…t?

0f tk;LÚdf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] cWoog

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo

g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefucGtu{t :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf]
b;f}F kqsf] k|of]hgsf nflu
k|:t't

zf]wkq

zf]wfyL{
;flaqf cfrfo{
g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, sLlt{k'/
@)^(

1
 dGtJo

>LdtL ;flaqf cfrfo{n] …t?0f tk;Ldf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] cWoogÚ

zLif{ssf] zf]wkq d]/f] lgb]{zgdf tof/ kfg'{ePsf] xf] . o; zf]wkqk|lt cfÏgf] ;Gt'li6
hgfpFb} cfjZos d"Nofª\sgsf nflu l;kmfl/; ub{5' .

==========================
zf]wlgb]{zs
-8f=/fh]Gbk|;fb kf}8]n_
g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu
lq=lj=lj, sLlt{k'/ .

ldltM @)^(÷!@÷

2
 :jLs[lt k|df0fkq

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo

ljefucGtu{t :gftsf]Q/ tx låtLo jif{sf] b;f}F kqsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|:t't …t?0f
tk;Ldf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] cWoogÚ zLif{ssf] zf]wkq :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

zf]wd"Nofª\sg ;ldlt

============= ==================== ====================

k|f= 8f= kf/;dl0f e08f/L 8f=/fh]Gb|k|;fb kf}8]n 8f= hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L
-afXo k/LIfs_ -zf]wlgb]{zs_ -lg=ljefuLo k|d'v_

3
 s[t1tf 1fkg
k|:t't zf]wkq d}n] g]kfnL ljifosf] :gftsf]Q/ tx låtLo jif{sf] b;f}F kqsf]
k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ kf/]sf] x'F . o;qmddf d}n} ljleGg dxfg'efjx¿af6 7"nf]
;xof]u kfPsf] x'Fbf ;j{k|yd pxfFx¿k|lt d cfÏgf] s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .

k|:t't zf]wkqsf] n]vgqmddf k|f/Deb]lv clGtd;Dd cfÏgf] cd"No ;do / >d

lbO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;Nnfx / cfjZos lgb]{zg Pjd\ n]vgsfo{sf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f ul/lbg'x'g]
d]/f zf]wlgb]{zs u'?j/ >L 8f= /fh]Gb|k|;fb kf}8]nHo"k|lt d xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg
ub{5' .

zf]wk|:tfjnfO{ ljefuLo :jLs[lt k|bfg u/L zf]wkq n]Vg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{x'g]
g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefusf ljefufWoIfHo"k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

zf]wn]vgqmddf låljwfu|:t kl/l:yltdf cTofjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg'x'g] bfh' >L

;'dg kf]v|]nk|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . o;sf ;fy} cfjZos zf]wkq, k':ts,
kqklqsfx¿ pknAw u/fO{ cWoog / ;fdu|L–;ª\sngdf ;'ljwf ldnfOlbg] lq=lj=
s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnonfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o; zf]wkqnfO{ 6ª\sg sfo{åf/f
d"t{tf k|bfg ug'{x'g] ;xof]uL >L dx]zs'df/ cfrfo{, >L zflns/fd cfrfo{ / >L
j;Gt zdf{nfO{ x[botM :d/0f ub{5' .

cGTodf d o; zf]wkqsf] ;d'lrt d"Nofª\sgsf nflu g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo

ljefu;dIf k|:t't ub{5' .

ldltM @)^( r}q

z}lIfs ;q @)%(÷)^)

zf]wfyL{
;flaqf cfrfo{
g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu,
sLlt{k'/ .

4
 ljifo;"rL
zLif{s k[i7
k|yd kl/R5]bM zf]w kl/ro !–%
!=! zf]w zLif{s !
!=@= zf]wsfo{sf] k|of]hg !
!=# ;d:of syg !
!=$= zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo @
!=%= k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff @
!=^= zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo $
!=&= zf]wsfo{sf] ;Ldfª\sg $
!=*= zf]wljlw $
!=(= zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf %
bf];|f] kl/R5]b M n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ;flxlTos kl/ro ^–!#
@=!= n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] kl/ro ^
@=@= sfJoofqf *
@=#= sfJok|j[lQ !)
t];|f] kl/R5]b M cnª\sf/ kl/ro !$–$%
#=! cnª\sf/ zAbsf] Jo'TklQ !$
#=@= cnª\sf/ zAbsf] cy{ !$
#=#= cnª\sf/sf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f !%
#=#=!= cnª\sf/sf] k|frLgtf !^
#=#=@= ;+:s[t sfJo–k/Dk/fdf cnª\sf/ !^
#=$= cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof @)

5
#=%= cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f @!
#=^= zAbfnª\sf/sf] P]ltxfl;stf @^
#=^=!= zAbfnª\sf/sf] kl/ro @*
#=^=@= zAbfnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f @(
#=^=@=!= cg'k|f; cnª\sf/ #)
#=^=@=@= ods cnª\sf/ #^
#=^=@=@=#= Zn]if cnª\sf/ #^
#=^=@=@=$= jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ #&
#=&= ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] e"ldsf #*
#=&= g]kfnL ;flxTodf cnª\sf/ $$
rf}yf] kl/R5]b M…t?0f tk;LÚdf zAbfnª\sf/ $^–*$
$=!= t?0f tk;LÚ kl/ro $^
$=!=!= syfj:t' $^
$=!=@= gJosfJo ;+1f / dxfsfJo :j¿k $&
$=!=#= ;+/rgf jf k|aGw ljwfg $(
$=!=$= cfVofgLs/0f %!
$=@= t?0f tk;Ldf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/ %@
$=@=! = cg'k|f; %#
$=@=@= ods cnª\sf/ *)
$=@=#= Zn]if *!
$=@=$= jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ *@
$=#= zAbfnª\sf/n] t?0f tk;LÚdf kf/]sf] k|efj *@
kfFrf} kl/R5]b Mpk;+xf/ *%–*(
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L–;"rL ()–(!
6
 k|yd kl/R5]b
zf]w kl/ro

!=! zf]w zLif{s

k|:t't zf]wkqsf] zLif{s …t?0f tk;L df k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] cWoogÚ /x]sf]

5.

!=@= zf]wsfo{sf] k|of]hg

k|:t't zf]wkq lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q

;+sfocGtu{t g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ tx låtLo jif{df cWoog ug'{kg]{
b;f}F kqsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf lglDt tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

!=# ;d:of syg

slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnåf/f lnlvt …t?0f tk;LÚ g]kfnL ;flxTosf]

sfJo ljwfsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ s[lt xf] . …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ;+/rgf kIf, cfVofg
kIf, rl/q, noljwfg cflbsf af/]df s]xL dfqfdf cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ePsf
b]lvG5g\ . t/ o;df k|o'Qm zAbfnªsf/sf] ljifodf st} klg cWoog ePsf] kfOF{b}g .
To;}n] n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚ / o;df k|o'Qm dxŒjk"0f{
zAbfnª\sf/sf] af/]df cWoog ug'{ ck]lIft 5 . t;y{M …t?0f tk;LÚsf /rgfsf/sf]
;flxlTos kl/ro s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < …t?0f tk;LÚ s[ltleq s]s:tf zAbfnª\sf/ k|of]u
ePsf 5g\ < pQm s[ltdf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/n] s:tf] ;flxlTos ;f}Gbo{ k|s6 u/]sf
5g\ < / pQm s[ltdf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/n] sfJodf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ < h:tf
ljifodf ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ug'{ g} o; zf]wkqsf] k|d'v ;d:of ePsfn] pko'{Qm
;d:oftkm{ g} k|:t't zf]wkq pGd'v /x]sf] 5 .
7
!=$= zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo

…t?0f tk;LÚ n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] pTs[i6 sfJo /rgf xf] . o; gJosfJo …t?0f
tk;LÚnfO{ pTs[i6 agfpgsf nflu o;df k|o'Qm cnª\sf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf
5g\ . o; gJosfJosf] ;f}Gbo{ clej[l4df sfJosf nflu cfjZos tŒj zAbfnª\sf/n]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, k|:t't zf]wsfo{sf p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf
5g\ –
!= …t?0f tk;LÚsf /rgfsf/sf]] ;flxlTos kl/ro lbg' .
@= …t?0f tk;LÚ s[ltdf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/sf] vf]hL tyf cWoog ug'{ .
#= pQm s[ltdf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/n] sfJodf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ .

!=%= k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff

g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dxŒjk"0f{ s[lt …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJoleq k|o'Qm

zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] af/]df cfh;Dd zf]wd"ns cWoog ePsf] kfOFb}g . pQm s[ltsf]
;dLIff / sfJo ljZn]if0f s]xL ;flxlTos k':tsx¿df dfq e]l6G5 . …t?0f tk;LÚ sf]
cnª\sf/ ljwfgsf] af/]df xfn;Dd h]h:tf k"j{sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;ª\lIfKt
¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 –

ob'gfy vgfn -@)%(_ n] n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚsf]

;dfnf]rgf ug]{ qmddf cf7f}F lj>fdsf] 5lAa;f}F} Znf]snfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't ub}{
pQm Znf]sdf k|of]u ePsf] jf;/dl0f-0fL_ zAbnfO{ Zn]iffefifL cg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{
uPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

/fddl0f l/;fn -@)%*_n]] pkdf / pTk|]Iffsf wgL n]vgfysf] cfnª\sfl/s

sfJo / s'zntf …t?0f tk;LÚdf oqtq b]lvG5 egL rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

8
 s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL -@)%#_ n] …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ;dLIff ub}{ jf;/–
dl0f / jf; /d0fLdf k/]sf] ods cnª\sf/ cb\e't df]xgLn] emG8}emG8} ;f]dgfy
l;UBfnåf/f /lrt …cfbz{ /f3jÚ sf] ods cnª\sf/sf] ljlrq rdTsf/nfO{ g} la;f{pg
vf]H5 egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

O{Zj/Lk|;fb u}/] -@)^)_ n] …t?0f tk;LÚdf ePsf] cnª\sf/ ljwfgsf] l6Kk0fL

ub}{ n]vgfysf efj–ljrf/nfO{ …t?0f tk;LÚ df zAb zØof / 5Gbsf ;fy} gofF gofF
/fd|f cul0ft cnª\sf/x¿n] c? ljz]if dfw'o{ yk]sf] / ltgn] slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf
ljrf/ / cg'e"ltnfO{ slQ klg lSni6 / s[lqd gkf/L c? j9L p2LKt kfg{ ;3fPsf]
s'/f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

vu]Gb| k|;fb n'OF6]n -@)%$_ n] n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sfJo k|j[lQsf] rrf{ ub}{
;/n / ;xh efiffsf dfWodaf6 k|s[ltsf] j:t'k/s lrq0f ug]{ n]vgfysf sljtfdf
cnª\sf/sf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]u e]l6G5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

df]xg lxdf+z' yfkf -@)%)_n] ;Gb]x cnª\sf/sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf …t?0f

tk;LÚdf k|o'Qm b;f}}F lj>fdsf] kRrL;f}F Znf]ssf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

/fhgf/fo0f k|wfg -;g\ !(&#_ n] n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] …t?0f tk;LÚ sf]

;dfnf]rgf ug]{ qmddf cnª\sf/sf] ljifodf ;fdfGo rrf{ dfq u/]sf 5g\ .

df]xg/fh zdf{ / bof/fd >]i7 -@)%(_ n] …t?0f tk;LÚdf oyfy{jfbL b[li6sf]0f

geO{ cfbz{jfbL b[li6sf]0f k|s6 ePsf] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ .

e/t/fh kGt -@)%^_ n] n]vgfy kf}8ofnsf] …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ;qf}F

lj>fdsf] kGw|f}F Znf]ssf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ub}{ pQm Znf]sdf >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/
k/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

9
 pko'{Qm ;dLIffnfO{ x]bf{ ljåfg\\ n]vsx¿n] slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo
…t?0f tk;LÚdf k|o'Qm cnª\sf/x¿dWo] Zn]if, pkdf, pTk|]Iff, ods, ;ª\s/,
>'Tofg'k|f; / cGTofg'k|f;sf l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ …t?0f tk;LÚ df k|o'Qm
zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] ljzb\ cWoog u/]sf] geO{ s]jn pgsf sljtf+zsf] cf+lzs l6Kk0fL
u/]sf] dfq kfOG5 . ctM k|:t't zf]wkqdf slj lz/f]dl0fåf/f lnlvt …t?0f tk;LÚ df
k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/x¿sf] lj:t[t ¿kdf cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^= zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo

;flxTosf/ slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] …t?0f tk;LÚ s[ltsf] 5Gb, efj,
;+/rgf cflb kIfsf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOP tfklg o; s[ltdf k|o'Qm
zAbfnª\sf/sf] ;DaGwdf cfh;Dd vf]hd"ns cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM
;flxTosf] zf]ef zAbfnª\sf/sf] cWoog ug'{ a9L ;fGble{s ePsfn] …t?0f tk;LÚ
gJosfJodf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/sf] Jojl:yt ¿kn] vf]hd"ns cWoog ug'{ o;
zf]wkqsf] cf}lrTo /x]sf] 5 .

!=&= zf]wsfo{sf] ;Ldfª\sg

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚsf] ljljw cfofdaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{

;lsg] ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg k|:t't zf]wkqdf s]jn zAbfnª\sf/sf] klxrfg tyf
vf]hL u/L ltgsf k|efjsf] ljj]rgf ug'{df ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 .

!=*= zf]wljlw

k|:t't zf]wsfo{ cnª\sf/;Fu ;DalGwt l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf] 5 .

tYo ;ª\sng ubf{ k|fylds ;|f]tsf ;fy} låtLo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t /x]/ ul/Psf] 5 .
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] …t?0f tk;LÚ, zAbfnª\sf/, cnª\sf/ kl/ro cflb h:tf ljifodf
xfn;Dd n]lvPsf k':ts, n]v, zf]wkq h:tf ljljw k|s[ltsf ;fdu|Lx¿af6 tYo
;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYox¿nfO{ tflnsLs/0f gu/L k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] qmddf
;Gbe{;lxt k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . tYo ;ª\sng ubf{ gd'gf 5gf]6 gu/L k|fKt eP;Ddsf
10
;a} ;fdu|L lnOPsf] 5 . ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf] nflu k':tsfnoLo cWoognfO{ d"n
cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .

!=(= zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf

k|:t't zf]qkqnfO{ Jojl:yt Pjd\ ;';ª\ul7t agfpg hDdf kfFr kl/R5]bdf
ljefhg u/L tL kl/R5]bnfO{ ;d]t cfjZostf cg';f/ zLif{s Pjd\ pkzLif{sx¿df
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . zf]wkqsf] cGTodf ;Gbe{–;fdu|L ;"rL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/R5]b ljefhgcGtu{t d"n zLif{sx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\–

s_ klxnf] kl/R5]bM zf]w kl/ro–

o; kl/R5]bdf zf]wkqsf] kl/ro lbOPsf] 5 .

v_ bf];|f] kl/R5]bM n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ;flxlTos kl/ro–

o; kl/R5]bdf slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ;flxlTos kl/ro, pgsf]
sfJoofqf / pgsf sfJo k|j[lQx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

u_ t];|f] kl/R5]bM cnª\sf/ kl/ro–

o; kl/R5]b cGtu{t cnª\sf/sf] Jo'TklQ / cy{, cnª\sf/sf]
;}4flGts k/Dk/f, cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof / juL{s/0f, ;flxTodf
cnª\sf/sf] e"ldsf / g]kfnL ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] :yfg h:tf
ljljw ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

3_ rf}yf] kl/R5]bM …t?0f tk;LÚdf zAbfnª\sf/–

o; kl/R5]bdf …t?0f tk;LÚ s[ltsf] kl/ro, o;sf] ;+/rgf /
k|aGw ljwfg / o;df k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/sf ljifodf cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 .

ª_ kfFrf} kl/R5]bM pk;+xf/–

o; kl/R5]bdf zf]wkqsf] ;f/f+znfO{ /flvPsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L–;"rLM

11
 bf];|f] kl/R5]b
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ;flxlTos kl/ro

@=! kl/ro

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] hGd lj=;= !($! ;fn k'; @^ ut] sf:sL lhNnfsf] c3fF}{
cr{n] eGg] 7fpFFdf ePsf] xf] . kl08t b'uf{bQ kf}8\ofn / dftf a;'Gw/fb]jLsf] sf]vaf6
Ho]i7 ;'k'qsf ¿kdf hlGdPsf slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] k|f/lDes lzIffbLIff
3/df g} ePsf] lyof] . kfFr jif{sf] pd]/df cIf/f/De / To;kl5 u0f]z:tf]]q, u+uf:tf]]q,
cd/sf]z, ;Kt;tL, r08L cflbsf] k/Dkl/t cWoog cf/De ePsf] lyof] .

3/df kfFr bfh'efOx¿dWo] h]7f ePsf sf/0fn] pgLdfly 3/– u[x:yLsf]

lhDd]jf/L c? efOx¿sf] eGbf s]xL a9L lyof] . To;}n] ufO{j:t' r/fpg] lhDd]jf/L
;d]t pgs} efudf lyof] . pgn] ufO{nfO{ tx nufP/ jglt/ k7fO{ ¿vd'lg a;]/
cfkm\gf] cWoog / kf7nfO{ :jfWoogdfkm{t g} cl3 a9fP . kGw| jif{sf] pd]/ ePkl5
pgL sf7df8f}F cfP . lj=;= !(%^ df n]vgfy kf}8\ofn sf7df8f}F /fgLkf]v/Ll:yt
ltgwf/f ;+:s[t 5fqfjf;df egf{ eO{{ ;+:s[t cWoogtkm{ nfu] . pgn] ;f]xL 5fqjf;df
a;]/ dWodf;Ddsf] cWoog u/] . tTsfnLg ;dodf sf7df8f}Fdf dWodfsf] k9fO x'g]
eP klg k/LIff lbg eg] jgf/;d} hfg'kYof{] . To;}n] jgf/;df dWodfsf] k/LIff lbg
hfg] k|rngcg';f/ pgL jgf/; k'u] . jgf/;af6 k/LIff lbO{ sf7df8f}F kms]{kl5
g]kfnL efiffsf Znf]s /rgf ug{ pgsf] cle?lr a9\g yfNof] . o;eGbf cl3 pgn]
;fg}df efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] /fdfo0fsf Znf]sx¿ cfkm}+n] vf]hL k9\g] tyf cfkm\gf]
ufpFdf ufO{ r/fpg hfFbf tTsfnLg kl08t lkt[k|;fbn] g]kfnL efiffsf Znf]sx¿ /Rg]
u/]sf] b]v]kl5 kB /Rg] k|]/0ff kfPsf lyP -s'jF/, @)%)M#@_ .

sf7df8f}Fl:yt ;+:s[t 5fqfjf;df egf{ ePkl5 / vf;u/L ToxfFsf] cg's"n

jftfj/0fdf /x]kl5 pgnfO{ kB /Rg] yk k|]/0ff k|fKt eof] . kmn:j¿k …;'Gb/LÚ,

12
…dfwjLÚ cflb kqklqsfx¿df pgsf km''6s/ kB /rgfx¿ k|sflzt x''g yfn] .
cWoogsfnd} klg 5fqjf;df /xFbf kl08t lzjs''df/n] c?nfO{ lbPsf] ;d:ofk"lt{
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] lng] ub{y] / To;nfO{ k"lt{ u/L kl08tnfO{ b]vfpFy] . of] qmd;Fu}
sfJo cWoog u/L ;+:s[tdf Znf]s n]vL jgf/;af6 lg:sg] …;"lQm;'wfÚ klqsfaf6
5kfpg] ub{y] . ;'?df lkt[k|;fbsf] xKsfO, blw/fd d/fl;gLsf] k|f]T;fxg clg 8L=Pr=
PG8sf] sfof{no -ef]6flx6L_ df a;]sf s]xL ljåfg\x¿sf] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTok|ltsf]
gsf/fTds b[li6n] n]vgfysf] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTodflysf] cg'/fu cem a9\g k'Uof] -
l/;fn, @)%*M$@_ .

slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] hlthlt /fd|f kB /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ub}{ uP,
pltplt pgsf] Voflt klg a9\b} hfg yfNof] . To;kl5 pgL eLdzdz]/sf] b/jf/df
b/jfl/of kl08tsf] ¿kdf s]6fs]6L k9fpg] sfddf lgo'Qm eP . o;}a]nf pgn]
…lk+h8fsf] ;'ufÚ gfds dfld{s sljtf klg n]Vg k'u] -hf]zL, @)%#_ . To;kl5 pgn]
…nflnTo efu !Ú -!(&(_ sljtf ;ª\u|x , …jiff{ ljrf/Ú -!(^%_ sljtf;ª\u|x , …zf]s
k|jfxÚ -!(&)_ sfJo, …Ct'ljrf/Ú -!(&#_ v08sfJo, …a'l4ljgf]bÚ -!(&#_ v08sfJo,
…Tofu / pbosf] o'un k|sfzÚ -@))@_ :t'ltsfJo, …t?0f tk;LÚ -@)!)_ gJosfJo,
…nIdLk"hfÚ -!(($_ gf6s, …et[{xl/lgj]{bÚ -!(($_ gf6s cflb h:tf y'k|} /rgfx¿
k|sflzt u/]/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

o;/L n]vgfysf] ;flxlTos sfo{If]q ljz]if u/L sf7df8f}F x'g uof] . …dfwjLÚ
klqsfsf ;Dkfbs ;/bf/ /fddl0f cfrfo{ bLlIftsf] ;xof]u tyf xnGt alxisf/
cfGbf]ngb]lv k|efljt ePsf n]vgfyn] kl5 g]kfnL sfJo–k/Dk/fnfO{ g} gofF df]8 lbg
k'u] . Jofs/0f;Ddt efiff, sfJout ;r]ttf / ;'nlnt kb /rgfaf6 g]kfnL
jfª\dosf] clej[l4df n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ck"j{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

o;k|sf/ g]kfnL efiff / vf; u/L kB ;flxTosf] If]qdf cgj/t ;]jf u/]afkt
pgnfO{ lj=;+= @))* ;fndf tTsflng /fi6«lktf >L % lqe'jgaf6 cfhLjg dfl;s
j[lQ;lxt …slj lz/f]dl0fÚ kbjL k|fKt eof]. To:t} lj=;+= @)!! ;fndf pgsf]
PsxQ/f}F hGdf]T;jsf lbg tTsfnLg dGqLd08n tyf ;d:t g]kfnL slj–n]vsx¿n]
13
;+o'Qm ¿kdf ldn]/ pgsf] /yofqf ;d]t u/L 7'nf]] ;Ddfg tyf sb/ u/] . To;}u/L
lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf …/f]on g]kfn Ps]8]dLÚdf ;b:osf ¿kdf / lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf
lqe'jg k'/:sf/åf/f ;Ddflgt ul/of] . lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf pgsf] gfddf x'nfs l6s6
;d]t k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof] .

