IRRELEVANT

Beginning in February, the Australian Department Health has steadily increased restrictions on
travelers is applied for travelers returned from mainland China, Iran and South Korea. The
countries were wont hit by COVID-19. The new restrictions have fuelled a rush on "essemial"
supplies. They were required to "self isolate" for 4 days and seek medical attention if any
symptoms appear. The department advises on its website that the same Oplies to anyone who has
been in close contact with an infected person.

In Sydney's northern suburbs, the cases have been confirmed at a school, a hospital, a care home
and a hild care centre within a four-kilometer radius 117 people have been placed in isolation.
Meanwhile hundreds of thers have been advised to stay at home, avoiding all contact with the
outside world.

Australia is far from making the top of the countries worst affected by the new corona virus with
74 onfirmed cases and three deaths. But thousands of shoppers seem to think otherwise. It
appears their worst fear s finding themselves stuck in the toilet without a square to spare.

Panic-buying increased across Australia amid fears that the outbreak will accelerate. This left
families apped inside their homes with limited supplies. On Saturday, inside a Melbourne
Woolworths supermarket canned oods and other food items remained in stock. However, toilet
paper shelves were completely bare. despite the core rationing the number each shopper could
buy.

We're talking about a virus which is a biological contagion. But what's happening tax a result) is
social ontagion where you sort of catch what other people are doing," said Till Klein, Professor
of Marketing at elbourne Business School

1. Which of the following statements is irrelevant to the topic discussed in paragraph 1?

A. Sentence 1

B. Sentence 2

C. Sentence 3

D. Sentence 4

E. Sentence 5

A balanced diet includes foods from five groups and fulfills all of a person's nutritional needs.
Eating a balanced diet help people maintain good health and reduce their risk of disease. Dietary
guidelines evolve with scientific advances, so it can be challenging to stay on top of current
recommendations and know what to eat.
¹A balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a person's nutritional needs. Humans need a certain
number of calories and nutrients to stay healthy. 3A balanced diet provides all the nutrients a
person requires, without going over the recommended daily calorie intake. By eating a balanced
diet, people can get the nutrients and calories they need and avoid eating junk food, or food
without nutritional value. 5A poor diet is a common reason why people struggle with weight loss.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) used to recommend following a food
pyramid. However, as nutritional science has changed, they now recommend eating foods from
the five groups and building a balanced plate.

According to the USDA's recommendations, half of a person's plate should consist of fruits and
vegetables. The other half should be make up of grains and protein. They recommend
accompanying each meal with a serving of low-fat dairy or another source of the nutrients found
in dairy.

When combined with a regular exercise routine, a balanced diet can help a person reduce their
risk factors for obesity of gaining weight. A balanced diet can help a person lose weight by
increasing their protein intake, avoiding excessive carbohydrates, getting essential nutrients, and
preventing binge eating.

2. The IRRELEVANT sentence in paragraph 2 is sentence.....

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

E. 5

MODAL AUXILARY

The television is not bad. When exposed to the right shows or programs, your child can learn
useful things. Research indicates that watching TV can have a positive impact on children. It can
help them change their behaviour and attitude for good.

There are a few channels that broadcast only educational content covering subject like art and
craft, science, history, geography, and math. The TV is also a great medium that expose children
to different languages around the world.

The sounds and colorful images on the screen appeal to children and also retain their attention.
From movies to cartoon shows, there are several programs to keep children engaged.
TV shows aimed at young children and adolescents are not only educational but also inspiring.
Educational TV program encourage children to try new things. For example, a TV show about
creative fun can inspire a child to try something new with clay, paint, or paper. Likewise, a
documentary about famous scientists, artists, and other public figures can also inspire them to do
good deeds or achieve something big in life.

3. Children ............ have good behaviour and attitude when watching the right TV shows....

A. Will
B. Shall
C. Must
D. Might
E. Have to

Politics is another part of human's life affected by social media. The Arab Spring of 2011 is the
biggest impact of social media at the political level. All the major discussions about the Arab
Spring took place on social media platforms. It played a vital role in spreading the message
outside of the Arab countries.

Besides, social media affects human's culture. Every culture has a set of norms and values. It
connects us o ourselves and the people around us. It also governs how we behave and carry
ourselves in the world. Soul media as become a massive part of our social interaction. We should
be very grateful to its emergence. We do not ecessarily have to speak to a person to know what
or how they are doing in life. Especially during COVID-19 andemic, social media helps make
less "real-life" contact between individuals.

Moreover, social media has played an exciting role in promoting trade and commerce around the
world. In present times, almost all the brands have a page on most social media platforms. It has
become an indispensable platform for sharing information, about products and services. It has
given the opportunity to people to learn about oducts and services all around the world.

In the passage there is a statement like this: Especially during COVID-19 pandemic, social
media helps make less "real-life contact between individuals

4. If social media did not exist but people had to see each other, they ..... make face-to-face
interactions

A. Wil
B. Had to
C. would have to
D. will have to
 E. have to

5. To be successful in business, everybody.... use social media nowadays

A. Could
B. Can
C. Must
D. Shall
E. Would

REFERENCE

Single-use plastics, or disposable plastics, become severe problem for our environtment. Plastics
are commonly used in hospitality industry, such as hotels and cruises. However, the longterm use
of plastics will definetely harm the environment. Nowadays, many major hotel chains have tried
to reduce the single-use plastics, such as Mariott and InterContinental Hotels Group. Hyatt
Hotels Group also has announced their initiative to reduce the single-use plastics at their hotels
across the world.

Some initiatives that will be conducted by June 2021 are changing traditional bathroom
amenities from using small plastic bottles to large-format bathroom amenities, increasing the
number of water stations in public places in hotels for guests to refill their water bottles, and
serving water in carafes for meetings and events (bottled water is served by request).As stated in
Hyatt website, Mark Hoplamazian, President and CEO of Hyatt, said "Plastic pollution is a
global issue, and we hope our efforts will motivate guests, customers and, indeed, ourselves to
think more critically about our use of plastic."

Meanwhile, some of Hyatt properties have already implemented environmentally-friendly

actions, for example using in-house water bottling plants in Alila Ubud and Alila Villas Uluwatu,
distributing reusable bottles for guests in Hyatt Regency Maui Resort and Spa, and installing
water spouts in Park Hyatt Istanbul - Macka Palas. (Adapted from various sources)

6. "Plastic pollution is a global issue, and we hope our efforts will motivate guests, customers
and, indeed, ourselves to think more critically about our use of plastic." (paragraph 3)

The underlined word refers to...

