KB7038 - JOSHI - CIS Buildin - BIM and VR PDF

Information Management and Integrated BIM Solutions for Construction Planning: Computer and
Information Science (CIS) Building.
Department of Architecture and Built Environment
Module Title: KB7038-Integrated Building Information Modelling Project Delivery
Module Leader: Dr. Pablo Martinez Rodriguez

Course Work Specification Author: Dr. Reza Alavi | Dr. Pablo Martinez
Course Work Title: Information management and integrated BIM solutions for construction
planning: Computer and Information Science (CIS) Building.
Academic Year and Semester: 2022-2023 Semester 2

Student Name: Karan Sanjay Joshi
University No.: W22007803
Figure 1: Isometric View of Computer and Information Science (CIS) Building
Source: https://architizer.com/projects/cis-building-northumbria-university/
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Integrated Building Information Modelling Project Delivery
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary:........................................................................................................... 3
2. Section 1: Identified Challenges: Computer and Information Science (CIS) Building ....... 4
2.1 Challenge 1: Architectural and MEP Clash: ................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Description: .......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Consequences: ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 For Instance: ........................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Challenge 2: Shared Risks and Rewards: ..................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Description: .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 For instance:......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.3 Consequences: ..................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Challenge 3: Construction Planning and Scheduling: ................................................. 6
3. Section 2: Given Solutions: Computer and Information Science (CIS) Building ................ 7
3.1 Solution 1: Clash Detection with BIM and VR ............................................................. 7
3.2 Solution 2: Shared Risk and Rewards Through BIM and VR ....................................... 8
3.3 Solution 3: Construction Planning and Scheduling with BIM and VR ......................... 9
4. Section 3: Proposal for the Computer Information and Science (CIS) Building: ............. 10
5. Conclusion: ....................................................................................................................... 13
6. References: ...................................................................................................................... 14
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1. Executive Summary:
Integrated project delivery (IPD) is a method where all stakeholders and members of the
project are involved from the foundation stage. However, clashes and conflicts can still arise
due to lack of co-ordination between architects, engineers, contractors, and owners. This can
lead to delays, cost overruns, safety issue, and coordination issues. Additionally, rework is a
significant problem due to errors, omissions, and misunderstandings. To improve and more
successful completion of projects, participants should share a common data environment,
while the construction phase of design revisions should be accounted of the total construction
cost.
Shared risk and reward are an essential characteristic of IPD, as it involves sharing both the
risk and the reward of the project among the participant members. This can lead to reduced
control over project outcomes, difficulty in assessing the allocation of risk, reduced
motivation of risk management, and potential for unequal risk sharing. Challenge 3:
Construction Planning and Scheduling. Risk sharing is an integral component of the project
lifecycle, as it involves the adoption of collaborative agreements. Consequences of risk
sharing include reduced control over project outcomes, difficulty in assessing the allocation
of risk, reduced motivation of risk management, and potential for unequal risk sharing.
The most important details in this are the challenges of construction planning and scheduling
in IPD projects. Poor planning and scheduling can lead to delays and cost overruns, which can
lead to legal disputes and damage to project reputation. Solutions include using BIM and VR
to detect clashes and reduce the number of clashes and rework during the construction
phase. BIM and VR can provide a visual interface to the architect, engineers and other MEP
agents for future identifying and mitigating the clashes. The study highlighted the potential
of BIM and VR to simulate the construction by mitigating and analysing clashes and resolving
during the construction phase.
Virtual Reality can be used to help contractors and stakeholders visualize the clashes in real
life, human proportion, dimensions, and reworking with them during the project lifecycle.
BIM helps to reduce cost of the project by up to 30% and shortening the project completion
and scheduling by up to 50%, while VR helps to understand the potential design flaws which
can be later resolved during the phase of construction. BIM and VR tools in construction
planning and scheduling have been shown to reduce construction time and cost by identifying
potential design issues, delays and rework during the construction and project lifecycle.
According to Eastman et al. (2011), BIM reduces 7% in timeline and 5% in cost, while VR
reduces 30% of construction time and 10% of cost. VR technology can also detect potential
design faults or conflicts before construction begins, resulting in construction time and cost
savings.
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2. Section 1: Identified Challenges: Computer and

