lOMoARcPSD|25276835

The effectiveness of orange peel as an mosquito repellent

Mechanical Engineering (Batangas State University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

The effectiveness of orange peel as mosquito repellent

A Research Paper Submitted by:

Kent Kenno S. Oblea

John kyll Gilbert Mordeno

In Partial Fulfillment of Course Requirement in

Work immersion

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Chapter I

Problem and Its Background

This chapter presents the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, and
formulation of hypothesis. As well as the significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of
terms of this research.

Introduction

Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya are a major global public
health issue that can be transmitted to people or animals through mosquito bites. New research to
combat one of Australia's most prolific mosquitos, responsible for spreading most cases of Ross River
virus, has begun in the Hunter Region of New South Wales. More than half of the world's population is
vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases

Local and invasive mosquito species like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are
currently established in northern Queensland and the Torres Strait, could spread into major Australian
cities and potentially transmit these deadly diseases as a result of increased trade, urbanization, and
global temperatures.

Plant-based repellents have been used as a personal protective strategy against many
Anopheles species for generations in traditional practice. Traditional repellent plant knowledge is a
valuable resource for developing new natural repellents as an alternative to chemical repellents. Many
studies have found evidence of plant extracts or essential oils repelling malaria vectors all around the
world.

The goal of this systematic evaluation was to see how effective plant-based repellents are
against Anopheles mosquitos. The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google scholar databases were
thoroughly searched for all eligible research on the repellency properties of plants against Anopheles
mosquitoes published up to July 2018. The % repellency and protection time were the outcome
measures. A total of 62 studies met the criteria for inclusion.

Ligusticum sinense extract had the best repellency effect, followed by citronella, pine,
Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint, and Rhizophora mucronata oils, with a total protection time ranging from
9.1 to 11.5 hours. Lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass,
lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile,
cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes,

Essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-
friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of
the world.

Statement of Problem

This study aims to provide a good sleep and alternative mosquito repellent to make your night
peaceful.

1. How does this mosquito repellent work?

2. What are the advantages of this repellent than the other repellent?

3. What are the benefits of using insect repellants?

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to…..

1. A mosquito repellent is a substance designed to keep away mosquitoes, thereby

preventing them from biting humans and feeding on human blood.

2. An insect repellent will help protect you from mosquitoes that spread malaria and other
disease

3. Insect repellents are used to repel mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and other biting insects.

Formulation of Hypotheses

1. This repellent will be gear to prevent us from the disease that the mosquito carries.

2. It will help to make our sleep peaceful every night.

3. This mosquito repellent will sufficient to kill the mosquito around and make us sleep
good from the scent of the orange.

Significance of the Study

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

This study is important to the following…

 Community - This research will give the people of the community that through orange
peel, they can create a repellent that very useful, easy to create and very affordable
because they recycle the garbage

 Health professionals - This research will aid them in better understanding how they may
create a repellent that is low-cost and cheap using renewable resources.

 Present Researcher - This study will benefit the current researchers because it will allow
them to learn and comprehend how a garbage through the renewable mosquito
repellent. The knowledge gained from this research will act as a guide and stepping
stone for them as they seek answers in the medical area, preparing them to be future
health professionals in society.

 Future Researcher - This research could aid future researchers in developing new
inventions in their chosen field. This can also provide them with more knowledge and
information for future research and goods, as well as provide inspiration to continue
investigating. It might make it easier for them to conceptualize their ideas.

Scope and Limitations

The research focuses on developing new mosquito repellents using locally available materials.
This demonstrates a simple and practical method of avoiding mosquito bites.

As stated in the study’s title, the orange peel mosquito repellent applies how the repellent works
with the improvised material. The product can be used in a variety of settings.

Definition of Terms

Mosquito - Mosquitoes are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family
Culicidae. The word "mosquito" is Spanish and Portuguese for "little fly".

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Repellent - a substance that deters insects or other pests from approaching or settling

Orange - a round juicy citrus fruit with a tough bright reddish-yellow rind.

Chapter II

Scientific Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter covers the summary of readings and alteration from internet, journals, books and other
research studies. This is essential since it provides information that will serve as the guide and basis of
the present study. This would be a great help in providing a better understanding about the topic being
discussed.

