IRRIGATION

ENGINEERING

•  River training implies certain measures to be

adopted on a river to stabilize the river channel
along a certain alignment with a certain cross
sec@on.
•  The river training works are required to achieve
the following;
1. Prevent out flanking of the structure
River Training 2. It protects the river bank
3. Prevent flooding by the river lands upstream
By Sagar Dodeja, IES 4. It contracts a river channel to improve its depth
5. It trains the flow along a certain course

Classifica8on of River Training Works Low Water Training

•  High Water Training – It is undertaken with •  It is undertaken with the purpose of providing
the purpose of providing the efficient sufficient depth for naviga@on during the low
disposal of the maximum floods & thereby water season.
protec@ng against damage due to floods. •  It is usually concerned with contrac@on of
•  It is also called as training for discharge. width
•  It is also known as training for depth.

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GUIDE BANKS
•  Mean Water Training – It is undertaken
•  Guide Banks are made for guiding the river
to provide efficient disposal of bed &
near a structure so as to confine it in a
suspended sediments and thereby reasonable width of river,
protec@ng the river channel in designed
•  • It is also called as BELL’s BUND,
shape.
•  • The Guide Banks usually consists of a heavily
•  It is also known as training for built embankment in the shape of Bell Mouth
sediments. on both sides of constricted channel.

GROYNES This form of R.T. works perform one or more

•  Groynes are structures constructed transverse func@ons such as:
to the river flow and extend from the bank •  training the river along the desired course to
into river up-to a limit. reduce the concentra@on of flow at the point
•  These Groynes are also known as spurs, dikes of aZack,
& transverse dikes •  crea@ng a low flow for sil8ng up the area in
the vicinity, and
•  • protec8ng the bank by keeping the flow
away from it

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1. REPELLING/REFLECTING SPUR
TYPES OF GROYNES/SPURS (basis of •  It points towards the U/S at an angle of 10-30
func8ons) degrees to the line normal to the bank,
1. REPELLING/REFLECTING SPUR, •  The head of this spur causes the flow to be
deflected in a direc@on nearly perpendicular
2. DEFLECTING SPUR, to itself
3. ATTRACTING SPUR •  A s@ll water pocket is formed U/S of it and
suspended load gets deposited in the pocket

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2. DEFLECTING GROYNE
•  It has much shorter length than repelling
• 
groyne and it is built perpendicular to the
bank

•  It only deflects the flow, locally

3. ATTRACTING GROYNE
•  The AZrac@ng Groyne points D/S of the
direc@on of normal flow.
•  It causes forma@on of scour holes closer to
the banks than the repelling groynes.
•  Therefore, they tend to maintain deep current
close to the bank.

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LEVEES OR MARGINAL
EMBANKMENTS
•  Embankments & dykes also known as levees
are earthen banks constructed parallel to the
course of river to confine it to a fixed course
and limited cross-sec@onal width.
•  The heights of levees will be higher than the
design flood level with sufficient free board.
The confinement of the river to a fixed path
frees large tracts of land from inunda@on and
consequent damage.

Meandering of Rivers Causes of Meandering as per

•  A meandering type of river flows in
Ingus’ Theory
consecu@ve curves of reverse order •  When there is heavy load of bed material in
connected with short strait called as crossing. movement during floods, excess turbulent energy
is developed due to unevenness of the bed and
the banks
•  In such a condi@on, it is observed that
symmetrical axial flow is not maintained & the
flow tends to concentrate towards one of the
banks
•  Due to this concentra@on of flow, further erosion
takes place & finally giving the meandering shape
to the river

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Sinuosity or Tortuosity
It is the ratio of the Actual length (along the
curve) to the Meander Length (along straight line)
between the end points of the curve of a
meandering river.

•  MB = 153.42 √Q
•  ML = 53.61 √Q
•  W = 8.84 √Q
Where Q is in m3/s ;
MB, ML, W in metre

Effect of Meandering •  The amount of afflux will determine the top

The meandering ac@on increases the length levels of the guide bunds and marginal bunds,
of the stream or river and tends to reduce piers, flank walls etc.
the slope. •  Naturally a smaller waterway would result in

Afflux larger afflux and vice versa.
•  If the flood in the river is less than the design flood, •  Hence, reduc@on in water way may cause in
then some of the gates would be fully opened but lowering the cost of the barrage structure but
the remaining opened to such an extent which may result in higher afflux and a resul@ng
would permit the maintaining of the pond level. larger height of bunds and piers.
•  This rise in water level on the upstream during
floods is called afflux.

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Guide Bunds & Divide Walls Cutoffs

•  It is necessary at many instances to narrow •  Cut-offs are barriers provided below the floor
down and restrict the course of the river of the barrage both at the upstream and the
through the barrage and it is achieved by the downstream ends. They may be in the form of
use of the guide bunds concrete or steel sheet-piles. The cut-offs
•  The wall which divides the waterway into two extend from one end of the barrage or dam
parts, one is the weir por@on and the other up to the other end (on the other bank). The
from which canal takes off is called the divide purpose of providing cutoff is two-folds as
wall. explained further –

1. During low-flow periods in rivers, when most of the gates 2. During flood flows or some unnatural flow condi@on, when
are closed in order to maintain a pond level, the differen@al there is substan@al scour of the downstream riverbed, the
pressure head between upstream and downstream may cutoffs or sheet piles protect the undermining of the
cause uplil of river bed par@cles. A cutoff increases the structures founda@on
flow path and reduces the uplil pressure, ensuring stability
to the structure

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Silt Excluders & Silt Ejectors Fish Pass or Fish Ladder

•  Silt Excluders are those works which are
constructed on the bed of the river upstream of
the head regulator. The silted water enters the •  Some barrages require providing special
silt excluders and clear water enters the head structures to allow migratory fishes to flow up
regulators. and down the river through structures called
•  In this type of works, the silt is therefore, Fish Passes or Fish Ladders
removed from the water before it enters the
canal.
•  Silt ejectors or Silt Extractors remove the
remaining silt in the off-take canal and are
constructed some distance downstream of the
head regulator at the bed of the canal.

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