Top 100 Indian Geography MCQs Questions For UPSC NDA CDS II 2021 PDF

Top 100 + Indian Geography MCQs Questions for UPSC NDA & CDS II 2021
Q1. Consider the following statements Q7. Consider the following statements
1. It is found in those regions of the country which 1. Shear waves (S-waves) produced by an earthquake
receive heavy rainfall with an alternate dry and wet can travel only through liquid materials.
period - mainly, near the coasts. 2. ‘Shadow zone’ of an earthquake refers to the zone
2. They are formed from the decomposition of rocks and where the tendency of experiencing an earthquake is
contain iron oxide
the minimum.
3. It lacks fertility due to a lower base-exchanging
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
capacity and a lower content of nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Identify the above soil type (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) Red soil (b) Black soil
(c) Laterite soil (d) Desert soil Q8. The salal dam in Jammu Kashmir is located on-
(a) Jhelum river (b) Chenab River
Q2. Consider the following pairs (c) Indus river (d) Ravi river
1. Niti Pass Uttarakhand
2. Jelepla Pass Jammu and Kashmir Q9. Which of the following ocean currents blow in the
3. Bom Di La Arunachal Pradesh Indian Ocean?
Which of the pairs given above are correct?
(a) Agulhas Current (b) Kuroshio current
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) Humboldt current (d) Labrador current
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q3. The Camp David Accords is some times seen in the Q10. Which of the following groups are correctly
news, it was signed between matched.
(a) Isreal and Palestine (b) Israel and Egypt 1. Hezbollah: Lebanon
(c) Saudi Arab and Yemen (d) Saudi Arab and Qatar 2. Houthis: Yemen
3. Boko Haram: Nigeria
Q4. Which of the landforms given below are not erosional 4. Al-Shabab: Somalia
landforms formed by the action of groundwater? Choose the correct code from below
(a) Stalagmites (b) Sinkholes
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 3, 4
(c) Uvalas (d) Lapies
(c) 1, 3, 4 (d) 1, 2, 3, 4
Q5. Strait of Dover is located between
(a) England and France (b) Finland and Estonia
(c) Greece and Spain (d) Morocco and Spain
Q6. Consider the following statements

1. An estuary is an area where a freshwater river or
stream meets the ocean.
2. In estuaries, the salty ocean mixes with a freshwater
river, resulting in brackish water.
3. Pulicat lake is a brackish water lake
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
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1. Horticulture contributes about 20 per cent to the GDP 1. In the Mediterranean region, the summer months
of agriculture. receive more rain.
2. In China type climate; rainfall occurs throughout the
2. India is the largest producer and exporter of spices.
year
3. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables 3. Tropical highlands exhibit vertical zonation of
in the world. different climates
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q17. Which of the following are among the landlocked

Q12. Consider the following statements regarding
countries in Africa?
National Beekeeping and Honey Mission 1. Ethiopia
1. The scheme is implemented by the National Bee 2. South Africa
Board (NBB) and is approved for four years from 3. South Sudan
2020 to 2024. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
2. The scheme aims to achieve the objectives of the (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
Sweet Revolution. (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. It is a central sector scheme (100% central
government funding). Q18. Consider the following statements regarding the
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 1. It is a zone of high pressure due to the convergence of
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 only trade winds.
2. This zone experiences low precipitation and high
humidity.
1. A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes in
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
between the moon and the sun casting its shadow on
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
the moon and hiding it fully or partly for some time.
2. A solar eclipse happens on a full moon day. Q19. Consider the following statements regarding the
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? combined phenomenon of southern oscillation - ENSO
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 1. The appearance of warm water off the coast of Peru is
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 closely associated with the pressure changes in the
Central Pacific and Australia during Southern
Q14. Recently, Agalega Island was in the news. It is Oscillation
located in which of the following oceans? 2. When the ENSO is strong, Australia and India receive
(a) The Indian Ocean (b) The Atlantic Ocean heavy rainfall and China experiences drought.
(c) The Pacific Ocean (d) The Arctic Ocean Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Q15. Which of the following are the items which have (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
been recently put in the Minor Forest Produce (MFP)
Q20. Recently hydropower project at Zangmu was in
items in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) list
news. It is located in
1. Van Tulsi seed
(a) Nepal (b) Myanmar
2. Van Jeera (c) Bhutan (d) Tibet
3. Mushroom
4. Black Rice Q21. Recently, the world’s oldest known cave painting
5. Johar Rice was found in the limestone cave of Leang Tedongnge. It is
Select the correct code from below: located in-
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 4 and 5 (a) Malaysia (b) Indonesia
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (c) Sikkim (d) China

Q22. The strait of Dover is closely located near- Q29. Arrange the following passes from north to south-
(a) Black sea (b) Aegon sea 1. Shipki- la
(c) North Sea (d) Sea of Azov 2. Baralach-la
3. Khardung-La
Q23. Consider the following statements 4. Chang-la
1. Continental islands are bodies of land connected by Select the correct code from below:
the continental shelf to a continent. (a) 1-2-3-4 (b) 2-1-3-4
2. Islets are part of the largest islands.
(c) 3-1-2-4 (d) 4-2-3-1
Q30. Consider the following pairs
1. Kunchikal Falls: Odisha
Q24. Consider the following statements 2. Barehipani Falls: Karnataka
1. Fluvial islands are accumulations of sand deposited 3. Dudhsagar Falls: Goa
by sea currents on the continental shelves Which of the pair/s given above is/are correct?
2. Barrier islands are formed in river deltas or (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
midstream within large rivers. (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Q31. The Arctic Circle passes through
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. Russia
2. Greenland
Q25. Consider the following statements 3. Sweden
1. Australia is the smallest continent that lies entirely in Select the correct code from below:
the Southern Hemisphere. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
2. Africa is the It is the only continent through which the
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Tropic of Cancer, the Equator, and the Tropic of
Capricorn pass.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 1. Igneous rocks are also known as primary rocks.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. Fossil deposits are only found in igneous rocks.
Q26. Consider the following statements (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
1. India presently has two research stations in (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Antarctica namely ‘Maitri’ and ‘Bharati’ to understand
the Polar processes and phenomena. Q33. Deccan plateau is majorly made of
2. Indian Arctic station ‘Himadri’ is located in Greenland (a) Basalt rocks (b) Slate rocks
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) Limestone rocks (d) Granite rocks
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q34. Which of the following force(s) are fundamental to
the formation of deltas and ox-bow lakes?
Q27. Consider the following statements 1. Erosional forces
1. During the low tide, more fishes come closer to the
2. Depositional forces
shore.
Select the correct code from below:
2. Low tide helps marine navigators to reach early on
the shores
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q35. Maas–Hoffman model provides the relation
between-
Q28. Almost all the weather phenomena like rainfall, fog, (a) crop yield and soil salinity
and hailstorm occur in this layer of the atmosphere (b) demographic dividend and migration
(a) Stratosphere (b) Thermosphere (c) carbon sequestration and forest area coverage
(c) Troposphere (d) Mesosphere (d) income inequality and healthcare access