Related literature

According to International journal of pharmaceutics 539 (1-2), 190-209, 2018 The use of
natural and synthetic repellents, marketed in different pharmaceutical forms, is growing in the world due
to the emerging vector-borne viral diseases as Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever and Malaria. The
choice of the ideal formulation will depend on a series of factors to be analyzed: type of repellent active
(natural or synthetic), pharmaceutical forms (spray, lotion, cream, gel), action time duration (short or
long), environment of exposure and the user (adult, pregnant women, children, newborn). The most
used repellents are DEET, IR3535 (Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate) (EB), Icaridin (Picaridin) and
essential oils, each of them presenting advantages and disadvantages. DEET is the oldest and the most
powerful repellent available in the market, thus being the reference standard. For this reason, there are
many classic formulations available in the market containing the chemical component DEET in spray
forms and lotions. However, due to its toxicity, DEET is not recommended for children up to 6 months
and pregnant women. DEET has been an option along with other market-shared products as IR3535 and
Icaridin (Picaridin), which present less toxicity in their composition. IR3535 is the less toxic and may be
prescribed for children over 6 months of age and pregnant women so that they have been the best
option because of the lower toxicity levels presented. IR3535 is the one that has the lowest toxicity level
among the three options and may be prescribed for children above 6 months of age and pregnant
women.

Icaridin is as potent as DEET, but less toxic, and has the advantage of having the long-lasting
action among the aforementioned repellents. The new formulations have been based on controlled

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

release systems (CRS). The CRSs for repellents comprise polymer micro/nanocapsules, micro/solid lipid
nanoparticles, nanoemulsions/microemulsions, liposomes/niosomes, nanostructured hydrogels and
cyclodextrins. There are many formulations based on micro and nanocapsules containing DEET and
essential oils to increase repellent action time duration and decrease permeation and consequently,
systemic toxicity. The development of new formulations for the IR3535 and Icaridin is a research field yet
to be explored. The current trend is the use of natural repellent actives such as essential oils, which
present low toxicity, do not harm the environment, but present reduced repellent action time due to
rapid evaporation after skin application. CRSs have been used as vehicle of natural repellents to improve
long-lasting repellent action, reduce skin permeation and systemic effects.

According to the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 36 (2), 243-249, 1997
The optimal management of arthropod bites is prevention, and many over-the-counter insect repellents
are available. Since first marketed in 1956, deet has remained the most effective repellent against
mosquitoes, biting fleas, gnats, and chiggers. Permethrin is applied to clothing rather than to skin, and it
is a better repellent against ticks than deet. The risk of serious side effects with the use of deet is slight;
nevertheless, the lowest effective concentration should be used.

According to JAMA 284 (7), 831-831, 2000 Of 100 individuals in Swedish military service in 1998, 50
consumed 1200 mg/d Allium sativum in capsule form and 50 consumed placebo for 8 weeks, followed by
a washout period of 2 weeks, and then a crossover to placebo or Allium sativum consumption for
another 10 weeks. All participants wore the same type of uniforms, consumed approximately the same
diet, participated in similar activities, and spent equal amounts of time in tick-endemic areas. Tick bites
were recorded in a diary after daily self-inspection of the skin.

In the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 58 (5), 865-871, 2008 Arthropod bites remain a
major cause of patient morbidity. These bites can cause local or systemic effects that may be infectious
or inflammatory in nature. Arthropods, notably insects and arachnids, are vectors of potentially serious
ailments including malaria, West Nile virus, dengue, and Lyme disease. Measures to curtail the impact of
insect bites are important in the worldwide public health effort to safely protect patients and prevent
the spread of disease.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (11), 4633-4636, 2005

Of five commercial plant extracts (citronella, garlic oil, neem extract, pine oil, and pyrethrum), citronella
was found to be effective in deterring the infestation of cartons containing muesli and wheat germ by
red flour beetles. The chemical components were applied as part of a coating on the carton board. In an
experimental set up that accelerates infestation over a 2 week period, citronella-treated cartons (0.2
g/m2 of carton board) reduced beetle infestation to approximately 50% of the level observed in control
cartons. Evidence was provided to indicate that an insect repellent effect persists for at least 16 weeks.
Additional work on the controlled release of the insect repellent would be required to prolong the effect.

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Keywords: Essential oils; insect repellent; citronella; packaging; stored-products pests; infestation

Pesticide Outlook 12 (4), 154-158, 2001

Chris Peterson and Joel Coats from the Department of Entomology at Iowa State University, USA, review
the history of insect repellents from the 1920s down to recent work on plant-derived repellents.

Malariajournal.biomedcentral.com

Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing

Marta Ferreira Maia, Sarah J Moore

Malaria journal 10 (1), 1-15, 2011

Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection
measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through
ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Recently,
commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity
among consumers, as these are commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to long-established
synthetic repellents although this is sometimes a misconception. To date insufficient studies have
followed standard WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a need for
further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products
that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. This paper presents a summary of recent
information on testing, efficacy and safety of plant-based repellents as well as promising new
developments in the field.

Mustapha Debboun, Stephen P Frances, Daniel Strickman

CRC press, 2006

Drawing together information previously found only in articles, reviews, symposia proceedings,
commercial literature, and medical entomology texts, Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses is
a one-volume source on the development, evaluation, and use of repellents.