Information Science (CIS) Building
2.1 Challenge 1: Architectural and MEP Clash:
Figure 2 Rectangular Silencer and Compound Ceiling Clash (Navisworks, 2023)
2.1.1 Description:
Integrated project delivery (IPD) is a type of method where all the stakeholders and members
of the project are involved from the foundation stage. While IPD aims to identify to enhance
the efficiency of the project delivery, but clashes and conflicts can still arise during the initial
stages of the construction (Erickson, 2018).
Clashes may occur due to lack of co-ordination between architects, engineers, contractors
and owners which can result in hard and soft clashes throughout the lifecycle (Boyer and
Mitropoulos, 2016).
2.1.2 Consequences:
 Co-ordination Issue:
Poor communication, conflicting goals, and improper planning among stakeholders and
skilled personnel may cause delays, cost overruns, safety issue, and coordination issues.
(Behzadan,2018).
Multiple stakeholders with personal expertise, aspirations, and interests work towards a sha
ed goal throughout project lifecycle which makes it challenging to achieve an individual goal.
(Hallowell and Gambatese, 2010). For effective communication, stakeholders need a single
platform, frequent meetings, and proactive problem-solving tactics (Hallowell and
Gambatese, 2010).
 Rework:
Large and complex construction projects involving multiple parties such as contractors,
suppliers, and crafts, face a significant problem with rework. Errors, omissions, and
misunderstandings frequently result in undesirable outcomes that must be reworked in such
a complex environment where many activities by multiple parties occur simultaneously. Thus,
rework is defined as the effort required to redo a previous incorrect implemented process or
activity (Hegazy, Said and Kassab, 2011).
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For improved and more successful completion of projects, participants should share a
common data environment, while the construction phase of design revisions should be
accounted of the total construction cost, resulting in cost overruns and quality issues due to
rework on the single element.
2.1.3 For Instance:
The Computer and Information Science (CIS) building at Northumbria University, Newcastle,
is plagued by numerous hard and soft conflicts, one of which is depicted in Figure 2, which
occurred on the building's first level due to a lack of coordination between the Architect and
MEP agencies. The following issue can be described as a conflict between design and
operability causing Co-ordination, Rework, Increased Cost and Quality Issues.
2.2 Challenge 2: Shared Risks and Rewards:

2.2.1 Description:
Integrated project delivery (IPD) is necessary for establishing the foundation of a project's
lifecycle and delivery. Throughout the project lifecycle, various stakeholders (including
proprietors), contractors, and designers convene on a common ground to discuss. Sharing risk
and reward is one of the most essential characteristics of IPD, as it involves sharing both the
risk and the reward of the project among the participant members. (Pishdad-Bozorgi and
Srivastava, 2018).
Shared risk and rewards become a critical area of focus when project members are working
towards a common objective, as this facilitates the alignment of interests by achieving the
desired results. The shared risks include cost overruns and design errors, as well as the shared
benefits of cost savings and schedule acceleration. (EL Asmar and Abdou, 2019).
As a result, risk and reward distribution is an integral component of the project lifecycle since
it involves the adoption of collaborative agreements. Members of the project work together
to accomplish a desired objective while also sharing the risks and benefits associated with the
lifecycle.
2.2.2 For instance:
The Computer Information and Science (CIS) construction project contains risk sharing due
to disagreements that need reworks that cost the partners of the project more money. As a
result, the risk factor in this construction is higher than the reward factor.
2.2.3 Consequences:
 Reduced Control Over Project Outcomes:
As adopting risk sharing into the construction among all the parties it can become challenging
for each stakeholders maintaining control of the specified project outcome resulting into
disagreements and conflicts over decision making and the direction of the project (Sawhney
et al., 2019).
 Difficulties In Assessing the Allocation of Risk:
(EL Asmar and Abdou, 2019) states that if the risk is no in control is the risk sharing members
due to disputes and conflicts the allocation of risk can be difficult to manage resulting in
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failure of rework costing the owner more than the desired budget of the project construction
phase.
 Reduced Motivation of Risk Management:
The management of risk if allocated to all the parties equally my result in lack of motivation
among the project team members to actively manage and mitigate the risk as there is
negative risk such as clashes shared among the members of the parties (EL Asmar and Abdou,
2019).
 Potential For Unequal Risk Sharing:
If the risk in the project lifecycle is not distributed and manged on a regular and proper basis
it may result in lack of motivation among the members of the project due to the feeling of
taking risk which are appropriate amount (Zhai et al., 2020).
2.3 Challenge 3: Construction Planning and Scheduling:

2.3.1 Description:
The challenge that can be discussed in IPD is construction planning and scheduling. Due to
this challenge, there be lack of standardization and consistency in scheduling parties’
practices among the parties and stakeholders involved in project. (Akintoye et al. 2010) states
"there is a need for better integration and standardization of scheduling practices between
project stakeholders, as well as the development of tools and techniques to support scheduling
and communication in IPD projects”.
The lack of planning and scheduling may result in delays and cost overrun of the project as
schedule. There should be a clear guidelines and producers maintained from the core start of
the project within the project participants (Biswas et al., 2019).
Consequence:
Poor construction planning and scheduling may result in project delays, cost over run and
lower quality outcome of the desired projects. (Guan et al., 2018) states "poor planning and
scheduling are major causes of construction delays and cost overruns, which can lead to
legal disputes and damage to project reputation”.
Rise in cost and project delays may result in various circumstances such as lost productivity
and revenue as well as increase in cost of labour and materials cost. Delays and cost overrun
may result in dominos effect on project scheduling.
2.3.2 For Instance:
Computer Information and Science (CIS) Building has loss in co-ordination which is the reason
of poor construction planning and scheduling resulting into more that 1,500 clashes into the
structure while design phase causing increase in labour work and material cost.
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3. Section 2: Given Solutions: Computer and Information

Science (CIS) Building
3.1 Solution 1: Clash Detection with BIM and VR
3.1.1 Description:
Clash detection is a very critical process during the project lifecycle and can be resolved
through Building Information and Modelling (BIM) and Virtual Reality offering a very powerful
technique of clash detection which can create and maintain a collaborative a coordinated
environment in working atmosphere and can enhance visualising of the building during the
design process and can provide impressive experience for stakeholders facilitating clash
detection and resolution (EL Asmar and Abdou, 2019).
3.1.2 Solutions Provided:
According to (EL Asmar and Abdou, 2019) use of VR sand BIM tool can result in clash detection
and can significantly reduce the number of clashes and rework during the construction phase.
The Virtual Reality (VR) can offer a good amount of visual interface to the architect, engineers
and other MEP agents for future identifying and mitigating the clashes. The study also
highlighted the potential of BIM tool to simulate the construction by mitigating and analysing
clashes and resolving during the construction phase.
In conclusion the combination of BIM and VR can provide significant clash detection and
resolution in architecture, MEP, and construction agencies. The use of Virtual Reality can be
used to help contractors and stakeholders by enabling them to visualize the clashes in real
life, human proportion, dimensions, and reworking with them during the project lifecycle.
Figure 3 Use of Navis Works (BIM) Tool for mitigating Clashes (Navisworks, 2023)
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Figure 4 VREX a VR Software Analysing Clashes in Real Time

Source: https://www.vrex.no/blog/blog-you-need-vr-to-really-understand-your-bim-model/
3.2 Solution 2: Shared Risk and Rewards Through BIM and VR

