Lecture 37

B.
TECH SECOND YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2020-2021
Course Name: Engineering Mathematics IV

COURSE CODE : MA2201
LECTURE SERIES NO : 37
CREDITS : 03
MODE OF DELIVERY : ONLINE (POWER POINT PRESENTATION)
FACULTY : DR REEMA JAIN
EMAIL-ID :
PROPOSED DATE OF DELIVERY:
Session Outcome
“STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO COMPREHEND THE

CONCEPT OF RANDOM SAMPLE AND ITS SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION WHICH WILL ENHANCE THE LOGICAL
& ANALYTICAL SKILLS. ALSO, THEY WILL APPLY THE
STATISTICS FOR TESTING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE GIVEN LARGE AND SMALL SAMPLE DATA BY
USING t-TEST, F-TEST AND CHI-SQUARE TEST”
Assessment Criteria
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
MID TERM EXAMINATION I & II
END TERM EXAMINATION

PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
CO4 & CO5
 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of

mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
Hypothesis Testing
with One Sample
To verify our assumption is
correct or not.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
❖ Identify the null hypothesis Ho and the alternate
hypothesis H1
❖ Choose α, the level of significance
❖ Calculate the test statistic
❖ Determine the critical region
❖ Make your decision.

Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Level of Significance
Test Statistic
Critical Region/Table Value
Inference
Hypothesis Tests
A hypothesis test is a process that uses sample statistics to
test a claim about the value of a population parameter.
If a manufacturer of rechargeable batteries claims
that the batteries, they produce are good for an
average of at least 1,000 charges, a sample would be
taken to test this claim.
A verbal statement, or claim, about a population parameter

is called a statistical hypothesis.
To test the average of 1000 hours, a pair of
hypotheses are stated – one that represents the claim
and the other, its complement. When one of these
hypotheses is false, the other must be true.
Statistical Tests
After stating the null and alternative hypotheses and
specifying the level of significance, a random sample is
taken from the population and sample statistics are
calculated.
The statistic that is compared with the parameter in
the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.
Population Test statistic Standardized test
parameter statistic
μ x z (n  30)
t (n < 30)
p p̂ z
2 s2 X2
P-values
If the null hypothesis is true, a P-value (or probability
value) of a hypothesis test is the probability of obtaining a
sample statistic with a value as extreme or more extreme
than the one determined from the sample data.
The P-value of a hypothesis test depends on the nature of

the test.
There are three types of hypothesis tests – left, right, or

two-tailed test. The type of test depends on the region of
the sampling distribution that favors a rejection of H0.
This region is indicated by the alternative hypothesis.
Left-tailed Test
1. If the alternative hypothesis contains the less-than
inequality symbol (<), the hypothesis test is a left-tailed
test.
H0: μ  k
H1: μ < k
P is the area to
the left of the
test statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Right-tailed Test
2. If the alternative hypothesis contains the greater-than
symbol (>), the hypothesis test is a right-tailed test.
H0: μ  k
H1: μ > k
P is the area to
the right of the
test statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Two-tailed Test
3. If the alternative hypothesis contains the not-equal-to
symbol (), the hypothesis test is a two-tailed test. In a
two-tailed test, each tail has an area of 2P.
1
H0: μ = k
H1: μ  k
P is twice the
P is twice the area to the right
area to the left of the positive
of the negative test statistic.
test statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test Test
statistic statistic
Identifying Types of Tests
Example:
For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine whether the
hypothesis test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test.
a.) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less than one-
eighth of the US adult population smokes cigarettes.
H0: p  0.125
H1: p < 0.125 (Claim) Left-tailed test
b.) A local telephone company claims that the average
length of a phone call is 8 minutes.
H0: μ = 8 (Claim)
H1: μ  8 Two-tailed test
Making a Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis test,
compare the P-value with .
1. If P  , then reject H0.
2. If P > , then fail to reject H0.
Claim
Decision Claim is H0 Claim is H1
There is enough evidence to There is enough evidence to
Reject H0 reject the claim. support the claim.
There is not enough evidence There is not enough evidence
Do not reject H0 to reject the claim. to support the claim.
Interpreting a Decision
Example:
You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim. How
should you interpret your decision if you reject H0? If you
fail to reject H0?
H0: (Claim) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less
than one-eighth of the US adult population smokes
cigarettes.
If H0 is rejected, you should conclude “there is sufficient
evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim is false.”
If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude “there is not
sufficient evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim
is false.”
Steps for Hypothesis Testing
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the
null and alternative hypotheses.
H 0: ? H 1: ? This sampling distribution
is based on the assumption
that H0 is true.
2. Specify the level of significance.
=?
3. Determine the standardized
sampling distribution and z
0
draw its graph.
4. Calculate the test statistic z

and its standardized value. 0
Add it to your sketch. Test statistic
Steps for Hypothesis Testing
5. Find the P-value.
6. Use the following decision rule.
Is the P-value less than
or equal to the level of No Fail to reject H0.
significance?
Yes
Reject H0.
7. Write a statement to interpret the decision in the context of
the original claim.
These steps apply to left-tailed, right-tailed, and two-tailed

tests.
Thank You

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B.

TECH SECOND YEAR

Course Name: Engineering Mathematics IV

“STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO COMPREHEND THE

MID TERM EXAMINATION I & II

END TERM EXAMINATION

 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of

❖ Choose α, the level of significance

❖ Calculate the test statistic

❖ Determine the critical region

❖ Make your decision.

Critical Region/Table Value

A verbal statement, or claim, about a population parameter

The P-value of a hypothesis test depends on the nature of

There are three types of hypothesis tests – left, right, or

4. Calculate the test statistic z

These steps apply to left-tailed, right-tailed, and two-tailed

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