Q36. What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isa Q42. Standard Meridian of India which is 82°30′ East
pur and Kangsabati? longitude passes through
(a) Recently discovered uranium deposits 1. Madhya Pradesh
(b) Tropical rain forests 2. Chattisgarh
(c) Underground cave systems 3. Odisha
(d) Water reservoirs 4. Andhra Pradesh
5. Tamilnadu
Q37. Consider the following statements Select the correct code from below:
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into the (a) 1,2,4 and 5 (b) 2,3,4 and 5
environment. (c) 1,2,3 and 4 (d) 1,2,3,4 and 5
2. The poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen
Q43. Which among the following city lies closest to the
compounds into the environment.
Standard Meridian of India which is 82°30′ East
3. Cattle release ammonia into the environment. longitude?
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Lucknow (b) Hyderabad
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) Raipur (d) Bhubneshwar
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q38. Consider the following statements 1. Alluvial soil is also known as ‘self-ploughing’ soil.
1. India has the world's 3rd largest hydropower capacity 2. Black soil is important for the growth of plantation
2. Koyna Hydroelectric Project is India’s largest crops.
completed hydroelectric power plant Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
3. Tanakpur dam is located on Tons river (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
Q45. Port of Galle is a natural harbor, located in-
(c) 2 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(a) Srilanka (b) Myanmar
(c) Indonesia (d) Mauritius
Dam - State
Q46. Which of the following rivers is a tributary of River
1. Khopoli- Tamilnadu
Krishna
2. Kodasalli-Karnataka 1. Tungabhadra
3. Panchet-Bihar 2. Koyna
Which of the pair/s given above is/are correct? 3. Sabari
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 Select the correct code from below:
(c) 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 only (d) 1,2 and 3
Q40. Why are dewdrops not formed on a cloudy night?
(a) Clouds absorb the radiation released from the Earth’s Q47. Consider the following statements regarding Jet
surface. streams
(b) Clouds reflect back the Earth’s radiation. 1. Jet streams are bands of strong wind that generally
(c) The Earth’s surface would have low temperatures on blow from east to west all across the globe.
2. Jet streams form when warm air masses meet cold air
cloudy nights.
masses in the atmosphere.
(d) Clouds deflect the blowing wind to ground level.
3. If an airplane flies in a powerful jet stream and they
are traveling in the same direction, the airplane can
Q41. The tropic of cancer passes does not through which get a boost.
of the following state in India? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) Chhattisgarh (d) Bihar (c) 1 only (d) 1,2 and 3

Q48. Jet streams follow the curved and meandering path Q55. What is/are likely reasons for a higher frequency of
due to- cyclones in the Bay of Bengal when compared to The
(a) The pressure gradient between the equator and Polar Arabian Sea?
regions 1. Higher surface temperature of Arabian Sea
(b) Vertical wind shear 2. Higher Rainfall received in the Bay of Bengal.
(c) Coriolis Force Select the correct code from below:
(d) Differences in temperatures at places due to night and (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
day
Q56. Sirocco, mistral and Khamin are-
Q49. Consider the following statements (a) Types of clouds in the middle atmosphere
1. In the Hadley, cell air should move north to south, but (b) Cyclones originating in Pacific oceans
it is deflected to the right by Coriolis. (c) Types Local winds
2. In the Ferrel cell air should move south to north, but (d) Glaciers in the polar regions
the winds actually blow from the southwest.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Q57. Consider the following statements
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 1. Bangar is the new alluvium and is deposited by floods
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 periodically.
2. Khadar is the older alluvium, deposited away from the
Q50. Tropic of cancer and IST meridian intersect at- flood plains.
(a) Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(b) Koriya district in Chhattisgarh (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Dumka in Jharkhand
Q58. Arrange the following countries from North to south
1. Kazakstan
Q51. Which of the following statement is correct about
2. Turkmenistan
October heat? 3. Uzbekistan
(a) It happens in northern plains and eastern regions 4. Afghanistan
only Select the correct code from below:
(b) It happens due to the formation of the high-pressure (a) 2-1-3-4 (b) 1-2-3-4
region on the landmass in India and is accompanied (c) 3-2-1-4 (d) 2-1-4-3
by the withdrawal of the monsoon and cloud cover
(c) Both (a) and (b) Q59. Consider the following statements regarding Malwa
(d) Neither(a) nor (b) Plateau
1. This Plateau has a senile topography and is marked by
Q52. Which among the following are west-flowing rivers- various gorging channels like Tons, Ken, Dhasan, and
1. Ghaghra Betwa.
2. Shravasti 2. The Plateau comprises tropical dry teak forests
3. Brahmani 3. It is mostly covered with alluvial soil
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 2 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q53. Which of the following states do not share a border

with Bangladesh?
(a) Mizoram (b) Meghalaya
(c) Tripura (d) Manipur

1. Gerusoppa Dam- Karnataka
2. Omkareshwar Dam- Madhya Pradesh
3. Nathpa Jhakri Dam-Assam
Which of the pair/s given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3

Q60. Consider the following statements regarding Satluj Q66. Which of the following strait separate North
river America from Asia?
1. Sutlej is an antecedent river (a) Bering Strait (b) Cabot Strait
2. It is the westernmost tributary of the Indus River. (c) Strait of Canso (d) Cebu Strait
3. The drainage basin is in India includes Himachal
Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, and Haryana Q67. Consider the following statements
states 1. Dharwar rocks have 98% coal deposits of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. Volcanic eruption at the end of the Mesozoic era led to
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 the formation of Gondwana rocks.
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3 Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Q61. The Iberian Peninsula is surrounded by which (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
among the following?
1. Gulf of Lion Q68. Consider the following pairs
2. Balearic Sea 1. Kunchikal falls -Sharavathi river
3. Bay of Biscay 2. Jog falls- Varahi river
Select the correct code: 3. Gautamdhara falls-Raru river
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 Which of the pair/s given above is/are correct?
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 only
Q62. Recently tribals of ‘Greater Tipraland'was seen in
the news due to the long due demand for the creation of Q69. Consider the following statements regarding Polar
the separate state. It is located in which state front jet (PFJ) or mid-latitude jet streams
(a) Mizoram (b) Manipur 1. These are formed in the junction between the Ferrell
(c) Chattisgarh (d) Tripura and Polar cells
2. In summer, its position shifts towards the poles and in
winter towards the equator
1. The Gandhisagar dam has been built on the tributary
3. It greatly influences the temperature difference of two
of Yamuna.
different air masses lying close to 50°-60° N/S region
2. The Yamuna originates from the eastern slopes of the
is where the polar jet located
Banderpunch range.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2and 3
(c) 1and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q70. Which among the following are Temporary jet
streams
1. The tropical evergreen forests are restricted to
1. Polar night jets
Western Ghats and hills of the northeastern regions
only. 2. Somali Jet
2. The sholas are montane forests of Nilgiris and 3. The African Easterly jet
Annamalai Hills. Select the correct code:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2and 3
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 1and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q71. Motihari-Amlekhgunj Oil pipeline connects India
Q65. Consider the following statements with which of the countries?
1. Drip irrigation is the most efficient irrigation system (a) Bangladesh (b) Nepal
and it reduces leaching significantly. (c) Bhutan (d) Myanmar
2. Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been
constructed to tap the water potential of the river Q72. Bamboo drip irrigation system to water plantation
Krishna. crops is widely used by traditional farmers of which one
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? of the following Indian state?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Punjab
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Meghalaya (d) Kerala