3.2.1 Description:
Building Information and modelling (BIM) and Virtual Reality (VR) has revolutionized the
construction industry by mitigating shared risk and rewards among the project stakeholders.
BIM helps to collaboration within the project which allows project participant to work
together from conception to completion. Meanwhile Virtual Reality (VR) allows project
participants to visualize and experience the project on 1:1 scale before the construction even
begins.
3.2.2 Provided Solution:
According to National Institute of Standards and technology (NIST) BIM is a very demanding
tool as it helps to reduce cost of the project by up to 30% and shortening the project
completion and scheduling by up to 50% (NIST, 2017). BIM helps project participants to share
a good amount of rewards as they benefited for the project success.
Virtual Reality tool such as V-rex in project lifecycle helps to understand the potential design
flaws which can be later resolved during the phase of construction. A study by Turner
Construction Company found that use of Virtual Reality (VR) can reduce up to 20 % of
construction timeline and 10% of construction cost (Turner Construction Company, 2016).
Therefore, Building Information and Modelling and Virtual Reality (VR) tool helps construction
project lifecycle to enable shared risk and rewards among the project participants by reducing
the project costs and timelines and by identifying the potential design clashes before the
construction starts allowing the construction industry to be revolutionized for benefit of the
project success.
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3.3 Solution 3: Construction Planning and Scheduling with BIM and VR

3.3.1 Description:
Building Information and Modelling (BIM) and Virtual Reality (VR) tool have been improving
construction from few decades and has proved to show the betterment of construction sector
in construction planning and scheduling. BIM allows participants of the project for the
creation of the digital model, which helps in the simulation various construction scenarios and
evaluate their impact on project timeline.
Virtual Reality (VR) help to visualize and experience the faults before even starting the project
construction and can help to identify potential scheduling conflicts or design issues.
3.3.2 Provided Solution:
According to (Eastman et al., 2011) BIM in construction planning reduces 7% in timeline and
5% reduction in construction cost. The reduce in construction cost and timeline helps to
attribute he ability of BIM to understand the different scheduling conflicts and optimize
construction cost.
Virtual Reality (VR) tool in construction helps in planning and scheduling the helps
stakeholders to identify the clashes and potential design issue before start of the
construction. VR provide a better visualizing the structure in a virtual environment, so it
becomes easier for stakeholders to identify potential scheduling issue for example:
Accessibility issue, material delivery and make adjustment to the project planning
accordingly.
The study of (Gonzalez et al., 2016) suggest that use of VR reduces the scheduling and
construction planning reduces 30% of construction time and 10% of construction cost. The
ability of VR technology to detect potential design faults or conflicts before construction
begins may help to reduce delays and rework throughout the construction process, resulting
in construction time and cost savings.
Concluding BIM and VR tool in construction planning and scheduling has been shown in
reduction of construction time and cost by identifying potential design issue, delays and
rework during the construction and project lifecycle.
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4. Section 3: Proposal for the Computer Information and

Science (CIS) Building:
Year1:Quarter1 Year1:Quarter2 Year1:Quarter3 Year1:Quarter4

Technology Technology Is Already in Place (As Per Project Brief)
Processes Present requirements to senior Develop detailed Develop
team and get their support processes detailed
processes
BIM Lead: 1 Nos. BIM Manager: 1 BIM Manager: 1
Nos. Nos.
No. of Days: 4 Days Cost: £450 Cost: £450
Cost: £500 No. of days: 6 No. of days: 2
weeks weeks
No. of BIM Lead x No. of days x
cost per day BIM Manager x BIM Manager x
= 1 x 4 x £500 Cost of BIM Cost of BIM
Manager x No. of Manager x No.
Total Cost: £2,000 weeks of weeks
1 x 450 x 30= 1x 450x 10=
£13,500 £4,500
BIM Coordinator: BIM

1 Nos. Coordinator: 1
Cost: £360 Nos.
No. of days: 6 Cost: £350
weeks No. of days: 6
weeks
1 BIM Coordinator
x Cost of BIM 1 BIM
coordinator x No. Coordinator x
of weeks Cost of BIM
=1 x 360 x 30 coordinator x
= £10,800 No. of weeks
=1 x 350 x 30
Total Cost: = £10,500
£24,300
Total Cost:
£15,000
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Policies Deﬁne the vision Deﬁne a training plan and Update contracts
and client’s deliver training
requirements
BIM Lead: 1 BIM Manager: 1 Nos. BIM Lead: 1
No. of days: 3 Cost: £450 No. of days: 3
weeks No. of days: 4 weeks weeks
Cost: £500 Cost of BIM Lead:
1 BIM Manager x No. of days x £500
1 BIM Lead x No. of Cost
days x Cost =1 x 450 x 20 1 BIM Lead x No.
500 x 15= £7,500 of days x Cost of
Total Cost= £9,000 BIM Lead
BIM Manager: 1 1 x 15 x 500=
Nos. £7,500
Cost: £450
No. of days: 9 Legal Expert: 1
weeks Cost of Legal
Expert: £600
1 BIM Manager x No. of days for
No. of days x Cost Legal Expert: 3
450 x 45= £20,250 weeks
Total Cost: £27,750 1 Legal expert x