æg]kfns} df6f]df d5'{, sfzL hfg kb}{g Æ eGg] slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy
kf}8\ofnsf] d[To' lj=;+= @)@@ ;fn kmfu'g & ut] tgx'F lhNnfdf kg]{ ;Ktu08sLsf]
kljq ;+ud:yn b]j3f6df eof]] .

@=@ sfJoofqf

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] sfJoofqfsf] cf}krfl/s ;'?jft lj=;+= !(^@ ;fnb]lv

ePsf] xf] . …sljtf sNkb|'kÚ -!(^@_ df ;+u|lxt …>[Ëf/kRrL;LÚ / …dfg;fslif{0fLÚ
zLif{ssf sljtfsf dfWodaf6 pgn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf sfJoofqf k|f/De u/]sf x'g\ -
n'OF6]n / cGo, @)%$M%^_ . ltI0f a'l4 / k|an :d/0fzlQm ePsf slj lz/f]dl0f
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] ;fg}b]lv sljtf l;h{gf ug]{ cle?lr lyof] . xftdf …cd/sf]zÚ
lnP/ ufO{ r/fpg] qmddf lkt[k|;fbn] sljtf n]v]sf] b]v]/ n]vgfynfO{ sljtf n]Vg
k|]/0ff ldn]sf] lyof] . ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] 5fqfjf;df a:bf kl08t lzjs'df/n]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ …;d:ofk"lt{Ú ug{ eg]/ lbg] ub{y] . t/ n]vgfy kf}8\ofn eg] ;f] s'/faf6
jl~rt lyP . t}klg pgn] c?sf] ;d:of lnP/ k"lt{ u/L kl5 kl08tnfO{ b]vfpFy] .
pgn] u/]sf] ;d:ofk"lt{ k9fO ;lsPkl5 kl08tn] x]/L Hofb} /fd|f] 5 eGg] ub{y] . o;/L
xf};nf k|fKt ePkl5 pgn] sfJo cWoog u/L ;+:s[tdf Znf]s n]v]/ jgf/;af6
lg:sg] …;"lQm;'wfÚ klqsfdf 5kfpg yfn] -s''Fj/, @)%)M#@_ . of] pgsf] sfJoofqf
yfngL lyof] . oxLFaf6 pgsf] sfJoofqfsf] k|f/De ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

dfWolds sfnsf] dWolt/af6 n]vgsfo{df cled'v ePsf n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf

;'?;'?sf sljtfx¿ >[ª\uf/ /;df n]lvPsf 5g\ . …;"lQml;Gw'Ú klqsfdf 5flkPsf
pgsf ;'?;'?sf sljtfx¿ cZnLn / clzi6 kf/fsf 5g\ . n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf o:tf

14
>[ª\ufl/s sljtfx¿ …hf]ud08nLsf slj / sljtfÚ -@)%@_ df ;ª\slnt 5g\ . o;/L
dfWolds sfnsf] dWolt/ >[ª\uf/ /;sf sljtf n]Vg] slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn
;f]xL cjlwaf6}} cWoflTdstflt/ nDsg vf]h]sf] cfef;f ldNb5 . …;"lQml;Gw'Ú klqsfdf
hf] sljtf lgl:sPsf 5g\ ltgdf …ljk|nDeÚ >[ª\uf/ /;df n]lvPsf] …s''~hjlt{gL
ljk|nJwfÚ eGg] >[ª\uf/ /;sf] sljtf b]lvg cfP tfklg ;f]xL klqsfdf lgl:sPsf]
…ljof]lugLsf] pk/ ;vLsf] k|ZgÚ sljtfn] pgsf] cWofTdlk|otfnfO{ :ki6 b]vfPsf] 5 .

o;/L k|f/lDes sfnlt/ …;'Gb/LÚ -!(^#_ klqsf / …;"lQml;Gw'Ú klqsfdf

k|sflzt 5f]6f sljtf / ;+:s[t k9\g] ljBfyL{ cj:yfdf obfsbf …;d:ofk"lt{Údf
emNofsem'n's ¿kdf b]lvg] n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] >[ª\ufl/stfnfO{ TofuL lj:tf/}
zf:qLotfjfbnfO{ cFufNg k'U5g\ . jgf/;af6 dWodfsf] k/LIff lbP/ cfPkl5 Pslbg
ef]6flx6Ldf /x]sf] 6L=8L= Pr= PG8sf] cbe't sfof{no eGg] k':ts k;ndf k'Ubf
…g]kfnLdf kmf/;L / ;+:s[tsf h:tf pRr u|Gyx¿ lg:sg} ;Sb}gg\Ú eg]/ s]xL 7"nf
ljåfg\x¿sf] ax; rln/x]sf] 7fpFdf slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] o; dfGotfsf]
tLa| lj/f]w u/] . pgsf] lj/f]wnfO{ tL ljåfg\\x¿n] pkxf; u/]kl5 n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn]
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;flxTosf] ¿k lbP/} 5f8\5' eGg] c7f]6sf ;fy sljtf n]Vg yfn] .
kmn:j¿k pgsf] klxnf] k':tsfsf/ s[ltsf ¿kdf …jiff{ ljrf/Ú -!(^%_ sljtf ;ª\u|x
lg:sg k'Uof] . o;kl5 pgn] …Ct'ljrf/Ú -!(&#÷(!_ v08sfJo, …a'l4ljgf]bÚ -!(&#_
v08sfJo, …Tofu / pbosf] o'un k|sfzÚ -@))@_ :t'ltsfJo, …t?0f tk;LÚ -@)!)_
gJosfJo, …uf}/L uËfÚ -ck"0f{ dxfsfJo_ h:tf pTs[i6 sfJo /rgf ug{ k'u] . To:t}
pgsf y'k|} sljtfx¿ sljtf ;ª\u|xsf ¿kdf …nflnTo efu !Ú -!(&(_ , …nflnTo efu
@Ú -@)@@_, …slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf k|lltglw sljtfÚ -@)$!_ / …n]vgfysf
k|d'v sljtfÚ -@)$^_ df k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .

sfJo / sljtfafx]s pgsf] snd gf6s ljwfdf ;d]t rn]sf] b]lvG5 .

…et[{xl/lgj]{bÚ -!(&$_ / …nIdLk"hfÚ -!(($_ h:tf gf6sx¿ pgsf k|sflzt gf6sx¿
x'g\ eg] …uf}/L uf}/jÚ gf6s lj=;+= @))( df k|blz{t dfq ePsf] lyof] -l/;fn, @)%*
M$#_

15
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf k|sflzt s[ltx¿sf] ;"rL o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
sljtf ;ª\u|x
jiff{ljrf/ -!(^%_
nflnTo efu ! -!(&(_
nflnTo efu @ -@)@@_
kf}8\ofnsf k|lltglw sljtf -@)$!_
n]vgfysf k|d'v sljtf -@)$^_

sfJo
zf]s k|jfx -!(&)_
a'l4ljgf]b -!(&#_
Ct'ljrf/ -!(&#÷(!_
;Tosln ;+jfb -!(&^_
uLtf~hln -!(*^_
Tofu / pbosf] o'un k|sfz -@))@_
cd/ Hof]tLsf] ;To:d[lt -@))*_
t?0f tk;L -@)!)_
d]/f] /fd -@)!!_
uf}/LuËf -ck"0f{ dxfsfJo_

gf6s
et[{xl/lgj]{b -!(&$_
nIdLk"hf -!(($_
uf}/L uf}/j - @))( df k|bz{g dfq_

@=# sfJok|j[lQ
slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn dfWolds sfnsf] pQ/fw{sf] zf:qLotfjfbL
wf/fsf zLif{:y slj x'g\ . g]kfnL sljtfsf] dfWolds sfnsf] dWolt/af6 n]vg

16
sfo{df cled'v ePsf n]vgfysf ;'?;'?sf sljtfx¿ >[ª\ufl/s k|j[lQsf 5g\ . pgsf]
…Ct'ljrf/Ú k"j{sf sljtfdf dfWoldssfnLg d"n k|j[lQ >[ª\ufl/stf kfOG5 . o;kl5
pgL qmdzM >[Ëfl/s efjnfO{ 5f]8\b} cfkm\gf sljtfsf dfWodaf6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts k'ghf{u/0fsf] :j/ ;';]Ng yfn]sf x'g\ . k"jL{o ;+:s[ltsf k[i7kf]ifs
n]vgfysf sljtfdf j}1flgs ;Eotf / cfw'lgstfk|ltsf] ljsif{0f tyf cfWofldstf /
;fdflhstfk|ltsf] cfsif{0f kfOG5 . pgL >[Ëfl/s k|j[lQaf6 qmdzM kl/isf/jfbL
sfJowf/ftkm{ pGd'v ePsf g}lts cfbz{jfbL slj x'g\ .

lxGb' cfbz{ / g}lts cf}kb]lzs k|j[lQ ePsf cfWoflTds slj n]vgfysf

sljtfdf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts gjhfu/0fsf] :j/ d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . pgsf s[ltdf
cfWoflTdstfsf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;'wf/, ;f+:s[lts hfu/0f, g}lts / cf}kb]lzs
:j/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . k"jL{o cfo{;Eotfsf JofVoftf cf}kb]lzs slj n]vgfysf
/rgfdf ;fdflhs cfWoflTds b[li6sf]0f, wfld{s kf}/fl0fs elQmefjsf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 .
pgn] cfWofTdjfbL–dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0f, lx+;f, qm"/tf cflb sfJolj/f]wL ljljw
efjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] dfgjtfjfb ;dfhjfbL b[li6n] wfld{s
cWofTdjfbL Clifsf ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 . cfo{;+:s[lt, lxGb' wd{ jf k"jL{o
j]bfGt bz{gdf n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] lrGtg s]lGb|t b]lvG5 .

cfkm\gf sfJodf OlGb|o;+j]B k|s[ltsf] :jefljs j0f{g ug]{ k|s[ltjfbL slj

n]vgfysf] k|s[lt lrq0f cfTdk/s geO{ j:t'k/s b]lvG5 . pgL efj's, sNkgfzLn,
:jR5GbtfjfbL slj geO{ lrGtgzLn, zf:qLotfjfbL , kl/isf/jfbL slj x'g\ . To;}n]
k"jL{o ;flxTodf k|o'Qm k|s[lt k|of]uaf6 ljz]if k|efljt ePsf n]vgfyn] k|s[lt
k|of]udf :jR5GbtfjfbL xflb{stf eGbf kl/isf/jfbL snfTdstfsf] Hofbf pkof]u
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pgsf] k|s[lt k|of]u /fli6«o k|s[ltsf] lrq0fdf a9L s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvG5
. pgn] g]kfnL df};d, jg:klt, hLjhGt' cflb k|s[ltsf ¿knfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L sfJo
l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sljtfdf lzNkut kl/isf/sf b[li6n] n]vgfy kf}8\ofn
ljlzi6 dflgG5g\ .

17
 5 bzseGbf a9L ;flxTo;]jf u/]sf n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] ;'?sf lbgdf
dfWoldssfnLg >[ª\ufl/s k|j[lQnfO{ cFufn] klg pgsf] k|f/lDes r/0fnfO{ 5f8]/
d"Nofª\sg ug'{kbf{ pgsf /rgfdf kl/is[t ¿kljwfg tyf z}nL kIfdf kl/isf/ kfOG5
. pgsf sfJodf cs[lqdtf kfOG5 . kf}8\ofnsf /rgfx¿df af}l4stf k|r'/ dfqfdf
kfOg] eP klg b'af]{Wotf geO{ af}l4stfleq ;/ntf x'g' pgsf sfJout k|j[lQ x'g\ .
pgL yf]/} zAbdf w]/} bz{g lbg;Sg] slj x'g\ . pgsf sfJodf efj / snfsf] ;dGjo
kfOg'sf ;fy} 5Gbsf] clj/ntf kfOG5 . :j:y cfsif{s 5Gbsf] ljsf;df pgsf] ljz]if
of]ubfg kfOG5 .

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf sfJodf ;fdflhstf / o'uaf]w k|z:t dfqfdf e]6\g ;lsG5

. cfw'lgstfsf k|jt{s slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] o'ufg's"n sljtf n]vg u/L
g]kfnL sljtfdf ;fdflhstfnfO{ k|j]z u/fP . pgsf sfJo tyf sljtfdf k|ultzLn
lrGtg kfOG5 . o:t} k|ultzLn lrGtg tyf o'uaf]wsf] k|d'v k|flKt …t?0f tk;LÚ
gJosfJo xf] eGg ;lsG5 . k"jL{o of]ubz{g, ;fª\Vobz{g, j]bfGtbz{g cflbsf
s]Gb|Lotfdf sljtf tyf sfJo/rgf ug]{ slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] ljifdtfjfbL ;dfhdf
cfWoflTds r]tgf jf j]bfGt bz{gsf dfWodaf6 ;dfh ;'wf/sf] rfxgf u5{g\ -
n'OF6]n,@)%$M%&_ .

;Dk"0f{ ;flxTodf k|s[ltsf] cGt{hut\ / afXohut\sf] lrq0f ub}{ k|s[ltsf] ufg

ufpg' pgsf] csf]{ d"n k|j[lQ xf] . lj=;+= !(^^ df k|sflzt …jiff{ljrf/Ú o;sf] k|df0f
xf] . o;}u/L …Ct'ljrf/Ú -!(&^_ df pgn] c;fwf/0f ¿kdf k|s[ltsf] lrq0f ug{ k'u]sf
5g\ . o; s[ltdf pgsf] snf r]tgfsf] cb\e't gd'gf e]6\g ;lsG5 . …jiff{ljrf/Ú -
!(^^_ df s]xL :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQ b]lvP klg …Ct'ljrf/Ú -!(&^_ df k|s[ltjfbL
b]lvG5g\ pgL . k|s[ltnfO{ cfnDag ljefj / p2Lkg ljefjsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\
. /fli6«o k|s[ltsf] lrq0f ug{df klg slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn vlKk; b]lvG5g\ .
pgsf] k|s[ltsf] lrq0fdf g}lts, jftfj/0fLo / :jR5GbtfjfbL r]tgf kfOG5 . …t?0f
tk;LÚ gJosfJodf pgn] k|s[ltnfO{ dfgjLs/0f ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ . vf; u/L k|s[ltaf6
cWofTdjfb / dfgjtfjfbsf] bLIff u|x0f ug'{ pgsf] dxQd k|flKt b]lvG5 . pgsf] of]

18
k|of]udf kl/isf/sf ;fy} :jR5GbtfjfbL r]t klg k|z:t kfpg ;lsG5 . k|s[ltsf]
ax'ljw k|of]u pgsf] ljz]iftf xf] .

o;/L ;'?df pgn] >[Ëfl/stfnfO{ cFufnL k|0fo efj k|:t't u/] . kl5 lj:tf/}
cfWoflTds lrGtgnfO{ kl/isf/ ub}{ nu] . …jiff{ljrf/Ú -!(^%_ / …Ct'ljrf/Ú -
!(&#÷(!_ o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . o;}u/L pgsf] gf6s …et[{xl/lgj]{bÚ -@)@)_
df j}/fUoaf]w kfpg ;lsG5 . clGtd r/0flt/sf pgsf /rgfdf zfGt /;fTds efj
/ cWoflTds ;'wf/f]Gd'v dfgjtfjfbL efj kfpg ;lsG5 .

jf:tjdf ljj]s / alx/Ë ko{j]If0f clg z}nL r]tgfsf] ;r]ttfsf ;fy

;Gt'ngdf efj tŒj /xg' g} pgsf] kl/isf/jfbL wd{ b]lvG5 . of] wd{sf] lgjf{x pgn]
cfkm\gf] sfJoofqfsf] cflbb]lv cGt;Dd ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . pgn] o; efjnfO{
/;wf/f;Dd k'¥ofPsf 5g\Ù oBlk pgsf] sfJo ofqfnfO{ x]bf{ s]xL dfqfdf
gfu/;Eotfsf :j/x¿ / s]xL c+zdf k|ultzLn efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ klg
kl/isf/jfbL efjwf/f g} d"nwf/f cyf{t\ s]Gb|Lo wf/fsf ¿kdf kfOG5 . :t'ltjfbL
k|j[lQ klg pgdf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+lIfKttfleq lj:t[ttf / cfnª\sfl/stf klg pgsf]
d"n k|j[lQ xf] .

19
 t];|f] kl/R5]b
cnª\sf/ kl/ro

#=! cnª\sf/ zAbsf] Jo'TklQ

cnª\sf/ ;+:s[taf6 g]kfnLdf cfPsf] tT;d zAb xf] . cnª\sf/ zAbsf]

Jo'TklQ / To;sf] cy{sf] af/]df ljåfg\\x¿sf ljleGg wf/0ffx¿ kfOG5g\ . k"jL{o
;flxTozf:qdf cnª\sf/sf] af/]df lj:t[t lrGtg ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df CUj]bdf
…cnª\s[tfMÚ s} ;dfgfyL{ zAbsf ¿kdf …c/ª\s[tfMÚ zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] e]l6G5 .
…c/ª\s[tfMÚ zAbdf kl5af6 …/Ú sf 7fpFdf …nÚ eP/ …cnª\s[tfMÚ jf …cnª\s[tÚ x'g
uPsf] a'lemG5 - pkfWofo, @)%%M(#_ .

#=@= cnª\sf/ zAbsf] cy{

cnd\±s[±3` af6 …cnª\sf/Ú zAb lgikGg ePsf] xf] . …cnd\Ú sf] cy{ k"0f{tf
/ ;dy{tf xf]Ù To;nfO{ …sf/Ú eg]sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] o;sf] zflAbs cy{ j'lemG5 .
Jofjxfl/s cy{df ck"0f{nfO{ k"0f{ / c;dy{nfO{ ;dy{ t'Nofpg] ;fwg ljz]if
sfJotŒjsf] gfd cnª\sf/ xf] -kGt, @)%^M!_ . zflAbs cy{df cnª\sf/ eGgfn]
cfe"if0f jf uxgf eGg] x'G5 . o;y{ sfJosf ;Gbe{df cnª\sf/ zAbsf] tfTko{
sfJosf] uxgf jf cfe"if0f xf] . cnª\sf/ zf:qdf ……cn+s/f]tLlt cnª\sf/MÚÚ elgPsf]
5 . To;sf] cy{ x'G5, h;n] e"lift ub{5 jf l;Fufb{5 To;}nfO{ cnª\sf/ elgG5 .

j}ofs/0fx¿sf ljrf/fg';f/ s;}sf] klg zf]efa4{s tŒjnfO{ cnª\sf/ elgG5 -yfkf,

@)%)M@^)_ . dflg;sf] ;f}Gbo{ a9fpgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] cfe"if0fx¿nfO{ klg
cnª\sf/ elGfG5 . h;/L ;'g, rfFbL, xL/f, df]tL h:tf uxgfn] z/L/sf] zf]ef a9fpF5,
To;}u/L eflifs uxgf cnª\sf/n] klg sfJosf] ;f}Gbo{ a9fpF5 -zdf{, @)^!M%*_ .
nf]sdf >[ª\uf/ k|;fwgn] ;f}Gbo{sf] clej[l4 u/]h:t} ;flxTodf zAb k|of]usf] ;f}i7j

20
tyf plQmsf] ljlzi6 ;f}Gbo{ 56fåf/f To;nfO{ ;'?lrs/ / rdTsf/k"0f{ dfq xf]Og,
clws ;Dk|]if0fLo klg agfpg ;lsG5 . ;flxTosf] lglDt cfjZos tŒjsf] ¿kdf
cnª\sf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ o;sf] ;"Id ljj]rgf ug]{ ;}4flGts k/Dk/fnfO{ cnª\sf/
;Dk|bfo elgG5 -kf08]o @)%&M$(_ .

cnª\sf/ zAbnfO{ ljleGg zAbsf]zx¿n] klg cf cfkm\gf] tl/sfaf6 cYof{pg]

k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . …g]kfnL a[[xt\ zAbsf]zÚ -@)$)_ n] cnª\sf/nfO{ != uxgf,
cfe"if0f, >[ª\uf/sf ;fdu|L @=>[ª\uf/, ;hfj6 #= cy{ut jf zflAbs rdTsf/åf/f
;flxTonfO{ l;Fufg]{ tŒj ePsf] ;flxTozf:qsf] Ps cª\u, sfJosf] rdTsf/k"0f{ j0f{g
z}nL eg]sf] 5 . To:t} j;Gts'df/ zDdf{sf] …g]kfnL zAb;fu/Ú df cnª\sf/sf] cy{ …
xf/, n8L, uxgf cflbsf] ;fd'bflos gfdÙ afnfafh' cflb cfe"if0fÙ l;Fuf/k6f/,
;lh;hfp cflbsf] ;fdu|L / ToxL sfdÙ sfJo–sljtfdf rfdTsfl/s j0f{gÙ cy{ jf
zAbåf/f ;flxTosf] uxs a9fpg] tŒjÚ elgPsf] 5 . …;+:s[t g]kfnL a[xtsf]zÚ n] klg
cnª\sf/ zAbsf] lgDglnlvt cy{ lbPsf] 5– != uxgf @= >[ª\uf/÷l;Fuf/÷;hfj6 #=
h;/L plrt 7fpFdf klxl/Psf uxgfn] dflg;nfO{ l;Fuf5{ To;} u/L sljx¿sf] k|l;l4n]
jf pgsf k|f}9 sNkgfn] /fd|f zAb / cy{sf /rgf x'Fbf cnª\sf/ aGb5 eg]sf] 5 .
…k|of]ufTds g]kfnL zAbsf]zÚ -@)^^_ n] klg dflysf] cy{sf] ;dy{g ub}{ ;flxTodf
;f}Gbo{ a9fpg] tŒjnfO{ g} cnª\sf/ dfg]sf] 5 .

cnª\sf/n] cleJolQmnfO{ tLa|tf yKg] / efjnfO{ kl/is[ttf / ufDeLo{ k|bfg

ug]{ ePsf]n] cnª\sf/ sfJo z/L/sf] zf]ef a9fpg] uxgf dfq geO{ To;sf] cfGtl/s
;f}Gbo{ klg k|bfg ug]{ tŒj xf] . o;/L x]bf{ cnª\sf/ zAbsf ljljw cy{ eP klg
;flxTosf] ;Gbe{df ;f}Gbo{ clej[l4sf] ;fwg xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf
5g\ .

