MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
“INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS on 5G NETWORK”

Under the guidance of

Dr. SUMAN YADAV

MBA COORDINATOR
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Degree of Master of Business Administration
From Dr. APJ Abdul kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Submitted by:
VISHAL VERMA
MBA 2st Semester
Roll Number: 2004370054

BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

JHANSI
Kanpur road NH-25 Jhansi (U.P)- 284128

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 DECLARATION

I Vishal Verma student of M.B.A 2020-22 batch at B.I.E.T JHANSI hereby

declare that this project report titled “INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS on 5G
NETWORK” is completed. It is my original work.
The findings in this report are based on the data collected by me. This report
has not been submitted to any university for any purpose.

Vishal Verma
Roll No. 2004370054

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported
me during the writing of this project. My deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Suman
Yadav,(MBA coordinator) B.I.E.T JHANSI for constantly guiding me and tackling
hurdles with implicit patience throughout my project. Thanks and appreciation
to the employees of the organization for their help and unbiased responses
regarding my queries. My deepest thanks to director of our institute Prof. V.K.
Tyagi for his continues support.

Vishal Verma
Roll No. 2004370054

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 PREFACE

As a part of the MBA curriculum and in order to gain practical knowledge in this
field of management, we are required to make a report on “Industrial Analysis
on 5G Network and Network Industry”.

5G Network is the network of future which is in the developing stage presently

but it can be very beneficial for the future of mankind and electronics devices
too, as after the introduction of 5G Network not only mankind is going to be
benefited and there working will be efficient but also beneficial for all the IoT
(Internet of Things) devices which we are going to use in the future in our day to
day life for making our life easier and work efficiently.

In this report, we are going to discuss the introduction, evolution, technologies,

scope, and many much more things about the 5G network and for the whole
network industry and its future plans and work.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

[1] Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Mission

[2] Evolution of the Network from 1G to 5G

2.1 Company Ownership
2.2 Start-up Summary

[3] 5G and its feature

[4] Technologies used in 5G Network

4.1 Market Segmentation
4.2 Target Market Segment Strategy
4.3 Competition and Buying Patterns

[5] SWOT Analysis

5.1 Competitive Edge
5.2 Sales Strategy
5.2.1 Sales Forecast

[6] Problem/ Challenges faced by 5G Network

6.1 Personnel Plan

[7] Solution for the Problem face by 5G Network

7.1 Important Assumptions
7.2 Break-even Analysis
7.3 Projected Profit and Loss
7.4 Projected Cash Flow
7.5 Projected Balance Sheet
7.6 Business Ratios

[8] Benefits of 5G Network to Society/ Consumer

[9] Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

Mobile networks, which have a 40-year history that parallels the Internet’s,
have undergone significant change. The first two generations supported voice
and then text, with 3G defining the transition to broadband access, supporting
data rates measured in hundreds of kilobits-per-second. Today, the industry is
at 4G (supporting data rates typically measured in the few megabits-per-
second) and transitioning to 5G, with the promise of a tenfold increase in data
rates.

But 5G is about much more than increased bandwidth. 5G represents a

Fundamental rearchitecting of the access network in a way that Leverages
several key technology trends and sets it on a path to enable greater
innovation. In the same way that 3G defined the transition From voice to
broadband, 5G’s promise is primarily about the transition From a single access
service (broadband connectivity) to a richer Collection of edge services and
devices. 5G is expected to provide Support for immersive user interfaces (e.g.,
AR/VR), mission-critical Applications (e.g., public safety, autonomous vehicles),
and the Internet-of-Things (iot). Because these use cases will include
Everything from home appliances to industrial robots to self-driving cars, 5G
won’t just support humans accessing the Internet from their Smartphones, but
also swarms of autonomous devices working together On their behalf. There is
more to supporting these services than just Improving bandwidth or latency to
individual users. As we will see, a fundamentally different edge network
architecture is required.

The requirements for this architecture are ambitious, and can be

illustrated by three classes of capabilities:

● To support Massive Internet-of-Things, potentially including

devices with ultra-low energy (10+ years of battery life), ultra-low
complexity (10s of bits-per-second), and ultra-high density (1 million
nodes per square kilometer).