Q73. Consider the following statements Q80. Recently Naitwar Mori Hydro Electric Project was
1. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are seen in the news. It is located in-
close to each other. (a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Uttrakhand
2. Coriolis force deflects the wind to the right direction (c) Jammu (d) Ladakh
in the southern hemisphere.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Q81. During the June solstice or summer solstice in
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Northern hemisphere-
(a) The places on the Arctic Circle will see the Sun just on
Q74. Consider the following pairs the horizon during midnight
1. katabatic wind -winds that move upwards along a (b) The places on the Antarctic Circle will see the Sun just
slope.
on the horizon during midday
2. Haboob- A Local cold wind that blows in Siberian
regions (c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
3. Chinook wind -Winds that form when low pressure (d) Neither (a) nor (b) is correct
draws air over a mountain range.
Which of the pair/s given above is/are correct? Q82. Consider the following statements regarding
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only
subsolar point
1. The subsolar point on a planet is the point at which its
Q75. Consider the following statements sun is perceived to be directly overhead
1. Irrawaddy River has its source of origin from 2. To an observer on a planet with an orientation and
Himalayan glaciers rotation similar to those of Earth, the subsolar point
2. Irrawaddy river flows through China, Myanmar, and will appear to move eastward, completing one circuit
Bangladesh
3. Irrawady river finally drains into Andaman sea around the globe each day
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 3. The subsolar point contacts the Tropic of Cancer on
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 the December solstice and the Tropic of Capricorn on
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3 the June solstice
River- Drains into (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
1. Salween- Yellow sea (c) 2 only (d) 1 only
2. Volga-Caspian sea
3. Yangtze- South China sea Q83. Consider the following statements regarding
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct? equinox
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 1. An equinox is an instant in time when the plane of
Earth's equator passes through the geometric center
Q77. ‘Ladang’ is a local name of shifting cultivation of the Sun's disk.
practiced in: 2. it is the moment at which the center of the visible Sun
(a) Southeast Asia (b) Africa is directly above the equator.
(c) Central America (d) Europe 3. The date of equinoxes do not change with the leap
years
Q78. The River Orange forms the international boundary
between which of the following countries? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Niger and Nigeria (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(b) South Africa and Namibia (c) 2 only (d) 1,2 and 3
(c) Mali and Zimbabwe
(d) Nigeria and Cameroon Q84. The timing and extent of solstices are largely
determined by earth’s
Q79. Which of the following countries are claiming
(a) Axial tilt (b) Distance from the Sun
territorial rights over Senkaku Island?
(a) Japan and China (b) China and Vietnam (c) Orbital eccentricity (d) All of the above
(c) Myanmar and Thailand (d) Japan and Russia

Q85. The Mim Kut, Pawl Kut, and Chapchar Kut are Q91. Why do Lithospheric plates move around very
celebrated by slowly – just a few millimeters each year?
(a) Ho Tribe (b) Mizos (a) Ocean currents
(c) Apatanis (d) Gonds (b) Movement of magma inside the earth
(c) Formation of folds on earth’s crust
Q86. Which states/UTs in India have both tropical (d) Rotation of earth
deciduous and tropical evergreen forests?
1. Tamilnadu Q92. Which of these rivers are the tributaries of Yamuna?
2. Odisha 1. Ken and Betwa
3. Andhra Pradesh 2. Pusha
Select the correct code from below: 3. Tons
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
Q87. Consider the following statements regarding
Westerlies and Easterlies Q93. Consider the following pairs
1. They blow throughout the year in a particular HydroPower station-River
direction. 1. Jawahar Sagar-Chambal
2. They are confined to the area near the equator 2. Tanakpur- Yamuna
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 3. Bargi-Narmada
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 4. Almati- Cauveri
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Which of the pairs given above are correct?
(a) 1,2 and 4 (b) 2,3 and 4
Q88. Consider the following statements (c) 2 and 4 (d) 1 and 3
1. The trade winds are air currents closer to Earth’s
surface that blow from east to west near the Q94. The maximum region of India is covered under-
subtropical region (a) Ulfisols (b) Alfisols
2. Due to the Coriolis Effect, the trade winds blow (c) Entisols (d) Histosols
toward the west in both the Northern Hemisphere
and Southern Hemisphere Q95. Consider the following statements
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1. The Vindhyas is a discontinuous chain of mountain
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only anticlinal ridges.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. The Aravalli Range is the oldest fold mountain in India
rising upwards at a faster than the Himalayas due to
Q89. Doldrums are found near- tectonic instability.
1. Equator Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. Subtropical Region (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
3. Subpolar region (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only Q96. The Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) is the line
(c) 1 only (d) 1,2 and 3 that divides current positions of
(a) Indian and Chinese troops in the North-east Frontier
Q90. The formation of coastal lagoons is facilitated by region
(a) Presence of indented coastline (b) Chinese and Pakistani troops in the Xinjiang region
(b) Steeply sloping coasts (c) Indian and Pakistani troops in the Siachen Glacier
(c) High range of tides region
(d) All of the above (d) Indian and Chinese troops in the Sikkim region

1. Shallow‐focus earthquakes may occur along 1. Eastern Himalayas is at a lower average elevation
transform boundaries. than Western Himalayas.
2. Significant energy may be released where crustal 2. Eastern Himalayas receives less moisture from the
plates slide past one another. Bay of Bengal monsoon.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q98. Mid-oceanic ridges are located on - Q100. Idlib, Sometimes in news lies between
(a) subduction zones boundary (a) Aleppo and Damascus
(b) Divergent boundary zone (b) Turkey and Syria
(c) spreading zone boundary (c) Syria and Iraq
(d) All of the above (d) Damascus and Amman
Solutions
S1. Ans.(c) Erosional landforms:

Sol. Laterite Soil: The term is derived from the word • Swallow holes: also known as Sinkholes are funnel-
'Later' which means 'brick'. Laterite soil is found in those shaped shallow depressions formed on the
regions of the country which receive heavy rainfall with • the surface of limestones through the solution.
an alternate dry and wet period - mainly, near the coasts. • Doline: refers to the collapse sinks
This kind of soil becomes soft when wet and hardens • Uvalas: When sinkholes and dolines join together
when dry. In these climatic conditions, leaching of soil because of the slumping of materials along their
takes place, which is a process in which the fertile portion margins or due to roof collapse of caves, long, narrow
of the soil gets washed away by heavy rains. They are to wide trenches called valley sinks or Uvalas form.
formed from the decomposition of rocks and contain iron
• lapies: are the ridges formed due to differential
oxide, which gives them red or pink color.
solution activity along parallel to sub-parallel joints.
The lapie field may eventually turn into somewhat
S2. Ans.(c)
smooth limestone pavements
Sol. 1. Niti Pass Uttarakhand
2. Jelepla Pass Sikkim
S5. Ans.(a)
3. Bom Di La Arunachal Pradesh
Sol. The Strait of Dover (Pas-de-Calais) is a narrow sea
S3. Ans.(b) passage that links the North Sea and the English Channel
Sol. In 1978, the US-brokered a deal, and the states of between Britain and France.
Egypt and Israel sighed the Camp David Accords that
returned the Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt.
S4. Ans.(a)
Sol. Depositional landforms:
• Stalactites: They hang as icicles from the roofs and are
of different diameters. Normally they are broad at their
bases and taper towards the free ends.
• Stalagmite: They rise up from the floor of the caves. In
fact, stalagmites form due to dripping water from the
surface or through the thin pipe, of the stalactite,
immediately below it.