#=#= cnª\sf/sf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f

cnª\sf/sf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/fsf] cflb ;|f]t ;+:s[t ;flxTo xf] . cnª\sf/sf]

;}4flGts k/Dk/f ;+:s[t sfJo k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t 5 . t;y{ …cnª\sf/sf] k|frLgtfÚ /

21
…;+:s[t sfJo k/Dk/fdf cnª\sf/Ú pkzLif{s /fvL cnª\sf/sf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/fsf]
cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

#=#=!= cnª\sf/sf] k|frLgtf

cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ j}lbssfnb]lv g} ePsf] kfOG5 . CUj]bdf …c/ª\s[tfMÚ zAbsf]

k|of]u e]l6G5 . oxL …c/ª\s[tfMÚ zAbs} cg'zLngaf6 cnª\sf/ zAbsf] pTklQ ePsf]
ljåfg\\x¿sf] egfO 5 . j]bdf k|o'Qm zAbx¿sf cy{af]w ug{sf nflu klg cnª\sf/
hfGg'kg]{ ljåfg\\x¿sf] syg 5 . o;af6 klg cfnª\sfl/s k|of]usf] yfngL jf cflb
;|f]t j]bnfO{ g} dflgG5 . …lg?QmÚdf of:sn] lgkftx¿sf] ljj]rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df
cnª\sf/sf] :j¿k / To;sf e]bx¿sf] ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg
Jofs/0fsf/x¿dWo] kfl0flgn] sd{wf/o ;df;sf] rrf{ ubf{ pkdf ;df;sf] klg pNn]v
u/]sf] e]l6G5 -kf}8]n,@)^&M&&_ . To:t} kf}/fl0fs sfndf cnª\sf/sf] pNn]v ljz]if
u/]/ clUgk'/f0fdf kfOG5 . clUgk'/f0fsf] ##& cWofob]lv #$& cWofo;Dd lj:t[t
¿kdf zAb / cy{ b'j}sf] nIf0f kfOG5 . o;df cyf{nª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof klg !^
k'¥ofOPsf] b]lvG5 . sfJo, gf6s, /;, /Llt, g]kYo, clego, ZfAb, cy{, zAbfy{,
cnª\sf/, u'0f / bf]if ;d]t P3f/ ljifosf] rrf{ pQm clUgk'/f0fdf kfOG5 -kGt,
@)%^M#_ . clUgk'/f0fdf cnª\sf/sf] zf:qLo ¿kdf ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/, ljefj, /Llt cflbsf] JofVof ePsf] 5 -pkfWofo,
@)%(M!(&_ .

#=#=@= ;+:s[t sfJo–k/Dk/fdf cnª\sf/

;+:s[t sfJok/Dk/fdf sfJosf] cfTdf jf d"ne"t tŒjsf] ;DaGwdf 7"nf] ljjfb

kfOG5 . ljleGg cfrfo{x¿n] u'0f, /Llt, jqmf]lQm, Wjlg, cf}lrTo, cnª\sf/, /;
cflbnfO{ sfJosf] clgjfo{ tŒjsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;+:s[t sfJo–
k/Dk/fdf ljleGg ;Dk|bfosf] k|fb'{efj x'g k'Uof] . tL ;Dk|bfox¿df /Llt ;Dk|bfo,
jqmf]lQm ;Dk|bfo, /; ;Dk|bfo / cnª\sf/ ;Dk|bfo k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .
22
 sfJozf:qLo rrf{eGbf k"j{ klg cnª\sf/sf] ;fdfGo rrf{ e]l6G5 tfklg
sfJotŒjsf b[li6n] cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ ug]{ k|yd cflwsfl/s cfrfo{ eg] e/td'lg g}
x'g\ . e/tn] cfkm\gf] u|Gy gf6\ozf:qdf pkdf, ¿ks, bLks / ods u/L rf/
cnª\sf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . logn] /;nfO{ ;jf]{Rr :yfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . To:t}
clUgk'/f0fdf klg cnª\sf/sf] zf:qLo ¿kdf ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/, ljefj / /Llt cflbsf] JofVof ePsf] 5 .

gf6\ozf:q / clUgk'/f0fdf cnª\sf/af/] ;fdfGo ;}4flGts rrf{ eP klg

cnª\sf/sf] :ki6 zf:qLo ljj]rgf ul/Psf] u|Gy eg] efdxsf] …sfJofnª\sf/Ú xf] .
cnª\sf/jfbsf d'Vo k|lti7fks klg efdx g} dflgG5g\ . e/tn] b[ZosfJodf /;sf]
;}4flGts rrf{ ug]{ qmddf s]xL cnª\sf/x¿sf] ;fdfGo rrf{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
efdxn] >Jo sfJonfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ cnª\sf/sf] lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .

e/tn] …pkdf bLks~r}j odsd\ bLks:tyfÚ eg]/ cfkm\gf] gf6\ozf:q u|Gysf]

;f]¥xf}F cWofodf rf/ j6f cnª\sf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ logn] cnª\sf/nfO{
;jf]{Rr :yfg glbP/ Tof] :yfg /;nfO{ lbP . sfJodf cnª\sf/nfO{ ;jf]{Rr :yfg /
dxŒj lbg] cfrfo{ efdx x'g\ . logn] cnª\sf/nfO{ Jofkstf lbFb} cfkm\gf] u|Gy
…sfJofnª\sf/Údf o;sf] lj:t[t ¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf] x'gfn] g} lognfO{ cnª\sf/
;Dk|bfosf] ;+:yfks / cnª\sf/jfbsf] hgs dflgPsf] xf] . logn] ;j{k|yd
cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJosf] d'Vo tŒj dfgL o;sf] ;jf]{kl/ jr{Zj sfod u/]sf 5g\ . pgn]
…sfJofnª\sf/Úsf] bf];|f] kl/R5]bdf ……jqmflew]ozAbf]lQml/i6fjrfdnª\s[ltÚÚ cyf{t\
jqmtfdo -ljbUwtfk"0f{_ zAbf]lQm g} jrgsf] cnª\sf/ xf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgsf]
cfzocg';f/ zAbsf cfwf/df ul/g] jqmf]lQmk"0f{ cleJolQm cnª\sf/ xf] . cnª\sf/df
jqmf]lQmsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf :jLsf/ ub}{ efdxn] o;sf] l;l4df sljn] oTg ug'{k5{
eGg] lgb]{zg lbPsf 5g\ -pkfWofo, @)#^M!)$_ .

23
 efdxkl5 b08Ln] klg cnª\sf/nfO{ k|z:t dxŒj lbP . t/ pgn] u'0fnfO{
sfJosf k|f0ftŒj dfgL /Lltjfbsf] pbosf nflu dfu{k|z:t ul/lbP . efdx / b08Lsf
cnª\sf/ut dfGotfdf s]xL cGt/ b]lvG5 . efdx cnª\sf/nfO{ jrgsf] >[ª\uf/
dfGb5g\ / To;nfO{ zAbf]lQm dfGb5g\ t/ b08L cnª\sf/nfO{ zf]efsf/s sfJowd{
dfGb5g\ . efdx cnª\sf/sf] d"n cfwf/ cyjf lgldQ sf/0f jqmf]lQm jf cltzof]lQm
eGb5g\ / ;f/f Wofg cnª\sf/dfly g} s]lGb|t /fV5g\ . pgn] ;a}} tŒjx¿nfO{
cnª\sf/ dfGb5g\ . t/ b08L cnª\sf/eGbf /;sf] cnu JolQmTj :jLsf/ ub{5g\ /
To;nfO{ dxŒj lbFb} cnª\sf/n] /;sf] ;]rg ub{5 eGb5g\ . b08L s§/ cnª\sf/jfbL
t xf]Ogg\ t/ ef]h/fhh:tf cnª\sf/jfbLn] cfkm\gf :yfkgfsf lglDt b08Lsf dtsf]
cfwf/ lnFb} ……dfu{sf] ljefhs Zn]ifflb bzu'0fdf dfq} b08Ln] cnª\sf/Tjsf] :yfkgf
u/]gg\, c? hlt u'0f dflgPsf 5g\ Ù tL ;a}df cnª\sf/Tjsf] :yfkgf u/] ÚÚ eg]sf
xF'bf pgnfO{ klg cnª\sf/jfbLdf /fVg ;lsG5 - e§/fO{, @)#!M#&*_ . b08Lsf cg';f/
……sfJozf]efs/fGwdf{gnÍf/fGk|rIft]ÚÚ -b08LM sfJofbz{ _ cyf{t\ sfJo zf]efsf/s
wd{nfO{ cnª\sf/ eGb5g\ .

efdxsf] cnª\sf/jfbL :yfkgfsf k|an k[i7kf]ifs sfJofnª\sf/sf 6Lsfsf/

pb\e6 / ?b|6 tyf kl5Nnf cfrfo{ hob]j x'g\ . ?Øosn] efdx, pb\e6 cflbnfO{
cfnª\sfl/s eGb} k|frLg cfrfo{x¿sf dtdf sfJodf cnª\sf/ g} ljlzi6 dflgPsf] 5
eGg] hgfPsf 5g\ . k|frLg cnª\sf/jfbLx¿sf wf/0ffsf] ljj]rgf ub}{ pgLx¿n] ;d:t
Joª\Uofy{nfO{ jfRofy{sf] pksf/s dfgL ltgnfO{ cnª\sf/leq} ;d]6]sf lyP eGg]
?Øosn] n]v]sf 5g\ . ?Øossf] egfOcg';f/ pb\e6 cflbn] t u'0f / cnª\sf/df
k|foM ;dfgtf b]v]sf 5g .

jf:tjdf u'0f / cnª\sf/sf] ;fDo efdxn] g} k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ / pgn]

/;nfO{ klg /;jt\ cnª\sf/leq} /fv]sf 5g\ . o;k|sf/ sfJo jf ;flxTosf u'0f, /;,
z}nL, cflb ;a} kIfx¿sf] 1fg eP klg cnª\sf/jfbLx¿sf b[li6df cnª\sf/ g}
;jf]{Rr tŒj dflgPsf] b]vf k5{ . o;} sf/0fn] zAbzM v'nf¿kdf cnª\sf/ sfJosf]

24
cfTdf xf] geg]sf eP klg cnª\sf/jfbLx¿ cnª\sf/nfO{ g} sfJosf] cfTdf dfGb5g\
eGg] cfef; ldNb5 .

To;kl5 cf7f}F ztfJbLdf cfP/ jfdgn] /Lltjfbsf] :yfkgf u/] . /Lltjfbsf

;+:yfks eP klg jfdgn] cnª\sf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ / To;sf] cy{
lbg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf] u|Gy …sfJofnª\sf/;"qÚdf cnª\sf/sf sf/0fn]
sfJo u|fXo x'G5 / cnª\sf/ g} ;f}Gbo{ xf] eg]sf 5g\ . jfdgn] Jo'TklQsf cfwf/df
cnª\sf/sf] cy{ Psflt/ …;f}Gbo{ x'G5 / csf]{lt/ ;f}Gbo{sf/s pkdf, ods cflb tŒj
x'G5 eGg] hgfPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ cnª\sf/ zAb b'O{ tl/sfn] Jo'TkGg x'G5 – !=
efj Jo'TklQ @= sf/0f Jo'TklQ .

…cnª\s[ltM cnª\sf/Ú of] efjk/s Jo'TklQ xf] . o; cfwf/df cnª\sf/sf]

tfTko{ ;f}Gbo{ x'G5 . …cnª\s[ot] cg]g Olt cnª\sf/MÚ of] sf/0fk/s Jo'TklQ xf] . o;
cfwf/df cnª\sf/sf] cy{ ;f}Gbo{sf sf/0f pkdf, ods, ¿ks cflb tŒj a'lemG5 .
efdxsf egfOaf6 jfdgnfO{ pko'[{Qm lgisif{ lgsfNg ;xfotf ldn]sf] a'lemG5 .
efdxn] cnª\sf/nfO{ plQm ;f}Gbo{ klg eg]sf 5g\ / To;sf] t'ngf cfe"if0fl;t u/]sf
5g\ . jqmf]lQmjfbsf s'Gtsn] jqmf]lQmnfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ cnª\sf/sf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
pgsf cg';f/ cnª\sf/z"Go sfJo c;Dej 5 . / cfsif{0f/lxt cnª\sf/sf] sNkgf
klg c;Dej 5 . pgsf ljrf/df jqmf]lQm g} cnª\sf/df cfsif{0f ag]/ a;]sf] x'G5 .
To;}u/L WjlgjfbL cfrfo{ cfgGbj4{gn] cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJo ;f}Gbo{ a9fpg] ;fwgsf
¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df ……cnÍf/f]lxafXofnÍf/;fDofblËgZrf?Tjx]t'?Rot]ÚÚ
-cfgGbjw{g, WjGofnf]s_ . cyf{t\ cnª\sf/ eg]sf] nf}lss cfe"if0fem}+ cËL -/;_
;f}Gbo{sf] ;fwg xf] .

WjlgjfbL cfrfo{ dDd6n] …sfJok|sfzÚdf sfJonIf0f ubf{ ;s];Dd cnª\sf/

x'g'kg]{ t/ o;sf] clgjfo{tf rflxF gx'g] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ klg pgn] sfJo
k|sfzdf w]/} cnª\sf/x¿sf] dxŒjsf ;fy rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df zAb /
cy{åf/f /;sf] pksf/ -;f}Gbo{jw{g_ ug]{ cg'k|f;, pkdf cflb cnª\sf/ x'g\ / tL xf/

25
cflb h:t} cfe"if0f x'g\ . /;jfbL cfrfo{ ljZjgfyn] cnª\sf/nfO{ afXo tŒjsf ¿kdf
lnPsf 5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df ;f}Gbo{ a9fpg] / /;sf] pksf/ ug]{ zAbfy{df h'g
cl:y/ wd{ x'g\ tL cnª\sf/ x'g\ .
sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/fsf ljlzi6 cfrfo{ ;qf}F ztfAbLsf kl08t/fh huGgfyn]
cnª\sf/sf af/]df Wjlgsf] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn]
cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJosf] zf]efjw{s cfe"if0fs} ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgsf ljrf/df
sfJosf] cfTdf /; / To;sf] ;f}Gbo{sf/s tŒj g} cnª\sf/ xf] . huGgfyeGbf
cufl8sf ?Øos / cKoo bLlIftn] cfkm\gf u|Gyx¿ qmdzM …cnª\sf/ ;j{:jÚ /
…s'jnofgGbÚ df cnª\sf/af/] lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . hob]jn] klg …rGb|fnf]sÚdf
cnª\sf/sf w]/} e]b–pke]bsf] rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L efdxb]lv huGgfy;Ddsf
ljleGg ljåfg\\x¿dWo] efdx, pb\e6, ?b|6, hob]j, cflbn] cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJosf]
cfGtl/s tŒjsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ eg] dDd6, ljZjgfy cflbn] eg] sfJosf] afXo
tŒjsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .

#=$= cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof

cnª\sf/ slt 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljåfg\\x¿sf km/skm/s wf/0ff /x]sf]

kfOG5 . cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] rrf{ x'g yfn]b]lv cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf klg j[l4 ePsf]
kfOG5 . e/tsf] …gf6\ozf:qÚdf pkdf, ¿ks, bLks / ods u/L rf/ cnª\sf/
elgPsf] 5 . efdxn] …sfJofnª\sf/Údf #( j6f, b08Ln] …sfJofbz{Údf #% j6f,
pb\e6n]] …sfJofnª\sf/ ;ª\u|xÚdf $) j6f, jfdgn] …sfJofnª\sf/;"qÚdf ## j6f,
?b|6n] …sfJofnª\sf/Údf %@ j6f, dDd6n] …sfJok|sfzÚdf ^( j6f, ?Øosn] …cnª\sf/
;j{:jÚdf *! j6f, hob]jn] …rGb|fnf]sdf !)) j6f / cKoo bLlIftn] …s'jnofgGbdf
!@$ j6f cnª\sf/ dfg]sf 5g\ -kf08]o, @)%&M!)&–!)*_ .

P3f/f}F zbfAbLsf cfrfo{ ef]hn] …;/:jtLs07fe/0fÚdf zAb / cy{ b'a} y/L

cnª\sf/sf] lj:t[t JofVof ug'{sf ;fy} cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof klg !)# k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5
. O:jL ;f]¥xf}F ztfAbLlt/ cKoo bLlIftn] cfkm\gf] …s'jnofgGbÚ eGg] u|Gydf cfrfo{

26
hob]jsf] …rGb|fnf]sÚsf] cg';/0f u/]/ k|df0f cnª\sf/ tyf /;jt\ cnª\sf/ ykL
cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof !@$ k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . O:jL ;qf}F ztfAbLlt/ kl08t/fh huGgfyn]
…/;uª\ufw/Ú u|Gysf] dfWodaf6 cyf{nª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof !%! k'¥ofO{ cnª\sf/nfO{
Wjlgsf] ljifodf ;d]t k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . O:jL pGgfO{;f}F ztfAbLdf /fdrGb|
u'0frGb| ld>sf] kfnf;Dddf cyf{nª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof !(! ;Dd klg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 -kGt
, @)%^M#–$_ .

#=%= cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f

cnª\sf/ l;4fGtsf] rrf{ x'g yfn]b]lv g} cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof / o;sf]

juL{s/0fsf ;DaGwdf klg ljåfg\\x¿sf km/skm/s wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg
;ª\Vofdf /x]sf cnª\sf/x¿nfO{ ljåfg\x¿n] ljleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug]{ k|of;
u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] juL{s/0f g}
clxn];Dd Jojxfl/s / ax';Ddt dflgPsf] 5 . tfklg s]xL ljåfg\\x¿n] o;df cem}
a9L ju{ klg x'g] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ .

;j{k|yd efdxn] cnª\sf/nfO{ zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/ u/L b'O{ ju{df

ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . cfrfo{ ef]hn] zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/ / peofnª\sf/ u/L ltg
ju{df ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . b08Ln] juL{s/0fnfO{ Tolt dxŒj lbPsf 5}gg\ .
cfgGbjw{gn] cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ u/] klg zAbfnª\sf/sf] Tolt jf:tf u/]sf 5}gg\ .
pgn] d'Vo ¿kdf Joª\Uofy{d"ns cnª\sf/ / Joª\Uofyf]{k:sf/s cnª\sf/ u/L b'O{
ju{nfO{ klg ljleGg ju{ / pkju{df ljefhg u/L k"j{jtL{ cfrfo{x¿sf ;a} dt /
juL{s/0fnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L ?b|6n] cyf{nª\sf/df dfq s]lGb|t /x]/
jf:tj, cf}kDo, cltzo / Zn]if u/L rf/ ju{df ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] cf}kDo /
cltzonfO{ pQ/jtL{ cfrfo{x¿n] klg lgs} dxŒj lbP/ rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .
uf]ljGbk|;fb e6\6/fO{n] …k"jL{o sfJol;4fGtÚdf ?b|6sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ …cnª\sf/ dft[sfÚ
eGb} ;d:t cyf{nª\sf/x¿nfO{ log} rf/sf cfwf/df cf7 ju{df ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5
. pgsf] juL{s/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

27
!= cf}kDod"ns -;fb[Zo jfRo / uDodfg x'g] _
@= lj/f]wd"ns
#= Gofod"ns
$= >[ª\vnfd"ns
%= u"9fy{d"ns
^= plQmrft'o{d"ns
&= ;+;u{d"ns
*= k|sL0f{s

cfrfo{ ?Øosn] cfkm\gf] u|Gy …cnª\sf/ ;j{:jÚdf ;fb[Zoue{, lj/f]wue{,

>[ª\vnfaGw, Gofod"n / u"9fy{ k|tLltd"n u/L % ju{df cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f u/]sf
5g\ . o:tf kfFr k|sf/sf cnª\sf/x¿sf klg ljleGg e]b tyf pke]bx¿ b]vfOPsf]
5 . tL x'g\ M

!= ;fb[Zoue{

;fb[Zoue{ cnª\sf/nfO{ klg ltg ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 –

-s_ e]bfe]bk|wfg cnª\sf/
-v_ ce]bk|wfg cnª\sf/
-u_ uDodfg cf}kDo cnª\sf/

e]bfe]bk|wfg cnª\sf/df …pkdfÚ, …pkd]of]kdfÚ, …cGjoÚ / …:d/0fÚ u/L rf/ j6f

cnª\sf/ kb{5g\ . ce]bk|bfg cnª\sf/df …cf/f]kd"nsÚ / …cWoj;fod"nsÚ kb{5g\ .
oxfF cf/f]kd"nsdf klg ¿ks, kl/0ffd, ;Gb]x, e|flGt, pNn]v / ckXg'lt u/L 5 j6f
pke]bx¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t} cWoj;fod"ns cnª\sf/df klg pTk|]Iff / cltzof]lQm
u/L b'O{ j6f pke]b b]vfOPsf] 5 . o:t} uDodfg cf}kDo cnª\sf/nfO{ klg kfFr ju{df
ljefhg u/L ltgsf hDdf !^ pke]b b]vfOPsf] 5 . tL x'g\ M

28
-c_ kbfy{ut– bLks / t'Noof]lutf
-cf_ jfSofy{ut– b[i6fGt, k|ltj:t'kdf / lgbz{gf
-O_ e]but– Jolt/]s, ;xf]lQm / ljgf]lQm
-O{_ ljz]if0f j}lrœout– ;df;f]lQm / kl/sf/
-p_ ljz]if0f–ljz]if0f j}lrœout– Zn]if, ck|:t'tk|z+;f, cyf{Gt/Gof;, kof{of]lQm,
Jofh:t'lt / cfIf]k

@=lj/f]w ue{

o;cGtu{t lgDg !@ j6f cnª\sf/nfO{ /flvPsf] 5M

-s_ sfo{sf/0f k"jf{k/– o;df lj/f]w, ljefjgf, ljz]iff]lQm, ;d, ljlrq, clws,
cGof]Go, ljz]if, Jof3ft / cltzof]lQm
-v_ ;dlj/f]wL– ljifd
-u_ cGo– c;ª\ult

# >[ª\vnfaGw

o;df rf/ e]b 5g\ –

-s_ sf/0fdfnf
-v_ PsfjnL
-u_ dfnfbLks
-3_ ;f/

$= Gofod"n

o;cGtu{t lgDg ;q j6f cnª\sf/nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5–

-s_ ts{ Gofod"nM sfJolnª\u / cg'dfg
29
-v_ sfJo jf jfSoGofod"nM oyf;ª\Vo, kof{o, kl/j[lQ, cyf{klQ, ljsNk, kl/;ª\Vof,
;d'Rro / ;dflw
-u_ nf]sGofod"nM k|TogLs, k|tLt, ldlnt, ;fdfGo, tb\u'0f, ctb\u"0f / pQ/
%= u"9fy{k|tLltd"n

o;cGtu{t ltg j6f cnª\sf/nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 .