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● To support Mission-Critical Control, potentially including ultra-high
availability (greater than 99.999% or “five nines”), ultra-low latency (as
ow as 1 ms), and extreme mobility (up to 100 km/h).

● To support Enhanced Mobile Broadband, potentially including

extreme data rates (multi-Gbps peak, 100+ Mbps sustained) and
extreme capacity (10 Tbps of aggregate throughput per square
kilometer).

These targets will certainly not be met overnight, but that’s in keeping
with each generation of the mobile network being a decade-long endeavor.

On top of these quantitative improvements to the capabilities of the access

network, 5G is being viewed as a chance for building a platform to support
innovation. Whereas prior access networks were generally optimized for
known services (such as voice calls and SMS), the Internet has been hugely
successful in large part because it supported a wide range of applications that
were not even thought of when it was first designed. The 5G network is very
much being designed with this same goal of enabling all sorts of future
applications beyond those we fully recognize today.

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 EVOLUTION OF NETWORK FROM 1G TO 5G

The journey from 1G to 5G seems too recent and time has really flown.
By means of the below details, I have attempted to provide a quick
summary of the journey and how we fared.

Towards the end, you can also see the revenue impact on a select few
Telco’s handpicked from across the globe with the evolution of each
Generation of Telecom.

1G Era (1987-1991)
“It was PHENOMENAL but was not enough.”

What Happened Here:

● Engineer Neil Papworth sent the first SMS on December 3rd,

1992, when he wrote “Merry Christmas” on a computer and sent it to the
cell phone of Vodafone director Richard Jarvis
● The inception of AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
technology from the pre-existing IMPS (Improved Mobile Telephone
System) for voice transmission.
● Connectivity established seamless mobile connectivity introducing
mobile voice services.
● 1G Introduced Analog voice.

What went wrong:

● Poor voice quality

● Poor battery life
● Large phone size
● No security
● Limited capacity
● Poor reliability

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2G Era (1991-2001)
“A revolutionary milestone in telecommunication sector”

What Happened Here:

● 2G: First Wireless digital transmission came with 2G in 1991.
● GSM – Global Systems for Mobile Communication enabled Data
transfer on top of voice at a speed of 30-35 kbps (A joke in modern
telecommunication terms).
● 2G was developed, primarily, to transfer voice, fax, MMS, and
SMS services.
● By use of digital voice compression, the TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) standards supported three times as many voice
channels in the same bandwidth as the old analog systems.

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● The ‘E’ & ‘G’ Symbols on the mobile network were seen first during
the 2G era.
● Data was responsible for the constant spike in revenues in
telecom operators in addition to the voice revenues. 40% of the
revenues were collected for Data.
● 2.5G saw the introduction of GPRS as enhanced Data services.
GPRS can be viewed as a boosted data service for GSM users but
using packet switching and multiplexing techniques. The maximum
transfer speed that can be reached via GPRS is approximately 170
Kbps.
● 2.75G saw the entry of EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution) technology.
● Data transmission rate saw a 4X increase from 170kbps to
500kbps (practical application). In theory, it was said to be 1mbps.
● EDGE transfers data in fewer seconds if we compare it with GPRS
Technology. For example, a typical text file of 40KB was transferred in
only 2 seconds as compared to the transfer from GPRS technology,
which was 6 seconds.

What went wrong:

● Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there
was no network coverage, digital signals weakened.
● Systems were unable to handle complex data like videos.
● As the generation moved towards 3G, the user requirement was
too complex for 2G to satisfy.