A. hotels
B. Hyatt Hotels
C. Marriot Hotels
D. hospitality industry
 E. InterContinental Hotels

Social media has become part of everyone's life. Most of people, from teenagers to adults, use
social media to connect with their friends and relatives. There are many social media platforms
in the internet, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and many more. The popularity of social
media is supported by advancement of technology and access of internet that become more
inclusive. Each age group has their own social media preferences.

Facebook, a social media platform developed by Mark Zukcerberg, is one of the most widely
known platforms around the world. According to the latest research, the platform has 2.7 billion
active users worldwide which make it the biggest social media platform. Facebook is able to
embrace users from all generations. In fact, Facebook is the number one platform that is used by
older generation. According to Pew Research Center, the number of older generation who joins
Facebook has been increasing since 2012. They use Facebook for various purposes, for instance,
bonding with their grandchildren, connecting with their old friends, talking with same-minded
people, and many more.

Meanwhile, young adults and teenagers use more various social media platforms. Instagram is
one of them. Many youngsters move from Facebook to Instagram for it might have more
interesting features that are suitable for them. People can share their pictures and insert
interesting quotes in Instagram. Snapchat is also popular among teenagers who like to share their
daily activities using short videos. Twitter also still exists until now and is still popular among
people who love to share their thoughts in short words.

In short, many people who are aware of technology and internet use social media platforms for
their own purposes. Their social media preference might be influenced by their own characters
and their circle group preference.

7. "They use Facebook for various purposes, (paragraph 2) The underlined word refers to...

A. social media platforms

B. social media users
C. young generation
D. older generation
E. teenagers

Though the term "literature" seems as though it would be simple to define, only a few moments
of pondering he question "what is literature?" is required before one realizes how complex it
really is. Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, a Muslim philosopher who lived during the eighth century, A.D.,
wrote that, "Literature is the garment which one puts In what he says or writes so that it may
appear more attractive." When viewed in this light, literature begins to esemble less a description
of content itself then an artistic veil draped over content.
On the other hand, the term literature is cast in a harsher light when viewed as the twentieth
century Russian minker Roman Jakobson did; he declared that literature is "organized violence
committed or ordinary speech." Jakobson thus suggests that the unstructured, conversational
words that define ordinary speech are transmogrified into a particular arrangement on the page
and, in so doing, become literature.

Another facet to consider is the public's perception of literature. While some may define cave
paintings as literature, others would argue that they are merely graphic inscriptions that, though
perhaps narrative, are not literary. Others may argue that banned books, such as Go Ask Alice,
published in 1971 and excluded from many library shelves and schools, are not literature because
the content cannot be universally appreciated. Because these questions remain unanswered and
are largely subjective, in the final analysis, it may prove impossible to define the term
"literature."

8. "........others would argue that they are merely graphic inscriptions......" The underlined word
refers to.....

A. Literature
B. Public's perception
C. Another fact
D. Cave paintings
E. Inscriptions

Among the environmental specters confronting humanity in the 21st century global warming, the
destruction of rain forests, overfishing of the oceans - a shortage of fresh water is at the top of the
list, particularly in the developing world. Hardly a month passes without a new study making
another alarming prediction, further deepening concern over what a World Bank expert calls the
"grim arithmetic of water." Recently the United Nations said that 2.7 billion people would face
severe water shortages by 2025 if consumption continuous at current rates. Fears about a parched
future arise from a projected growth of world population from more than six billion today to an
estimated nine billion in 2050. Yet the amount of fresh water on Earth is not increasing. Nearly
97 percent of the planet's water is salt water in seas and oceans. Close to 2 percents of Earth's
water is frozen in polar ice sheets and glaciers, and a fraction of one percent is available for
drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.

Gloomy water news, however, is not just a thing of the future: Today an estimated 1.2 billion
people drink unclean water, and about 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or sewerage systems. More
than five million people die each year from water-related diseases such as cholera and dysentery.
All over the globe farmers and municipalities are pumping water out of the ground faster than it
can be replenished. Still, as I discovered on a two-month trip to Africa, India, and Spain, a host
of individuals, organizations, and businesses are working to solve water's dismal arithmetic.

9. "All over the globe farmers and municipalities are pumping water out of the ground faster
than it can be replenished." (P2). The word "it" refers to

A. Municipalities
B. Replenished
C. Pumping water
D. Globe farmers
E. Ground water

ADDITIONAL PARAGRAPH

Among the environmental specters confronting humanity in the 21st century global warming, the
destruction of rain forests, overfishing of the oceans - a shortage of fresh water is at the top of the
list, particularly in the developing world. Hardly a month passes without a new study making
another alarming prediction, further deepening concern over what a World Bank expert calls the
"grim arithmetic of water." Recently the United Nations said that 2.7 billion people would face
severe water shortages by 2025 if consumption continuous at current rates. Fears about a parched
future arise from a projected growth of world population from more than six billion today to an
estimated nine billion in 2050. Yet the amount of fresh water on Earth is not increasing. Nearly
97 percent of the planet's water is salt water in seas and oceans. Close to 2 percents of Earth's
water is frozen in polar ice sheets and glaciers, and a fraction of one percent is available for
drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.

Gloomy water news, however, is not just a thing of the future: Today an estimated 1.2 billion
people drink unclean water, and about 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or sewerage systems. More
than five million people die each year from water-related diseases such as cholera and dysentery.
All over the globe farmers and municipalities are pumping water out of the ground faster than it
can be replenished. Still, as I discovered on a two-month trip to Africa, India, and Spain, a host
of individuals, organizations, and businesses are working to solve water's dismal arithmetic.

10. The part following the passage will likely discuss about

A. The spread of greater water shortage in Africa, India, and Spain

B. The writer's discoveries of gloomy water news
C. Techniques taken to obtain maximum efficiency from every drop of water
D. Another environmental specters confronting humanity
E. The solving ideas of individuals, organizational, and businesses problems
Many people now get news from social media sites and networks. It can often be difficult to tell
whether stories are credible or not. Thus, there has been an increase in false information. False
information is news, stories or hoaxes created to deliberately deceive readers. Usually, these
stories are created to either influence people's views, push a political agenda, or cause confusion

There are four types of fake information. First, clickbait stories use sensationalist headlines to
grab attention at the expense of truth or accuracy. Second, propaganda are created to mislead
audiences. They are also aimed to promote a biased point of view or particular political cause.
The third type is satire. Lots of websites and social media accounts publish fake news stories for
entertainment and parody. Fourth, there is sloppy journalism. Sometimes reports or journalist
may publish a story with unreliable information or without checking all of the facts. All of these
types need to be aware of and avoided by readers.

11. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses...

A. suggestions for journalist to write better articles

B. alternative media to look for more reliable sources
C. common political agenda hidden behind such false news
D. advices for readers on how to spot false information
E. stories written and published in a reliable way

Politics is another part of human's life affected by social media. The Arab Spring of 2011 is the
biggest impact of social media at the political level. All the major discussions about the Arab
Spring took place on social media platforms. It played a vital role in spreading the message
outside of the Arab countries.

Besides, social media affects human's culture. Every culture has a set of norms and values. It
connects us o ourselves and the people around us. It also governs how we behave and carry
ourselves in the world. Soul media as become a massive part of our social interaction. We should
be very grateful to its emergence. We do not ecessarily have to speak to a person to know what
or how they are doing in life. Especially during COVID-19 andemic, social media helps make
less "real-life" contact between individuals.

Moreover, social media has played an exciting role in promoting trade and commerce around the
world. In present times, almost all the brands have a page on most social media platforms. It has
become an indispensable platform for sharing information, about products and services. It has
given the opportunity to people to learn about oducts and services all around the world.

12. The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discusses

A. politicization of social media in relation to human's life

B. a clear definition of politics in social media
C. social media and society
 D. the role of social media in human's culture
E. different commercial practice using social media platforms

Australian researchers have discovered a strange spinning object in the Milky Way they say is
unlike anything astronomers have ever seen. The object, first spotted by a university student
working on his undergraduate thesis, releases a huge burst of radio energy three times every hour.
The pulse comes "every 18.18 minutes, like clockwork," said astrophysicist Natasha Hurley-
Walker, who led the investigation after the student's discovery, using a telescope in the Western
Australian outback known as the Murchison Widefield Array.

While there are other objects in the universe that switch on and off such as pulsars Hurley-
Walker said 18.18 minutes is a frequency that has never been observed before. Finding this
object was "kind of spooky for an astronomer," she said, "because there's nothing known in the
sky that does that." The research team is now working to understand what they have found.
Trawling back through years of data, they have been able to establish a few facts: the object is
about 4,000 light-years from Earth, is incredibly bright and has an extremely strong magnetic
field.

But there are still many mysteries to untangle. "If you do all of the mathematics, you find that
they shouldn't have enough power to produce these kind of radio waves every 20 minutes,"
Hurley-Walker said. "It just shouldn't be possible." The object may be something researchers
have theorised could exist but have never seen called an "ultra-long period magnetar". It could
also be a white dwarf, a remnant of a collapsed star. "But that's quite unusual as well. We only
know of one white dwarf pulsar, and nothing as great as this," Hurley-Walker said. "Of course, it
could be something that we've never even thought of -- it could be some entirely new type of
object."

On the question of whether the powerful, consistent radio signal from space could have been sent
by some other life form, Hurley-Walker conceded: "I was concerned that it was aliens." But the
research team was able to observe the signal across a wide range of frequencies. "That means it
must be a natural process, this is not an artificial signal," Hurley-Walker said. The next step for
the researchers is to look for more of these strange objects across the universe. "More detections
will tell astronomers whether this was a rare one-off event or a vast new population we'd never
noticed before," Hurley-Walker said. The team's paper on the object has been published in the
latest edition of the journal Nature.

13. Which topic is likely following the passage?

A. Consistent radio signal from space

B. Objects investigation using a telescope
C. Finding strange objects across the universe
D. A research on one white dwarf pulsar
 E. Frequency of the radio waves

Alligators, which often engage in violent fights over territories and mates, have made scientists
puzzled why their wounds rarely get infected. Now researchers think the secret lies in the
reptiles' blood. Chemists in Louisiana found that blood from the American alligator can
successfully destroy 23 strains of bacteria, including strains known to be resistant to antibiotics.
In addition, the blood was able to deplete and destroy a significant amount of HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS. Study co-author Lancis Darville at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge
believes that peptides -fragments of proteins - within alligator blood help the animals stop fatal
infections. Such peptides are also found in the skin of frogs and toads, as well as komodo,
dragons and crocodiles. The scientists think that these peptides could one day lead to medicines
that would provide humans with the same antibiotic protection. We are in the process of
separating and identifying the specific peptides in alligator blood,' said Darville. 'Once we
sequence these peptides, we can obtain their chemical structure to potentially create new drugs.'
Study co-author Mark Merchant, a biochemist at Mc Neese State University in Lake Charles,
Louisiana, was among the first to notice alligators' unusual resistance. He was intrigued that,
despite living in swampy environments where bacteria thrive, alligators that suffered frequent
scratches and bruises rarely developed fatal infections. Merchant therefore created human and
alligator serum-protein-rich blood plasma that has been able to remove clotting agents, and
exposed each of them to 23 strains of bacteria. Human serum destroyed only eight of the
bacterial strains while the alligator serum killed all 23. When the alligator was exposed to HIV,
the researchers found that a good amount of the virus was destroyed. The study team thinks that
pills and creams containing alligator peptides could be available at level pharmacies within seven
to ten years. Such products would be a solution to patients that need extra help preventing
infections, such as diabetes patients with foot ulcers, burn victims and people suffering from
auto-immune diseases. However, there may be potential problems before alligator-based
medicines can reach drugstore shelves. For example, initial tests have revealed that higher
concentrations of the alligator serum tend to be toxic to human cells.

14. The paragraph that precedes the passage is likely about...

A. preliminary study on alligators in Lousiana swamps

B. alligator serum as infection-combat agent.
C. the habitat and behavior of alligators.
D. a strain of bacteria found in alligators.
E. other studies on animal-based medicines.
SYNONYM

Many people now get news from social media sites and networks. It can often be difficult to tell
whether stories are credible or not. Thus, there has been an increase in false information. False
information is news, stories or hoaxes created to deliberately deceive readers. Usually, these
stories are created to either influence people's views, push a political agenda, or cause confusion

There are four types of fake information. First, clickbait stories use sensationalist headlines to
grab attention at the expense of truth or accuracy. Second, propaganda are created to mislead
audiences. They are also aimed to promote a biased point of view or particular political cause.
The third type is satire. Lots of websites and social media accounts publish fake news stories for
entertainment and parody. Fourth, there is sloppy journalism. Sometimes reports or journalist
may publish a story with unreliable information or without checking all of the facts. All of these
types need to be aware of and avoided by readers.