Science 319 (5871), 1838-1842, 2008

DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is the world’s most widely used topical insect repellent, with broad
effectiveness against most insects. Its mechanism of action and molecular target remain unknown. Here,
we show that DEET blocks electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to attractive
odors in Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster. DEET inhibits behavioral attraction to food
odors in Drosophila, and this inhibition requires the highly conserved olfactory co-receptor OR83b. I

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

inhibits odor-evoked currents mediated by the insect odorant receptor complex, comprising a ligand-
binding subunit and OR83b. We conclude that DEET masks host odor by inhibiting subsets of
heteromeric insect odorant receptors that require the OR83b co-receptor. The identification of candidate
molecular targets for the action of DEET may aid in the design of safer and more effective insect
repellents.

Acta Tropica 212, 105419, 2020

The incidence of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever and malaria cases has increased significantly in
the world. To avoid mosquito bites, one of the best strategies is the use of repellents. The interest in
using plants as mosquito repellents has increased significantly. In this review, has been performed a
bibliographic survey of the plants with repellent activity, evaluate the trends of natural repellent
formulations in the scientific literature, those described in patents and commercially available products.

Related studies

F. Salaün, in Active Coatings for Smart Textiles, 2016

9.5.5 Insect repellent

Insect repellent compounds used in textile finishes are either synthetic chemicals such as DEET (N,N-
diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), picaridin (1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-[2-hydroxyethyl]-1-
methlypropylester) or permethrin, or natural products (essential oils) such as citronella, neem, lemon
and eucalyptus. Insect repellent agents have been investigated but only a few have been applied to
textile materials (İnceboz et al., 2015). Application of these compounds without being entrapped by the
impregnation method leads to poor wash fastness. Thus most of them have been microencapsulated by
sodium alginate (Anitha et al., 2011), melamine–formaldehyde (Boh and Knez, 2006) and silica (Chan et
al., 2009), before being applied by pad-dry-cure to improve longevity and controlled release of the core
substance.

Thus, N’Guessan et al. showed that the microencapsulation of DEET inhibits blood feeding and kills
mosquitoes for at least 6 months under laboratory conditions. This formulation can find application in
nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes or on clothing or bedding materials distributed in disasters,
emergencies or refugee camp situations (N’Guessan et al., 2008). Textiles treated with microcapsules
containing citronella developed by Miro Specos et al. have higher and longer-lasting protection from
insects compared with fabrics sprayed with an ethanol solution of citronella oil, and ensure a repellent
effect higher than 90% for 3 weeks. The repellent textiles were developed by padding cotton fabrics with
microcapsule slurries using the conventional pad-dry method (Specos et al., 2010).

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Microencapsulated lemongrass oil extract was studied by Anitha et al. for its repellence abilities and
compared with extract-finished fabrics. Their results showed 92% repellence activity for polyester fabric
finished with lemongrass aqueous extract microcapsules. Polyester fabric exhibited only 80% mosquito-
repellent activity when it was finished with methanolic microcapsules of lemongrass leaves. Lemongrass
oil is capable of repelling mosquitoes on fabric to a greater extent. This study concluded that lemongrass
oil extract exhibits significant irritant and repellent properties and deserves further investigation for
possible use as active ingredients in topical skin and indoor dispersed repellent systems (Anitha et al.,
2011).

The use of microencapsulated insect repellents such as sesquiterpenes, diethyltoluamide, ethyl

butylacetylaminopropionate, hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, pyrethroids and their
mixtures for a textile application was patented by Cognis IP Man GmbH (Mathis and Sladek, 2007).
Results showed that inventive textiles finished after 25 machine washes contained more than 80% of the
originally applied insect repellent whereas the content of unencapsulated insect repellent under the
same conditions fell to below 40%. The use of foulard to incorporate melamine–formaldehyde
microcapsules containing permethrin or toluamide is described in the US Patent 20100183690 (Paya et
al., 2010). In this invention, the active ingredient may be released by skin pressure and friction. The
patent filed by Syngenta Ltd. Concerns a treated textile fabric with a microencapsulated insecticide and a
polymeric binder (Barnett and Silverthorne Lesley, 2007). The coated or partially coated fabric maintains
a sufficient amount of microencapsulated insecticide on the fabric surface to kill or repel insects,
particularly mosquitoes, even after repeated washings. The fabric can be made into a net or a garment
for protection against insect-transmitted diseases such as malaria.

Synthesis

There are various potential mosquitos in the environment, which are continually exposed in wet areas,
dark corners, and, most importantly, in our immediate surroundings. Mosquitoes are damaging to our
health, which is why they can cause harm to humans. Mosquitoes are very contagious and can
sometimes lead to serious complications.

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, materials and equipment that the researchers used in
making the product. Also, the process in attaining the orange peel repellent.