S6. Ans.(d) S9. Ans.(a)
Sol. An estuary is an area where a freshwater river or Sol. Agulhas is the western boundary current of the
stream meets the ocean. In estuaries, the salty ocean
southwest Indian Ocean. It flows down the east coast of
mixes with a freshwater river, resulting in brackish water.
Brackish water is somewhat salty, but not as salty as the Africa from 27°S to 40°S. It is narrow, swift, and strong. It
ocean. is even suggested that the Agulhas is the largest western
An estuary may also be called a bay, lagoon, sound, or boundary current in the world ocean.
slough.
Pulicat Lake at the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu is the second largest brackish water lake in India S10. Ans.(d)
after chilika lake and is home to Pulicat Lake Bird Sol. All of the above are correctly matched
Sanctuary.
S11. Ans.(b)
S7. Ans.(b)
Sol. Earthquake waves get recorded in seismographs Sol. The Horticulture (fruits including nuts, vegetables
located at far-off locations. However, there exist some including potato, tuber crops, mushroom, ornamental
specific areas where the waves are not reported. Such a plants including cut flowers, spices, plantation crops, and
zone is called the ‘shadow zone’. It is due to the S wave. An medicinal and aromatic plants) has become a key driver
important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only
for economic development in many of the states in the
through solid materials. This characteristic of the S-
waves is quite important as it has helped scientists to country and it contributes 30.4 percent to GDP of
understand the structure of the interior of the earth. agriculture, which calls for technology-led development,
where Division of Horticulture of ICAR is playing a pivotal
S8. Ans.(b) role.
Sol.
Globally, the second-largest producer of fruits and
vegetables Largest producer of mango, banana, coconut,
cashew, papaya, pomegranate, etc. Largest producer and
exporter of spices
S12. Ans.(b)
Sol. The National Beekeeping and Honey Mission were
announced by the Union Government as part of the Atma
Nirbhar Bharat package in 2020. The scheme is
implemented by the National Bee Board (NBB) and is
approved for three years from 2020 to 2023. The scheme
is aimed at the overall development and promotion of
scientific beekeeping in India to achieve the objectives of
the Sweet Revolution. The scheme is under the Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, GOI. It is a central
sector scheme (100% central government funding).
S13. Ans.(a)
Sol. Solar eclipse :
A solar eclipse results when the moon passes in between
the earth and the sun hiding the sun fully or partly for
some time.
A solar eclipse happens on a new moon day.
Lunar eclipse :
A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes in between
the moon and the sun casting its shadow on the moon and
thus hiding it fully or partly for some time
A lunar eclipse happens on a full moon day.

S14. Ans.(a) S16. Ans.(d)
Sol. Agaléga is two outer islands of Mauritius located in Sol. All are correct
the Indian Ocean, about 1,000 kilometers north of
Mauritius Island. S17. Ans.(b)
The islands are known for their coconuts, the production Sol. Out of Africa's 55 countries, 16 of them are
of which is their main industry, and for the Agalega day landlocked: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central
gecko. African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali,
There is a Memorandum of Understanding between the Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia,
governments of Mauritius and India to develop the and Zimbabwe.
Agaléga islands and resolve infrastructural problems
faced by Agaleans.
S18. Ans.(d)
Sol. This is a zone of low pressure, not high pressure.
This zone experience high precipitation and high
humidity.
S19. Ans.(a)
Sol. The warming and cooling of the Pacific Ocean are
most important in terms of general atmospheric
circulation. The warm water of the central Pacific Ocean
slowly drifts towards the South American coast and
replaces the cool Peruvian current. Such an appearance of
warm water off the coast of Peru is known as the El Nino.
The El Nino event is closely associated with the pressure
Source: changes in the Central Pacific and Australia. This change
https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/no-plan- in pressure condition over the Pacific is known as the
to-house-indian-military-base-on-agalega-island- southern oscillation. The combined phenomenon of
mauritius/article35755505.ece southern oscillation and El Nino is known as ENSO. In the
years when the ENSO is strong, large-scale variations in
S15. Ans.(d) weather occur over the world. The arid west coast of
Sol. Ministry of Tribal Affairs had announced the South America receives heavy rainfall, drought occurs in
Inclusion of 23 additional Minor Forest Produce (MFP) Australia and sometimes in India, and floods in China.
items and stipulation of their Minimum Support Price This phenomenon is closely monitored and is used for
(MSP) under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme titled long-range forecasting in major parts of the world.
"Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce
(MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and
S20. Ans.(d)
development of value chain of MFP". This decision
Sol. India has long expressed concerns over dam-building
enhancing the coverage from 50 to 73 items comes in
on the Brahmaputra. In 2015, China operationalized its
view of the exceptional and very difficult circumstances
first hydropower project at Zangmu a gravity dam on the
currently prevailing in the country on account of the
COVID-19 Pandemic, and the potential of the Ministry of Yarlung Brahmaputra River 9 km northwest of Gyaca in
Tribal Affairs scheme to offer the much-needed support to the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, while three other
the tribal MFP gatherers. dams at Dagu, Jiexu, and Jiacha are also being developed.
Indian officials have said the dams are not likely to impact
This recommendation of additional items on 26 May 2020 the number of the Brahmaputra’s flows because they are
following 9 items available in forest areas across India only storing water for power generation. Moreover, the
1. Van Tulsi seeds (Ocimumgratissimum)
Brahmaputra is not entirely dependent on upstream flows
2. Van Jeera (Vernonia anthelmintica)
and an estimated 35% of its basin is in India
3. Tamarind Seed (Tamarindusindica)
4. Bamboo Brooms (Thysanolaena maxima
5. Dry Anola (Phyllnthusemblica) (Dry) S21. Ans.(b)
6. KachriBaheda (Terminalia bellerica) Sol. Very recently, the world’s oldest known cave painting
7. KachriHarra (Terminalia chebula) was found in the limestone cave of Leang Tedongnge,
8. Seed lac (Kerria lacca) Indonesia. It was painted around 45000 years ago.

S22. Ans.(c) S27. Ans.(d)
Sol. Recently, Denmark approved a plan to build an Sol. The high tides also help in fishing. Many more fish
artificial energy island in the North Sea as part of its effort
come closer to the shore during the high tide. This enables
to switch to green energy.
Observe the black sea, Bosphorous strait, English channel fishermen to get a plentiful catch.
Aegon sea, and Dardanelles strait as well. High tides help in navigation. They raise the water level
close to the shores. This helps the ships to arrive at the
harbor more easily.
S28. Ans.(c)
Sol. The troposphere is the most important layer of the
atmosphere for human beings. Its average height is 13
km. The air we breathe exists here. Almost all the weather
phenomena like rainfall, fog, and hailstorm occur in this
layer. Stratosphere: Above the troposphere lies the
stratosphere. It extends up to a height of 50 km. This layer
S23. Ans.(a) is almost free from clouds and associated weather
Sol. Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying
continental shelf of a continent. Examples are Borneo,
Java, Sumatra, Sakhalin, Taiwan, and Hainan off Asia; New airplanes. One important feature of the stratosphere is
Guinea, Tasmania, and Kangaroo Island off Australia, etc. that it contains a layer of ozone gas. It protects us from
Islets are very small islands. In the Caribbean and West the harmful effect of the sun's rays.
Atlantic, islets are often called cays or keys. Rum Cay in
the Bahamas and the Florida Keys off Florida are
examples of islets. S29. Ans.(a)
Sol.
S24. Ans.(d)
Sol. barrier islands, which are accumulations of sand
deposited by sea currents on the continental shelves
fluvial or alluvial islands formed in river deltas or
midstream within large rivers. While some are transitory
and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current
changes, others are stable and long-lived.
S25. Ans.(c)
Sol. Africa is the second-largest continent after Asia. The
Equator or 0 degrees latitude runs almost through the
middle of the continent. A large part of Africa lies in the
Northern Hemisphere. It is the only continent through
which the Tropic of Cancer, the Equator, and the Tropic of
Capricorn pass. Australia is the smallest continent that
lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is surrounded
on all sides by the oceans and seas. It is called an island
continent
S26. Ans.(a) S30. Ans.(d)