-s_ ;"Id
-v_ Jofhf]lQm
-u_ jqmf]lQm

?Øosn] :jefjf]lQm, eflifs, pbfQ, ;+;[li6, ;ª\s/, /;jt\ k|]o;, ph{l:j

;dflxt, efjf]bo, efj;lGw, efj;antf cflb cnª\sf/x¿nfO{ s'g} ju{df /fv]sf
5}gg\ - zdf{ / n'OF6]n, @)^&_ .

o;/L cnª\sf/sf] ;a}eGbf Jofks / :ki6 juL{s/0f ug]{ ljåfg\\ ?Øos x'g\ .
pgsf] juL{s/0f d"n tŒjdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] cGo ljåfg\x¿sf] juL{s/0feGbf a9L
o'lQm;ª\ut dflgG5 .

g]kfnL ;flxTodf klg cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f ubf{ ?Øossf] juL{s/0fnfO{ g} d"n

cfwf/ agfOPsf] kfOG5 . df]xg lxdf+z' yfkfn] …;flxTo kl/roÚ k':tsdf cnª\sf/sf]
juL{s/0f ubf{ d'VotM ltg ju{df juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ M !=zAbfnª\sf/ @= cyf{nª\sf/
/ #= peofnª\sf/ .

pgn] zAbfnª\sf/ cGtu{t …cg'k|f;Ú, …odsÚ, Zn]if / jqmf]lQmnfO{ /fv]sf 5g\

eg] cyf{nª\sf/df …pkdfÚ, …¿ksÚ, …b[i6fGtÚ, …e|flGtdfgÚ, …;Gb]xÚ, …pTk|]IffÚ,
…cltzof]lQmÚ, …;df;f]lQmÚ, …nf]sf]lQmÚ, …:jefjf]lQmÚ, …lj/f]wfef;Ú, …ckGx'ltÚ, …cGjoÚ,
k|ltj:t"kdf, bLks, t'Noof]lutf, cyf{Gt/Gof; / ck|:t'tk|z+;fsf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .

30
 To:t} df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]n -@)^&_ n] cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f
ug]{ qmddf zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/ u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg u/]/ zAbfnª\\sf/
cGtu{t cg'k|f;, Zn]if, ods / jqmf]lQmnfO{ /fv]sf 5g\ eg] cyf{nª\sf/ cGtu{t
pkdf, ¿ks, pTk|]Iff, b[i6fGt, ;Gb]x, ckGx''lt, cltzof]lQm, t'Noof]lutf, ;df;f]lQm,
cyf{Gt/Gof; / ljifdnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo -@)#^_ n] cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f ubf{ zAbfnª\\sf/ /

cyf{nª\sf/ u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] zAbfnª\sf/sf e]b eg]/
…zAbfnª\sf/ ;fdfGotof cg'k|f;, ods, k'g?Qmjbfef;, jqmf]lQm / Zn]if u/L kfFr
5g\Ú eg]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L cyf{nª\sf/nfO{ cf}kDod"ns, lj/f]wd"ns, Gofod"ns,
>[ª\vnfd"ns, u"9fy{d"ns, plQmrft'o{d"ns, ;+;u{d"ns / k|sL0f{s u/L cf7 ju{df
ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof hlt;'s} dflgP klg ;flxTodf
k|o'Qm cnª\sf/nfO{ d'VotM lgDgfg';f/ b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

s=cyf{nª\sf/– cy{df rdTsf/ x'g] cnª\sf/nfO{ cyf{nª\sf/ elgG5 . of] zAbsf]

cy{df cfwfl/t x'G5 / o;n] zAbsf] cy{ut rdTsf/af6 sfJo;f}Gbo{ pTkGg u5{ .
kof{ojfrL zAb /fVbf klg of] cnª\sf/ gfl;Fb}g . To;}n] cyf{nª\sf/nfO{ ToxL cy{
a'emfpg] cGo zAb /fVg ldN5 . o;df cy{ jf plQmsf] j}lrœo x'G5 . pkdf, ¿ks,
b[i6fGt, pTk|]Iff, cltzof]lQm cflb cnª\sf/ o;sf e]b x'g\ .

v=zAbfnª\sf/– zAbdf rdTsf/ x'g] cnª\sf/nfO{ zAbfnª\sf/ elgG5 . of] zAbsf]

k|of]udf cfwfl/t x'G5 / o;n] zAb Pj+ Wjlgsf] rdTsf/k"0f{ k|of]uaf6 sfJo;f}Gbo{
k}bf u5{ . o;df zAbsf] k|wfgtf x'g] x'Fbf kof{ojfrL zAb /fVbf of] cnª\sf/ gfl;G5
. t;y{ zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ ToxL cy{ a'emfpg] cGo zAbåf/f kl/jt{g ug{ ldNb}g . o;df
zAb jf Wjlgsf] j}lrœo x'G5 . ;fdfGotM zAbfnª\sf/sf cg'k|f;, ods, Zn]if,
jqmf]lQm cflb e]b x'G5g\ . k|:t't zf]wkq zAbfnª\sf/df a9L s]lGb|t ePsf]n]
zAbfnª\sf/sf] lj:t[t cWoog tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

31
#=^= zAbfnª\sf/sf] P]ltxfl;stf
;flxTodf cnª\sf/n] j}lbs sfnb]lv g} dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
;+:s[t sfJozf:qdf cnª\sf/ ljifos lrGtgsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f kfOG5 . vf;u/L j}lbs
k/Dk/fb]lv g} s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ kfOG5 . CUj]bsf] …c/ªs[tfMÚ zAb
g} kl5 …c/ª\s[tfÚ jf …cnª\s[tÚ ePsf] tYo cl3Nnf] kl/R5]bdf g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf]
5 . o;/L …c/ª\s[tfÚ zAbs} cg'zLngaf6 cnª\sf/ zAbsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgG5 .
j]bsf zAbsf] cy{af]w ug{ klg cnª\sf/ hfGg'kg]{ ljåfg\x¿sf] sygaf6 klg
cfnª\sfl/s k|of]usf] yfngL jf cflb;|f]t j]bnfO{ g} dflgG5 . lg?Qmdf of:sn]
lgkftx¿sf] ljj]rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df cnª\sf/sf] :j¿k / To;sf e]bx¿sf] ;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ljleGg Jofs/0fsf/x¿dWo] kfl0flgn] sd{wf/o ;df;sf]
rrf{ ubf{ pkdf ;df;sf] klg pNn]v u/]sf] e]l6G5 -kf}8]n, @)^&M&&_ .

o;/L sfJozf:qLo rrf{eGbf k"j{ klg cnª\sf/sf] ;fdfGo rrf{ e]l6G5 t/

sfJotŒjsf b[li6n] cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ ug]{ k|yd cflwsfl/s cfrfo{ eg] e/td'lg x'g\ .
e/tn] cfkm\gf] u|Gy …gf6\ozf:qÚ df pkdf, ¿ks, bLks / ods u/L $ cnª\sf/sf]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ e/tn] cnª\sf/sf] e]b - zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/_ gu/L $
cnª\sf/sf] dfq rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . logn] /;nfO{ ;jf]{Rr :yfg lbPsf 5g\ .
clUgk'/f0fdf klg cnª\sf/sf] zf:qLo ¿kdf ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df eg]
zAbfnª\sf/, cyf{nª\sf/ ljefj / /Llt cflbsf] JofVof ePsf] 5 -pkfWofo,
@)%(M!(&_ .

o;/L cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ j}lbssfnb]lv ePsf] eP tfklg zAbfnª\sf/sf] rrf{

efdxb]lv ePsf] kfOG5 . efdxn] cnª\sf/nfO{ ;j{k|yd zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/
u/L b'O{ ju{df afF8\g] sfd u/] . efdxn] sfJosf] kl/efiff lbg] qmddf …… zAbfyf}{
;lxtf} sfJod\ ÚÚ -efdx, sfJofnª\sf/_ eg]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of] egfOsf] cy{ zAb /
cy{o'Qm /rgf sfJo xf] eGg] xf] . pgn] sfJofnª\sf/ u|Gydf lbPsf] sfJosf]
kl/efiffn] cnª\sf/o'Qm zAb / cy{sf] ;xefj g} sfJo xf] eGg] cfzo JoQm ub{5 -
lu/L / cf]emf, @)%*M@&$_ . b08Ln] …z/L/+ tfjlbi6\ofy{ JojlR5Ggf kbfjnLÚ - b08L,
32
sfJofbz{_ cyf{t\ Oi6 cy{n] o'Qm kbfjnL / ¿k h'g z/L/ xf]Ù Tof] g} sfJo xf] eg]sf
5g\ . logsf] sfJo ;DaGwL of] kl/efiffn] cnª\sf/sf] ;LdfnfO{ s]xL km/flsnf] kfg]{ /
/Lltjfbsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ hGdfpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} zAb / cy{sf
;xefjdf /; 5 eGg] cfzo ljlzi6 kbfjnLn] emNsfPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ b08L klg
sfJodf zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ uf}0f ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] k|tLt x'G5 .

To;}u/L cf7f}F ztfAbLsf cfrfo{ jfdgn] …sfJofnª\sf/;"qj[lQÚdf sfJosf]

kl/efiff lbg] qmddf ……sfJozAbf]o+ u'0ffnª\sf/;+:s[tof] zAbfy{of] jt{t]ÚÚ cyf{t\ u'0f /
cnª\sf/n] kl/is[t zAbfy{sf] ;xefj g} sfJo xf] eg]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of] egfOdf klg
zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ sfJodf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /LltjfbL eP klg logL cnª\sf/nfO{
afXozf]ef a9fpg] tŒj :jLsf/ u5{g\ . To;} u/L WjlgjfbL cfrfo{ cfgGbj4{gn] klg
…WjGofnf]sÚdf …sfJo:ofTdf WjlgM zAbfy{ z/L/+ tfjt\ sfJod\Ú cyf{t\ sfJosf] cfTdf
Wjlg xf] , zAb / cy{ To;sf z/L/ x'g\ eGb} cnª\sf/nfO{ z/L/ cyf{t\ afXo tŒj
:jLsf/ u5{g\ .

o;/L x]bf{ /;WjlgjfbL cfrfo{x¿ cnª\sf/nfO{ ;fWo kIfdf :jLsf/ u5{g\ .

To;}n] zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ klg ;fwg kIfdf g} :jLsf/ u5{g\ . pgLx¿ zAbfnª\sf/nfO{
;fWo kIfdf :jLsf/ ub}{gg\ t/ klg ;flxTodf ;fwg / ;fWo b'j} kIfsf] plQs}
cfjZostf x'G5 . s;}sf] ;fwg kIfdf l;l4 x'G5 eg] s;}sf] ;fWodf . ;fwg
lg/k]If;fWodf eGbf ;fwg ;fk]If;fWodf ljz]if k"0f{tfsf] af]w x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf
s;}sf] b'O{ dt 5}g . sfJok|sfzsf/ dDd6 zAbrdTs[ltk|wfg sfJonfO{ sfJo
dfGb}gg\ t/ cg'k|f;b]lv rqmaGw;Ddsf zAbrdTs[ltk|wfg sfJosf] eg] pNn]v
u5{g\ .

af}4dfuL{ ljåfg\ wd{bf; ;'/Ln] …ljbUwd'vd08gd\Ú eGg] u|Gyåf/f alx/fnfkf,

cGt/fnfkf cflb s"6 sfJosf] k|of]ufTds u|Gysf] gd'gf lbPsf 5g\ . kj{tLo ljZj]Zj/
kl08t]Gb|sf] …sjLGb|–s0ff{e/0fÚ sfJon] wd{bf; ;'/Lsf] …ljbUwd'vd08gÚ nfO{ klg
pl5g]sf] 5 eGg] rrf{ 5 . ef/lj, df3h:tf lbUuh sljx¿n] b]vfPh:tf] zAb–

33
rdTsf/ g]kfnL sljx¿n] cfkm\gf] efiffdf klg b]vfpg vf]Hg' Pp6f ;fxl;nf] sbd xf]
h;sf] ;xL d"Nofª\sg cfh;Dd x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g -kGt, @)%^M&_ . zAbfnª\sf/
;fwg kIfdf xF'b}df uf}0f x'Fb}g . lsgeg] o;df Psflt/ af}l4stf / csf{lt/ >d /
;Lksf] k|z:t nufgL eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

#=^=!= zAbfnª\sf/sf] kl/ro

;flxTo cfkm}Fdf Pp6f snf xf] . To;}n] ;flxTonfO{ JoQm ug]{ zAbdf ld7f;
ePg eg] o;sf] s'g} dxŒj /xFb}g / Tof] ;flxTo x'g ;Sb}g . cnª\sf/ eg]sf]
;flxTosf] cfe"if0f jf uxgf xf] . ;flxTonfO{ plQmj}lrq\o / >'ltdfw'o{ k|bfg ug{sf
nflu zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;flxTodf k|of]u ul/g] zAbdf
rdTsf/ x'g] cnª\sf/nfO{ zAbfnª\sf/ elgG5 eg] cy{df rdTsf/ x'g] cnª\sf/
cyf{nª\sf/ x'g\ .

h;n] zAbsf dfWodaf6 sfJonfO{ cnª\s[t kfb{5 To;nfO{ zAbfnª\sf/

elgG5 -pkfWofo, @)#^M!@@_ . of] zAb k|of]udf cfwfl/t x'G5 / o;n] zAb Pjd\
Wjlgsf] rdTsf/k"0f{ k|of]uaf6 sfJo;f}Gbo{ k}bf u5{ . o;df zAbsf] k|wfgtf x'g] xF'bf
kof{ojfrL zAb /fVbf cnª\sf/ /xFb}g . t;y{ zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ ToxL cy{df a'emfpg]
cGo zAbåf/f abNg ldNb}g . o;df zAb jf Wjlgsf] j}lrq\o x'G5 . zAbfnª\sf/sf]
kl/ro lbg] qmddf ef]h/fh eG5g\ …h;n] Jo'TklQ cflbåf/f zAbnfO{ cnª\s[t kfb{5g\
tL zAbfnª\sf/ x'g\ Ú -;f]dgfy, ;flxTo k|bLk_ .

o;/L x]bf{ s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] hxfF zAbsf] cf>o lnP/ rdTsf/ Pjd\
ljlrqtf k|s6 ePsf] x'G5 ToxfF zAbfnª\sf/ x'G5 . h'g cnª\sf/ s'g} zAb ljz]ifn]
;'Gb/ ag]sf] x'G5 / To;sf] ;6\6f pxL cy{ lbg] csf]{ zAb /fVbf Tof] cnª\sf/ /xg
;Sb}g eg] To:tf] zAb ;hfj6df e/ kg]{ cnª\sf/ zAbfnª\sf/ xf] . s'g} klg
;flxTodf jf sfJodf jf sljtfdf zAb k|of]u ubf{ ;f}Gbof{Tds / rdTsf/k"0f{
tl/sfn] ul/of] eg] ToxfF zAbfnª\sf/ x'G5 . zAbfnª\sf/df k|foM ;dWjlg j0f{ /

34
c;dfgfyL{ kbx¿sf] cfj[lQåf/f >'lt;f}Gbo{ pTkGg ul/G5 . ;dWjlg j0f{x¿sf] cfj[lQ
…cg'k|f;Ú cnª\sf/df x'G5 . c;dfgfyL{ kbx¿sf] cfj[lQ …odsÚdf x'G5 . k"/} zAbsf]
cfj[lQ …nf6fg'k|f;Údf x'G5 . To;}u/L b'O{ cy{ lbg] zAbx¿sf] Psk6s dfq k|of]u
…Zn]ifÚ df x'G5 . zAbfnª\sf/df k|o'Qm j0f{ kb jf jfSodf kl/jt{g ul/lbg] xf] eg]
To;sf] cnª\sf/Tj x/fpF5 . To;}n] o;n] zAbsf] kl/jt{g ;xg ;Sb}g . o; k|sf/
zAbsf] pkl:yltdf /xg' / ;f]xL cy{ lbg] cGo zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Pdf x/fpg'
zAbfnª\sf/sf] k|j[lQ jf ljz]iftf xf] .

#=^=@= zAbfnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f

zAbfnª\sf/ slt k|sf/sf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df ljåfg\x¿sf aLr Psdt b]lvFb}g
. ;+:s[t sfJo;flxTosf /;WjlgjfbL cfrfo{x¿n] cnª\sf/nfO{ ;fwg kIfdf dfq
:jLsf/ ug]{ ePsfn] zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ uf}0f ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfJok|sfzsf/
dDd6n] zAbrdTs[ltk|wfg sfJonfO{ sfJo dfGb}gg\ t/ klg cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof
lgwf{/0f ubf{ cg'k|f;b]lv lnP/ rqmaGw;Ddsf zAbrdTs[lt k|wfg sfJosf] pNn]v
ub}{ cf7 j6f zAbfnª\sf/sf] JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L cfrfo{ ef]hn]
cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f ubf{ rf}aL; j6f zAbfnª\sf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] jfUe6n]
rf/ j6f zAbfnª\sf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} x]drGb|n] klg 5 j6f /
hob]jn] cf7 j6f zAbfnª\sf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ - lu/L / cf]emf, @)%*M #@)_ .

g]kfnL ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ ug]{ ljåfg\x¿ klg zAbfnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f

ubf{ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf …;flxTo bk{0fÚ, …rGb|fnf]sÚ, …sfJofbz{Ú, …;/:jtLs07fe/0fÚ
h:tf nIf0f u|Gyn] atfPcg';f/sf] zAbfnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f u/L JofVof ug]{ k|of;
u/]sf] kfOG5 . x]dfª\u/fh clwsf/Ln] …k"jL{o ;dfnf]rgfsf] l;4fGtÚ -@)%^_ k':tsdf
zAbfnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f ubf{ !=cg'k|f; @=ods #=Zn]if u/L ltg ju{df ljefhg
u/]sf 5g\ . oL ltg ju{x¿dWo] klg cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf 5]sfg'k|f;, j[Tofg'k|f;,
>'Tofg'k|f; / cGTofg'k|f; u/L rf/ e]b b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] Zn]if cGtu{t klg zAbZn]if
/ cy{Zn]if u/L b'O{ e]b b]vfPsf 5g\ -k[=%$–%^_ . df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb|k|;fb

35
n'OF6]nn] …k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGtÚ -@)^&_ df !=cg'k|f; @=ods #=Zn]if
$=jqmf]lQm u/L rf/ k|sf/df ljefhg u/L cg'k|f;sf klg rf/ e]b 5]sfg'k|f;,
j[Tofg'k|f;, nf6fg'k|f; / cGTofg'k|f; b]vfPsf 5g\ -k[= ^@–^%_ . s]zjk|;fb
pkfWofon] …k"jL{o ;flxTo l;4fGtÚ -@)#^_ k':tsdf zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ kfFr ju{df
ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ – !=cg'k|f; @=ods #=k'g?Qmfjbfef; $=jqmf]lQm %=Zn]if .
pgsf cg';f/ cg'k|f;sf 5]sfg';k|f;, j[Tofg'k|f;, cGTofg'k|f; / nf6fg'k|f; u/L rf/
e]b x'G5g\ eg] jqmf]lQmdf Zn]if / sfs' u/L b'O{ e]b x'G5g\ -k[=!@@–!@%_ . To;}u/L
cnª\sf/sf] lj:t[t ¿kdf g]kfnLdf ljj]rgf ul/Psf] e/t/fh kGtsf] k':ts …g]kfnL
cnª\sf/ kl/roÚ -@)%^_ df zAbfnª\sf/cGtu{t !=cg'k|f; @=ods #=Zn]ifsf ;fy}
s]xL s"6 kBx¿ eg]/ kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] cg'k|f;sf klg j[Tofg'k|f;,
>'Tofg'k|f;, nf6fg'k|f; / cGTofg'k|f;sf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof u/]sf 5g\ -k[=(–!^_ .
To;}u/L kl08t s'nrGb| uf}tdsf] …/f3jfnª\sf/Ú -@)^*_ df zAbfnª\sf/cGtu{t
!=jqmf]lQm @=cg'k|f; #=ods $=k'g?Qmfjbfef; %=Zn]if ^=k|x]lnsf &=alx/fnfkf
*=cGt/fnfkf / (= aGwlrq u/L gf} j6f zAbfnª\sf/sf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ -k[=!–@@_ .