Research Design

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

A orange peel repellent is used to prevent mosquitoes to avoid diseases and infections. This repellent is
made by local material through an alternative mosquito repellent that generates essential oil that
prevent mosquitoes and make a scent that is good for sleeping. Furthermore, the orange peel mosquito
repellent is more likely a candle that serve light when there is no electricity.

Materials :

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Spatula Oranges

Frying pan Drinking glass

Thread Grater

Procedure :

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

1. Grate all the orange peel into a very small pieces.

2. Boiled the orange peel into ng the frying pan add a little bit add water

3. Stir the orange until the essential oil comes out

4. Prepare the glass and the thread make sure the thread is in the middle you can use any
kind of stick to hold the thread.

5. Pour your boiled orange peel into the glass with the thread.

6. Wait until the boiled orange peel get cold hard as a candle

7. When the boiled orange peel get hard you can have the finish product.

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the tabulation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered by the
researchers. The result of the trials and experiments will be presented.

Table I

Materials Scent Time

Orange peel High 5 min’s
Olive oil Low ….

The Table 1 shows which materials will scent better when its cook. The researchers found out
that using an orange peel was good enough to act as a wax for making a candle. Meanwhile, the
researchers tried to use the orange but it didn’t work. Within 5 minutes, the aroma of the orange peel
can fully smell by cooking it in the olive oil.

Table II concentrator. Thus, it doesn’t require any electricity because the sun as a renewable energy can
generate the device. It is applicable to use to the rural areas which doesn’t have electricity

THE RESULT OF THE TRIAL OF ORANGE PEEL AS A MOSQUITO REPELLENT

Day Time Result

DAY 1 3:30 pm The oil of the orange is not
tough yet
DAY 1 4:00 pm The oil the that comes out from
the orange is a fully hard and
ready to use

The Table II present the result of the trial of orange peel as an mosquito repellent. Within 30
minutes after we cook the orange peel we already can use the product, however in the first minute you
cannot say that it will work because the is not doing good but after we let it cool down there’s a wax that
builds up. And after a half of an hour we already can use the product of the orange peel.

Results

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

After interpreting the data gathered based on the experiment and trials that the researchers
have conducted, the results have been finalized. According to the data, the mosquito repellency of
orange peel samples rises with time from 60 to 120 minutes. Because mosquito repellency was shown to
be 80% in samples padded for 120 minutes with 60% extract concentration, this time was used for
finishing orange peel samples.

However, this alternative orange peel as an repellent is acidic so when you peeling the orange
your hand may get a wound so use some of proper equipment. The orange is not a high cost material
and you can eat it when your done so instead of throwing the peel why not make it a mosquito
repellent. We the researcher promoting you the best the we can do to a piece of garbage.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

 Not highly cost

 Easy to make
 Double purpose
 Light when there’s no electricity
 Use to avoid mosquito

Disadvantages

 It may hurt your children

 It can cost house burned if you neglected it

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusion and recommendation of the present
study.

Summary

Mosquito repellent is the most important thing to avoid mosquito when you were sleeping. We
need to keep ourselves distance from the mosquito because we don’t know what disease is the
mosquito carrying to become healthy and avoid illness that we can get from the mosquito. We all know
that the hospital is a place that where people have illness go and by the bite of the mosquito there are a
high chance of being in the hospital so the important of our research is to prevent us from the illness
that mosquito carries.

Mosquito nowadays are spreading like a thousand times in just a minute so to protect ourselves
we need a mosquito repellent. But some of us are not financially stable to buy some of mosquito

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

repellent product because it’s highly cost product. So we researcher introduce you the base way to have
mosquito repellent in just using a local material.

Findings

 The aroma of the orange peel comes out when its burning
 You need to use thicker thread so that the fire wont easily to fade off.
 Don’t place the repellent in the windy places of the places where the fire turns down

Conclusions

After all the trials, project was successful in demonstrating the idea in practical way. The
researchers found out that the orange peel: mosquito repellent is an effective repellent and it’s a low
cost that anyone can afford.

1. Orange peel is sufficient to stay away from the mosquito but it can’t kill them these repellent is
make to prevent mosquitoes to come near to you while you were sleeping.
2. The Orange peel make a aroma when a fire from the thread comes near and that aroma distract
the mosquito.
3. When making these repellent you can see that there’s oil comes out that oil served as the
essential oil that make our sleep better.

Recommendation

For the student . Advance study to enhance this repellent and make a better development so that the
orange peel mosquito repellent make more convenient and efficient

For the community. Once this repellent comes out to the community we can lessen the biodegradable
and serve as to be more useful to our lives.

For the future Researcher. Future researchers will use this study as their guide and basis when they
conduct research about mosquito repellent and they will gain

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|25276835

Downloaded by Xander Janiola (xanjonjanje@gmail.com)