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3G Era (2001-2009)

“Showed us the unending potential of Data yet did not fulfil its own
potential”

What Happened Here:

● 3G network was introduced in 1998, we saw its establishment in

the early 2000s.
● The max speed of 3G was estimated to be around 2 Mbps for
stationary devices and 384 Kbps for mobile phones. The theoretical max
speed was 21.6 Mbps.
● It was based on CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access) &
EDGE technologies. (EDGE was superior enough to support 3G on its own).
● 3G introduced media streaming.
● Data in 3G was broken down into small pieces or packets and then
sent to the destination, unlike 2G which used circuit switching.
○ This was revolutionary as users paid only for the data they spent
rather than the time spent online.
● “Data is money” probably started its inception in the mid-2000s as
there was a surge in data utilization by consumers.
● Multimedia, navigation, mobile apps, browsers, conference calls,
mobile TV all saw their inception in the early 3G era.
● 5G was conceptualized and released with HSPA (High-Speed
Packet Access) marking the iconic ‘H’ symbol on the mobile network.
● It was all about data in the 3.5G. Data transmission rates went up
to 14mbps
● 75G saw the release of HSPA+ or as we know it ‘H+’ symbol on
the network.
● Data speeds went up even further with a max speed of 42mbps
● Although 3G did not see operators exponentially increase revenue
as the 2G era, tier 1 operators saw significant growth as Data
consumption increased.

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What Went Wrong:

● Messy Architecture
● Demanded 3G compatible handsets
● The cost of upgrading to the 3G device was too high
● Power consumption was high

4G Era (2010-2019)

“4G introduced us to a faster world with a greater Data capacity”

What Happened Here:

● 4G saw an overlap of itself with the 3G as in 2008, 4G technology

started to roll out but had issues to commercially announce the then
communication system as 4G due to minimum standard requirements
which were not fulfilled.
● The speed of 3G quickly became insufficient as technology &
smartphones evolved resulting in heavier files and bulkier data flows.
● It provided a quality that enriched user experience with advanced
gaming services, HD mobile TV, Video Conferencing, 3D TV, IP
telephony, and other services that demand higher speeds.
● With the implementation of 4G, some 3G features are removed,
such as the radio spectrum technology.

● The term MAGIC is used to explain the 4G technology.

○ M – Mobile multimedia
○ A – Anytime Anywhere.
○ G – Global mobility support
○ I – Integrated wireless solution
○ C – Customized Personal Service

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● 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) was a complete redesign and simplification of
3G network architecture, resulting in a significant reduction in transfer latency
and thus, increasing efficiency and speeds on the network.
● Users encountered a problem in accessing data while on a voice
call with the 4G LTE, hence the inception of 4G VoLTE which simply
meant voice over LTE enabling users to access 4G data and still be able
to make calls.
● 4G carries 3X the data 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) carried and 6X the data 2G GSM network
carried.
● 4G bandwidth is 200 Mbps, which meant that one could download
a full-length movie in under 10 minutes!

What Went Wrong:

● 4G LTE network needs complex hardware

● 4G technology uses many antennae & transmitters resulting in
poor battery life.
● In areas without 4G coverage, consumers downgraded to 3G while
still paying the cost of 4G.
● Higher Data consumption

5G Era (2019 and beyond)

“5G is more than a generation, it is a promise to wonderland”

● 5G looks at us with a new experience in faster data rates, higher

connection density, much lower latency, among other improvements.
● 5G is not an upgrade to 4G but is in a league of its own because it
provides us the ability to connect thousands of devices at once giving
the user the true sense of ‘real-time’ experience.
● This means the computing & processing can move to the cloud
and resulting in smaller IoT devices, reducing the cost of manufacturing

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& maintenance by optimizing the network for the telecom operator.
● IoT will mean a lot different with the growth of 5G, as self-driving
cars may yet become a reality even in India.
● Since increasing subscriber base in tier 1 cities is no longer an
enticing prospect for Telcos, they will look at generating new streams of
revenue with the maturity of MU-MIMO and achieving data speeds of up
to 35Gbps.
● 5Gtechnology may use a variety of spectrum bands, including
millimeter wave (mmWave) radio spectrum, which can carry very large
amounts of data a short distance.
● 5G mobile technology can usher in new immersive experiences
such as VR and AR with faster, more uniform data rates, lower latency,
and lower cost-per-bit.
● 5G can enable new services that can transform industries with
ultra-reliable, available, low-latency links like remote control of critical
infrastructure, vehicles, and medical procedures.