Sol. India presently has two research stations in Sol.
Antarctica namely ‘Maitri’ and ‘Bharati’. New station
‘Bharati’ has just been constructed and established in 1. Kunchikal Falls: Karnataka
March 2013. At both the stations, research and 2. Barehipani Falls: Odisha
investigations are undertaken to understand the Polar 3. Dudhsagar Falls: Goa
processes and phenomenon since 1989. Source:
Indian Arctic station ‘Himadri’ is located at Ny Alesund,
Spitsbergen Island, Norway, and serves as a hub of Indian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India
scientific investigations since 2008. _by_height

S31. Ans.(d) This leads to the formation of a flat fertile floodplain. The
Sol. raised banks are called levees. As the river approaches the
sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases, and the
river begins to break up into a number of streams called
distributaries. The river becomes so slow that it begins to
deposit its load. Each distributary forms its own mouth.
The collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a
delta.
S35. Ans.(a)
Sol. the Maas–Hoffman model shows crop response to soil
salinity. The model uses a response function starting with
a horizontal line connected further on to a downward
sloping line. The connection point is also called threshold
or tolerance. Up to the threshold the crop is not affected
by soil salinity while beyond it the yield starts declining
The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the

Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America,
and Greenland. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided
among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia,
the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest
Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), and
Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island
of Grímsey).
S32. Ans.(a)
Sol. When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid.
S36. Ans.(d)
Rocks thus formed are called igneous rocks. As igneous
Sol. These are water reservoirs of national importance.
rocks are formed from magma and begin the rock cycle, 1. Aliyar Dam: Aliyar Dam is a charming location
they are called primary rocks. Since all other rocks are surrounded by Annamali Hills with wonderful natural
derived from them, they are also referred to as parent views. It is located between Pollachi and Valparai. At a
rocks on occasion. Among the three major types of rock, distance of 64 km from Coimbatore, 24 Kms from
fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. Pollachi & 545 Kms from Chennai.
Unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary 2. Isapur Dam: Isapur Dam is one of the biggest dams in
rocks form at temperatures and pressures that do not the state of Maharashtra, build over the Painganga
destroy fossil remnants. We will discuss more on this in River that divides Maharashtra into two regions
the coming tests. namely; Marathwada and Vidarbha.
3. Kangsabati Reservoir Project: Kangsabati Reservoir
S33. Ans.(a) Project was started in the year 1956-57. To date an
Sol. Deccan plateau is largely made of igneous rocks and irrigation potential of 3,48,477 ha. has been created in
Basalt is an igneous rock. Typically the Deccan Plateau is the districts of Bankura, Midnapore, and Hooghly
made up of basalt extending up to Bhor Ghat near Karjat. through this Project
This is an extrusive igneous rock. Also in certain sections
of the region, we can find granite, which is intrusive S37. Ans.(d)
igneous rock. Sol.
1. Nitrous oxide is formed in soils during the
S34. Ans.(c) microbiological processes of nitrification and
Sol. As the river enters the plain it twists and turns to denitrification. Because nitrous oxide is a gas it can
form large bends known as meanders. Due to continuous escape from the soil during these transformations.
erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, 2. Cattle release both ammonia and methane into the
the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer. In atmosphere. Ruminant animals do not efficiently
due course of time the meander loop cuts off from the utilize dietary nitrogen. Excess nitrogen fed in the form
river and forms a cut-off lake, also called an ox-bow lake. of feed proteins is excreted in manure (urine + feces).
At times the river overflows its banks. This leads to the 3. Nitrogen emissions in chicken production occur in
flooding of the neighboring areas. As it floods, it deposits several forms but mainly ammonia can contribute
layers of fine soil and other material called sediments directly or indirectly to several environmental and
public health hazards
along its banks.

S38. Ans.(c) S42. Ans.(c)
Sol. Sol. Standard Meridian of India which is 82°30′ East
1. India is home to many hydroelectric power plants, longitude passes through Uttar Pradesh,
ranking fifth in the world for potential hydropower Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra
capacity, which currently stands at more than 50 Pradesh.
gigawatts (GW).
Only China, Brazil, the US, and Canada have a greater
hydropower capacity globally.
2. Located near Patan, in Maharashtra’s Satara district,
close to the Koyna River, the Koyna Hydroelectric
Project is India’s largest completed hydroelectric
power plant with a capacity of 1,960MW.
3. Tanakpur Power Station is located on Sharda River
(Mahakali River in Nepal) near the town of Tanakpur
in the district of Champawat Uttrakhand.
S39. Ans.(b)
Sol.
1. Khopoli (Ganga river)- Maharashtra
2. Kodasalli (kalinadi River)-Karnataka
3. Panchet (Damodar river) -Bihar
S43. Ans.(c)
S40. Ans.(b) Sol. Observe the locations of the cities.
Sol. Dew is the water droplets formed by the
condensation of water vapor on a relatively cold surface
of an object. It forms when the temperature of an object
drops below the dew point temperature. • When there is
a cloudy weather condition, terrestrial radiation is
radiated back to the earth’s surface after reflection from
clouds. This leads to the formation of hothouse
(Greenhouse) condition due to which temperature on the
earth’s surface is relatively higher. Hence, the condition
becomes unfavorable for the formation of dew
S41. Ans.(d)
Sol. Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states
including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and
Mizoram.
S44. Ans.(d)
Sol. The black soils are generally clayey, deep, and
impermeable. They swell and become sticky when wet
and shrink when dried. So, during the dry season, this soil
develops wide cracks. Thus, there occurs a kind of ‘self
ploughing’. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. Black soil is
important for growing crops like cotton and sugarcane.
Laterite soil is more suited to grow plantation crops.