o;/L x]bf{ zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] ljleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f u/]

tfklg g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]vfkg]{ zAbfnª\sf/x¿ d'VotM $ k|sf/sf e]l6Psf] kfOG5 .
tL x'g\ –
!=cg'k|f;
@=ods
#=Zn]if
$=jqmf]lQm

#=^=@=!= cg'k|f; cnª\sf/

zAbfnª\sf/sf] ;'?jft cg'k|f;b]lv x'G5 . cg'±k|±cf;\ eg]sf] zAbsf] cy{

k|s[t zAbl;t csf]{ ck|s[t zAb klg ldNbf]h'Nbf] eP/ /xg' xf] . j0f{sf] cfj[lQnfO{
cg'k|f; elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf cg'k|f;nfO{ t'saGbL klg elgG5 . t/ t'saGbLn]

36
cGTofg'k|f;nfO{ dfq a'emfpF5 . cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf ljleGg e]bx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf e]bx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] ljleGg ju{df afF8L JofVof u/]sf]
kfOG5 . …g]kfnL ;flxTosf]zÚ df != 5]sfg'k|f; @=j[Tofg'k|f; #=>'Tofg'k|f;
$=cGTofg'k|f; %=nf6fg'k|f; ^=;Dk'6fg'k|f; / >[ª\vnfg'k|f; u/L 5 e]bx¿sf] kl/ro
lbOPsf] 5 .

s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo -@)^#_ n] cg'k|f;sf e]b eg]/ != 5]sfg'k|f; @=j[Tofg'k|f;

#=cGTofg'k|f; / $=nf6fg'k|f; u/L hDdf rf/ cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf] kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ .
To;}u/L df]xg lxdf+z' yfkf -@)%)_ n] != 5]sfg'k|f; @=nf6fg'k|f; / #=cGTofg'k|f;sf]
dfq kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . df]xg/fh zdf{ / vu]Gb| k|;fb= n'OF6]n -@)^&_ n] !=
5]sfg'k|f; @=j[Tofg'k|f; #=nf6fg'k|f; $=cGTofg'k|f; u/L rf/ e]bsf] kl/ro lbPsf 5g\
. e/t/fh kGt -@)%^_ n] klg != 5]sfg'k|f; @=j[Tofg'k|f; #=>'Tofg'k|f; $= nf6fg'k|f;
%= cGTofg'k|f; ^=;Dk'6fg'k|f; / &= >[ª\vnfg'k|f; u/L ;ft e]bx¿sf] af/]df kl/ro
lbPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L s'nrGb| uf}td -@)^*_ n] …/f3jfnª\sf/Údf cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf
hDdf cf7 e]bx¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . …/f3jfnª\sf/dfÚ k|:t't
cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf] e]b lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ –

!= 5]sfg'k|f;
@=j[Tofg'k|f;
#=>'Tofg'k|f;
$=cGTofg'k|f;
%=cfBGtfg'k|f;
^=dWofg'k|f;
&=>[ª\vnfg'k|f;
*=nf6fg'k|f;

37
!= 5]sfg'k|f;
cg]s Jo~hgj0f{sf] p:t} qmdn] Psk6s dfq ;dtf ePdf cyf{t Psk6s
dfq cfj[lQ ePsf 5]sfg'k|f; x'G5, h:t}–
cj cGt 5}g s?0f, ;Gtx¿ Joy{ e"ndf k5{g\ .
zj/LdËnbftf, hËnjf;L pg} bof u5{g\ ..
nÍflwgfxGtf, zÍf– ;Gtfk– xtf{ 5g\ .
stf{ ltg} –huTsf Og} ;a}sf ;xf/f 5g\ ..
-/f3jfnÍf/M $_
dflysf] sljtf+zdf ;Gt–cGt, dËn–hËn, nÍf–zÍf, xtf{–stf{ zAbdf g, t, ª, u,
n, / h:tf cg]s Jo~hg j0f{ Psk6s dfq bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ . To;}n] oxfF 5]sfg'k|f;
kg{ uPsf] 5 .
5]sfg'k|f; cnª\sf/ klg Jojlxt / cJojlxt b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . Psy/L
zAbsf] hf]8L Ps 7fpFdf ldn]/ csf]{ ToxL zAbsf] hf]8L csf]{ 7fpFdf ldn] klg
To:tf]nfO{ 5]sfg'k|f; eGg] rng kfOG5 . Tof] s'g} zAbn] klg g5]lsPdf cJojlxt /
s'g} zAbn] 5]s]sf] 7fpFdf Jojlxt x'G5 . -kGt, @)%^M(_ .

@=j[Tofg'k|f;
b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L Jo~hg j0f{sf] cg]s k6s cfj[lQ ePdf j[Tofg'k|f; x'G5
, h:t}–

Joyfs} syfaf6 lg:sG5 ljGb'

aGof] sfJo uDeL/ sf?0o l;Gw'
ToxL l;Gw'df b]lvP :ki6 OGb'
ToxL OGb' em}+ nfU5 l;Gb"/, ljGb'
-bf]efg dxfsfJo, ;u{ &, Znf]s $_

38
#=>'Tofg'k|f;
>'Tofg'k|f; lgoldt ¿kn] ag]sf] x'G5 . o;df 5]sfg'k|f; / j[Tofg'k|f;df h:tf]
clgoldttf /xFb}g . zf:qLo 5Gbsf x/]s lj>fd:yndf t'saGbL h:t} ldn]/ /xg]
cg'k|f;sf] gfd >'Tofg'k|f; xf] . csf]{ zAbdf …Ps :yfgLo Jo~hg j0f{sf] dfq cfj[lQ
ePdf >'Tofg'k|f; x'G5Ú -uf}td,@)^*M$_ h:t}–

r/fsf] /; /Ën] abgdf aN5L ljiffn' u8L

pq]sL yndf k/]/ 5ndf dT;L ;/L e} n8L
o:tf] bb{ vkL, c;ª\Vo t8kL ef]u]/ of] b'u{lt
afFr'nf d stL, cjZo ljlwn] d]/f] k'¥ofof] ldlt
–n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, s'~hjlt{gL -;"lQml;Gw'af6 _
pQm kBsf] bf];|f] kfpdf …yndfÚ …5ndfÚ lgoldt 5g\ . t];|f] kfpdf klg …vkLÚ
…t8kLÚ , rf}yf} kfpdf …stLÚ / …ldltÚ zfb"{nljqmLl8t 5Gbsf] lj>fd:yndf lgoldt
¿kn] ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . To;}n] o;df >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

$=cGTofg'k|f;
of] ;fdfGo cg'k|f; xf] . x/]s kBsf kª\lQm / kfpsf] k'5f/df lgoldt ¿kn]
ldnfOg] zAbsf] t'saGbLh:t} ldNg] hf]8LnfO{ cGTofg'k|f; elgG5 . sljtf n]Vbf uB
sljtfdf afx]s cGTodf k|foM ;a}df cGTofg'k|f; ldnfOG5, h:t}–

l;h{gfleq /rgf /fd|f gh/sf h'xf/ .

O{Zj/sf] xfF;f] kfPsf km"n 5f]P/ gdf/ ..
-d'gfdbgM !#_

dflysf] sljtfsf] kª\lQmdf klxnf] / bf];|f] kfpsf] cGtdf …h'xf/Ú / …gdf/Ú sf]
…xf/Ú / …df/Ú h:tf Ps} ;dfgsf j0f{ bf]xf]l/Psfn] cGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf]
5.

39
%=cfBGTofg'k|f;
sljtfdf kBsf] cflb / cGTodf j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePdf cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/
x'G5 . h:t}M–
3]/f lbP/ dgdf /xg] k|r08
d]/f 5 zq'x¿n] a/afb kf/] .
s] /fh x'G5 < al9of k0f Tof] cv08
x] /fd Û la;{g'eof]] ls < b;f}gF gf/] Û
-/f3jfnª\sf/M ^_
dflysf] kBdf k|To]s kfpsf] ;'?df …3]/fÚ …d]/fÚ …sÚ] …x]Ú h:tf zAbsf] cfj[lQ
ePsf] 5 . To:t} k|yd / t[tLo kfpsf] cGTodf …k|r08Ú / …cv08Ú tyf låtLo rt'y{
kfpsf] cGTodf …kf/]Ú / …gf/]Ú h:tf zAbsf] cfj[lQ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF
cfBGtfg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

^=dWofg'k|f;
s'g} klg kB jf sljtfdf dfemsf j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePdf dWofg'k|f; x'G5,
h:t}–

;d:t ;fwf/0fsf aofgdf

cg]s afwf pkxf/ kfOof] .
ljj]ssf wf/s /fdeb|sf]
t;y{ cfwf/ cgfyn] lnof] ..
-/f3jfnª\sf/M &_
dflysf] sljtfsf] kª\lQmdf k|To]s kfpsf] kfFrf} cIf/ …wfÚ sf] cfj[lQ ePsf]
5 . To;}n] oxfF dWofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

&=>[ª\vnfg''k|f;
s'g} klg kBsf] r/0fsf] clGtd kb / csf]{ r/0fsf] ;'?sf] kb pxL ePsf]
v08df >[ª\vnfg''k|f; cnª\sf/ x'G5, h:t}–
40
 ……ntf/L nufPls j]; rfFb/Lsf]
b/Lsf] ;/L j];\ km/Lof v'n]sf]
v'n]sf] sdn em}+ d'xf/nfO{ b]lv
O b]lv d b]Vltg ;j\ 5f8\5' z]vL ÚÚ
-hf]u d08nLsf slj / sljtfM k[= #&, k|lji6L !*_
o;df …b/Lsf]Ú …b/Lsf]Ú …v'n]sf]Ú …v'n]sf]Ú …O b]lvÚ …O b]lvÚ h:tf zAbx¿
>[ª\vnfTds ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ >[ª\vnfg'k|f; cnª\sf/ dfGg'kg]{
b]lvG5 .

*=nf6fg'k|f;
nf6fg'k|f; cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf] Ps e]b xf] . ef/tsf] nf6\ k|fGt -u'h/ft_ sf
ljåfg\x¿n] k|rngdf NofPsf] x'gfn] o; cg'k|f;sf] gfd /xg uPsf] xf] . tfTko{ km/s
ePsf] Ps kfpdf k|of]u ePsf] jfSo h:tfsf] To:t} csf{ kfpdf k|of]u ePdf jf pxL
cy{ ePsf] zAbsf] k'g?lQm ePdf nf6fg'k|f; x'G5 -pkfWofo, @)#^M!@#_ . jfRofy{
Pp6} tfTko{sf b[li6n] zAb / cy{ k"/} bf]xf]l/Pdf nf6fg'k|f; x'G5, h:tM–

sNn] l3;f5{ clt j]u u/L /]nnfO{

sNn] l3;f5{ clt j]u u/L /]nnfO{ .

s:n] laufb{5 ljz]if kmnfdnfO{

s:n] laufb{5 ljz]if kmnfdnfO{ ..
-;f]dgfy ;flxTo k|lbk, k[= *%_
oxfF Pp6} jfSo b'O{ k6s k|of]u ePsf] 5 . t/ cl3Nnf] kfpsf] …sNn]Úsf]
tfTko{ …s'g s'/fÚn] eGg] x'G5 eg] kl5Nnf] kfpsf] …sNn]Úsf] tfTko{ …sn jf d]l;gÚ
eGg] x'G5 . To:t} t];|f] kfpdf k|of]u ePsf] …s:n]Úsf] cy{ …s'g s'/fn]Ú eGg] 5 eg]
clGtd kfpsf] …s:n]Úsf] tfTko{ …s; jf lvofÚ eGg] 5 . To;}n] oxfF nf6fg'k|f; kg{
uPsf] 5 .

41
#=^=@=@= ods cnª\sf/

ods cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ e/td'lgsf] …gf6\o;"qÚ b]lv g} ePsf] kfOG5 . ods

eg]sf] o'Ud jf hf]8f xf] . w]/} cy{ a'emfpg] Pp6} zAb bf]xf]l/of] eg] ods cnª\sf/
x'G5 . Jojxf/df ltg cIf/sf] ;d"x ;fy{s jf lg/y{s b'j} ¿kdf bf]xf]l/Psf ods
cnª\sf/ aGb5 . ;+:s[t ;flxTodf o;sf w]/} e]b / pke]b ePsf] s'/f cfrfo{ b08L
/ slj e6\6Ln] b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnLdf sljtfsNkb'|k -!(^!_ / ;'Gb/L -!(^#_ df
o;sf w]/} gd'gf klg kfOG5g\ -g]kfnL ;flxTosf]z, @)%%M@@_ . ods cnª\sf/df
st} b'j} kb ;fy{s x'G5g\, st} Pp6f ;fy{s csf]{ lg/y{s x'G5 / st} b'j} lg/y{s
x'G5g\ . ods cnª\sf/sf af/]df k+ s'nrGb| uf}td n]Vg'x'G5 …odssf e]b cg]sfg]s
x'g ;Qm5g\ , t/ clt u/]/ ods kf/]sf sfJo b'af]{Wo x'gfn] cwd >]0fLdf ulgG5g\ .
cy{ af]wdf Hofbf si6 / ljnDa gkg]{ odsjfnf sfJo a]];} x'G5Ú -uf}td, @)^*M(_ .
slj ;f]dgfy l;UBfnn] …cfbz{/f3jÚ dxfsfJodf ods cnª\sf/sf] ;kmn k|of]u
u/]sf] e]l6G5 . h:t}M–

……;a lxdfn lxdfnosf v'n], gj, ;/f]h ;/f]h–ndf km'n]

ca knfz–knfzdxfF r9], ta czf]s–czf]s eO{ a9] ÚÚ
-;f]dgfy, cfbz{/f3j, *M@_
oxfF p;} qmddf p:t} :j/Jo~hg–;d"x ePsf kbx¿ jf cIf/x¿sf] cfj[lQ
5 . t/ lxdfn–lxdfn tyf ;/f]h–;/f]hdf cl3Nnf] kb ;fy{s / kl5Nnf] kb lg/y{s
5 eg] knfz–knfz tyf czf]s–czf]sdf b'a} :ynsf b'a} kb ;fy{s 5g\ .

#=^=@=@=#= Zn]if cnª\sf/

Pp6} lZni6 kbaf6 cg]s cy{ lg:s]df zAb Zn]if cnª\sf/ x'G5 . Pp6} zAbn]
b'O{ j6f cy{nfO{ cFufn]sf 7fpFdf Zn]if cnª\sf/ kg{ ;S5 . Ps} zAbsf cIf/sf]
v08v08 u/]/ cg]s cy{ x'Fbf klg Zn]if cnª\sf/ x'G5 . Zn]if cnª\sf/ eËZn]if /
ceËZn]if u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . ceËZn]if Ps} k|sf/sf] x'G5 eg] eËZn]if j0f{, kb,

42
lnË, efiff, k|s[lt, k|Too, ljelQm / jrg u/L cf7 dWo] s'g}nfO{ cf>o u/]/ /xg]
x'gfn] cf7 k|sf/sf] x'G5 -uf}td, @)^*M!^_ . Zn]if cnª\sf/sf] af/]df …sfJok|sfzÚdf
zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/ b'a}df u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] …s'jnofgGbdfÚ cyf{nª\sf/sf]
¿kdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L …;flxTo bk{0fÚdf o;nfO{ zAbfnª\sf/sf ¿kdf
u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotof Zn]if zAb, cy{ b'j}df dfGg] dDd6sf] ljrf/ kfOG5 .
zAbZn]if eGgfn] zAb abNg g;lsg], h;nfO{ …zAbkl/j[To;xÚ eGg] rng 5, cy{
Zn]if eGgfn] zAb abn]/ klg cy{ gx/fpg] x'Fbf To:tf]nfO{ …zAbkl/j[lQ;xÚ elgG5 -
kGt, @)%^M@!_ . nIf0f u|Gyn] atfPcg';f/ ;eª\u,ceª\u / ;eª\ufeª\u u/L zAb
Zn]ifsf ltgy/L Zn]if cnª\sf/ x'G5g\ . Zn]if cnª\sf/sf /fd|f gd'gf n]vgfy
kf}8\ofnsf …Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJodf kfpg ;lsG5, h:t}–

cl8g] ;fx;} 5}g rfxG5g\ ;a kN6g}

v'nf bf]sfg sf] /fV5 un]aGb eP s'g} .
-Ct'ljrf/, k[= **_
oxfF hf8f] c;fWo} ePsf]n] s;}sf] cl8g] ;fx; 5}g . ;a}nfO{ Gofgf]sf nflu kN6g
dg nfU5 . o:tf] a]]nfdf bf]sfg -k;n_ v'Nnf /fVg ;ls+b}g cyjf hf8f] ePsf]n]
un]aGb ePb]lv bf]sfg -b'j} sfg_ v'nf /fVg ;lsFb}g . o;/L x]bf{ o;df bf]sfgn]
cg]s cy{ a'emfPsf]n] Zn]if cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

#=^=@=@=$= jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/

jqm eg]sf] afª\uf] / plQm eg]sf] egfO xf] . To;}n] jqmf]lQmsf] cy{ afª\uf] jf
3'dfp/f] egfO xf] . af]Ng] jf n]Vg]n] Pp6f cy{ nufP/ k|of]u ePsf] jfSo jf zAbnfO{
c?n] cs}{ cy{ nufPdf jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ x'G5 . o;/L Pp6f cy{nfO{ csf]{ cy{sf]
¿kdf lng] b'O{ sf/0f x'G5g\ . tL x'g\– !=Zn]if @=sfs' .

lZni6 kb cg]sfyL{ x'G5 eg] :j/ cyjf cfjfhsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ sfs' elgG5 .
lZni6 zAbsf] k|of]u ePdf Pp6f cy{df k|of]u ePsf] zAbnfO{ Zn]ifn] ubf{ cs}{ cy{df

43
lnOG5 . To;sf/0f jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ kg{ hfG5 . To:t} sfs'df :j/ kl/jt{gsf]
sf/0fn] jfSosf] cy{ kl/jt{g eO{ jqmf]lQm kg{ hfG5 . h:t} –
;'Gb]p ufpF5' pdfkltsf] rl/q
;'g\ 5}}g ldq Û ;lsof] cjwfg lbG5',
kfPF ceLi6 cj /2 u¥of] dnfO{
;2] 5Fb} s;/L /2 eof} t efO .
-/f3jfnª\sf/, k[=#_
oxfF cl3Nnf] kbsf] ;'Gb]pnfO{ jQmfn] >j0f ul/b]pm eGg] cy{df k|of]u u/]sfdf >f]tfn]
To;nfO{ aª\UofP/ …;'gÚ gfds kbfy{ b]pm eGg] cy{df lnPsf] 5 / To;sf] hjfkmdf
…d ;Fu ;'g 5}g Ú eg]sf] 5 / …cjwfgÚ lbG5' egL wfg lbg] s'/f] u/]sf] 5 . To:t}
jQmfn] …cjwfgÚ zAbsf] cy{ …WofgÚ eGg] a'emL cfkm" /2 -k|;Gg_ ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 .
>f]]tfn] eg] …/2Ú nfO{ /2L eGg] cy{ nufPsf] 5 . To;}n] dflysf] sljtfdf Zn]if
jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

sfs' jqmf]lQmdf eg] :j/ lauf/]/ cs}{ clek|fo k|s6 ul/G5 . h:t}–
o:tf] s/fn slnsfn a9]/ cfof]
>L/fdsf] r/0flrGtg nf} gug{' < -/f3jfnª\sf/, k[= $_
oxfF :j/ eËåf/f >L/fdsf] r/0f lrGtg cjZo ug'{ eGg] cy{ a'lemG5 . To;}n] oxfF
sfs' jqmf]lQm kg{ uPsf] 5 .

#=&= ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] e"ldsf

;flxTo cfkm}Fdf Pp6f snf xf] . of] ;'Gb/ x'G5 . ;f}Gbo{ dg k/fpg', ;'Gb/ aGg
vf]Hg', dflg;sf] ;xhft u'0f xf] . ;flxTo klg snfs} If]q ePsf]n] o;df ;f}Gbo{sf]
cleJolQm cfjZos dflgG5 . ;f}Gbo{ k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' dflg;sf] :jfefljs rfxgf xf] .
To;}n] ;flxTo ;'Gb/ / ;'?lrk"0f{ x'g'k5{ . ;flxTodf zAb / cy{sf] rdTsf/af6 g}
;f}Gbo{sf] ;[li6 x'G5 . To:tf] zAb / cy{sf] rdTsf/ ;flxTodf cnª\sf/n] k|bfg ug]{
ePsfn] ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] ljlzi6 :yfg 5 .

