THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INFECTIOUS DISEASE EMERGENCE

AND CONTROL: ANALYSIS STUDY

Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities

The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a

pandemic in March 2020. Public health authorities worldwide are being challenged by
the COVID19 pandemic, which is brought on by the SARS-CoV2 coronavirus, to study
and find appropriate control methods to lessen the risk of the virus' spread and its
negative economic effects (Wee, McNeil Jr., & Hernández, 2020). The U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and WHO are two public health organizations
that are keeping an eye on the COVID-19 pandemic and providing information on their
websites. These organizations have also provided advice on how to avoid and treat the
COVID-19 virus. The epidemic has resulted in the largest and quickest decrease in
global flows in modern history, including trade, foreign direct investment, and
international tourism.

The risks of globalization have received a lot of attention in the light of the
COVID-19 epidemic, which not only claimed a large number of people but also created
a global recession in every country. Today's world is more interconnected than ever
before, as seen by the increased flow of people, goods, and information as well as the
epidemic spread of diseases. In response to the economic collapse, protectionist
measures have been implemented, which will surely lead to the reversal of some
features of globalization. The globalization-related trade, travel, and migration are
blamed by protectionists for the COVID-19 epidemic. This fails to acknowledge the
wealth and advantages that globalization has brought. Even the most protectionist
countries fail to protect themselves from crises. Nevertheless, a connected globe cannot
avoid shared dangers. Early warnings regarding the COVID-19 threat and the particular
risks of many infected people spreading the disease while exhibiting no symptoms were
published by the media and international health officials.

At an incredible rate, the COVID-19 epidemic has created new obstacles. Many
have questioned if the coronavirus could affect globalization itself as a result of closed
borders, travel restrictions, stalled supply chains, and export limitations. In reality,
globalization was already in decline before the epidemic since it peaked during the
global financial crisis of 2008 and has never fully recovered since. The epidemic will
undoubtedly draw attention to the hazards associated with a dependence on global
supply networks that is too great, stimulate a renationalization of manufacturing, and
emphasize the need of global interdependence. A new, distinct, and more constrained
type of globalization is likely to develop from the acceleration of long-term trends. The
pandemic has, even in its early stages, shown how fragile supply chains can be,
generated national rather than cooperative international responses, and strengthened
nationalist arguments for reshoring industry and restricting immigration. It has also
demonstrated how national governments continue to be the major players and the last
line of defense against a pandemic and its financial repercussions.

In terms of mobility, the economy, and healthcare systems, the effects of

globalization were operationalized. Using trade data and travel statistics from airlines
and ports, the degree of individual mobility was evaluated. The supply chain, workforce,
food and agriculture, academic institutions, and event cancellations were used to
calculate the economic impact. By taking into account healthcare system metrics and
country readiness, the healthcare capacity was evaluated. By developing a quantitative
assessment of the potential global health, we established a pandemic vulnerability index
(PVI) using the order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method.
Through travel, event cancellations, workforce employment, disruptions in the food
supply chain, academic capacity, and reductions in hospital capacity, the pandemic has
put an unprecedented strain on the global economy, healthcare, and globalization.
Various nations were more vulnerable than others, according to the PVI data. There
were South Africa and Egypt in Africa, Russia, Germany, and Italy in Europe, India,
Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in Asia and Oceania, and Brazil, the United
States, Chile, Mexico, and Peru in the Americas as more vulnerable nations. It has only
recently been apparent how this would affect the economy, healthcare systems, and
transportation. The results of this research might be used to create and put into practice
national-level initiatives that would lessen this growing burden.

A pandemic's effects are measured not just in terms of death but also in terms of
how they affect our way of life and the economy as a whole. Globalization has
accelerated this loss and increased the associated costs by billions of dollars (US).
Demand and supply are both impacted by pandemics on the economy. First, the
demand side of the market depreciates as consumers and investors tend to lose faith in
markets affected by the pandemic. Second, the supply side is undermined by employee
turnover and absenteeism. Last but not least, economics and development policies in
commerce, travel, and health response are impacted by public health and the global
response to pandemics.

A pandemic can also have an impact on the economy by slowing down the
growth of the afflicted nations' economies, which will decrease commerce and increase
poverty. For instance, the 1918 influenza pandemic caused financial harm by lowering
socioeconomic status, increasing disability rates, and decreasing educational
attainment. The loss of the workforce is another important effect of pandemics. In the
1970s, the Hong Kong flu was thought to have had a direct economic impact on
absenteeism in the workforce and in schools. The SARS epidemic, which is an example
of how flu pandemics have significantly reduced human and economic capital, had an
estimated economic effect of $18 billion in East Asia.

Uncertainties about economic development have been influenced by the unusual

COVID-19 outbreak and the lockdown procedures put in place. In 2020, the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) expects the level of uncertainty around its projections
for global growth to decrease by 3% overall and by 6.1% for advanced economies. A
decrease of 6.8% was also announced in the first quarter by China, the world's second-
largest economy. In addition to teleworking and telecommuting more, operations have
been canceled, and supply and demand have been constrained by the lockdown
measures.

Different health systems throughout the world may be affected differently by

COVID-19. In comparison to high-income nations, low- and middle-income countries
with less developed health systems are likely to have greater difficulties and remain
vulnerable when trying to manage COVID-19. In order to help policymakers and the
WHO more effectively control and lessen the effects of the pandemic, it is important to
determine the vulnerability indices at the national level.