15. Based on the passage, the word sloppy in paragraph2means...

A. firm

B. slippery

C. careless

D. ignorant

E.convincing

Alligators, which often engage in violent fights over territories and mates, have made scientists
puzzled why their wounds rarely get infected. Now researchers think the secret lies in the
reptiles' blood. Chemists in Louisiana found that blood from the American alligator can
successfully destroy 23 strains of bacteria, including strains known to be resistant to antibiotics.
In addition, the blood was able to deplete and destroy a significant amount of HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS. Study co-author Lancis Darville at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge
believes that peptides - fragments of proteins - within alligator blood help the animals stop fatal
infections. Such peptides are also found in the skin of frogs and toads, as well as komodo,
dragons and crocodiles. The scientists think that these peptides could one day lead to medicines
that would provide humans with the same antibiotic protection. We are in the process of
separating and identifying the specific peptides in alligator blood,' said Darville. 'Once we
sequence these peptides, we can obtain their chemical structure to potentially create new drugs.'
Study co-author Mark Merchant, a biochemist at Mc Neese State University in Lake Charles,
Louisiana, was among the first to notice alligators' unusual resistance. He was intrigued that,
despite living in swampy environments where bacteria thrive, alligators that suffered frequent
scratches and bruises rarely developed fatal infections. Merchant therefore created human and
alligator serum-protein-rich blood plasma that has been able to remove clotting agents, and
exposed each of them to 23 strains of bacteria. Human serum destroyed only eight of the
bacterial strains while the alligator serum killed all 23. When the alligator was exposed to HIV,
the researchers found that a good amount of the virus was destroyed. The study team thinks that
pills and creams containing alligator peptides could be available at level pharmacies within seven
to ten years. Such products would be a solution to patients that need extra help preventing
infections, such as diabetes patients with foot ulcers, burn victims and people suffering from
auto-immune diseases. However, there may be potential problems before alligator-based
medicines can reach drugstore shelves. For example, initial tests have revealed that higher
concentrations of the alligator serum tend to be toxic to human cells.

16. The word 'deplete' in line 4 is closest in meaning to ...

A. damage.
B. demolish.
C. diminish.
D. drain.
E. devastate.

It's pretty likely you've heard of burnout - and you may have even experienced it. Caused by
chronic work stress, it's characterised by signs such as emotional exhaustion, lack of energy, and
loss of satisfaction with work- and has been linked to a wide range of physical conditions such as
cardiovascular diseases and musculoskeletal pain. Work stress activates our hormonal, metabolic,
immune and cardiovascular systems. If these bodily responses are triggered too frequently, or for
too long, they fail to return to normal and may alter our body's immune and inflammation
responses. These changes may eventually cause other physical conditions - such as coronary
heart disease.

Although an overhaul of work conditions and culture is needed to address the rise in people
experiencing burnout, there are still many things we can do ourselves to deal with it now. The
most significant way we can prevent burnout is recovery. Burnout is a consequence of chronic
work stress over extended periods of time. It has three components:

1. Emotional exhaustion (feeling tired, drained, frustrated and fatigued);

2. Cynicism or detachment (caring less about coworkers or clients);
3. A loss of satisfaction in one's work.

Dealing with burnout is about recovering well from work, rather than focusing on being more
productive or better at the work itself. Research continues to show how important it is to recover
from work on a daily basis. Recovery means finding time or space for yourself where you don't
engage in things that are work-related or stressful. Recovery is about bringing physiological
responses, such as cortisol (a key stress hormone), back down to baseline levels. Proper recovery
helps you feel more energetic and enthusiastic to face another day at work. Recovery can take
place both during the workday (internal recovery) and outside of work (external recovery).

17. The word "detachment" in paragraph 2 can be replaced with....

A. unity
B. Juncture
C. Attachment
D. Connection
E. separation

SIMILAR PHENOMENON

A balanced diet includes foods from five groups and fulfills all of a person's nutritional needs.
Eating a balanced diet help people maintain good health and reduce their risk of disease. Dietary
guidelines evolve with scientific advances, so it can be challenging to stay on top of current
recommendations and know what to eat.

¹A balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a person's nutritional needs. Humans need a certain
number of calories and nutrients to stay healthy. 3A balanced diet provides all the nutrients a
person requires, without going over the recommended daily calorie intake. "By eating a balanced
diet, people can get the nutrients and calories they need and avoid eating junk food, or food
without nutritional value. 5A poor diet is a common reason why people struggle with weight loss.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) used to recommend following a food
pyramid. However, as nutritional science has changed, they now recommend eating foods from
the five groups and building a balanced plate.

According to the USDA's recommendations, half of a person's plate should consist of fruits and
vegetables. The other half should be make up of grains and protein. They recommend
accompanying each meal with a serving of low-fat dairy or another source of the nutrients found
in dairy.

Whencombinedwitharegularexerciseroutine,abalanceddietcanhelpapersonreducetheirriskfactorsf
orobesityofgainingweight.Abalanceddietcanhelpapersonloseweightbyincreasingtheirproteinintak
e,avoidingexcessivecarbohydrates,gettingessentialnutrients,andpreventingbingeeating.

18. The author would apparently agree that a balanced diet and junk food discussed in the
passage is similar to the phenomenon between...

A. A river and pollutants

 B. Monks and thieves
C. Statues and stones
D. Cats and dogs
E. Fire and oil

Supply chain weaknesses were brought to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic,
especially for industries relying on electronics, as the flow of raw materials slowed or sometimes
stopped. On top of that, shifting consumer values and tougher environmental regulations have
resulted in more people buying hybrid vehicles. The batteries in these cars require rare metals
that, depending on their supplies, can have volatile and unpredictable prices. However, there are
other scarce elements and materials that may be used in smaller amounts in hybrid models versus
conventional gas vehicles, raising the question of how these vehicles really compare with regard
to supply chain vulnerabilities. Randolph Kirchain and colleagues wanted to develop a
comprehensive comparison of the elements and compounds that go into all the parts in gas-
powered, self-charging hybrid and plug-in hybrid cars, calculating each of the three vehicles'
materials cost vulnerability.

