle M. Angeles
 The Nervous System
• is the master control and
communication system of the body.
• Every thought, action, and emotion
reflects its activity
 Organization of the Nervous System
A. Central nervous system (CNS)
1.Brain
2.Spinal Cord
B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1.Cranial nerves (12)
2.Spinal nerves (31)
3.Autonomic nervous system
a.Sympathetic system
b.Parasympathetic system
4.Somatic nervous system
 Functions of Nervous System

1. It uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both

inside and outside the body.
These changes are called stimuli
Gathered Information Called Sensory Output
2. It processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be
done at each moment—a process called integration.
3.It then causes a response, or effect, by activating muscles or glands
(effectors) via motor output.
 Sensory (afferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

Motor (efferent) division

Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system
As the flowchart shows .
The central nervous
system receives input via
sensory fibers and issues
commands via motor
fibers.
The sensory and motor
fibers together form the
nerves that constitute
the peripheral nervous
system
 Central Nervous System
The central nervous system is the body’s processing centre.

brain
 What are the parts of the central nervous system

neurons.

neurons
Brain Facts
 cerebrospinal fluid
3 layers of membranes
meninges
hard bones of the skull
3.backbone.
two to three pounds

CSF

•Meninges
 grey matter
white matter.
Gray matter
neuron somas

White matter made of axons

myelin
Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds your brain and spinal

cord and provides a cushion to protect them from injury
• The spinal cord and CSF are surrounded by three layers of
membrane
• In normal adults, the CSF volume is 90 to 200 mL
 Meninges
Three layers of membranes that
cover and protect your brain
and spinal cord system. They're
known as:
1. Dura mater: This is the outer
layer, closest to your skull.
2. Arachnoid mater: This is the
middle layer.
3. Pia mater: This is the inner
layer, closest to your brain
tissue.
What are the Epidural and Arachnoid spaces?
The brain is made up of
different parts. These
include the
1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. Brainstem
4. Diencephalon
 Brain
• Cerebrum
Cerebrum - Also known as the
cerebral cortex,
• the cerebrum is the largest part
of the human brain
• it is associated with higher brain
function such as thought and
action
• the cerebrum initiates and
coordinates movement and
regulates temperature
 4 lobes of Cerebrum
1. Frontal lobe
• the largest lobe of the
brain
• located in the front of the
head
• frontal lobes are involved
with personality, speech,
and motor development.
• the frontal lobe contains
Broca’s area, which is
associated with speech
ability.
 4 lobes of Cerebrum
2.Parietal lobe
• The middle part of the
brain, the parietal lobe
• controls your sense of
touch and pressure, sense
of taste, and bodily
awareness.
• The parietal lobe houses
Wernicke’s area, which
helps the brain
understand spoken
language.
 4 lobes of Cerebrum

3. Occipital lobe
• The occipital lobe is
the back part of the
brain that is involved
with vision.
• controls the important
sense of sight.
 4 lobes of Cerebrum

4. Temporal lobe
• The sides of the brain
• Involved in short-term
memory, speech, musical
rhythm and some degree
of smell recognition.
• Temporal lobes are
responsible for memory,
language and speech
function.
 Right and Left
Hemisphere
• The brain is divided into left
and right hemispheres.
• Each hemisphere is in charge
of the opposite side of the
body, so your right brain
controls your left hand.
• The right side is involved with
creativity and artistic abilities.
The left side is important for
logic and rational thinking.
Sulcus and Gyrus
Sulcus is a depression or
groove in the cerebral
cortex. It surrounds a
Gyrus creating the
characteristic folded
appearance of the brain
in humans and other
mammals.
2. Cerebellum
Cerebellum - located at the
back of your head, just
above and behind where
your spinal cord connects
to your brain itself.

The name “cerebellum”

comes from Latin and
means “little brain.”
primarily involved in
coordinating movement
and balance
3. Brainstem
The brainstem has many basic functions
• including regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating.
• It also plays a role in conduction.
• All information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and
cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem.

3 parts of the Brainstem

1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
 Parts of the Brainstem

2.