● Here are some revolutionary use cases 5G will bring in:

○ Fuelling precision agriculture — even the cotton found in a simple
dress uses 5G.
○ Enabling reliable wireless IoT connectivity at transport hubs
○ Essential to the future autonomous vehicles with V2X & smart
logistics within our grasp.
○ For closer collaborations at the workplace using real-time insights
& XRs.
○ Bringing immersive, virtual customized shopping experiences
anywhere to the consumer.
○ Driving the next industrial revolution with flexible manufacturing
with XR guided execution, smart surveillance, real-time supply chain
visibility using blockchain & predictive maintenance.
○ With real-time asset tracking and efficient delivery using drones.

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 5G AND ITS FEATURE

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless

standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of
network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything
together including machines, objects, and devices.

5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data

speeds, ultra-low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity,
increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more
users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user
experiences and connect new industries.

5G technology is a breakthrough.

The next generation of telecom networks (fifth generation or 5G) has

started hitting the market at the end of 2018 and will continue to expand
worldwide.

Beyond speed improvement, the technology is expected to unleash a

massive 5G IoT (Internet of Things) ecosystem where networks can
serve communication needs for billions of connected devices, with the
right trade-offs between speed, latency, and cost.

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 5G technology is driven by 8 specification requirements:

● Up to 10Gbps data rate - > 10 to 100x speed improvement over

4G and 4.5G networks
● 1-millisecond latency
● 1000x bandwidth per unit area
● Up to 100x number of connected devices per unit area (compared
with 4G LTE)
● 99.999% availability
● 100% coverage
● 90% reduction in network energy usage
● Up to 10-year battery life for low power IoT device.

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How fast is 5G ?

5G speed tops out at 10 gigabits per second (Gbps).

5G is 10 to x100 faster than what you can get with 4G.

According to communication principles, the shorter the frequency, the

larger the bandwidth.
The use of shorter frequencies (millimeter waves between 30GHz and
300GHz) for 5G networks is why 5G can be faster. This high-band 5G
spectrum provides the expected boost not only in speed but also in
capacity, low latency, and quality.
However,5G download speed may differ widely by area.
According to the February 2020 issue of Fortune Magazine, average 5G
speed measures done in Q3/Q4 2019 range from:
● 220 megabytes per second (Mbps) in Las Vegas,
● 350 in New York,
● 380 in Los Angeles,
● 450 in Dallas,
● to 550 Chicago,
● and over 950 in Minneapolis and Providence approximately.
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That's 10 to 50 times more than 4G LTE.

What is 5G low latency ?

5G technology offers an extremely low latency rate, the delay between

the sending and receiving information. From 200 milliseconds for 4G, we
go down to 1 millisecond(1ms) with 5G.

Just think about it.

A millisecond is 1/1000 of a second.

The average reaction time for humans to a visual stimulus is 250 ms or

1/4 of a second. People are capped at around 190-200 ms with proper
training.

Imagine now that your car could react 250 times faster than you.
Imagine it could also respond to hundreds of incoming information and
can also communicate its reactions back to other vehicles and road
signals all within milliseconds.

At 60 mph (100km/h), the reaction distance is about 33 yards (30

meters) before you pull on the brakes. With a 1ms reaction time, the car
would only have rolled a bit more than one inch (less than 3
centimeters).

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Use cases associated with low latency are:
● V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication: V2V:
(Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure), autonomous,
connected cars
● Immersive Virtual Reality Gaming (5G will bring VR to the
masses.)
● Remote surgical operations (aka telesurgery)
● Simultaneous translation.
In other words, 5G and IoT create the perfect match.
So, let's see what makes 5G so different from 4G.

What are the real 5G use cases?

Each new generation wireless network came with a new set of new
usages.
The next coming 5G will make no exception and will be focused on IoT
and critical communications applications.
In terms of the schedule, we can mention the following uses cases over
time:

● Fixed wireless access (from 2018-2019 onwards)

● Enhanced mobile broadband with 4G fall-back (from
2019-2020-2021)
● Massive M2M / IoT (from 2021-2022)
● Ultra low-latency IoT critical communications (from 2024-2025)

Some critical applications like self-driving cars require very aggressive

latency (fast response time) while they do not require fast data rates.
Conversely, enterprise cloud base services with massive data analysis
will require speed improvements more than latency improvements.