The researchers collected information on the compounds in the more than 350,000 parts used to
build seven vehicles from the same manufacturer with different levels of electrification,
including four sedans and three sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Then, they calculated the amount
of the 76 chemical elements present, as well as a few other materials, in each car type. To
develop a monetary metric for vulnerability, the team considered the weight of each component,
along with its average price and price volatility between 1998 and 2015. The results showed that
self-charging hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles have twice the raw material cost risks. The
largest contributors to the increase in cost risks were battery-related elements, such as cobalt,
nickel, graphite and neodymium. The researchers say that as manufacturers ramp up electric
vehicle production to meet demand, reducing raw material cost risks with long-term supplier
contracts, substituting some materials or recycling others will be a good idea.

19. The author would apparently agree that the relationship between environmental regulations
and the purchase of hybrid vehicles in paragraph 1 is similar to the phenomenon of ....

A. cars and traffic

B. oil and gas stations
C. people and vehicles
D. gasoline and transportation
E. modern life and electric cars
Inflammation is actually a defense mechanism in our body, and helps in fighting against injuries
and infection. However, chronic inflammation is known to result in weight gain and disease, in
addition to making us prone to cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. There are several anti-
inflammatory foods we can eat to keep disease at bay.
Broccoli is one to mention. It is extremely nutritious vegetable known to lower the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease. It is also packed with calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and
potassium. We can incorporate broccoli in soups an salads, or stir fry it with other veggies and
season them up with salt and pepper for a filling dish.

It may not be familiar to us that eating berries helps our body produce natural killer cells. Also
berries are loaded with vitamins, minerals and fiber. Blackberries, blueberries, strawberries,
raspberries are easy to eat, and are powerful anti-inflammatory foods; they are also good for our
heart health.

Olive oil is beneficial for our health in multiple ways. It is known for its cheap price. Being a key
ingredient in Mediterranean cooking, olive oil known to lower cholesterol and promote heart
health. This is because it rich in monosaturated fats. These types of fats are good for our body.

Fatty fish are an excellent source of omega-3 fats. We can have salmon, sardines and even
anchovies. Plus, they also give us a protein boost and keep kidney disease, heart disease and
diabetes at bay. The taste does not seem to be a significant factor. They are amazing anti-
inflammatory foods and are quite filling too

20. the author would apparently agree that the relationship between inflammation and disease in
paragraph 1 is similiar to the phenomenon of

A. salt and high blood pressure

B. anemia and iron deficiency
C. water and dehydration
D. iron and heart disease
E. sugar and energy

MAIN IDEA
Among the environmental specters confronting humanity in the 21st century global warming, the
destruction of rain forests, overfishing of the oceans - a shortage of fresh water is at the top of the
list, particularly in the developing world. Hardly a month passes without a new study making
another alarming prediction, further deepening concern over what a World Bank expert calls the
"grim arithmetic of water." Recently the United Nations said that 2.7 billion people would face
severe water shortages by 2025 if consumption continuous at current rates. Fears about a parched
future arise from a projected growth of world population from more than six billion today to an
estimated nine billion in 2050. Yet the amount of fresh water on Earth is not increasing. Nearly
97 percent of the planet's water is salt water in seas and oceans. Close to 2 percents of Earth's
water is frozen in polar ice sheets and glaciers, and a fraction of one percent is available for
drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.
Gloomy water news, however, is not just a thing of the future: Today an estimated 1.2 billion
people drink unclean water, and about 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or sewerage systems. More
than five million people die each year from water-related diseases such as cholera and dysentery.
All over the globe farmers and municipalities are pumping water out of the ground faster than it
can be replenished. Still, as I discovered on a two-month trip to Africa, India, and Spain, a host
of individuals, organizations, and businesses are working to solve water's dismal arithmetic.

21. The subject matter discussed in the passage is

A. The effect of fresh water shortage

B. Project to provide fresh and clean water
C. Nature disturbance leading to availability of water
D. Alarming condition of the world water shortage
E. The amount of fresh water on earth

Single-use plastics, or disposable plastics, become severe problem for our environtment. Plastics
are commonly used in hospitality industry, such as hotels and cruises. However, the longterm use
of plastics will definetely harm the environment. Nowadays, many major hotel chains have tried
to reduce the single-use plastics, such as Mariott and InterContinental Hotels Group. Hyatt
Hotels Group also has announced their initiative to reduce the single-use plastics at their hotels
across the world.

Some initiatives that will be conducted by June 2021 are changing traditional bathroom
amenities from using small plastic bottles to large-format bathroom amenities, increasing the
number of water stations in public places in hotels for guests to refill their water bottles, and
serving water in carafes for meetings and events (bottled water is served by request).As stated in
Hyatt website, Mark Hoplamazian, President and CEO of Hyatt, said "Plastic pollution is a
global issue, and we hope our efforts will motivate guests, customers and, indeed, ourselves to
think more critically about our use of plastic."

Meanwhile, some of Hyatt properties have already implemented environmentally-friendly

actions, for example using in-house water bottling plants in Alila Ubud and Alila Villas Uluwatu,
distributing reusable bottles for guests in Hyatt Regency Maui Resort and Spa, and installing
water spouts in Park Hyatt Istanbul - Macka Palas. (Adapted from various sources)

22. What does the text mainly talk about?

A. New toiletries.
B. Hotel facilities.
C. Single-use plastics reduction.
D. The use of single-plastics in hotels.
E. Banning plastic in hospitality industry.
Social media has become part of everyone's life. Most of people, from teenagers to adults, use
social media to connect with their friends and relatives. There are many social media platforms
in the internet, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and many more. The popularity of social
media is supported by advancement of technology and access of internet that become more
inclusive. Each age group has their own social media preferences.

Facebook, a social media platform developed by Mark Zukcerberg, is one of the most widely
known platforms around the world. According to the latest research, the platform has 2.7 billion
active users worldwide which make it the biggest social media platform. Facebook is able to
embrace users from all generations. In fact, Facebook is the number one platform that is used by
older generation. According to Pew Research Center, the number of older generation who joins
Facebook has been increasing since 2012. They use Facebook for various purposes, for instance,
bonding with their grandchildren, connecting with their old friends, talking with same-minded
people, and many more.

Meanwhile, young adults and teenagers use more various social media platforms. Instagram is
one of them. Many youngsters move from Facebook to Instagram for it might have more
interesting features that are suitable for them. People can share their pictures and insert
interesting quotes in Instagram. Snapchat is also popular among teenagers who like to share their
daily activities using short videos. Twitter also still exists until now and is still popular among
people who love to share their thoughts in short words.