S45. Ans.(a) S48. Ans.(c)
Sol. Galle Harbour is a natural harbor, located in Galle, Sol. Jet streams typically cover long distances and can be
south-western coast of Sri Lanka. thousands of miles long. They can be discontinuous and
often meander across the atmosphere but they all flow
S46. Ans.(a) east at a rapid speed. The meanders in the jet stream flow
Sol. The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts slower than the rest of the air and are called Rossby
and flows through the state of Karnataka during most of Waves. They move slower because they are caused by the
its course, before flowing along the border between Coriolis Effect and turn west in respect to the flow of air
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and ultimately joining the they are embedded in. As a result, it slows the eastward
movement of the air when there is a significant amount of
Krishna River. The Koyna River is a tributary of the
meandering in the flow.
Krishna River which originates in Mahableshwar, Satara
Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-jet-stream-
district, western Maharashtra, India.
1434437
Sabari River is one of the main tributaries of Godavari. It
originates from the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats in
S49. Ans.(c)
Odisha state from the Sinkaram hill ranges at 1370 m
Sol. Global Wind Belts
MSL. It is also known as the Kolab river in Odisha. Let’s look at the global wind belts in the Northern
Hemisphere.
S47. Ans.(b) • In the Hadley, cell air should move north to south, but
Sol. Jet streams form when warm air masses meet cold air it is deflected to the right by Coriolis. So the air blows
masses in the atmosphere. from northeast to the southwest. This belt is the trade
1. Jet streams are narrow bands of strong wind that winds, so-called because at the time of sailing ships
generally blow from west to east all across the globe. they were good for trade.
2. Earth has four primary jet streams: two polar jet • In the Ferrel cell air should move south to north, but
streams, near the north and south poles, and two the winds actually blow from the southwest. This belt
subtropical jet streams closer to the equator. is the westerly winds or westerlies. Why do you think a
3. Jet streams are located about five to nine miles above flight across the United States from San Francisco to
Earth’s surface in the mid to upper troposphere — the New York City takes less time than the reverse trip?
layer of Earth’s atmosphere where we live and breathe. • In the Polar cell, the winds travel from the northeast
Airplanes also fly in the mid to upper troposphere. So, and are called the polar easterlies
if an airplane flies in a powerful jet stream and they are
traveling in the same direction, the airplane can get a
boost. That’s why an airplane flying a route from west
to east can generally make the trip faster than an
airplane traveling the same route east to west.
Source: https://scijinks.gov/jet-stream/
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-
earthscience/chapter/air-movement/
S50. Ans.(b)
Sol. Tropic of cancer and IST meridian intersect at Koriya
district in Chhattisgarh.

S51. Ans.(b) S54. Ans.(a)
Sol. The term October heat refers to the post-monsoon, Sol. Gerusoppa Dam in India
pre-winter rise in temperatures across the nation. During Location: Karnataka on Sharavati river
the southwest monsoon, most parts of India cool down Omkareshwar
due to precipitation (rainfall), increased moisture, cloud Location: Madhya Pradesh on Narmada river
cover, and sea winds in coastal areas. However, as the Nathpa Jhakri
Location: Himachal Pradesh on Satluj river
monsoon withdraws, the temperature rises and humidity
falls, giving rise to the phenomenon locally referred to as
S55. Ans.(b)
‘October heat’.
Sol. Both the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
However, the term itself is a bit of a misnomer, since the experience cyclonic events. However, when the two are
rise in temperatures often extends to the first two weeks compared, the Bay of Bengal sees approximately five
of November, after which the winter sets in. times as many cyclones as its Western counterpart. In
It affects all of India, but the effects are mostly seen in addition, cyclones in the Bay are stronger and deadlier.
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra And what's more, nearly 58% of cyclones formed in the
Source: https://weather.com/en- Bay of Bengal reach the coast as compared to only 25% of
IN/india/science/news/2018-10-18-whats-with-this- those formed in the Arabian Sea. Since sea surface
crazy-october-heat temperatures and humidity both directly correlate with
chances of cyclone formation, the Bay of Bengal is a more
S52. Ans.(a) likely target because it gets higher rainfall, and because
Sol. The Brahmani is a major seasonal river in the Odisha the sluggish winds around it keep temperatures relatively
state of eastern India. The Brahmani is formed by the high: about 28 degrees around the year. Warm air
currents enhance this surface temperature and aid the
confluence of the Sankh and South Koel rivers.
formation of cyclones.
S56. Ans.(c)
Sol. Sirocco:
Also known as scirocco, this warm, humid wind originates
over North Africa and picks up moisture as it crosses the
Mediterranean towards southern Europe. It brings with it
uncomfortably humid air and strong winds.
Mistral:
A strong, cold, northwesterly wind, the mistral brings
fierce storms across the Mediterranean coast of France. It
is most intense on the coasts of Languedoc and Provence,
West Flowing Rivers of India These rivers flow along the especially in and off the Rhône delta, causing sudden
west coastline of the Western Ghats and empty storms and bitterly cold temperatures.
Khamsin:
themselves in the Arabian Sea. A list of the west-flowing
This dry and dusty wind blows in from the desert towards
rivers is as follows: Narmada Tapi Sabarmati Luni Mahi
the Mediterranean, bringing sandstorms to northern
Ghaghra Sharavati Egypt between April and June. Its name comes from the
Arabic khamsin, meaning ‘fifty’, the number of days it is
S53. Ans.(d) said to blow
Sol. Manipur does not border with Bangladesh
S57. Ans.(d)
Sol. The alluvial soils vary in nature from sandy loam to
clay. They are generally rich in potash but poor in
phosphorous. In the Upper and Middle Ganga plain, two
different types of alluvial soils have developed, viz.
Khadar and Bhangar. Khadar is the new alluvium and is
deposited by floods annually, which enriches the soil by
depositing fine silts. Bhangar represents a system of older
alluvium, deposited away from the flood plains. Both the
Khadar and Bhangar soils contain calcareous concretions
(Kankars).

S58. Ans.(b) S61. Ans.(d)
Sol. Sol. The Iberian Peninsula, the peninsula in southwestern
Europe, is occupied by Spain and Portugal.
S59. Ans.(c)
Sol. Bundelkhand Plateau of India has a senile topography
and is marked by various gorging channels like Tons,
Kenn, Dhasan, and Betwa.
S62. Ans.(d)
Malwa Plateau of India:
Sol. ‘Greater Tipraland’ is essentially an extension of the
Mainly considered as the extension of the Deccan Plateau
ruling tribal partner Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura
The states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan
– IPFT’s demand of Tipraland, which sought a separate
cover the Malwa Plateau. The Plateau comprises tropical
state for tribals of Tripura. The new demand seeks to
dry teak forests. include every tribal person living in an indigenous area or
This plateau has a dual drainage system, the Narmada, village outside the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous
Tapi, and Mahi rivers towards the Arabian sea and District Council (TTAADC) under the proposed model.
Chambal and Betwa towards the Bay of Bengal. Mostly However, the idea doesn’t restrict to simply the Tripura
covered with black soil deposits, the Malwa Plateau tribal council areas but seeks to include ‘Tiprasa’ of
experiences heavy lava flows. These black soil deposits Tripuris spread across different states of India like Assam,
have a great moisture retention capacity and contain Mizoram, etc. as well, even those living in Bandarban,
a high intensity of sand. Dissected by different rivers, Chittagong, Khagrachari, and other bordering areas of
the Chambal Ravines mark the Malwa Plateau. In addition neighboring Bangladesh.
to Chambal, rivers like Sindh, Ken, Kali, Betwa, and Source:
Parbati. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-
what-is-greater-tipraland-demand-raised-by-royal-scion-
S60. Ans.(c) pradyot-kishore-and-what-does-it-mean-for-tripura-
Sol. Context: Pollution in river Sutlej — which runs politics-7199420/
through a 65-kilometer-long stretch across Punjab and
Rajasthan — has posed serious health threats to the S63. Ans.(b)
people living around the Indira Gandhi Canal. Sol. The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four major dams
Sutlej is an antecedent river means a stream that built on India's Chambal River. The dam is located in the
maintains its original course and pattern despite the Mandsaur, districts of the state of Madhya Pradesh.
changes in underlying rock topography. Yamuna River Westernmost, the largest, most important
It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The tributary with a total length of 1376 km. It originates from
drainage basin is mainly in India's Himachal Pradesh, the Yamunotri glacier from the western slope of the
Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, and Haryana states Bandarpunch.
Source: The peak in the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand at an
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/sutlej- elevation of about 6,000 meters. It cuts across the Nag
river-pollution-millions-on-verge-of-health-risks-ngt- Tibba, the Mussoorie, and the Shiwalik ranges. It fi nally
raises-alarm-78163 merges with the Ganga at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