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 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN 5G NETWORK

Millimeter-Wave Technology (mmWave)

5G specified radio frequencies are higher than frequencies used by 4G,

which has advantages and challenges. Higher frequencies provide
larger network bandwidth, lower latency, and much higher connection
density. Higher frequencies also have challenges with reduced
transmission distances, requiring a larger number of smaller cells.

5G network frequency range begins at 5GHz. The 5G network

frequencies are called Millimeter Wave Bandwidth (mmWave) and are
24GHz and above. 4G frequencies ranged from 700 MHZ to 2.5GHz.

mmWave Advantages

● Higher network throughput, up to 20Gbps

● Reduced network latency and data transfer rates
● Large network connection capacity, supporting more devices and
subscribers
● The reduced overhead cost which should reduce cost per network
connection
● A larger frequency bandwidth range increases network throughput
capacity

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mmWave Disadvantages

● Higher frequency radio waves have reduced ranges of about 300

meters
● Smaller cell sizes, increased number of cell antennas
● Shallow obstruction penetration, clients need to be nearly
line-of-sight.

Full Duplex

Advances in signal processing electronics now support full-duplex

network communications on the same frequency. Earlier technologies
required different frequencies to transmit and receive data
simultaneously.
Full-duplex reduces radio frequency usage by half, doubling the number
of devices that can be supported on cell towers.

Small Cells

Small cells are low-powered portable base stations that can be placed
throughout cities. Carriers can install many small cells to form a dense,
multifaceted infrastructure. Small cells’ low-profile antennas make them
unobtrusive, but their sheer numbers make them difficult to set up in
rural areas.

Infrastructure Based on NFV/VNF and SDN

One of the core architectural requirements specified for 5G

infrastructures is that all core network systems are based on software
virtualization. Network infrastructures have traditionally included physical
purpose-built appliances, which are less flexible to manage, deploy and
scale. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture based
on Virtual Network Functions (VNF). Network functions include network
routing, packet processing, security, and many others.
Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) are a virtualization technology that
abstracts physical networks to virtual network structures. Virtual
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networks appear and behave like physical networks but have similar
advantages of other virtualization technologies.

5G Packet Core processing functional overview

The above diagram shows a simplified view of 5G core functions using

NFV/SDN. The traffic management including services, orchestration,
control and data packet management is implemented as a set of VNF
chained services.
The physical network resources are presented with a virtual network
overlay using SDN.

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Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications

Device-to-device communication is an emerging trend in “smart”

systems and IoT devices that communicate and share data and
knowledge, and then potentially act on this knowledge. Fog computing,
for example, is based on IoT devices communicating and sharing data.
● 5G clients can communicate directly with other 5G clients,
bypassing the carrier networks
● This offloads traffic from the mobile networks and reduces the cost
● Use cases include:
○ V2X – Vehicle-to-vehicle communications
○ Emergency signals between vehicles and RSUs (roadside units)

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Network Slicing

Logical network slices create tenant or service-specific networks. The

network slicing creates end-to-end isolated logical networks starting
from the mobile edge, continuing through the RAN mobile transport
through the 5G core. Tenants are service providers delivering specific
services over the network. These tenants will have specific network
requirements such as reliability, latency, or bandwidth.
Service-specific networks will have key performance indicator (KPI)
requirements to meet a specific business need.

Network Slicing example with four logical network slices

Network Slicing example with four logical network slices

In the diagram above, NFV and SDN technologies have been used to
create four isolated and independent logical networks. The 5G network
resources are “sliced.” Each network slice has different network
performance specifications for different use case or business
requirements.

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Multi-Tenancy
Multi-tenancy uses network slicing and subscriber awareness to create
isolated logical networks for independent service providers. Tenant
networks can be defined with different performance characteristics and
service levels.