In short, many people who are aware of technology and internet use social media platforms for
their own purposes. Their social media preference might be influenced by their own characters
and their circle group preference

23. What does the text tell about?

A. The use of social media in daily life.

B. Facebook as the leader of social media.
C. Social media and its impacts to people
D. The development of social media over years
E. The social media preference among age groups.

Australian researchers have discovered a strange spinning object in the Milky Way they say is
unlike anything astronomers have ever seen. The object, first spotted by a university student
working on his undergraduate thesis, releases a huge burst of radio energy three times every hour.
The pulse comes "every 18.18 minutes, like clockwork," said astrophysicist Natasha Hurley-
Walker, who led the investigation after the student's discovery, using a telescope in the Western
Australian outback known as the Murchison Widefield Array.

While there are other objects in the universe that switch on and off such as pulsars Hurley-
Walker said 18.18 minutes is a frequency that has never been observed before. Finding this
object was "kind of spooky for an astronomer," she said, "because there's nothing known in the
sky that does that." The research team is now working to understand what they have found.
Trawling back through years of data, they have been able to establish a few facts: the object is
about 4,000 light-years from Earth, is incredibly bright and has an extremely strong magnetic
field.

But there are still many mysteries to untangle. "If you do all of the mathematics, you find that
they shouldn't have enough power to produce these kind of radio waves every 20 minutes,"
Hurley-Walker said. "It just shouldn't be possible." The object may be something researchers
have theorised could exist but have never seen called an "ultra-long period magnetar". It could
also be a white dwarf, a remnant of a collapsed star. "But that's quite unusual as well. We only
know of one white dwarf pulsar, and nothing as great as this," Hurley-Walker said. "Of course, it
could be something that we've never even thought of -- it could be some entirely new type of
object."

On the question of whether the powerful, consistent radio signal from space could have been sent
by some other life form, Hurley-Walker conceded: "I was concerned that it was aliens." But the
research team was able to observe the signal across a wide range of frequencies. "That means it
must be a natural process, this is not an artificial signal," Hurley-Walker said. The next step for
the researchers is to look for more of these strange objects across the universe. "More detections
will tell astronomers whether this was a rare one-off event or a vast new population we'd never
noticed before," Hurley-Walker said. The team's paper on the object has been published in the
latest edition of the journal Nature.

24. What is the most appropriate topic of the passage?

A. An Australian finding on a huge burst of radio energy

B. A research on a strange spinning object in the Milky Way
C. The object first spotted by a university student
D. The powerful, consistent radio signal from space
E. The student's discovery of objects in the universe

SPESIFIC INFORMATION

Single-use plastics, or disposable plastics, become severe problem for our environtment. Plastics
are commonly used in hospitality industry, such as hotels and cruises. However, the longterm use
of plastics will definetely harm the environment. Nowadays, many major hotel chains have tried
to reduce the single-use plastics, such as Mariott and InterContinental Hotels Group. Hyatt
Hotels Group also has announced their initiative to reduce the single-use plastics at their hotels
across the world.

Some initiatives that will be conducted by June 2021 are changing traditional bathroom
amenities from using small plastic bottles to large-format bathroom amenities, increasing the
number of water stations in public places in hotels for guests to refill their water bottles, and
serving water in carafes for meetings and events (bottled water is served by request).As stated in
Hyatt website, Mark Hoplamazian, President and CEO of Hyatt, said "Plastic pollution is a
global issue, and we hope our efforts will motivate guests, customers and, indeed, ourselves to
think more critically about our use of plastic."

Meanwhile, some of Hyatt properties have already implemented environmentally-friendly

actions, for example using in-house water bottling plants in Alila Ubud and Alila Villas Uluwatu,
distributing reusable bottles for guests in Hyatt Regency Maui Resort and Spa, and installing
water spouts in Park Hyatt Istanbul - Macka Palas. (Adapted from various sources)

25. Which one is NOT the initiatives done by the hotel to reduce single-use plastics?

A. Replacing travel-size toiletries.

B. Serving fresh water in carafes.
C. Adding more water fountains.
D. Distributing reusable bottles.
E. Providing travel-size bottles.

26. What will probably happen in July 2021 when we stay at Hyatt Hotels?

A. They will reduce the use of water.

B. They will provide plastic straws for our drinks.
C. We will not find any single-use shampoo bottles.
D. We will be charged for using disposable water bottles.
E. They will maintain their hotels' good nam concerning environment.

The television is not bad. When exposed to the right shows or programs, your child can learn
useful things. Research indicates that watching TV can have a positive impact on children. It can
help them change their behaviour and attitude for good.
There are a few channels that broadcast only educational content covering subject like art and
craft, science, history, geography, and math. The TV is also a great medium that expose children
to different languages around the world.

The sounds and colorful images on the screen appeal to children and also retain their attention.
From movies to cartoon shows, there are several programs to keep children engaged.

TV shows aimed at young children and adolescents are not only educational but also inspiring.
Educational TV program encourage children to try new things. For example, a TV show about
creative fun can inspire a child to try something new with clay, paint, or paper. Likewise, a
documentary about famous scientists, artists, and other public figures can also inspire them to do
good deeds or achieve something big in life.
 27. According to the passage, educational TV program can also stimulate children's....

A. Knowledge
D. Courage
B. Creativity
C. Bravery
E. Behaviour

Politics is another part of human's life affected by social media. The Arab Spring of 2011 is the
biggest impact of social media at the political level. All the major discussions about the Arab
Spring took place on social media platforms. It played a vital role in spreading the message
outside of the Arab countries.

Besides, social media affects human's culture. Every culture has a set of norms and values. It
connects us o ourselves and the people around us. It also governs how we behave and carry
ourselves in the world. Soul media as become a massive part of our social interaction. We should
be very grateful to its emergence. We do not ecessarily have to speak to a person to know what
or how they are doing in life. Especially during COVID-19 andemic, social media helps make
less "real-life" contact between individuals.

Moreover, social media has played an exciting role in promoting trade and commerce around the
world. In present times, almost all the brands have a page on most social media platforms. It has
become an indispensable platform for sharing information, about products and services. It has
given the opportunity to people to learn about oducts and services all around the world.