COVID-19 has emerged at the end of a decade in which the growth of economic
nationalism and protectionism has continually threatened global connectivity. It is
anticipated that the COVID-19 economic downturn will be at least as severe as the
financial crisis, if not worse. There is little doubt that we are approaching a worldwide
recession, which some believe might reach 10% or more of GDP, with jobless levels in
the US requiring just two weeks to reach what they did in the 2008 crisis, which lasted
six months. How rapidly a V-shaped recovery might occur is still up for dispute.
Globalization, in the form of the flows of goods and services, will be adversely affected
regardless of the degree of economic downturn.

As a result, it shouldn't be unexpected if we observe increased worldwide

industry consolidation. The tourism and hospitality industries as well as airlines are
among the industries that would be most heavily hit. It is uncertain if the current
situation will ever be restored in their instance or in others involving the movement of
people, as acceptance of and comfort with digital technology may lead to a new
equilibrium. Contrarily, consumer goods and durables are anticipated to rebound more
quickly.

There are losers and winners in every instance of volatility, and COVID-19 is no
exception. While commerce in products and some services, like travel, may be
negatively impacted by globalization, other industries might see increased demand. The
cross-border flow of data and of dispersed but easily traded professional services will
only increase as more work is done remotely. As a result, the beneficiaries will include
not just the providers of these services but also the facilitators like Zoom and broadband
providers.

Under COVID-19, humanity is in fact developing brand-new, cutting-edge

methods of communication and collaboration. Global startups to address COVID-19 are
one example, as are LinkedIn connections amongst individuals to work together on
designing and 3-D printing ventilator parts. In this way, even if things themselves aren't
necessarily getting more worldwide, the flow of ideas and solutions certainly is.

In terms of business operations, COVID-19 intensifies the pressure on supply

chains that has been building ever since the start of the US-China trade war, prompting
companies to consider the need to avoid relying on single-source supply chains.
Furthermore, governments are working to ensure domestic supply of essential
healthcare products; hence, they may start to view these products as strategic assets
and look to companies for their local manufacture in the future.

The growing use of robotics and automation, which enables companies to keep
production in relatively expensive countries, is challenging globally centralized supply
networks in low labor-cost nations as well. Because "non-essential" business closures
threaten operations by forcing workers to stay at home, COVID-19 has emphasized the
significance of automation. Therefore, robotics-based operations will be less impacted.
Ironically, those nations that use robotics heavily, like South Korea, are among those
that have survived this pandemic the best.

The COVID-19 epidemic started at a time when the world economy was
experiencing greater uncertainty. Understanding these uncertainties is crucial for
understanding the pandemic's effects on the world economy, evaluating the success of
policy responses in halting the outbreak and restoring the economy, and forecasting the
course of the post-pandemic economic recovery. We examine how COVID-19 will likely
exacerbate a current economic downturn and what may be done to solve these issues
while managing the recovery. We contend that structural change, new technology, and
re-integration are the three key elements that might result in a strong recovery in the
post-pandemic agSe. Supported by robust public policies at all levels, especially at the
national level, these three variables might bring about the rescue of the global economy
as it recovers or re-emerges from the pandemic catastrophe. They could be controlled
by enacting a new "global social compact."

The events that followed the widespread adoption of COVID-19 offer a case
study of how uncertainty may negatively impact the international economy. The
literature on the detrimental effects of the economic policy uncertainty index (EPU) on
people, businesses, governments, and economies at the local and global levels is
reviewed in this essay. This shows that a high EPU is linked to negative effects on
households, businesses, and governments because people tend to put off making many
financial decisions when there is a lot of uncertainty, which reduces consumption,
decreases the issuance of debt, decreases investment, and increases unemployment.
Political and regulatory uncertainty has a negative influence on the commodities
markets, such as the oil and gasoline markets, and it may also have a negative effect
on the cryptocurrency market and its potential for growth. We show that political
uncertainty has an impact on the whole economy, as well as the banking, housing, and
equities markets. This emphasizes how crucial it is to take into account EPU as a risk
factor. The relationship with various aspects of the global economy underscores the
significance of risk management in addition to the EPU index's crucial influence. Our
findings prompt us to reflect on the seriousness of economic policy uncertainty and urge
innovation across numerous industries to lessen its negative consequences.

Pandemics and disease outbreaks have historically influenced cultural and

economic transformation. The selective character of such change, however, means that
sometimes it is modest and other times, change or transformation may be
unanticipated, sometimes even supporting current paradigms. The impacts of
pandemics are covered in detail. The COVID-19 epidemic, its effects on tourism, and
the reactions of government, business, and consumers are all put into context by using
this. Then, based on the research that is currently accessible, elements that will have an
impact on tourism and destination recovery are determined. While some initiatives may
support sustainability, others may increase current tourism growth inclinations.

QUESTION:

Does the pandemic brought by the COVID-19 greatly affected the traditional
transaction of the globalization?

EXPLANATION:
 We researcher aim to seek for the answer on how the pandemic changes the
globalization. We pledge to commit on conducting this research to find out the data
statistics which will make this paper have a proficient details that will allow the future
researcher use this as a basis. Furthermore, looking for the reason on how the
pandemic connect to the globalization give us knowledge as a researcher and citizen
about the power of the world interactions. We will commit of using the research process
and scientific method for good.

In particular, global cities are the heart of human influence on infectious

diseases; these modern densely populated urban centers are highly interconnected with
the world economic in terms of mobility, trade, and international travel. In gives us and
idea on how this global crisis make the world stagnant.

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