Massive MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is a technology that uses multiple
antennas configured in a two-dimensional phased array. The MIMO
antenna system is attached to a base station that controls the
transmission and reception of radio signals.
Massive MIMO systems are larger MIMO systems with up to several
hundred antennas.
Multiple antennas working together provide several advantages:
● Multiple parallel antennas have a higher gain
● Resistant to intentional jamming
● More paths to the 5G client provide stronger signal strength
● Transmissions can be focused in a beam at 5G clients, which is
called beamforming and provides more power to the client with less
interference
● More parallel antennas can serve a larger number of users
● Antenna arrays can identify 5G client physical locations
● Arrays can also track mobile clients and direct the transmission
beam at the client, following the client movements and maintaining
network connectivity

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Beamforming

Beamforming is a 5G technology that finds the most efficient

data-delivery route to individual users. Higher-frequency antennas
enable the steering of narrower transmission beams. This user-specific
beamforming allows transmissions both vertically and horizontally. Beam
direction can change several times per millisecond. Beamforming can
help massive MIMO arrays make more efficient use of the spectrum
around them.

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 SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

● Less than 1/10 download time

● Low-cost deployment by mmWave mesh backhaul
● The capability of site-specific marketing and advertising

WEAKNESS

● Narrow area coverage of mmWave access

● Sensitive to blockage due to obstacles, e.g. human body
● Costly to manage and operate
● Fewer supplies of 5G network equipment

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OPPORTUNITIES

● Continuous increase of data size (such as 4K/8K videos)

● Limit throughput of the access part (Wi-Fi, LTE, etc.) especially in high
user density area
● IoT is going to be the future and 5G speed will help them to operate
efficiently

THREAT

● The emergence of new wireless standards, e.g. IEEE 802.11ax, which

may achieve significant throughput improvement even in high user
density area
● Increasing radiation

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 PROBLEM/ CHALLENGES FACED BY 5G NETWORK

Mobile network operators (MNOs) deal with various issues that prevail
with the 5G implementation as mentioned below:
Spectrum availability and implementation issues

5G networks operate on higher frequencies nearly up to 300GHz and

these bands have increased capacity capable of delivering ultra-fast
speeds 20 times more than LTE networks theoretical speed. However,
the availability and cost of the spectrum band are still an issue for the
operators. They need to bid for these higher spectrum bands as they
continue to build and deploy 5G wireless networks.

Deploying hybrid LTE-NR is critical

The initial phase of 5G deployments is based on non-standalone 5G

which uses LTE core and LTE access is the anchor for New Radio (NR).
Control and excess user traffic above LTE traffic are administered by
LTE eNB and 5G gNB. Configuration of hybrid LTE-NR using the macro
LTE layer is beneficial for the deployment of 5G in the mmW spectrum
and increases its mobility in between the hotspots. This mobility gained
from mmW works well at low speeds. Nevertheless, these benefits are evolved
from the performance of the dual connectivity (EN-DC), and is
very challenging to perform 5G network testing due to its complex
nature. It requires synchronization between gNB and eNB for data
transfer and signaling to the NR.

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Complex network architecture

In order to ensure 5G deployment successfully in both the core and RAN

network, it is critical to develop IT-related architecture and platforms to
support it. 5G wireless architecture is not so simple as it seems.
Feature-rich structure makes it more intricated than ever and handling
such a network requires experienced staff with good knowledge of the
technology.

Demand for extensive 5G networks testing

With massive bandwidth in 5G technology, it demands denser fiber for

front-haul, mid-haul and back-haul networks. Fiber backhaul is an
important part of delivering excellent network performance and
experience. Three UK recently collaborated with Colt Technology for
connectivity of fiber backhaul as a part of network transformation. This
technology will complement the latest upgrades implemented on over 4k sites
with improved 4G LTE networks, fully virtualized core networks,
and 20 newly designed data centers and 5G networks in over 100
locations. This increases the volume of fiber cables and endpoints used
with a greater need for multiplexing (WDM) and ultimately scaling the
complexity of fiber testing. Telecom operators need to test for the correct
power levels and require various sets of instruments present in a WDM
system.