28. According to the passage: social media has an

A. insignificant capacity
B. different position
C. exceptional way
D. major influence
E. secondary task

The young people involved helped to create magnificent pieces of art, but there were other,
perhaps more important benefits. The young people learned to collaborate and get along with
many different kinds of people during the various steps required to paint and design a mural.
They learned to be responsible, because they needed to follow a schedule to make sure the
murals were completed. They also learned to take pride in their community. It is hard for any
resident to see the spectacular designs and not feel proud to be a part of Philadelphia.
Take a walk around some of the poorest neighborhoods in Philadelphia, neighborhoods full of
broken windows and littered front steps, and you will find beautiful works of art on the sides and
fronts of buildings. Of course the murals are not just in poor neighborhoods, but more affluent
ones as well. Special buses take tourists to different parts of the city to see the various murals,
which range from huge portraits of historical heroes, to cityscapes, to scenes depicting the
diverse ethnic groups that call Philadelphia home.

As a result of its success, the mural program created by Jane Golden has now become the
nation's largest public art program and a model for other cities throughout the country seeking to
help troubled youth.

29. As used in paragraph 1, the phrase "with the exception of Rome" means that....

A. Rome has fewer murals than Philadelphia

B. Philadelphia has fewer murals than Rome
C. Rome has the most beautiful murals of all
D. Rome has murals as many as Philadelphia does
E. Rome and Philadelphia are the only cities with murals

We all know that mobile phones, cellphones, hand-phones, whatever we want to call them (and
shouldn't we all be calling them the same thing?) are changing our lives. But it takes a good old-
fashioned survey to wake us up to glaring reality: they have changed who we are. The mobile
phone has indeed changed the way we behave. But perhaps we don't realize how much we have
become it's slave. Consider other elements of the Siemens Mobile Survey.

With the exception of Australia, in every country surveyed the majority polled said they would
go back their phone if they left it at home (in Australia it was a respectable 39%). If you've
endured the traffic in Indonesia, the Phlippines and India, you'll know what kind of sacrifice
some two-thirds of those surveyed are making. I can't think of anything I would go back for
except my wallet, maybe, or my clothes.

And even if we remember to bring it, we're still not happy. Many of us get anxious if hasn't rung
or a text message hasn't appeared for a while (a while being about an hour). Once again of those
surveyed, Indonesians (65%) and Fhiliphinos (77%) get particularly jittery. Australians are more
laid back about this (20%), but every other user in Asia seems to be glancing at the phone every
few second. This statistic, I have to say, is highly believable, and the instinct highly annoying.
There's nothing worse than chatting to someone who constantly checks his or her hand-phone

Then there's the fact that mobile phones are not only enslaving the user, they're trampling the
rights of everyone else. Around a third of folk surveyed acknowledge they get so engrossed in
mobile conversations that they're often unaware of speaking loudly white discussing their private
lives in public. At least most of us agree on one thing: with the exception of China, Hong Kong,
and Taiwan, the increasing use of mobile phones has led to a decline in courtesy and considerate
behavior.

The bottom line here is that we are more than a little bit out of control. Mobile phones are great:
but if we allow them to dominate our lives to this extent - Interrupting conversations with those
around us to take a call, staring at our phones rather than relating to the world and people around
us, sending flirty text messages to random numbers - then I can only assume that can another 10
years, society as we know it will no longer exist. All we'll see is a blur of digital data going out
and having all the fun, socializing, falling in love, and taking sneaky pictures of each other.

30. What makes Asian users of cellphones different from Australian ones?

A. They mostly us their cellphones for chatting.

B. The number of users in Asia is greater than in Australia.
C. They become angry when nobody calls or sends messages.
D. Their cellphones ring every hour throughout the day.
E. They are much more dependent on their cellphones.

31. Cellphones have not only enslaved the user but have also...

A. Disturbed other people's conversation in public.

B. Eliminated the exsistence of social life.
C. Made the users behave impolitely.
D. Prevented people from socializing with each other.
E. Caused the user to become quite considerate.

Distance learning is a studying method where students do not have to attend to a physical
classroom, but they can study through virtual platforms. This method of learning utilizes internet
connection and the advancement of technology. Distance learning can be done through live
streaming or using pre-recorded videos. However, this method may not be beneficial for all
students.
First, the method lacks of real physical social interaction that is normally done in traditional
classrooms, Students may be able to learn, involve in classroom interaction, and submit their
tasks through virtual platforms, yet they cannot physically interact with each other. It might
affect their teamwork ability too since they are not used to know each other outside of the online
platforms

Moreover, this method may not fit for all students. Some students need constant support and
motivation from their teachers or professors and distance learning does not offer assistance in the
same way like a traditional dassroom. There are also students who can only understand the
lesson if they present in the traditional classroom since they are more engaged with the
traditional classroom experience. Thus, the method is not suitable for those students.
Lastly, the students have to keep up with technology. For those who are not comfortable learning
using technology, distance learning will not suit them. Distance learning will include the ability
of using various studying platforms with their own features. Some students also do not feel
comfortable if they do not study with physical materials, such as textbooks and notes.

In short, distance learning might be effective and efficient for some students since it only
requires internet connection and appropriate gadgets. However, this method may not be suitable
for everyone, so it is up to students which studying method fits them.

32. One of the disadvantages of distance learning mentioned in the text is....

A. students will not get any degrees

B. it is more expensive in terms of cost
C. students will get more motivation from the teachers
D. interaction is less intensive compared to traditional classroom
E. it is not suitable for students who feel comfortable with the Internet

PURPOSE OF THE TEXT

Recent investigations into how children acquire knowledge about the outside world have
produced agreement on one point. Children are not the blank slates imagined by philosophers
since Descartes Accroding to leading cognitive scientists, it appears that children possess some
form of innate understanding about the physical world and its concepts, such us force, heat,
matter, and weight. But while scientists agree that there is some sort of initial framework present
in the minds of children through which observation about the outside world are filtered and then
interpreted, there is considerable disagreement over how to characterize and describe these
structures.

Some research suggests that children's innate knowledge is comprised of a number of abstract
phenomenological principles. These principles provide abstractions of common events which a
child can use to draw conclusions about the outside world. For example, a child might possess an
inherent understanding of the force of gravity, which is represented in tile child's mind by a basic
principle: if something is not supported, it falls. Form this simple principle, the child can then
make a number of suppositions about how gravity works on objects in the world around him.