Cost x No. of days
1 x 600 x 15=
£9000
Total Cost:
£17,250
TOTAL £27,750 £11,000 £41,550 £15,000

4.1.1 Description:
The given proposal revolves around implementing BIM technologies, methods, and regulation
for the project. The proposal is defined with 3 quarters which are divided in 3 months
individual for individual year. As per the brief it has suggested that the technology is already
in place therefore there is a need of processes and policies to be included in the CIS project.
Policy (Year 1: Quater1): Before all the adjustments there should be a policy that are needed
to be set. The stakeholders must define their vision and client’s vision and requirements
working on the policies we need BIM lead for total of 15 days costing £7,500 in total working
together with BIM manager costing £450 with total of 45 days costing £20,250. The total cost
for quarter 1: Year 1 is costing £27,750.
Processes and Policy (Year 1: Quarter 2): In this stage (stage1) processes requirements needs
to be presented to the senior team and request for their further support. Therefore, there
will be a need of 1 BIM lead for cumulative of 4 days costing £500 per day equalling up to
£2,000. After the process the stakeholders need to define the training plan and what time it
11 | P a g e
will take to deliver the project completion after rework for the following the BIM manager ge
the priorities costing £450 per day requiring time of 20 days totalling to £9,000 therefore
quarter 2 will be costing around £11,000.
Process and Policies (Year1 : Quater3): After all the legal or timeline been specified it is
important to provide a detail process of working requiring 1 BIM manager costing £450 per
day and the number of days required are 10 totling upto £4,500 collaborating with 1 BIM co-
ordinate the costing £ 15,000 for 30 days.
After all the process and policies the stakeholders need to change the contract according to
the timeline of the project therefore it requires BIM lead and legal expert to coordinate
costing over £41,550 for the quarter 4
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5. Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Computer Information and Science (CIS) building has more than 1,500
clashes that need to be resolved through Building Information and modelling (BIM) and
Virtual Reality (VR). For this Integrated Project Deliver project (IPD), the following clashes
have been identified through Navisworks, a BIM-enabled software that helps to create a
common data environment and coordination among architects, engineers, and MEP agencies
to mitigate the risk and rewards among t. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) the following
Clashes between architectural elements and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
components are a source of difficulty for the project. The implementation of IPD as the
working environment is fraught with difficulties, such as shared risk and rewards, as well as
difficulties in construction planning and scheduling. These difficulties have been
recommended to be solved by the BIM and VR tool, respectively.
The fact that solutions are offered, such as integrating BIM and VR into working
environments, demonstrates that they contribute to the reduction of construction costs and
timelines on a bigger scale, which in turn provides participants in the project lifecycle with the
opportunity to profit from an advantageous position. The foundation phase of the building
process sees significant improvement because of the use of BIM and VR.
A proposal with an estimate of the costs that will be necessary to reduce the risks that have
been identified during the construction phase of the CIS building in Northumbria has been
presented.
Therefore, the use of BIM and VR throughout the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) assists the
stakeholders to have a strong grip over the project construction lifecycle by lowering the risk
and increasing the potential for rewards.
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6. References:
1. Akintoye, A., Goulding, J. S., & Zawdie, G. (2010). Construction stakeholder
management and collaboration: Practice opportunities in the Nigerian construction
industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 8(1), 110-123.
2. Behzadan, A.H. (2018) ‘Developing a Construction Coordination System Using 4D BIM
and Analytic Hierarchy Process’, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering [Preprint].
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000709.
3. Boyer, R. and Mitropoulos, P. (2016) ‘Examining the Causes and Consequences of