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Scarcity in 5G devices

There is still a limited number of 5G phones vs non-5G phones in the

market. 5G deployments scheduling is determined by the availability of
5G devices which is very less in number. This is due to various technical
challenges comprising multi-band support of frequency bands in upper
and lower range poses design challenges for frontend. It also has
heating issues due to high power consumption in order to transmit
high-frequency bands and a significant effect of performance for higher
bandwidths and data rates.

Investment requirements

Though 5G has its own set of advantages, 5G deployment is a really

huge investment. Operators are addressing these challenges of 5G
infrastructure that includes cables, cell towers, etc. by dividing it into
phase-by-phase deployment as they continue to implement these on the
site. The other burden for telcos is the cost of 5G test equipment
required for extensive 5G drive test analysis such as cell-site verification
and assessment of user KPIs like speed test, voice and call test, HTTP
test, and many more before making it available for the commercial
users. In 2019, Gartner estimated 5G NR network infrastructure
investments to account for 6 percent of the total revenue of wireless
infrastructure of network providers and is expected to double the value
in 2020.

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Regulations on radiation

Regulators develop regulatory standards to ensure that mobile network

operators build networks to serve people across the country, covering
the rural areas. Some European countries have enforced tight
regulations on radiation that led 5G trials to come to a halt. Brussels
located one mobile operator planned to run 5G trials and offer 5G
services commercially. But the government restricted it from conducting
trials as there is no way to guarantee that the output of the radiation will
remain within the range that is allowed. Hence, no trials till these
changes are amended.

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 SOLUTION FOR 5G NETWORK

MOBILE EDGE COMPUTING

According to Cisco's VNI report, the evolution of cellular networking and

broadband technology will see a rapid increase in global mobile data
traffic with a growth rate of 47% from 2016 to 2021. In the past few
years, smartphones have become an integral tool for millions of people
all around the world. As far as 5G is concerned it will rely more on high
network coverage for mobiles, high data rates. To deal with these
features the 5G role Of MEC (Mobile edge computing) comes into light.
Mobile edge computing is the framework of the network with features of
cloud computing which provides an IT environment at the edge of the
cellular network. The main principle behind the use of MEC is it runs the
application and performs processing tasks close to the cellular customer.
With this method, the congestion network is reduced and the
performance of applications gets better.

SOFTWARE DEFINE NETWORK

SDN (Software-defined network) is based on the concept of cloud

computing which focuses on programmatically efficient network
processes to improve the performance of existing network architecture.
The main aim of using SDN is to decentralize traditional network
systems into one central network. The main component which does all

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the centralization of existing network architecture is the control plane. It
consists of two or more than two-controller systems where the complete
procedure of centralization takes place.
SMART ANTENNAS:
Smart antennas are the composition of arrays of antennas which is used
to convert radio signals into narrow beams. The main purpose of smart
antennas is to use complex signal processing for improving the focus for
transmission of signals.

DEEP FIBRE:
To lay down any network technology role of fiber is very important. As
mentioned in the section of problems in the deployment of 5G India
lacks fiber infrastructure and last-mile connectivity and only 20% of
towers are upgraded for 5G technology. Deep fiber plays an important
role in dealing with problems of last-mile connectivity and fiber
infrastructure. Deep fiber is the process in which MSO (Multi-server
operator) deploys fiber closer to customers for better service. The main
work of deep fiber is to remove amplifiers and to push optical-electrical
conversion closer to users which results in increased bandwidth
potential.

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 BENEFITS OF 5G NETWORK TO SOCIETY/ CONSUMER

Connected vehicles
With 5G comes unprecedented speed and connectivity—the kind
needed to make autonomous, or self-driving, cars a reality. 5G networks
have what it takes to allow faster-than-ever communication and data
processing between vehicles, networks, infrastructure, and even
pedestrians. In other words, 5G networks will facilitate communication
between everything on the road—from lampposts to gas stations—in the
interest of safety and traffic management.