44
 ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] s] :yfg 5 < eGg] af/]df j]bb]lv jt{dfg;Dd
cnª\sf/sf] rrf{kl/rrf{ ug]{ qmd a9\b} uPsf] tYoaf6 g} 5n{ª\u x'G5 . nf}lss
;flxTodf dfq xf]Og≤ cnª\sf/sf] 1fglagf j]bsf] klg cy{af]w ug{ g;lsg] s'/f
ljåfg\x¿n] cf}FNofPsf] b]lvG5 . cnª\sf/ zAbsf] pNn]v j]b / Jofs/0fzf:qx¿df
klg kfOG5 . e/td'lgn] …gf6\ozf:qÚdf cnª\sf/sf] lj:t[t rrf{ u/L sfJo /
cnª\sf/nfO{ hf]8]/ sfJofnª\sf/ u|Gy tof/ kf/]sf] tYoaf6 klg k|frLgsfnb]lv g}
;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . efdxafx]s b08L / jfdgn]
klg cnª\sf/nfO{ ;j{:j 7fg]sf 5g\ . o;} k[i7e"lddf ;Dk"0f{ cnª\sf/sf] d"n ;|f]tsf]
¿kdf efdxn] jqmf]lQmfO{, b08Ln] cltzof]lQmnfO{ / jfdgn] cf}kDonfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ .
t/ h] eP klg cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJo jf ;flxTosf] cfTdfsf] ¿kdf glnP klg sfJo jf
;flxTosf] Pp6f cfjZos / :jfefljs cª\usf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . o;} cfwf/df
/;jfbL / /LltjfbL cfrfo{x¿n] klg cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJodf pTsif{tf k|bfg ug]{ cy{df
jf ;xfos pkfbfgsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .

e/tn] rf/ cnª\sf/ pNn]v u/]sf] 7fpFdf efdxn] cnª\sf/sf] ;}4flGts

JofVof;lxt #( cnª\sf/sf] rrf{ u/] . lj:tf/} lj:tf/} cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} uP/
;qf}F ztfAbLsf cKoo bLlIftsf] …s'jnofgGbÚ u|Gydf cfOk'Ubf cnª\sf/sf] ;ª\Vof
!@$ k'Ug'n] ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u, cnª\sf/sf] ;}4flGts rrf{df cle?lr tyf
pTs[i6 ;flxTo l;h{gfdf cnª\sf/sf] cfjZostf h:tf s'/fx¿ 5n{ª\u x'G5g\ .

k|frLg ljåfg\x¿n] cnª\sf/sf] sfJozf:qLo ljj]rgfsf ;Gbe{df zAb jf efj

pGd]ifx¿sf gofF–gofF ;f}Gbo{56fsf] cGj]if0f Pjd\ juL{s/0f ug]{ sfo{df cfkm\gf]
k|ltefsf] k|z:t k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k hlthlt gofF ;flxlTos s[ltx¿
n]lvFb} hfG5g\ Tolt cnª\sf/sf gjLgtd e]bx¿sf] ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy} ltgsf]
;ª\Vofdf klg qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . efdx, b08L h:tf ljåfg\x¿n] t
cnª\sf/nfO{ clgjfo{ tŒj dfg]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df cnª\sf/ sfJo;f}Gbo{sf]
:yfoL wd{ xf] . b08Ln] …sfJofbz{Údf ……sfJo zf]efsf/fGwdf{gnª\sf/fg\ k|rIft]ÚÚ eGb}

45
/fd|f] / cnª\sf/o'Qm sfJo g} zfZjt x'g] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . oxfF sfJosf] nf]slk|otf
/ cfo' klg cnª\sf/d} e/kg]{ s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .

To:t} cfrfo{ hob]jn] …rGb|fnf]sÚdf cª\uLs/f]lt oM sfJo+ zAbfy{jgnª\s[tL

c;f} g dGot] s:dfbg'i0fdgns[tL cyf{t\ cnª\sf/ gePsf zAb / cy{nfO{ hf]
sfJosf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub{5 Tof] ljåfg\ tfklagfsf] cfuf] eg]/ lsg :jLsf/ ub}{g <
eGb} cnª\sf/ljgf sfJo x'g} g;Sg] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ -x}dk|ef, @)^*M%*_ .
cnª\sf/jfbLx¿n] t cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJosf] cfTdf g} dfg]sf 5g\ . t/
/;WjlgjfbLx¿n] eg] sfJosf] cfTdf dflgPsf /; / Wjlgsf pksf/s wd{sf] ¿kdf
cnª\sf/nfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . h] xf];\ s'g} ¿kdf sfJodf cnª\sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k"jL{o
ljåfg\x¿n] Jofks ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf cnª\sf/n] zAb;f}Gbo{ /
cy{ ;f}Gbo{åf/f /; cyjf efjnfO{ cnª\s[t kf/]/ sfJo jf ;flxTonfO{ cfsif{s Pjd\
k|efjk"0f{ agfpg ;S5g\ -pkfWofo, @)%%M!)*_ .

;+:s[t ;flxTodf sflnbf;, ef/lj, b08L, df3 / >Lxif{sf sfJos[ltx¿

cnª\sf/ k|of]un] ubf{ cfh;Dd klg pTs[i6 /rgfdf ulgG5g\ . sflnbf;sf] pkdf,
ef/ljsf] cy{uf}/j, b08Lsf] kbnflnTo clg slj df3sf /rgfdf rfFlx ltgj6} u'0fx¿
kfOG5g\ eGg] s'/f k"jL{o sfJozf:qdf ;"lQm g} ag]sf] 5 –
pkdfsflnbf;:o ef/j]/y{uf}/jd\ .
b08LgM kbnflnTod\ df3] ;lGt qof] u'0ffM .
sflnbf;sf] sfJosnf a]]hf]8 dflgG5 . pgn] cfkm\gf sfJox¿df pkdf, pTk|]Iff,
cyf{Gt/Gof;h:tf cnª\sf/x¿sf] k|of]uaf6 plQmj}lrq\osf] /d0fLotf k|:t't u/]sf
5g\ . pgL ljz]if u/L pkdfn] g} lrlgG5g\ . pkdfåf/f sljtfsf] ;f}Gbo{ k|:t't ug{df
pgL cljh]o dflgG5g\ . pkdf k|of]usf] ljnIf0f sfJolzNkn] ubf{ sflnbf; …bLklzvf
sflnbf;Úsf gfdn] klg k|l;4 5g\ -x}dk|ef, @)^*M%(_ .

cnª\sf/ k|of]usf b[l6n] ef/ljnfO{ klg …cftkqef/ljÚ elgPsf] 5 . logsf]

…ls/ftfh'{gLoÚ ljlrqdfuL{ sfJok/Dk/fsf] pTs[i6 s[lt dflgG5 . df3 / >Lxif{sf

46
dxfsfJox¿ klg cnª\sf/ k|of]usf b[li6n] ljlzi6 5g\ . uB k|of]usf l;4x:t b08L
zAblrq k|:t't ug{df k|jL0f b]lvG5g\ eg] af0fe6\6sf] …sfbDa/LÚ cnª\sf/d"ns
sfJofTds uBsf] pTsif{ g} dflgG5 -zdf{, @)^#M!)*_

k"jL{o ;flxTozf:qdf dfq xf]Og≤ kfZrfTo ;flxTo zf:qLx¿n] klg

cnª\sf/nfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbP/ JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . lu|;]nL ;flxTozf:qdf
cnª\sf/nfO{ …qf]b]Ú / cª\u|]hL ;flxTozf:qdf cnª\sf/nfO{ …lkmu;{ ckm l:krÚ sf
gfdn] rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . c+u|]hL ;flxTodf klg l;ldnL -pkdf–n'Ktf]kdf k"0ff{kdf_,
d]6f]gf]dL -jqmf]lQm_, cld;g -ckf;fg,pT;u{ ckGx'lt_, xfOk/an -cTo'lQm,
cltzof]lQm_, PlG6–y]l;; -cyf{Gt/Gof;, k|ltkIftf_, d]6fkmf]/ -¿ks–cf/f]kd"ns_,
PnLuf]/L -¿ks_ h:tf cnª\sf/x¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg kfPsf b]lvG5g\ . cfhef]ln
cnª\sf/nfO{ laDa eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cnª\sf/ ljwfgsf 7fpFdf laDa ljwfg eg]/
Jojxf/ ul/G5 . o;/L k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j}lt/ ;flxTozf:qdf cnª\sf/nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{
:yfg lbOPsf] 5 / ;flxlTos plQmsf cª\u ag]/ cfpg] cnª\sf/ of laDak|tLsnfO{
dflyaf6 hl8Psf cfe"if0fd"ns tŒjdfq g7fgL :jod\ g} ;'Gb/ plQm ag]/ tŒj
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 -kf}8]n, @)^&M*)_ .

g]kfnL ;flxTozf:qLx¿n] klg cnª\sf/sf] af/]df k|z:t JofVof ljj]rgf u/]sf]

kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;}4flGts rrf{df ;+:s[ts} egfOnfO{ cg'jfb u/]/ /fv] klg
pbfx/0fdf eg] g]kfnL ;flxTo kB jf egfOnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . s'nrGb|
uf}tdsf] …/f3jfnª\sf/Ú / e/t/fh kGtsf] …g]kfnL cnª\sf/ kl/roÚ cnª\sf/sf
ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf dxŒjk"0f{ s[lt x'g\ . o;}u/L s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, x]dfª\u/fh
clwsf/L, lxdf+z' yfkf cflbn] klg k"jL{o ;dfnf]rgfsf] rrf{ ubf{ cnª\sf/sf] af/]df
lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] …Ct'ljrf/Ú / dfwj l3ld/]sf
v08sfJox¿nfO{ cnª\sf/ ljwfgsf b[li6n] JofVof tyf ljj]rgf u/L ljBfjfl/lw
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L k"j{klZrd / g]kfnL ;a}lt/sf ;a} vfnsf cfrfo{x¿af6 s'g}
g s'g} ¿kdf rlr{t / ;Ddflgt x'g'af6 cnª\sf/ ;flxTosf] Ps clgjfo{ jf
ckl/xfo{ tŒj xf] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

47
 jf:tjdf sfJo jf ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] ljlzi6 :yfg / e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
cnª\sf/ eg]sf] ;f}Gbo{ xf] . ;f}Gbo{ k|]d dfgjdfqsf] hGdhft k|j[lQ xf] . csf]{ zAbdf
eGg] xf] eg] ;f}Gbo{ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ct'n ;DklQ xf] . o;} ;f}Gbo{ k|]dn] ubf{
dflg;sf] ljlw Jojxf/ / efiffdf klg ;f}Gbo{ cleJolQm x'G5 . ;f}Gbo{ cleJolQmsf]
k|an ¿k ;flxTo xf] . To;}n] ;flxTodf ;To+, lzjd\sf ;fy} ;'Gb/d\ klg x'G5 . o;/L
;f}Gbo{sf] k|:t'lt ;flxTodf snf kIf / efj kIfdf x'G5 . snf kIfcGtu{t u7g,
efiff, z}nL, cleJolQm cflbdf ;f}Gbo{sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . efj kIfcGtu{t
;flxTosf] d"n ljifo / p2]Zo cflbdf ;f}Gbo{ cleJoQm ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L snfkIf /
efjkIfdf ;f}Gbo{sf] cfu|x lgjf{xdf dfq ;flxTo ;fy{s, cfsif{s / k|efjfTds x'G5 .
;flxTodf ;fy{stf, cfsif{stf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] l;h{gfsf] nflu ;f}Gbo{sf] cy{df
cnª\sf/sf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf 5 .

;flxTodf hLjgsf] ;+j]ufTds cleJolQm x'G5 . cfkm\gf] efj, ljrf/ / cg'e"lt

JoQm ug]{ Pp6f leGg dgl:ylt x'G5 . o:t} dfgl;stfsf] tLa|td l:yltdf ;flxTo
/rgf x'G5 . ;flxTosf/sf] ;f}Gbo{k|ltsf] cfsif{0fn] ubf{ sljtfdf :jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf
cfnª\sfl/s cleJolQmsf] k|:km'6g x'G5 . slj Jolytsf cg';f/ …cg'e"ltn] /GylgP/
efjfj]zk"j{s n]lvPsf] sljtfdf efiff, cnª\sf/ / cg'k|f; cflb :jefjtM 5fof em}F
/rgfsf kl5 nfu]sf x'G5g\Ú -s'jF/, @)%)M%$_ . o;/L :jtM:km"t{ cleJolQmdf
g};lu{s ;f}Gbo{ x'G5 . o:tf] :jefljs ;f}Gbo{df snfTdstf / k|efjfTdstf x'G5 .

cfkm\gf] cleJolQmnfO{ ljljwtf / gjLgtf k|bfg ug'{ ;flxTosf/sf] ;kmn snf

/ lzNksf] kl/rfos xf] . o;/L ljljwtf / gjLgtfsf] k|fb'ef{j klg plQmj}lrq\o /
rdTsf/sf] s]Gb|Lotfdf x'G5 . plQmj}lrq\o / rdTsf/sf] l;h{gfsf] d"n cfwf/e"ld
cfnª\sfl/s cleJo~hgf g} x'G5 . t/ ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u :jfefljs /
cfjZos ¿kdf dfq x'g' k5{ . cnª\sf/sf] k|antf / ax'ntfn] ubf{ ;flxTos /rgf
s[lqd / lgik|f0f x'G5 . To;}n] ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eGg ;lsG5
. o;n] Psflt/ ;flxTodf plQm j}lrq\o rdTsf/ tyf ljnIf0ftf pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbf /

48
csf{lt/ ;f}Gbo{ pTkGg ug]{ x'Fbf o;sf] dxŒj :jtM :ki6 b]lvG5 . cnª\sf/n]
;flxTonfO{ ljz]if syg t'NofO{ k|efjf]Tkfbs agfpF5 . o;sf cefjdf ;flxTo
cgfsif{s / ;fdfGo sygh:t} aG5 .

;flxTodf zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/ b'js

} f] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
zAbfnª\sf/n] ;flxTodf k|o'Qm zAbnfO{ rfdTsfl/s / ;f}Gbo{d"ns t'NofpF5 eg]
cyf{nª\sf/n] cy{nfO{ efjk"0f{ / ;'Gb/ agfpF5 . zAbfnª\sf/ zAbdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'Fbf
o;n] ljz]iftM afXo ;f}Gbo{ jf k|efjsf] l;h{gf u5{ eg] cyf{nª\sf/ efjdf cfwfl/t
x'g] x'Fbf o;n] cfGtl/s ;f}Gbo{ jf k|efj pTkGg u5 . oL b'O{ k|sf/sf] ;f}Gbo{ jf
k|efjsf] l;h{gfdf logsf] cf–cfkm\gf] ljz]if e"ldsf / dxŒj /x]sf] x'G5 .

zAbfnª\sf/ >d;fWo x'G5 . ;flxTodf o;sf] a9L k|of]u x'Fbf af}l4s rdTsf/
a9\5 . cyf{nª\sf/ ;h{ssf] efjgfaf6 pTkGg x'g] xF'bf of] ;/; ;xh x'G5 . oL b'O{
k|sf/sf cnª\sf/x¿n] b'O{ leGg lsl;daf6 ;flxTonfO{ l;Fufg]{ xF'bf oL b'j}sf]] cfkm\gf
cfkm\g} 9ª\usf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL b'jn
} ] g} ;flxTonfO{ k|efjsf/L
ljlzi6 / ;f}Gbo{o'Qm t'NofP klg zAbfnª\sf/sf] afx'No x'Fbf klg s[lt af]lemnf] aGg
k'U5 . logsf] ;Gt'lnt / cfjZos k|of]u x''FbfrfFlx s[lt u|fXo x'G5 . cnª\sf/
:jod\df uxgf eP klg logsf] k|of]u u/fOaf6 u|fXo / cu|fXo aGg k'U5g\ . To;}n]
cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u cksf/s 9ª\udf geP/ pksf/s 9ª\udf, cgfsif{s 9ª\udf geP/
cfsif{s 9ª\udf, lg/y{s geP/ ;fy{s 9ª\udf ul/Pdf dfq o;n] ;flxlTos ul/df
clej[l4 u5{ . s[ltdf o;sf] pkof]u kfl08To k|bz{gsf b[li6n] geP/ efj k|sfzgsf
b[li6n] ul/g'k5{ / To;f] ul/Pdf dfq s[lt pTs[i6 aGb5 .

;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] l;h{gf cnª\sf/s} lglDt x'g'x'Fb}g . To;f] ePdf

cnª\sf/ aflx/af6 h8fg ul/Psf] uxgfh:tf] e2f x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]u efj
cleJolQmsf nflu x'Fbf of] ;'Gb/ Pjd\ k|efjo'Qm aG5 / sfJosf] cf:jfbgdf ;xfos
l;4 x'G5 . zAb / cy{sf] rdTsf/af6 dfq ;an ;flxTosf] l;h{gf gx'g] x'Fbf o;sf]
;d'lrt k|of]u jf~5gLo 7flgG5 .

49
 cnª\sf/jfbLx¿n] cnª\sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfg]sf 5g\ . t/
/;WjlgjfbLx¿n] o; s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ gu/] klg cnª\sf/nfO{ cfjZos dxŒj lbPsf
5g\ . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ cnª\sf/jfbLem}F ;f}Gbo{ gdfg]/ sf/s dfg]sf 5g\ .
cnª\sf/jfbLsf b[li6df of] ;fwg / ;fWo b'j} xf] eg] cGosf b[li6df of] ;fWo geP/
;fwgdfq xf] . cfw'lgs ljrf/sx¿ klg cnª\sf/nfO{ ;f}Gbo{ gdfg]/ To;sf] ;fwg
dfG5g\ . h] xf];\ ;flxTonfO{ ljlzi6 cleJolQm t'Nofpg] ;Gbe{df cnª\sf/sf] 7'nf]
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g .

#=*= g]kfnL ;flxTodf cnª\sf/

g]kfnL ;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] cfkm\g} dxŒj /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;+:s[t jfª\dosf]

;fd'Gg] g]kfnL efiff ul/a b]lvP klg g]kfnL efiffdf h]hlt l;h{gfx¿ ePsf 5g\ ;a}
dxŒjk"0f{ g} 5g\ . ;+:s[t nIf0f u|Gysf lglDt ;'xfFpbf cnª\sf/sf gd'gfx¿ g]kfnL
sfJo If]qdf gkfOg] xf]Ogg\ . zf:qLo wf/fsf slj n]vgfy, ;f]dgfy cflbsf /rgfdf
cnª\sf/n] dxŒj kfPsf 5g\ . …Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJosf] l;h{gf ubf{ n]vgfy
kf}8\ofnn] cnª\sf/ of]hgfnfO{ lgs} dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ . To:t} ;f]dgfy l;Ub]nn] klg
…cfbz{ /f3jÚdf k"jL{o sfJozf:qLo cfbz{nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
5GbnfO{ cgfjZos j:t' dfGg] :jR5GbtfjfbL sljx¿ cnª\sf/nfO{ klg k'/fgf] j:t'
dfGb5g\ . t/ klg cfkm\gf] efjnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ cnª\sf/ of]hgfsf] ;xf/f lnPsf]
kfOG5 .

cnª\sf/ ;flxTodf cnucnu efjfleJolQmsf] nflu cfjZos dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj

xf] . To;}n] ;flxTodf o;nfO{ 5f]8\bf 5f]l8g] / lnFbf lnOg] j:t' dfGg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf 5Gb alxisf/sf] o'u cfPkl5 zf:qLo 5Gbsf] cjx]ngf ul/P klg
afns[i0f ;d, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnh:tf sljx¿n] dfq xf]Og, e"kL
z]/rg, df]xg sf]O/fnf, ;ª\s/nfld5fg], kfl/hft cflbx¿n] klg sljtfnfO{ cg'k|f;,
nfIfl0fs, plQmk/s laDax¿df afFw]/ ;+lZni6 ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ -pkfWofo,

50
@)#^M!((_ . o; k|sf/sf] laDa ljwfgn] uB sljtfnfO{ k|z:t l;Fuf/]sf] 5 / ;zQm
kf/]sf] 5 . sljtfn] 5GbjfbL wf/fsf lj?4 qmflGt eO{{ ha uB sljtfsf] k|f/De eof]≤
tab]lv g} klZrdL ;flxToaf6 k|efljt k|tLsjfbL of]hgfsf] k|efj emg\ a9\b} uof]
/ cfnª\sfl/s k|of]un] klg sf]N6f] k]m¥of] . t/ k|tLs of]hgf ;fWoj;fgf, uf}0fL nIf0ff
cyjf ¿ksfltzof]lQm cnª\sf/sf] bf];|f] ¿k xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] la;{g' x'Fb}g .

klxn]sf ljåfg\x¿n] pkdf, cltzof]lQm tyf jqmf]lQmnfO{ cnª\sf/sf] ljj]rgf

u/]sf lyP eg] clxn] k|tLs cyjf nfIfl0fs ¿ksf cltzof]lQm g} cnª\sf/sf] d"n
tŒj aGg k'u]sf] 5 . pko'{Qm s'/fnfO{ r"8fgfy e6\6/fO{ o;/L eGg'x'G5–

…cfhsn k|tLssf andf rNg] sljtf sljx¿n] csf]{ cTof]lQm

of ¿ksfltzof]lQmsf] rfxgf u/L To;tkm{ g} ljz]if k|j[lQ
a9fP . 9'ª\u|L 5f8]/ ;'Gb/Lx¿n] d'Gb|L nfPdf uxgfsf] hdfgf
uof] eGg ldNb}g cfe"if0fn] ¿k abNof] dfq Ú

o;sf] cy{ cfw'lgs ;flxTodf c? cnª\sf/sf] dxŒj 5}g / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u

klg kfOFb}g eg]/ bf]if nufpg vf]Hg' ;/f;/ e"n x'g]5 . gjLg ;flxTos k|of]udf klg
pkdf, ¿ks, pTk|]Iff, lj/f]wfef;, ;df;f]]lQmh:tf cnª\sf/x¿ k|z:t e]l6G5g\ . ;do
/ kl/l:yltsf] kl/jt{gzLntfn] ubf{ cleJolQmdf klg gofF z}nL / gofF k|of]ux¿
b]lvg' :jefljs xf] . o;n] ubf{ gofF plQm j}lrqox¿sf] cfljisf/ eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
ltgLx¿nfO{ k'/fgf] 9fFrfsf] zf:qLo ¿k glbOPsf]n] ubf{ tL cnª\sf/ xf]Ogg\ eGg
ldNb}g . o:tf gofF plQmj}lrœonfO{ jqmf]lQm cyjf cltzof]lQm cnª\sf/df ;dfj]z
ug{ ;lsG5≤ lsgeg] ;Dk"0f{ plQmj}lrœosf] d"n tŒj jqmf]lQm of cltzof]lQm g} xf]
eGg] s'/fdf cnª\sf/ zf:qLx¿ k"0f{ ;xdt 5g\ .