S64. Ans.(b) S68. Ans.(b)
Sol. The tropical evergreen forests are found in the Sol. Kunchikal falls -Varahi river
western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the Jog falls -Sharavathi river
northeastern region, and the Andaman and Nicobar Gautamdhara falls -Raru river
Islands.
S69. Ans.(d)
S65. Ans.(a)
Sol. Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been Sol.
constructed to tap the water potential of the river
Godavari.
Drip Irrigation:
In this system, water is delivered near the plant root, on
or below the soil surface through a dripper. The rate of
water is quite low. It is one of the most efficient irrigation
systems in terms of water use efficiency. Minimum loss of
fertilizer and nutrients. The system minimizes the
leaching of the fertilizers. Non-potable water can be used
in this system. The initial cost can be more, can result in
clogging, wastage of water, time and harvest, if not
installed properly.
S66. Ans.(a) Polar front jet (PFJ)

Sol. • Polar front jets (PFJ) are also called mid-latitude jet
streams, a belt of the world’s most powerful upper-
level wind force that moves generally in a westerly
direction and forms in the junction between the Ferrell
and Polar cells. As a consequence of the formation of
these jets manifests themselves as the front, unstable,
and break up into Rossby waves.
• Polar Front jet stream is a fast-flowing air at the
boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere
and a more variable position than the sub-tropical jet.
In summer, its position shifts towards the poles and in
winter towards the equator whereas, in winter, jets are
S67. Ans.(d) stronger and more continuous.
Sol. Copper and Gold minerals are found in Dharwar • It greatly influences the temperature difference of two
rocks.
different air masses lying close to 50°-60° N/S region is
Gondwana Rocks have 98% coal deposits of India.
where the polar jet is located. It determines the path,
speed, and intensity of temperate cyclones
S70. Ans.(d)
Sol. Temporary jet streams
Permanent jet streams (polar and subtropical jet streams)
are the best known and most studied at the world level
whereas, other jet streams are also formed when wind
speeds crossed above 94 km/hr in the upper atmosphere
at about 9 to 14.5 km above the ground surface. The most
important temporary jets are Polar night jets, Somali Jet
and The African Easterly jet.

S71. Ans.(a)
Sol. Motihari-Amlekhgunj Oil pipeline:
The Motihari-Amlekhgunj oil pipeline project was first
proposed in 1996 between India and Bangladesh.
• The pipeline (69-km) from Motihari in Bihar to
Amelkhgunj in Nepal was constructed by India.
• This is South Asia’s first cross-border petroleum
products pipeline.
• It will start commercial operation in November 2019.
S72. Ans.(c)
Sol. Bamboo Drip Irrigation:
The bamboo drip irrigation system is normally used to
irrigate the betel leaf or black pepper crops planted in
areca nut orchards or in mixed orchards.
In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream
and spring water by using bamboo pipes is widely
prevalent. About 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo S76. Ans.(d)
Sol.
pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of meters,
1. Salween- Andaman sea
and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site
2. Volga-Caspian sea
of the plant.
3. Yangtze- East China sea
S73. Ans.(a)
S77. Ans.(a)
Sol. Pressure Gradient Force is caused by the due Sol. Shifting cultivation is widely practiced by many tribes
difference in the pressure between two regions. The rate in the tropics, especially in Africa, South and Central
of change of pressure with respect to distance is the America, and Southeast Asia. It is prevalent in the tropical
pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is strong where region in different names, e.g. Jhuming in the North
the isobars are close to each other and are weak where eastern states of India, Milpa in Central America and
the isobars are apart. Mexico, and Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysia.
The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the
direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis S78. Ans.(b)
force. It deflects the wind to the right direction in the Sol. Orange River, river in southern Africa, one of the
northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern longest rivers on the continent and one of the longest
hemisphere. south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Along its course, the
river forms the boundary between Namibia and South
S74. Ans.(b) Africa.
Sol. Chinook wind Winds that form when low pressure
draws air over a mountain range. Haboob desert S79. Ans.(a)
sandstorms that form in the downdrafts of a Sol. The Senkaku Islands dispute, or Diaoyu Islands
thunderstorm. dispute, concerns a territorial dispute over a group of
uninhabited islands known as the Senkaku Islands in
katabatic wind winds that move down a slope.
Japan, the Diaoyu Islands in China.
S75. Ans.(c)
S80. Ans.(b)
Sol. The river’s Burmese name (Ayeyarwady) came from
Sol. The Naitwar Mori Hydro Electric Project will generate
the Pali name of India’s Ravi river, Iravati. Irrawaddy 265.5 million units of electricity every year and the state
River sources – the N’mai and Mali Rivers in Kanchin – of Uttarakhand will get 12 percent free power as a royalty.
came from the Himalayan glaciers from the north of Source:
Burma. The drainage basin of Irrawaddy measures about https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/po
404,200 sq. km., covering much of Myanmar. Irrawaddy wer/sjvnl-completes-tunnel-excavation-work-of-naitwar-
River flows through the Irrawaddy Delta before it goes to mori-hydro-power-project/84173972
the Andaman Sea.