3.
4. Diencephalon
-is the central portion of the brain It is divided into

Parts of Diencephalon
1.Thalamus
2.Hypothalamus
3.Limbic System
 Parts of Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Relays sensory impulses to
cerebral cortex
• Relays impulses between
cerebral motor cortex and lower
motor centers
• Involved in memory
2. Hypothalamus

-
3. Limbic System
• Includes cerebral and diencephalon structures (e.g.,
hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei)
• Mediates emotional response; involved in memory
processing
 Spinal Cord
spinal cord

•
 What is the difference between the spinal cord and the vertebral column?

People often refer to the

spinal cord and vertebral
column together as the
spine.
spinal cord

vertebral column
What is the difference between the Spinal cord and the Vertebral column?

• •
What is the purpose of the Spinal cord?
1. Control body movements and
functions.
2. Report senses to your brain.
3. Manage your reflexes
What are the main parts of the Spinal cord?
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System

•
What’s the difference between the peripheral and central
nervous systems?
•Your nervous system •Your Central Nervous System
includes two organs, your brain and
consists of two main
spinal cord.
parts: your Central •Your Peripheral Nervous System
Nervous System and is everything else and includes
nerves that travel from your spinal
your Peripheral
cord and brain to supply your face
Nervous System. and the rest of your body.
 What does the peripheral nervous system do?

1. Autonomic:
Your Peripheral
These are nervous system
Nervous System has
processes your brain runs
two main subsystems: automatically and without
autonomic and you thinking about them.
somatic. 2. Somatic:
These are functions you
manage by thinking about
them.
 Peripheral Nervous
System

1. Senses
2. Movement
3. Unconscious processes
 Types of nerve signals
1. Sensory: 3. Autonomic:
• These nerves carry information to • These nerves control the
your brain and spinal cord
automatic functions of the
• . The sensory nerve connections to
your spinal cord are on the back of organs and systems in your
your spinal cord. body.
2. Motor: • Your autonomic nerves often
• These nerves carry command involve mixed nerve fibers, some
signals from your brain to various
of which carry commands from
parts of your body.
• The motor nerve connections are on your brain to their destination,
the front of your spinal cord; and others that carry
meaning, these nerves are for information about an organ’s
sending muscle movement
function back to your brain.
commands only.
 Where is the peripheral nervous system located? Your peripheral nervous
system extends everywhere in your body that isn’t your spinal cord or brain.
It includes:
1. Cranial nerves: 2. Spinal nerves:
There are 12 pairs of nerves that These are 31 pairs of nerves that
connect directly to your brain attach to your spine at about the
same level as each segment bone
(vertebra)
 12 Cranial Nerves
cranial nerves • Your cranial nerves help
2 paired nerves you taste, smell, hear
and feel sensations.
send • They also help you
electrical signals between make facial expressions,
your brain, face, neck and
blink your eyes and
torso.
move your tongue.
 What are the types of cranial nerves?
1. Olfactory nerve: Sense of smell. 7. Facial nerve: Facial expressions and
2. Optic nerve: Ability to see. sense of taste.
3. Oculomotor nerve: Ability to 8. Auditory/vestibular nerve: Sense of
move and blink your eyes. hearing and balance.
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve: Ability to
4. Trochlear nerve: Ability to move
taste and swallow.
your eyes up and down or back and
10. Vagus nerve: Digestion and heart
forth.
rate.
5. Trigeminal nerve: Sensations in 11. Accessory nerve (or spinal accessory
your face and cheeks, taste and jaw nerve): Shoulder and neck muscle
movements. movement.
6. Abducens nerve: Ability to move 12. Hypoglossal nerve: Ability to move
your eyes. your tongue.
 What is the longest cranial nerve?
vagus nerve
•

•
Is there an easy way to remember the cranial nerves
with a mnemonic?
•Cranial nerve mnemonics Ohh Ahh
are memory devices to help Ohh Girl's
you remember the names of Ohh Vagina
the nerves in order of one
through 12.
To Ahh
Or they can help you Touch Heaven!!!
remember whether nerves And
are sensory, motor or both. Fell
 Where is the location (origin) of the cranial nerves?

Two of your cranial nerve pairs originate in your

cerebrum.
1. Olfactory nerves that affect your sense of smell.
2. Optic nerves that affect your ability to see.