51
 rf}yf] kl/R5]b
…t?0f tk;LÚdf zAbfnª\sf/

$=!= …t?0f tk;LÚ kl/ro

…t?0f tk;LÚdf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/sf] cWoog ug'{k"j{ of] s:tf] vfnsf] s[lt
xf] < eGg] af/]df cWoog x'g' ;fGble{s ePsfn] …t?0f tk;LÚsf] syfj:t', gJosfJo
;+1f / dxfsfJo :j¿k, ;+/rgf jf k|aGw ljwfg, cfVofgLs/0fh:tf ljifodf ;ª\lIfKt
cWoog k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

$=!=!= syfj:t'

slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnåf/f lnlvt …t?0f tk;LÚ g]kfnL sfJo ;flxTos}
Ps pTs[i6 /rgf xf] . …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] syfj:t' sfGtflj/xL slj 3'Db}lkmb{}
;fFemkv rf}tf/Ldf a:g k'u]kl5 ;'? x'G5 . sfGtflj/xL slj 3'Db}lkmb}{ rf}tf/Ldf a:g
k'u]kl5 pgsf] dgdf tk:ofsf] ljifodf rfv pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] pgn] ToxfF
tk:ofs} ljifdof s]xL ;f]Rg / sljtf /Rg vf]H5g\ . TolQs}df ;fFemsf] a]]nf ePsfn]
la:tf/} cFWof/f] x'g yfN5 . pgsf snd, d;L, sfkL, ;a}nfO{ cFWof/f]n] 5f]lklbG5 .
To;kl5 slj ToxL ¿vd'lg klN6G5g\ / s]xLa]/d} lgbfpg k'U5g\ .

;kgfdf pgn] ToxL ¿vd} cGtlg{{lxt ePsf Pshgf j[4 tk;LnfO{ b]V5g\ . tL
tk;LnfO{ b]v]kl5 pgn] …tkfO{+ sf] x'g'x'G5 <Ú eg]/ k|Zg u5{g\ . hjfkmdf pgnfO{
To; j[Ifdf lglxt tk;Ln] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;a} sxfgL ;'gfpF5g\ . tk;Lsf] To;
hLjgsxfgLdf ¿vsf] afNosfn, ¿v / kz'x¿sf] ;DaGw, ljleGg Ct'x¿df ¿vsf]
cj:yf, ¿vdf a:g] r/fx¿, r/f / Jofwfsf] sxfgL, wgL / ul/jaLrsf] cj:yf,
ef]sf] cltly, dflg;sf] wg;~ro ug]{ k|j[lQ, ¿k}Fof k};f, kl;gfsf] lvrftfgL,
cGwljZjf;, wd{ / lj1fg, ;dflw, lgisfd sd{, xfF;f] OToflb ljljw ljifosf] ljj]rgf

52
/f]rs tl/sfn] x'G5 . log} ljifox¿sf] ljj]rgf ug]{ qmddf slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn]
cfkm\gf hLjgsf tdfd cg'ej, 3ft–k|lt3ft, ;+3if{, cGt{åGå, wf/0ff, ljZjf;,
l;4fGt, dfGotf, ljrf/, efjgf, sNkgf OToflbsf] ljzb\ JofVof k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

o; k|sf/ ;a}} s'/f atfO;s]kl5 tL tk;L ToxL t?leq} lanfP/ hfG5g\ .

olt~h]n;Dd ef]lnkN6sf] ldld{/] laxfgL eO;s]sf] x'G5 . slj klg Ao'Femg k'U5g\ .
pgL Jo'Fembf pgL;Fu vfln ;kgfsf] ;Demgf dfq afFsL /xG5 . pgn] pb]s dfG5g\ .
olQs}df o; gJosfJosf] syfgs 6'lËG5 .

$=!=@ gJosfJo ;+1f / dxfsfJo :j¿k

slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] …t?0f tk;LÚ nfO{ gJosfJo eg]/ gfds/0f
u/]sf 5g\ . k"jL{o sfJok/Dk/fdf sfJo, dxfsfJo, v08sfJo, rDk'sfJo cflb sfJosf
gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ gJosfJosf] gfd eg] st} kfO{+b}g . ctM k"jL{o
sfJok/Dk/fs} cg';/0f u/L n]lvPsf] k|:t't sfJo …t?0f tk;LÚ s;/L …gJosfJoÚ
eof] < eg]/ k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . k"jL{o dxfsfJoLo dfGotfcg';f/ hLjg / hut\sf]
lj/f6\ lbUbz{g ePsf] k|aGw sfJonfO{ dxfsfJo dflgG5 . To:tf] k|aGwsfJodf
;u{a4tf, cf7 ;u{eGbf clws ;u{, wL/f]bfQ gfos, Ps/; s]Gb|Lotf, k~r;lGw,
wdf{y{sfddf]IfdWo] s'g} Pssf] k|flKtsf] p2]Zo, sfJosf] cflbdf dª\unfr/0f, vnlgGbf
/ ;Hhgk|z+;f, Pp6f ;u{el/ Pp6} 5Gb / ;uf{Gtdf 5Gb kl/jt{g tyf efjL ;u{sf]
syf ;ª\s]t, ljljw k|s[ltsf] lrq0f, ljljw hLjgsd{sf] rrf{, gfos jf ljifo cflbsf
cfwf/df sfJosf] gfds/0f ePsf] x'G5 .

To:t} sf]zsfJodf c>[ª\vlnt / k/:k/ c;Da4 eP/ klg Ps} ;d'bfodf

kBx¿ clGjt ePsf] x'G5 . …t?0f tk;LÚ df oL nIf0f 5}gg\ . v08sfJon] Psb]zLo
cg';/0f u5{, hf] ;u{ of]hgf/lxt x'G5, h;df k/:k/ ;Da4 kBx¿ x'G5g\, h;df
;a} ;lGw x'Fb}gg\, h;df efiff / ljefiffsf] lgod x'G5 cyf{t\ ;+:s[t efiffaf6 k|f/De
ePsf] eP ;+:s[t g} / k|fs[t efiffaf6 k|f/De ePsf] eP k|fs[t efiffd} n]Vg]

53
lgodnfO{ v08sfJo elgG5 -ljZjgfy_ . o; kl/efiffleq klg n]vgfysf] …t?0f
tk;LÚ c6fpFb}g .

k|:t't …t?0f tk;LÚ df pko'{Qm dxfsfJoLo / v08sfJoLo nIf0fx¿ b'?:t ?h' x'g
;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljåfg\x¿sf o; sfJosf ljifodf ljleGg
dfGotfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;dLIfs ;flxTosf/ ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf
b[li6df v08sfJo, dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf b[li6df cNkdxfsfJo jf bL3{sfJo,
s]zj l3ld/]sf b[li6df pkdxfsfJo jf Psfy{s dxfsfJo / n]vgfysf ljifodf
ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf b[li6df dxfsfJo ;dsIfL s[lt xf] -u}/], @)^)M@*#_
. dflysf ljåfg\\x¿sf] dfGotfnfO{ x]bf{ k|:t't sfJo …t?0f tk;LÚ nfO{ dxfsfJosf
glhs x]g{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 .

…t?0f tk;LÚ df dxfsfJoLo nIf0fx¿ k"0f{¿kdf cyf{t\ x'ax' ldNb}g ≤ tfklg

dxfsfJosf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ tŒjx¿sf] k|z:t ;dfj]z ePs} b]lvG5 .
lj>fda4tfn] ;u{a4tfsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . wL/f]bfQ gfossf ¿kdf t?df lglxt
tk;L /x]sf] 5 t/ dª\unfr/0f 5}g . efjL ;u{sf] syfgs k"j{;u{df pNn]v 5}g .
hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gtsf] JofVof klg 5}g . o;df k~r;lGwsf] Joj:yf 5}g . t/ klg
dxfsfJodf x'g] nIf0fx¿dWo] Ps /; zfGt/; o;df kfOG5 . vnlgGbf / ;Hhg
k|z+;f klg o;df /x]sf] 5 . gfos ¿v ag]sf] 5 . hLjg / hut\sf] j0f{g 5 / o;n]
o'uaf]w klg u/]sf] 5 .

o;/L x]bf{ slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofn k"jL{o sfJodfGotfsf] s7f]/ lgod;Fu k"0f{tM
;xdt gePsf] / lghL dxŒjfsfª\Iffsf] nx8df s'b]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . dxfsfJosf] ;+1f
tf]Sbf k"jL{o ?9 dfGotfsf] cjd"Nog x'g] ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] slj;'ne dxŒjfsfª\Iff /
gjLg k|of]unfO{ :yflkt ug{ pgn] gJosfJosf] 3f]if0ff ug{ k'u]sf b]lvG5g\ . oxfF
sljn] pNn]v u/]sf] gJosfJo gfds/0fsf ;DaGwdf …;+ejtM dª\unfr/0f gePsf],
;u{sf] jbnf lj>fd ePsf] / vf;u/L j0f{g / z}nLsf] gjLgtfsf ;fy gf}nf] s'/f ;'?
u/] eGg] wf/0ffn] gJosfJo gfd lbPsf] x'g'k5{Ú eG5g\ n]vs s'df/ axfb'/ hf]zL .

54
 ljrf/ / :j/sf] gjLgtf gx'Fbf;Dd sfJo x'Fb}g . t/ k|To]s df}lns sfJonfO{
gJosfJo eGg ldNb}g a? sfJo/Llts} Ps gd'gfsf] ;ª\s]t dfGg ;lsG5 . gf6ssf/
afns[i0f ;dn] o; gJosfJosf] e"ldsfdf …t?0f tk;LÚ nfO{ sflnbf;sf] …d]3b"tÚ /
u|] sf] …PnLhLÚ ;Fu bfFh]sf 5g\ . ;d n]V5g\ – …t?0f tk;Lsf Znf]s z}nLdf k|frLgtf
emNsG5 t/ efjz}nLdf cfw'lgstf 5Ú . jf:tjdf n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] k"jL{o
;flxTozf:q / slj;'ne dxŒjfsfª\Iffsf] åGådf gJosfJo gfdsf] 5'§} ;+1f lbP/
pgn] k"jL{o ?9 dfGotfk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] lgi7f Pj+ cfkm\gf] sfJok|ltsf] dxfg\ cf:yf oL
b'j}sf lglDt 5'§} af6f] vf]h]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . jf:tjdf k"jL{o ?9 dfGotfk|lt gtd:ts
ePs} sf/0fn] dxfsfJosf] ;+1f lbg lxlRsrfPs} x'g\ ls eGg] c8\sn sf6\g ;lsG5 .
cGoyf …t?0f tk;LÚ dxfsfJos} sf]6Ldf /fVg ;lsg] u|Gy xf] . lsgls o; u|Gyn]
u/]sf] o'ur]tgfsf] Jofks k|ltlglwTj b]jsf]6f / ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf dxfsfJodf klg
kfOFb}g .

$=!=# ;+/rgf jf k|aGw ljwfg

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚ df hDdf pGgfO{; j6f lj>fd

/x]sf 5g\ . o; gJosfJosf] d"n 5Gb of]hgf lzvl/0fL 5Gb /x]sf] 5 . s'n Znf]s
;ª\Vof kfFr ;o PsfGgAa] /x]sf] o; gJosfJodf kfFr ;o rjfln; Znf]s lzvl/0fL
5Gbdf, pGgfO{; Znf]s ljof]lugL 5Gbdf / c7f/ Znf]s dflngL 5Gbdf /x]sf 5g\ .
k|yd lj>fdafx]s sljn] k|f/Dedf ljof]lugL 5Gbsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ eg] lj>fdsf]
cGtdf dflngL 5Gbsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . o; gJosfJodf k|To]s lj>fdsf] cGtdf
5Gb kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . lj>fdsf] clGtd Znf]sn] lj>fdsf] ;dflKtsf] ;ª\s]t
ub{5 t/ efjL lj>fdsf] ljifodf s'g} klg ;ª\s]t ub}{g . k|To]s lj>fdn] dxfsfJosf]
syfgssf] Pp6f c8fgnfO{ dfq b]vfPsf] kfOG5 . dxfsfJosf] syfofqfnfO{ To;n]
b]vfpFb}g . o; gJosfJosf] k|f/Dedf sljsf] cfudg x'G5 / kl5 sljåf/f tk;Lsf]
bz{g x'G5 . t?df lglxt tk;Låf/f cfkm\gf] hLjgofqfsf] sygsf] ¿kdf syfgssf]
ofqf ;'? x'G5 .

55
 k|Zgf]Q/sf ¿kdf k"j{:d[ltsf] z}nLdf syfgs / sYo b'j}nfO{ k|:t't u/L o;sf]
/rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] syfgs ;an geP klg ;du| sfJonfO{ x]bf{ ;'?b]lv
cGTo;Dd cg'e"lt k|jfx ;+of]lht b]lvG5 . To:t} o;sf] l;Ëf] k|aGw ljwfg t?df
lglxt tk;Lsf] cfTdufyfsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t?ntfdf emsfPsf sljn]
cfkm\g} cGt{cfTdfleq s'g} cnu Hof]ltsf] ;fIffTsf/ ug{ k'U5g\ . clg t'?Gt} Tof] lbJo
cfef; lanfP/ hfG5 . To; lbJotfs} emNsf] lbg] s'g} tk;LnfO{ slj e]§fpF5g\ . oL
tk;L ToxL t?leq} cGltg{lxt t?0f tk;Lsf ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5g\ / sljn] lognfO{
k|Zg ;f]w]kl5 ;Dk"0f{ cfTdsyf ;'gfpFb5g\ . oxL slj ;|f]tf ag]/ jQmf tk;Lsf] j0f{g
;'Gg] qmddf /ft laTb5 . k|yd lj>fdsf] c7\7fO{;f}+F Znf]sdf slj k|Zg u5{g\ /
To;sf] pQ/df tk;Ln] pGgfO{;f}F lj>fdsf] jfO{;f}F Znf]s;Dd cfkm\gf] hLjgsxfgL
;'gfO/x]sf 5g\ . slj >f]]tf ag]/ ;'lg/x]sf 5g\ .

o; gJosfJodf emsfPsf slj kfqs} cGtd{gdf t?tk;L k|s6 eO{

cfTdsyf ;'gfP/ cGtdf ToxL t?df nLg x'G5g\ . To;kl5 slj kfq laxfgsf] ldld{/]
pHofnf]df AoF'lemP/ cfFvf vf]Nbf /ftsf] ;Dk"0f{ 36gf ;DemG5g\ / cGtb{z{g /x]5 eGg]
yfxf kfO{ pgsf] lj/xj]bgf zfGt eO{ tk:ofaf]w ePsf] b]vfP/ …t?0f tk;LÚ
gJosfJo ;lsPsf] 5 .

o;/L o; gJosfJodf sfGtflj/xL slj tyf t?df lglxt sfNklgs tk;Lsf]

rl/qfª\sgåf/f sfJolgdf{0fsf] s'zntf k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 . k|d'v ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf
dfG5] / k|s[ltnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . ;fy} dgf]hut\ / afXo ;+;f/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sljsf] cfudg, tk;Lsf] bz{g, tk;Låf/f lghL hLjgj[Qsf] syg / of]uL ¿ksf]
k|flKtsf ¿kdf o;sf] syfgssf] k|f/De, ljsf; / pTsif{ kfOG5 . t/ syfgssf] qmd
l;nl;nfa4 5}g . s]xL ;u{x¿nfO{ pN6f]kfN6f] kf/] klg km/s gkg]{ b]lvG5 . h:t} M
kfFrf}F / 5}7f}F lj>fddf lzsf/L / r/Lsf] k|;ª\unfO{ hxfF klg n}hfg ;lsG5 . To;}
u/L af¥xf}F lj>fdsf] h"gsL/Lsf] k|;ª\u / t];|f] lj>fdsf] rª\ufsf] k|;ª\u klg
l;nl;nfa4 5}g . To;}n] o;sf] k|aGw–ljwfg ?9aGwg jf zf:qLo z}nLdf geO{
:jR5GbtfjfbL b]lvG5 . ;u{ of]hgfsf ;§f lj>fd of]hgf ug'{, lj>fd eGg] zAb

56
;dflKt ;"rs eP klg k|f/Deb]lv g} lj>fd of]hgf ug{', k~r;lGwsf] cfof]hgf gx'g',
dª\unfr/0f gul/g', ;uf{Gtdf efjL ;u{sf] ;ª\s]t gx'g' h:tf cefjsf sf/0f o;
sfJodf zf:qLo dfGotfcg's"nsf] dxfsfJofTds k|aGw ljwfg 5}g . o;sf] cfsf/,
ljifo, lrGtg / o'uaf]w cflbsf] Jofkstfn] ubf{ o;sf] k|aGw–ljwfg v08sfJofTds
klg 5}g . t/ klg ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] x]bf{ o;nfO{ dxfsfJo g} eGg ;'xfpF5 .

$=!=$ cfVofgLs/0f

…t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] cfVofgleq b'O{ tx 5g\ . Pp6f …t?Ú cyf{t\ j[Ifsf]
ufyf /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ sljsf] cfkm\g} cfTdufyf kfOG5 . t? ufyf afXo ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 eg] sljsf] cfTdufyf cfGtl/s ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L t?0f tk;Lsf]
syfnfO{ b'O{ ;dfgfGt/ b[li6n] x]g{ ;lsG5 .

…t?0f tk;LÚsf] cfVofgsf] s]Gb|df j[If hLjgL /x]sf] b]lvG5 / j[If hLjgsf
cg'e"lt d"ntM slj n]vgfysf cg'e"lt b]lvG5g\ . j[Ifsf dfWodaf6 afXo hut\
cyf{t k|s[lt hut\ tyf dfgj hLjgsf] lg¿k0f ug]{ cfWoflTds k|oTg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lsgeg] o; s[ltdf j[If hLjgsf ljleGg cj:yf;Fu dfgj hLjgsf cj:yf /
oyfy{nfO{ tfbfTDoLs/0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . k|j[lQut ¿kdf x]bf{ kmno'Qm j[If b]vfpg'
;+;f/nfO{ b]vfpg' xf] eGg] em}+ nfU5 . o; s[ltsf] j[If s'g} Ps hftsf] geO{ j[If
;fdfGosf ¿kdf k|:t't 5 . To;}n] of] s[lt s'g} Ps :yfgLotf jf Ps hftLotf jf
;fd"lxstf / j}olQmstfdf cfwfl/t 5}g . o;df lj/xL sljsf] cGt/r]tgfdf j[If
tk;LnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / j[Ifsf cGt/Ë b[li6leq JolQm n]vgfy b]lvG5g\ tyf
JolQm n]vgfydf k|ltlalDat g]kfnL ;dfh / ljZjdfgjtf cGtlg{lxt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o:tf] cg]stfleq PsTj / Pstfleq cg]stfsf] snfTds k|:t'lt lbg ;Sg' slj
n]vgfysf] a[[xt\ ;fdYo{sf] kl/rfos dfGg'k5{ .

clewf cy{df eGg'kbf{ …t?0f tk;LÚ j[If hLjg g} xf] t/ cGt/Ë ljZn]if0f ubf{
o;df n]vgfysf] cfTdufyf klg ;lGglxt b]lvG5 . vf;u/L :d[ltsf ¿kdf sljsf]

57
hLjgL k|s6 ePsf] 5 . oxL sljsf] hLjgL g} pgsf] cfTdufyf xf] . j[If hLjgLdf
n]vgfysf] hLjg cGtlg{lxt x'g' g} pgsf] cfTdufyfsf] k|tLltsf] cfwf/ xf] .
kTgLljof]uL slj j[Ifd'lg a:g cfPsf] k|;Ëdf / p;df j]bgf / :jhg ljof]usf] kL8f
JofKt /x]sf] l:yltaf6 sfJo k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . o; gJosfJosf] Znf]s -!–!), !–
!$_ k|yd / pGgfO;f}F lj>fdsf slj :jod\ n]vgfy b]lvG5g\ . j[Ifsf hLjg 36gf,
cf/f]x, cj/f]x, cg's"ntf, k|lts"ntfx¿ n]vgfysf] hLjg;Fu d]n vfg] b]lvPsfn]
o;df n]vgfys} hLjg b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf n]vgfysf] cfkm\gf] hLjg cg'ej /
hLjgofqfn] pgLleqsf] slj k|ltef kfPkl5 t?0f tk;Lsf] sfJofTds cfs[ltdf
snfTdstfsf] cleJolQm kfOPsf] 5 . j:t'tM …t?0f tk;L]Ú t? tk;Ls} ufyf xf]
tfklg o;leq n]vgfysf] cjr]tg dgn] cfkm\g} k|ltR5lj ptfg{ vf]h]sf] cg'ej
x'G5 .

…t?0f tk;LÚsf] syfgs cToGt lemgf] ePsfn] / d"n rl/qx¿ klg l:y/
lsl;dsf ePsfn] rfl/lqs ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0faf6 o; sfJosf] rl/q–lrq0f Tolt
;an b]lvFb}g . lsgls o;df s'g} klg rl/qsf] kl/k'i6 ljsf; ePsf] 5}g . olt
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg syfgs cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu d"n kfqn] ;ª\3if{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 / To:tf]
;ª\3if{sf klg b'O{ :j¿k b]lvG5g\ – != cfGtl/s ;ª\3if{ @= afXo ;ª\3if{ . d"n rl/q
t? tk;L /x]sf] 5 . o; t?sf] rl/q cToGt ;ª\3if{do 5 . t? tk;L w}o{zfnL,
ljrf/s, ;xgzLn, k/f]ksf/L, dfgjtfjfbL, ;'wf/s, zflGtsfdL, cfWoflTds Pjd\
ljZjaGw'Tjsf] kIfdf 5 . w]/}w]/} rl/qx¿ o; sfJodf eP tfklg t?df lglxt tk;L
rl/q g} s]Gb|Lo rl/q xf] . Ps lsl;dn] k"jL{o sfJo dfGotfcg';f/ x]bf{ zfGt /;
s]lGb|t sfJo ePsfn] / zfGt/;nfO{ jxg ug]{ j}/fuL tk;Lsf] d"n rl/q ePsf]n] of]
rl/q wL/ k|zfGt / pRr sf]l6sf] b]lvG5 . t?df cf/f]lkt dfgjLo cfbz{ rl/q
o;sf] d"n rl/q xf] .