Other researchers believe that a child's mind comes equipped with a number of basic theories
about common physical domains. These theories restrict both the type and number of viable
inferences a child make about the world, although these initial theories may then be amended by
culturally acquired knowledge. Experiments have shown that when asked about the shape of the
earth, very young children visualize it as a flat surface, usually a square or disc, resting on some
form of support, with the inhabitants living on "top" of the surface. Such a perspective would be
consistent with a child's basic experiences of the world. However, older children accurately
describe the earth as a sphere floating in space, a picture that contradicts our intuitions about
objects but is in accordance with the culturally and scientifically accepted views of the earth.
Tellingly, none of the children in the experiment pictured the earth as a pyramid, a point, a line,
or any of a number of other possible geometric forms.

33. The author's primary purpose is to

A. Describe a new theory of cognitive development in children

B. Present evidence that proves a recent theory correct
C. Resolve a contradiction between two competing theories
D. Advocate for further research into an important scientific field
E. Detail two possible ways to define certain theorized traits

The bailout of the Chrysler Corporation by the federal government in 1979 was widely hailed as
a success. Four years later Chrysler was profitable again, and proponents of the claimed that it
had saved Chrysler from bankruptcy without costing the taxpayers one penny. But a closer
examination of the facts of the case leads to amore complicated picture.
In 1979 Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy. Thousands of workers had been laid off,
creditors were unpaid and the senior management appealed to the administration of Jimmy
Carter to provide more than $1 billion in tax rebates. The administration's proposal, however,
was not for direct tax relief but rather for federal loan guarantees, which administration officials
were initially estimating at a value of $750 million but which ultimately totaled more than $1.2
billion. When in 1983 Chrysler was profitable again, supporters of the bailout claimed that the
taxpayers had saved Chrysler from bankruptcy without having spent a dime, since the federal
government had not had to pay for any defaulted loans. Chrysler is supposed to pay the
government the difference between the guaranteed rate the loans carry and the rate they would
have carried had they been issued without the government guarantee.

This is, however, not entirely the case. In the aerly 1980s Chrysler was allowed, under the terms
of the bailout, to issue federally guaranteed bonds at a rate of 10.35%. The Ford Motor Company,
by contrast, was in better shape than Chrysler at the time, but was forced to issue bonds with a
rate of 14.5%. It would seem then that Chrysler should have been paying the government a
guarantee of at least 4%; in reality, however, Chrysler was only paying the government a
guarantee of 1%. Further, the loss of jobs from cuts at Chrysler would have resulted in a
reduction of payroll taxes to the federal government.

34. The purpose of the second paragraph is to ....

A. Provide an historical overview of a case

B. Offer insight into the strategies of Chrysler's management
C. Argue for the success of bailout
D. Give a context for why the bailout failed
 E. Argue against federal bailouts of private companies

Distance learning is a studying method where students do not have to attend to a physical
classroom, but they can study through virtual platforms. This method of learning utilizes internet
connection and the advancement of technology. Distance learning can be done through live
streaming or using pre-recorded videos. However, this method may not be beneficial for all
students.

First, the method lacks of real physical social interaction that is normally done in traditional
classrooms, Students may be able to learn, involve in classroom interaction, and submit their
tasks through virtual platforms, yet they cannot physically interact with each other. It might
affect their teamwork ability too since they are not used to know each other outside of the online
platforms

Moreover, this method may not fit for all students. Some students need constant support and
motivation from their teachers or professors and distance learning does not offer assistance in the
same way like a traditional dassroom. There are also students who can only understand the
lesson if they present in the traditional classroom since they are more engaged with the
traditional classroom experience. Thus, the method is not suitable for those students.

Lastly, the students have to keep up with technology. For those who are not comfortable learning
using technology, distance learning will not suit them. Distance learning will include the ability
of using various studying platforms with their own features. Some students also do not feel
comfortable if they do not study with physical materials, such as textbooks and notes.

In short, distance learning might be effective and efficient for some students since it only
requires internet connection and appropriate gadgets. However, this method may not be suitable
for everyone, so it is up to students which studying method fits them.

35. In presenting the text, the writer probably wants to....

A. present two points of view about methods of studying

B. describe the benefits of distance learning for the readers
C. explain why students should choose their learning method
D. ask people to support distance learning despite its disadvantages
E. convince readers that distance learning also has some drawbacks

Having a depressed parent is one of the strongest predictors for developing depression in
adolescence and early adulthood; indeed, offspring of a depressed parent have a 3- to 5-fold
increased risk of developing depression or a related form of psychopathology. Researchers have
documented the negative consequences of parental depression for offspring, even prior to the
experience of a depressive episode themselves. Given the adverse impact of parental depression,
it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the
Intergenerational transmission of risk for this disorder.

While heritability estimates for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) range from 30-40% for a
review of the genetics of depression, exposure to adverse environmental factors, including being
raised by a depressed parent, are also likely to contribute to the higher risk for depression
experienced by offspring of depressed parents. Thus, it is important to examine heritable
endophenotypes, such as brain structure and function, that are also shaped by environmental
processes. In an effort to understand the intergenerational transmission of neural circuitry
relevant to emotional processing, researchers have recently begun to examine neural
concordance between parents and their offspring.

This is the first study to examine the association, or concordance, between mothers' and
daughters' neural patterns of functional activation during a reward processing task. Given the
role of aberrant reward processing in the onset and maintenance of depression, we examined
functional activation in response to the anticipation of reward and loss in non-depressed mothers
with a history of recurrent depression and their never-disordered daughters, as well as in mothers
without past or current depression and their never-disordered daughters. We first identified ROIS
involved in the anticipation of reward and loss across all mother-daughter pairs. Within each of
these ROIs, we examined the association between mothers' and daughters' neural response, and
the interaction between group status and mothers' neural response in predicting daughters' neural
response.

In sum, we found a significant association between mothers' and daughters' putamen response to
the anticipation of loss that was similar across the RSK/RMD and CTL groups. We found no
association between mothers and their daughters in motor regions including pre/post central
gyrus and bilateral thalamus, suggesting a unique role of the putamen in the maternal
transmission of reward learning/responsivity. These results suggest that reward processing are
inherited or learned through putamen response, and have important implications for advancing
our understanding of disorders characterized by neural and behavioral disturbances in reward
processing, such as major depression. The current findings are significant in highlighting a
potential mechanism through which risk for depression is transmitted from mother to daughter,
and in identifying a possible neural target for intervention.

36. What is the author's intention in writing the sentences in paragraph 4?

A. To inform negative consequences of parental depression for offspring

B. To discuss review of exposure to adverse environmental factors
C. To tell connection between mothers' and daughters' putamen response
D. To review the anticipation of reward and loss in non-depressed mothers
E. To argue past or current depression and their never-disordered daughters