Smartphones
Big changes are on the horizon for smartphones—and 5G devices will
soon become the norm. The main advantage of 5G over 4G for users is
better coverage, i.e., signals will hit previously hard-to-reach places with
connection guaranteed as part of service plans. What’s more,
subscribers will finally get the extraordinary quality they expect on their
devices, with downloads predicted to have no perceptible delay.

Streaming and entertainment

5G offers a striking advantage over previous technologies, with virtually
unlimited capacity and short lag times. In addition to better quality and
considerably faster streaming, 5G promises revolutionary immersive
experiences, including multisensory digital content thanks to increased
capacity that will support technologies like virtual reality, augmented
reality, and 3D.

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Healthcare

5G technology can also help to make healthcare systems more

accessible.
For example, a significant number of patients need to spend large sums
of money to travel the world in an effort to meet specialists that can
operate on them. Though robotic virtual surgeries aren’t new, 5G could
make these safer and more reliable.
Doctors in China used a 5G-enabled remote surgery system to treat a
patient who was 1,900 miles away. The latency between the surgical
device and the doctors’ inputs was only two milliseconds. This means
the doctors could react almost as fast as if they were in the room with
the patient.
Similarly, medical technologies will be able to monitor patients in
real-time with the use of 5G and internet of medical things (IoMT)
technology. As soon as a medical device detects an issue, such as
extremely low blood sugar, cardiac arrest or loss of blood pressure, it
can notify the closest practitioners and first responders so they can act
accordingly.

Industrial Applications of 5G Networks

5G networks will have a significant impact on industrial organizations
with the enablement of the industrial internet of things (IIoT), digital
twins, and massive machine-to-machine communication traffic.
As traditional manufacturing machines become “smart” through the
addition of sensors, 5G will provide the backbone that enables data

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communication between these machines and remote analytic systems.
This ensures that a digital twin of a physical asset can become a reality.
The digital twin will enable operators to optimize performance, schedule
maintenance, and feed insights for the next generation of product
improvements. This all results in higher performance, reduced
downtime, and faster product introductions, as well as new revenue streams
based on the gathered data.
In the energy sector, distributed energy generation systems (such as
solar panels and wind turbines) continue to rise at the expense of large,
centralized facilities. This makes it more challenging to balance the
power supply to match demand across a grid. With the high levels of
rapid and reliable connectivity offered by 5G, this energy grid balancing
act becomes more manageable.
Financial institutions, markets and traders will be equally affected by the
new system. For instance, as soon as information starts trending on
social media, news outlets or other information sources, 5G systems can
send information to financial advisors, stock owners and trading
systems.
Though 4G equivalents of this technology already exist, speed,
bandwidth and latency of 5G can mean the difference of millions of
dollars in the stock market. The new network will ensure traders and
investors can respond instantaneously to global economic news.

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 CONCLUSION

In this report we have reviewed various aspects of the upcoming 5G

network, we have discussed various segments that are necessary for
the deployment of the 5G network. 5G networks would be smarter and
more effective to serve a huge amount of radio spectrum, from a basic
sensor to a complex self-driving vehicle, from embedded sensors in all
sorts of hardware to automated cars, from aircraft to smart businesses
and towns, 5G networks will link everything to one another, from a user
to the web.
The 5G network is the next forthcoming technology and it has very high
network capacity, lower latency, and much higher bandwidth in
comparison to the current network. In other words, 5G would contribute
to one of the biggest technical revolutions in human history, with infinite
use cases. Not only can it change human lives but it also aims to
preserve them by improved emergency care and rising traffic accidents.
Before the commercialization of 5G technology, it is very important to
keep improving on the network capability and flexibility to cope with the
various use cases and for business models. It is also important to keep
eye on the efficiency of the 5G technology in terms of energy and cost.
In this article, we have presented the energy efficiency areas of 5G,
various efficient antennas for 5G mobile network, architectures and wide
uses of 5G technology in our lives.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Wikipedia.org
● Scribd.com
● Intel.com
● Jabil.com
● Semiengineering.com
● Researchgate.com

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THANK YOU

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