S81. Ans.(c) S83. Ans.(a)
Sol. Sol. An equinox is an instant in time when the plane of
Earth's equator passes through the geometric center of
the Sun's disk. This occurs twice each year, around 20
March and 23 September. In other words, it is the
moment at which the center of the visible Sun is directly
above the equator.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the March equinox is called
the vernal or spring equinox while the September equinox
is called the autumnal or fall equinox. In the Southern
Hemisphere, the reverse is true. During the year,
equinoxes alternate with solstices. The dates of both
During the June solstice, places on the Arctic Circle events slightly vary due to leap years and other factors
(latitude 66.56° north) will see the Sun just on the horizon
during midnight, and all places north of it will see the Sun S84. Ans.(d)
above the horizon for 24 hours. That is the midnight sun Sol. Every planet in our solar system experiences
or midsummer night sun or polar day. On the other hand, solstices. The timing and extent of solstices are largely
places on the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.56° south) will determined by the planet’s axial tilt, orbital eccentricity,
see the Sun just on the horizon during midday, and all and distance from the sun. Orbital eccentricity essentially
places south of it will not see the Sun above the horizon at determines the amount by which its orbit around another
any time of the day. That is the polar night. During the body deviates from a perfect circle. Venus, the planet
December Solstice, the effects on both hemispheres are closest to Earth, has a very small axial tilt, just 3°. Venus
just the opposite. This sees polar sea ice re-grow annually experiences very little seasonal variation, and its solstices
due to lack of sunlight on the air above and surrounding are separated by about three months.
sea.
S85. Ans.(b)
S82. Ans.(d) Sol. Mizos practice what is known as ‘Jhum Cultivation.
Sol. They slash down the jungle, burn the trunks and leaves,
and cultivate the land. All their other activities revolve
around the jhum operations and their festivals are all
connected with such agriculture operations. Mim Kut
which takes place in August-September in the wake of
harvesting of the maize crop is celebrated with great
gaiety and merriment expressed through singing, dancing,
feasting, and drinking of homemade rice beer zu.
Pawl Kut is Harvest Festival – celebrated from December
to January. Again, a mood of thanksgiving is evident,
The subsolar point on a planet is the point at which its sun
because the difficult task of titling and harvesting is over.
is perceived to be directly overhead (at the zenith) that is,
where the sun's rays strike the planet exactly
perpendicular to its surface. It can also mean the point
closest to the sun on an astronomical object, even though
the sun might not be visible. To an observer on a planet
with an orientation and rotation similar to those of Earth,
the subsolar point will appear to move westward,
completing one circuit around the globe each day,
approximately moving along the equator.
The subsolar point contacts the Tropic of Cancer on the
June solstice and the Tropic of Capricorn on the December
solstice. The subsolar point crosses the Equator on the
March and September equinoxes.

S86. Ans.(a) S89. Ans.(c)
Sol. Look at the map Sol. Earth's rotation causes the trade winds to curve
Only Odisha, Westbengal, Karnataka Tamilnadu, and toward the west in the Northern Hemisphere and the east
Maharashtra have both the evergreen and tropical in the Southern Hemisphere. The area of almost no wind
deciduous forest. Look at the Andhra Pradesh It is at the equator is called the doldrums
covered by an evergreen forest only Right at the equator, there is almost no wind at all—an
area sometimes called the doldrums.
S90. Ans.(a)
Sol. Coastal lagoons form along gently sloping coasts
where barrier islands or reefs can develop off-shore, and
S87. Ans.(a) the sea level is rising relative to the land along the shore.
Sol. Trade winds are confined to the area near the India has a vast coastline and the coast is very indented in
equator, whereas Westerlies and Easterlies blow even some states. Due to this, a number of lagoons and lakes
beyond the sub-tropics. have formed.
Coastal lagoons do not form along steep or rocky coasts,
S88. Ans.(b)
or if the range of tides is more than 4 meters. Due to the
Sol. The trade winds are air currents closer to Earth’s
gentle slope of the coast, coastal lagoons are shallow. A
surface that blow from east to west near the equator. The
trade winds can be found about 30 degrees north and relative drop in sea level may leave a lagoon largely dry,
south of the equator. Right at the equator, there is almost while a rise in sea level may let the sea breach or destroy
no wind at all—an area sometimes called the doldrums. barrier islands, and leave reefs too deep underwater to
The Earth rotates as the air is moving, the winds in the protect the lagoon.
Northern Hemisphere curve to the right and air in the
Southern Hemisphere curves to the left because of the S91. Ans.(b)
phenomenon called the Coriolis Effect and it’s why the Sol. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates
trade winds blow toward the west in both the Northern known as the Lithospheric plates. The molten magma
Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. inside the earth moves in a circular manner. These plates
move because of the movement of the molten magma
inside the earth. Lateral movements between lithospheric
plates create transform faults at the sites of plate slippage.
S92. Ans.(a)
Sol. The important tributaries of the Yamuna River are
Tons, Chambal, Hindon, Betwa, and Ken. Other small
tributaries of the Yamuna River include the Giri, Sind,
Uttangan, Sengar, and the Rind.

S93. Ans.(d) Old Fold Mountains are characterized by having stopped
Sol. growing higher due to the cessation of upward thrust
caused by the stopping of movement of the tectonic plates
1. Jawahar Sagar-Chambal
in the Earth's crust below them. In ancient times they
2. Tanakpur- Sarda(Uttarakhand) were extremely high but since have worn down almost
3. Bargi-Narmada completely by millions of years of weathering. In contrast,
4. Almati- Krishna the Himalayas are continuously rising young fold
mountains of today.
S94. Ans.(b) S96. Ans.(c)

Sol. Alfisols are moderately leached soils that have Sol. The line extends from the northernmost point of the
relatively high native fertility. Alfisols are primarily found LOC (Line of Control) to Indira Col. The AGPL is
in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world. approximately 110 kilometres long. This line runs across
the edge of the Saltoro Ridge, which is a mountainous
The combination of a generally favorable climate and high
plateau. The Indian soldiers hold on to the heights on the
native fertility allows Alfisols to be very productive soils ridge, preventing the Pakistani soldiers from climbing up
for both agricultural and silvicultural use. to the Saltoro Range heights.
S97. Ans.(c)
Sol. Both are correct
S98. Ans.(b)
Sol. A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain
system formed by plate tectonics. It typically has a
depth of ~ 2,600 meters (8,500 ft) and rises about two
kilometers above the deepest portion of an ocean basin.
This feature is where seafloor spreading takes place along
a divergent plate boundary.
S95. Ans.(d) S99. Ans.(b)

Sol. The western region is drier as Monsoon winds
Sol. The Vindhyas do not form a single range in the become moisture-less on reaching the western sides of
proper geological sense: the hills collectively known as the sub-continent.
the Vindhyas do not lie along an anticlinal or synclinal The elevation is not the reason, since the eastern
ridge. The Vindhya range is actually a group of a Himalayas has very high peaks up to nearly 7000 meters.
Moreover, at lower elevations, the Western ecoregion
discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges,
grades into Himalayan subtropical pine forests. At higher
highlands, and plateau escarpments. The term "Vindhyas" elevations, it grades into Western Himalayan subalpine
is defined by convention, and therefore, the exact conifer forests as well as Northwestern Himalayan alpine
definition of the Vindhya range has varied at different shrub and meadows and Western Himalayan alpine shrub
and meadows.
times in history.

S100. Ans.(a) between Aleppo in the north and Damascus in the south.
Sol. Its proximity to the Turkish border makes Idlib
strategically important to the Syrian government.
The nine-year-old war in Syria is currently raging in the

northwestern province of Idlib, with rapidly escalating
tensions between government forces of President Bashar
al-Assad and the Turkish military. Assad has been pushing
for weeks to recapture Idlib, which, along with parts of
neighboring Hama, Latakia, and Aleppo, are the last
remaining strongholds of the rebel opposition and other
groups that have been attempting to overthrow Assad
since 2011. Idlib skirts the two national highways and lies

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Top 100 + Indian Geography MCQs Questions for UPSC NDA & CDS II 2021

Q6. Consider the following statements

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Q17. Which of the following are among the landlocked

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Q53. Which of the following states do not share a border

Q54. Consider the following pairs

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S1. Ans.(c) Erosional landforms:

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S26. Ans.(a) S30. Ans.(d)

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The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the

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S66. Ans.(a) Polar front jet (PFJ)

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S94. Ans.(b) S96. Ans.(c)

S95. Ans.(d) S99. Ans.(b)

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The nine-year-old war in Syria is currently raging in the

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