The other 10 pairs of cranial nerves

start in your brainstem. Your
brainstem connects your brain and
spinal cord.
 To remember cranial nerve functions, the words
in the mnemonic start with:

Se - sensory
Mo - motor
Mi - mixed or both
 mnemonic of Cranial Nerve Functions
Se - sensory
VII. Facial nerve (Feel) Mi
Mo - motor
VIII. Auditory/vestibular nerve (Ahh) Se
Mi - mixed or both IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve (Girl’s) Mi
X. Vagus nerve (Vagina) Mi
I. Olfactory nerve (Ohh) Se XI. Accessory nerve (Ahh) Mo
II. Optic nerve (Ohh) Se XII. Hypoglossal nerve (Heaven) Mo
III. Oculomotor nerve (Ohh) Mo
• Cranial nerves I, II, and VIII are pure
IV. Trochlear nerve (To) Mo sensory nerves.
V. Trigeminal nerve (Touch) Mi • Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII are
pure motor nerves.
VI. Abducens nerve (And) Mo
• Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X are
mixed sensory and motor nerves
 Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves
• arise from the spinal cord,
and supply the rest of the
body.
• Through the spinal nerves
the CNS receives
information and controls
the actions of the trunk
and limbs.
• They are formed by the
union of dorsal and
ventral roots.
 31 Spinal Nerves
(8)Eight cervical nerve pairs (5)Five lumbar nerve pairs
nerves starting in your neck nerves in the low back that
and running mostly to your run to your legs and feet.
face and head. (5)Five sacral nerve pairs
(12)Twelve thoracic nerve nerves in the low back
pairs nerves in your upper extending into the pelvis.
body that extend to your •You also have a nerve bundle
chest, upper back and at the base of your spinal
abdomen. cord called the cauda equina.
 31 Spinal Nerves
•8 pairs of cervical nerves
(C1-C8). •Each of these nerves
•12 pairs of thoracic nerves branch out from the spinal
(T1-T12). cord, dividing and
•5 pairs of lumbar nerves
subdividing to form a
(L1-L5).
•5 pairs of sacral nerves
network connecting the
(S1-S5). spinal cord to every part of
•1 pair of coccygeal nerves the body.
(CO1).
 31 Spinal Nerves Locations
Spinal nerves
•

•
There are (5) five main plexi formed by the spinal nerves:
1. Cervical plexus: 2. Brachial plexus:
C1 through C5 C5 through T1
motor control to the muscles of motor control to the muscles
the neck and shoulders. of the arm and upper back.
3. Lumbar plexus: 4. Sacral plexus:
L1 through L4 L4 through S4
motor control to the muscles of motor control to the muscles of
the abdomen and leg. the legs.

5. Coccygeal plexus:
S4 through Co1
motor and sensory control of the genitalia and the
muscles that control defecation.
 8 Cervical Nerves
C1, C2, and C3 C4

C5 C6

C8
C7 -
 12 Thoracic Nerves
T1 and T2 T6, T7, T8

T9, T10, T11, T12

T3, T4, T5
 5 Lumbar Nerves
L1
L5

L2, L3 and L4
•

•
5 Sacral Nerves
 1 Coccygea Nerves

CO1
these spinal nerves innervate the skin
around the coccygeal region, including
around the tailbone.
 Spinal Nerve Damage
1. Pain – from mild to severe
2. Changes in sensory sensations
3. Weakness of muscles
4. Diminished or weakened reflexes
5. Feelings of numbness
6. Lower back problems
7. Tingling sensations in the limbs
 Autonomic Nervous System
•

• autonomic nervous system

 Two main subsystems of Nervous System:

1. Central nervous system: 2. Peripheral nervous system:

 What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

Sympathetic nervous system

 What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?
Parasympathetic nervous
system:
• Opposite of your
sympathetic nervous
system.
• This system is
responsible for the “rest-
and-digest” body
processes.
 What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Enteric nervous system
This part of your autonomic nervous system
manages how your body digests food.
 Somatic Nervous System
Your somatic nervous system
• somatic nervous system

•
autonomic nervous system
Nervous System Diagram