Conflicts in Integrated Project Delivery Projects.’, Journal of Construction Engineering
and Management [Preprint].
4. Biswas, S., Poh, S., Wong, Y. K., & Rahman, M. (2019). Building information modeling
for construction planning and scheduling: A review. Advanced Engineering Informatics,
39, 1-15.
5. EL Asmar, M. and Abdou, O. (2019) ‘Risk allocation in integrated project delivery (IPD)
projects: a review’, Journal of Management in Engineering [Preprint]. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000627.
6. Erickson, C. (2018) Intellectual Property Issues in Integrated Project Delivery. American

Bar Association. Available at:
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/construction_industry/publications/under_con
struction/2018/spring2018/intellectual-property-issues-in-integrated-project-
delivery/.
7. Eastman, C. M., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K. (2011). BIM Handbook: A Guide to
Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and
Contractors. John Wiley & Sons.
8. Guan, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., & Hu, Y. (2018). Development of construction project
management in China: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 582-593.
9. Gonzalez, D., Fischer, M., & Kunz, J. (2016). Using Virtual Reality to Improve
Construction Processes. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
142(10), 1-11. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001156
10. Hallowell, M.R. and Gambatese, J.A. (2010) ‘Construction Safety Planning: A Systems
Approach.’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management [Preprint]. Available
at: https://doi.org/doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000183.
11. Hegazy, T., Said, M. and Kassab, M. (2011) ‘Incorporating rework into construction
schedule analysis’, Automation in Construction, 20(8), pp. 1051–1059. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2011.04.006.
12. National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). The Business Case for BIM:
Lessons Learned from the U.S. Market.
https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/el/building_materials/Business-Case-
for-BIM.pdf
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13. Pishdad-Bozorgi, P. and Srivastava, D. (2018) ‘Assessment of Integrated Project Delivery

(IPD) Risk and Reward Sharing Strategies from the Standpoint of Collaboration: A Game
Theory Approach’, in Construction Research Congress 2018. Construction Research
Congress 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 196–
206. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481271.020.
14. Sawhney, A., Teizer, J., & Molenaar, K. (2019). Predictive modelling for integrated
project delivery: A risk-sharing approach. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, 145(3), 04018134.
15. Turner Construction Company. (2016). Turner uses virtual reality to build the future.
https://www.turnerconstruction.com/news/item/2975/Turner-uses-virtual-reality-to-
build-the-future
16. Zhai, Y., Jia, Y., Lu, M., Zhang, X., & Sun, M. (2020). Quantitative risk allocation and
mitigation in integrated project delivery. Automation in Construction, 117, 103251.
15 | P a g e

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Information Management and Integrated BIM Solutions for Construction Planning: Computer and

Information Science (CIS) Building.

Department of Architecture and Built Environment

Module Title: KB7038-Integrated Building Information Modelling Project Delivery

Module Leader: Dr. Pablo Martinez Rodriguez

Academic Year and Semester: 2022-2023 Semester 2

Figure 1: Isometric View of Computer and Information Science (CIS) Building

2. Section 1: Identified Challenges: Computer and

Figure 2 Rectangular Silencer and Compound Ceiling Clash (Navisworks, 2023)

2.2 Challenge 2: Shared Risks and Rewards:

2.3 Challenge 3: Construction Planning and Scheduling:

3. Section 2: Given Solutions: Computer and Information

Figure 4 VREX a VR Software Analysing Clashes in Real Time

3.2 Solution 2: Shared Risk and Rewards Through BIM and VR

3.3 Solution 3: Construction Planning and Scheduling with BIM and VR

4. Section 3: Proposal for the Computer Information and

Year1:Quarter1 Year1:Quarter2 Year1:Quarter3 Year1:Quarter4

BIM Coordinator: BIM

Total Cost: £27,750 1 Legal expert x

TOTAL £27,750 £11,000 £41,550 £15,000

3. Boyer, R. and Mitropoulos, P. (2016) ‘Examining the Causes and Consequences of

6. Erickson, C. (2018) Intellectual Property Issues in Integrated Project Delivery. American

13. Pishdad-Bozorgi, P. and Srivastava, D. (2018) ‘Assessment of Integrated Project Delivery

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