$=@=t?0f tk;Ldf k|o'Qm zAbfnª\sf/

cnª\sf/ ;flxTosf] cfe"if0f xf] . …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJo ljleGg
zAbfnª\sf/sf] k|of]uåf/f l;Fufl/Psf] 5 . pGgfO{; lj>fd / kfFr ;o PsfGgAa] Znf]s

58
ePsf] o; gJosfJodf cg'k|f;, Zn]if, ods tyf jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ / logsf ljleGg
e]bx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . cg'k|f; cnª\sf/ cGTofg'k|f; ;a} Znf]sdf /
5]sfg'k|f;sf] cTolws k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . cg'k|f;s} Ps e]b dflgg] nf6fg'k|f;sf]
k|of]u st} klg b]lvFb}g . w]/yf]/ dfqfdf >'Tofg'k|f;, j[Tofg'k|f;, cfBfg'k|f; /
dWofg'k|f;n] o; gJosfJonfO{ l;Fuf/]sf] kfOG5 . cGo zAbfnª\sf/x¿df ods, Zn]if
/ jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u klg obfsbf e]l6G5 . o; gJosfJodf k|o'Qm
zAbfnª\sf/ / ltgsf e]bx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

$=@=!= cg'k|f;

s_ 5]sfg'k|f;
o; gJosfJosf k|To]s lj>fdsf Znf]sx¿df 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf]
kfOG5 . o;df k|o'Qm 5]sfg'k|f;df klg Jojlxt / cJojlxt b'j} vfnsf 5]sfg'k|f;sf]
k|of]u ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 .

k|yd lj>fddf kfFr, ;ft, cf7 / gjf}+ Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

tk:jL s:tf] xf] < sl7g tksf] tŒj s'g xf] <
egL uDbf uDb} lbgs/ , To;} s'lGg lsg xf] <
uP ;':t} ;':t} dlng eO{ v:t} hnflwdf
k¥of] ;f/f k[YjLtn dlnlgdfsf] kl/lwdf .. -!=%_
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . …;':t}Ú / …v:t}}Ú zAbsf aLr
cGo zAbn] 5]s]sf] x'Fbf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

lkmFhL d}nf] emfFqmf] dlng tdsf] Jofs'n agL

a8f] rsf]{ ub}{ x'Flrn–/jsf] qmGbg klg .
s'g} sfnL cfnL ljsn ljwjft'No /hgL
n8L 5b}{ tf/fdo rxlsnf e"if0f klg .. -!=&_
59
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …sfnLÚ / …cfnLÚ zAbnfO{ s'g} klg zAbn] g5]s]sf] x'Fbf
cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;d]6L tf/fsf] rxs ;a Ps} k6sdf

nk]6L Tof] ;f/ clt lglj8 dflnGo–k6df .
3':of] rfnf] rfnf] ljs6td sfnf] 3g36f
h'6fO{ rf}tkmL{ e'jge/df t:s/–56f .. -!=*_
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …rfnf]Ú / …sfnf]Ú zAbsf aLr …ljs6tdÚ zAbn] 5]s]sf] x'Fbf
Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g sf]xL afFsL ef] jg, gb, gbL, z}nlzv/

g tf em'k|f], 5fk|f], zx/ 3/ jf jl:t au/ . -!=(_
o; Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf …em'k|f]Ú / …5fk|f]Úsf aLr s'g} zAbn] g5]s]sf] x'Fbf cJojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g t'Dafsf] 606f, g t 5 lrlkof, emf]ln–ems8f

g tf 5fnf, dfnf g w'lg, g s'g} u]?–sk8f .
g tf rf]nf–rf6L, g u'? kl/kf6L 5 z/0f
v8f 5' PsfsL hldg–aLr 6]s]/ r/0f .. -!=#)_
o; Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt / t];|f] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

låtLo lj>fddf ltg, rf/, kfFr, t]¥x, rf}w, pGgfO{;, aL; / 5AaL;cf}F Znf]sdf
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

d hGd]sf] dfq}, tg lzlyn, dG6f] klg n'nf]

snLnf /f}F h:tf ko/Ù cl8g] zlQm lkmtnf] .
r'r] bfx|] 9'ª\uf tnlt/ s8f, dfly 5 v8f

60
 s7} Û Tof] z"GofTdf dlng gesf] z"Go d'v8f .. -@=#_
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …s8fÚ / …v8fÚ zAbsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;xf/f}F, ;Def/f}F, cz/0f 5 of] afns egL

dnfO{ sf] x]g]{ < p; avt dfof–jz agL . -@=$_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf …;xf/f}FÚ / …;Def/f}FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

st} bfofF afofF ltne/ kgL g]q gw/L

hyfefjL rNbf ca'em a6'jf 6D6d u/L .
d ys{Gy]F, eGy]F klg lu8lu8fO{ lltgsg
b'j} cfFvf x]/L lxF8 hldgdf, cGw gag .. -@=%_
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …ys{Gy]FÚ / …eGy]FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

sxfF s:n] s:tf] lsl;dl;t s'NrG5 lz/df

egL 8b}{, tb}{ gog a6'jfsf ko/df . -@=!#_
o; Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf …8b}{Ú / …tb}{Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

h;} aNem] dfvf, d;s aLr/f hfn–aLrdf

cgL sfnf] sfn]kd z7 lzsf/L glurdf .
k'uL bfx|f w:Yof], /ut ;a r':Yof] tggg
d cfFvf lrDnGy]F ;xg gzsL Tof] z7kg .. -@=!$_
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …w:Yof]Ú / …r':Yof]Ú zAbsf aLr cGo zAbn] 5]s]sf] x'Fbf
Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g tf d]/f] sfof k|an, g t 5fof 5 3gsf]

g tf :kz}{ ldNYof] knse/ rL;f] kjgsf] . -@=!(_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf …sfofÚ / …5fofÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

61
 v8]/Ln] kf]Nbf tg ;a z'Sof], d:ts em'Sof],
5'6\of] dfg" gf8L–rng, kbdf hLjg n'Sof] . -@=@)_
o; Znf]ssf] klg k|yd kfpdf …z'Sof]Ú / …em'Sof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf]
5.
cs:dft ldNgfn] dw'/td Tof] hLjg–;'wf
eof]] d]/f n]vf cd/–gu/L t'No j;'wf .
pbfo]F, df}nfo]F, h8 klg hdfo]F jl/kl/
k:of] To} j]nfdf t/ dsg cs}{ y/x/L .. -@=@^_
o; Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …pbfo]FÚ / …hdfo]FÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

t[tLo lj>fddf kfFr, ;ft, gf}, ;f]¥x, ;q, c7f/, t]O;, tL; / 5lQ;f}F Znf]sdf
5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o;df ;ftf}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] / t];|f] kfpdf gjf}}F
Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, ;f]¥xf}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, c7f/f}F} Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf,
t]O{;f}F klxnf] kfpdf / tL;f}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .
To:t} o; lj>fdsf] kfFrf} Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, ;qf}F Znf]ssf] klg bf];|f] kfpdf /
5lQ;f}F Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 .

a9"F ;':t} ;':t}, k/ k/ r9'F gLn gedf . -#=%_

o;df …a9"FÚ / …r9"FÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} v]Nb} rNb} 3';'3';' ws]Ny] dsg tL .

s'g} bNy], dNy], x/lsl;dsf o'lQm–ann] -#+=&_
o;df klxnf]df …v]Nb}Ú / …rNb}Ú tyf bf];|f]df …bNy]Ú / …dNy]Úsf aLr cJojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

st} tSof]{ dSof]{, tg ;a eof] 3fon clt -#=(_

o;df …tSof]{Ú / …dSof]{Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

62
 s'g} v]Ny], 8'Ny], sn/j u/L d:t ;'/df . -#=!^_
o;df …v]Ny]Ú / …8'Ny]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

s'g} eGy] ef/L >'lt–dw'/ emf/L /;em/L . -#=!&_

o;df …ef/LÚ / …emf/LÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

u'0fL, 1fgL, WofgL,Clif, d'lgx¿;Dd ;sn -#=!*_

o;df …1fgLÚ / …WofgLÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

o;l/ x[bo–xf/L efj–uDeL/ ef/L -#=#^_

o;df …xf/LÚ / …ef/LÚsf aLrdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

rf}yf] lj>fddf kfFr, cf7, gf}F, t]]¥x, ;q, aL;, PSsfO{; / 5JjL;f}F Znf]sdf
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . o; lj>fddf kfFrf} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, cf7f}F} Znf]ssf] bf];|f]
kfpdf, t]¥] xf}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, ;qf}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf / 5JjL;f}F Znf]ssf]
t];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 eg] oxL lj>fdsf] gjf}}F
Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, aL;f}}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, PSsfO{;f}F} Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf
Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

r'6\of], 6f]Sof], 7f]Sof] cwd lxdn] x'd{t lnof] -$=%_

o;df …6f]Sof]Ú / …7f]Sof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

r';L–xfNof], yfNof] ljjz b'lgofF v'lDrg clt . -$=*_

o;df …xfNof]Ú / …yfNof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

s'gfdf em'NsGy], t/ lltg /xGy] If0fe/ . -$=(_

o;df …em'NsGy]Ú / …/xGy]+Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

63
 ;a} wf]of], Nofof] cle?lr tkf]¿k wgsf] . -$=!#_
o;df …wf]of]Ú / …Nofof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .
x'Fb} cfo]F, kfo]F, sl7g tksf] :jfb u'lnof] . -$=!&_
o;df …cfo]FÚ / …kfo]FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg''k|f; /x]sf] 5 .
l76L em}+ uly{g\ tL g6v6 l56L emg\ ko/df -$=@!_
o;df …l76LÚ / …l56LÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .
kfFrf} lj>fddf klg ;ft j6f Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . o;
lj>fddf k|yd Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, rf}yf] Znf]ssf] bf];|f] / rf}yf] kfpdf / rf}lj;f}F
Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] oxL lj>fdsf] cf7f}F}
Znf]ssf] k|yd / t[tLo kfpdf, rf}wf}F} Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, aL;f}}F Znf]ssf] t];|f]
kfpdf / PSsfO{;f}F Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 .

ca Tof] sa kfpFnf egL -%=!_

o;df …caÚ / …saÚsf aLr …Tof]Ú zAbn] 5]s]sf] x'Fbf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

d /:tfdf To:tf] lsl;dl;t a:tf c6n e} Û

dnfO{ ;DemGy], k|0fol;t 3'Dy] jl/kl/ .. -%=$_
o;df …/:tfÚ / …a:tfÚ tyf …;DemGy]Ú / …3'Dy]Úsf aLr cGo zAbx¿ cfP/ 5]s]sf] x'Fbf
Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;a} cfpg\, kfpg\ k|0fo–;'v åf/f Åbosf]

d eGy]F em'lDdGy] klys ;a, /ftL t/ ltgL -%=*_
o;df …cfpg\Ú / …kfpg\Ú tyf …eGy]FÚ / …em'lDdGy]Úsf aLr s'g} klg zAbn] g5]s]sf] x'Fbf
cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

lgbfo], tGsfo] tgtg lgb}df /;–an . -%=!$_

o;df …lgbfo]Ú / …tGsfo]Úsf aLr s'g} klg zAb g/x]sf] x'Fbf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 .

64
 agL–hfGYof], nf]eL dg'h klg x'GYof] lqgog .. -%=@$_
o;df …hfGYof]Ú / …x'GYof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

5}7f}F lj>fddf kfFr cf]6f Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; /x]sf] 5 . kfFr cf]6f Znf]sdWo]
ltg cf]6f Znf]sdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; / b'O{ 7fpFdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; /x]sf] 5 .
o; lj>fddf kfFrf} Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf, rf}wf}F} Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf / aL;f}F
Znf]ssf] k|yd / låtLo kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 eg] kfFrf}}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f]
kfpdf, b;f}}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf / ;qf}}F Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k|of]u ePsf] 5 .

l;wf–;fbf, lgwf{ pk/ lk/–afwf hlt hlt

7'nf, af7f, 6f7f dg'hx¿ kf5{g\ plt plt . -^=%_
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …;fbfÚ / …afwfÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f]
Znf]sdf …af7fÚ / …6f7fÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

v';L x'Gy]F, eGy]F dg'h–h'lg xf] efUo;bg -^=!)_

o;df …x'Gy]FÚ / …eGy]FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

l;nf vf]hL rg]{ ;km/–;'v ug]{ uugdf

7xg]]{ zfvfdf, dw'/ ;'/ eg]{ kjgdf . -^=@)_
oxfF b'j} Znf]sdf …rg]{Ú / …ug]{Ú tyf …7xg]{Ú / …eg]{Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf]
5.

;ftf}F lj>fddf b'O{, ltg, gf}, P3f/, pGgfO{;, rf}lj; / klRr;f}F} Znf]sdf
5]sfg'k|f; cnª\sf/ /x]sf] 5 . o; lj>fdsf] bf];|f], pGgfO{;f}F, rf}lj;f}F / klRr;f}F}
Znf]ssf qmdzM klxnf], t];|f] , bf];|f] / bf];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; /x]sf] 5 eg]
o; lj>fdsf] t];|f] Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf, pGgfO{;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf / P3f/f}F}
Znf]ssf] klxnf] / t];|f] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

65
 x'Fbf]xf]nf tf]nfe/ kmut km's]{ h'g r/L -&=@_
o;df …xf]nfÚ / …tf]nfÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

d l7ª\uf, Tof] gª\uf ky, jlwssf] qf; dgdf -&=#_

o;df …l7ª\ufÚ / …gª\ufÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g r]nf Tof] j]nf, uug u'?hL, zfGt d'x'8f

lyof] lZfIff–bLIff Wjlgdo a8f] cb\e't s8f . -&=(_
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …r]nfÚ / …j]nfÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f]
Znf]sdf …lzIffÚ / …bLIffÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} rfx] gª\uf eO{ kmut bª\uf ul//x"g\

s'g} rfx] rª\uf eO{ uug–uª\ufaLr ax"g\ . -&=!!_
oxfF b'a} Znf]sdf …gª\ufÚ / …bª\ufÚ tyf …rª\ufÚ / …uª\ufÚaLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 .

d ;DemGy]F, x'Gy]F k|0fo/;n] ub\ub\ clt -&=@$_

o;df …;DemGy]FÚ / …x'Gy]FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

cf7f}F lj>fddf b'O{, rf/, kfFr, af¥xf}F / klRr;f}F} Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .
o; lj>fdsf] bf];|f] Znf]ssf] låtLo kfpdf, kfFrf} Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf / klRr;f}F
Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; cnª\sf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] Znf]ssf] t];|f]
kfpdf, rf}yf] Znf]ssf] k|yd / bf];|f] kfpdf tyf af¥xf}F} Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf Jojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

d /:tfdf a:tf dg', kz', kIfL ;a v'zL .

lyo], tL em'lDdGy] ct'n ;'v lnGy], k|0fon] -*=@_

66
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …/:tfÚ / …a:tfÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 eg] bf];|f]
Znf]sdf …em'lDdGy]Ú / …lnGy]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} TofuL xf];\ jf ljifo/; /fuL nvklt . -*=$_

o;df …TofuLÚ / …/fuLÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

lyof] a9\bf] r9\bf] t/ ljifdtf ljZje/df .. -*=%_

o;df …a9\bf]Ú / …r9\bf]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

lyof] dfg" d]nf dw'/ p; j]nf glurdf .. -*=!@_

o;df …d]nfÚ / …j]nfÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

To;} emNs]F 6Ns]F /lj–ls/0fn] s~rg agL . -*=@%_

o;df …emNsF] / …6Ns]FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

gjf}F lj>fddf rf/ cf]6f Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; kg{ uPsf] 5 . o; lj>fdsf] t];|f]
Znf]ssf] klxnf] / bf];|f] kfpdf tyf rf}yf] Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 eg] rf}wf}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf / pGgfO{;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf cJojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; kg{ uPsf] 5 .

g To:n] So} vfof], g t lkpg kfof] b|jx¿

g s]xL aLR5\Øfof], g t w'lg hufof] x'?x'? . -(=#_
oxfF b'j} Znf]sdf …vfof]Ú / …kfof]Ú tyf …aLR5\Øfof]Ú / …hufof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

d8fl/GYof] v]NYof] kn kn ps]NYof] ljsntf -(=$_

o;df …v]NYof]Ú / …cf]s]NYof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

67
 e'nL dftf–gftf cem ;a pg} dflns agL -(=!$_
o;df …dftfÚ / …gftfÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

a8f af7f, 6f7f, ;sn t/ af6 f]aLr k/L -(=!(_

o;df …af7fÚ / …6f7fÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

b;f}+F lj>fddf b'O{, cf7, bz, P3f/, af¥x, rf}w, kGw|, c7f/, tL; / t]QL;f}F
Znf]sdf 5]sfg''k|f; 5 . o; lj>fdsf] bf];|f] Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, b;f}}F Znf]ssf] t];|f]
kfpdf, af¥xf} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, rf}wf}F} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, kGw|f}F Znf]ssf]
klxnf] kfpdf, c7f/f}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf / t]QL;f}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . To:t} o; lj>fdsf] cf7f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf klxnf]
Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, c7f/f}F} Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf, tL;f}F} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf /
t]QL;f}F} Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

c;Gtf]ifL bf]ifL clt ljs6 Tof] bfgjkgf . -!)=@_

o;df …c;Gtf]ifLÚ / …bf]ifLÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

k'sf/f of] ;f/f ljsn a6'jf–vflt/ u/L -!)=*_

o;df …k'sf/fÚ / …;f/fÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

egL 5fd]F, yfd]F nrs nlntf˜˜sf/ p;sf] -!)=!)_

o;df …5fd]FÚ / …yfd]FÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

hxfF hf] e]§fof], k|0fol;t vfof] kmnkm'n

r'rf] afof], ufof] dw'/ ;'/df t[lKt–uhn . -!)=##_

o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …e]§fof]Ú / …vfof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5

eg] bf];|f] Znf]ssf] …afof]Ú / …ufof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

68
 P3f/f}F lj>fddf rf/, 5, cf7, P3f/, af¥x, rf}w, jfO{;, rf}lj;, klRr;,
5lJj;, pgGtL;, aQL; / rf}tL;f}F Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . o; lj>fddf rf}yf]
Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, 5}7f}F+ Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, afO{;f}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf,
rf}jL;f}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf tyf kRrL;f}F, 5AaL;f}F, pgGtL;f}F / rf}tL;f}F} Znf]ssf]
klg klxnf] kfpdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . To:t} o; lj>fdsf] cf7f}F} Znf]ssf] t];|f]
kfpdf, P3f/f}F} Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf, rf}wf}F} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, aQL;f}F} Znf]ssf]
t];|f] kfpdf / rf}tL;f}F} Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} xfGy], tfGy], s/–lszno–R5]bg u/L . -!!=$_

o;df …xfGy]Ú / …tfGy]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;kmf ;]tf–/ftf sd/aLr tftf u/L u/L -!!=!!_

o;df …/ftfÚ / …tftfÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g hf8f] x5{g\ tL, g t pb/ e5{g\ clnslt -!!=!$_

o;df …x5{g\Ú / …e5{g\Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

e/Øf] xf]nf sf]nfxn snxsf] hfu[lt u/L -!!=@@_

o;df …xf]nfÚ / …sf]nfÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . #

s8f hf]zL, bf]ifL, tds, x7 jf uj{–u'?tf -!!+=@(_

o;df …hf]zLÚ / …bf]ifLÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

unf sf6L tftf] /utsg rf6L nknkL -!!=#@_

o;df …sf6LÚ / …rf6LÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s7} Û af7f]–6f7f] cd/ k|ltefsf] lglw ;/L

lr/~hLjL aGYof], ceO{ kb lnGYof] lgldifdf .. -!!=#$_

69
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …af7f]Ú / …6f7f]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 eg] bf];|f]
Znf]ssf] …aGYof]Ú / …lnGYof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

af¥xf}F lj>fddf kfFr, cf7 / ;qf}F Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . o;df kfFrf}}F
Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf / ;qf}}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

egL x]bf{x]b}{ lglj8 td lrb}{ r/r/L -!@=%_

o;df …x]b}{Ú / …lrb}{Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

38L lemDSof], rDSof] rdrd 38L, o} qmd u/L -!@=*_

o;df …lemDSof]Ú / …rDSof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g Tof] t]/f] tftf] 5lj 5 /ljsf]] em}+ clt s8f -!@=!&_

o;df …5ljÚ / …/ljÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

t]¥xf}F lj>fddf klg ltg 7fpFdf dfq 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] e]l6G5 . rf}yf] Znf]ssf]
bf];|f] kfpdf, rf}aL;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf / 5AaL;f}}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] / rf}yf]
kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] 5AaL;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

vlgGYof], jif{GYof] ;a kmut d]/} lz/e/L . -!#+=$_

o;df …vlgGYof]Ú / …jif{GYof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} km';|f w';|f r'6'r'6' huN6f / h'l6sf -!#=@$_

o;df …km';|fÚ / …w';|fÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

otfsf] of] lrNnf] 5lj lkm/ ptfsf] ;'gx/L

d8fl/GYof], v]NYof] 3'ld 3'ld a8f] d:t ;'/df .. -!#=@^_

70
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …otfsf]Ú / …ptfsf]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg]
bf];|f] Znf]sdf …d8fl/GYof]Ú / …v]NYof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

rf}wf}F lj>fddf rf}yf], kfFrf}, gjf}F, aL;f}F, PSsfO{;f}F, afO{;f}F / ;QfO{;f}F Znf]sdf
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . o; lj>fdsf] rf}yf] Znf]ssf] t];|f] / rf}yf] kfpdf, kfFrf}
Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, aL;f}}F Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf / PSsfO{;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf]
kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] o; lj>fdsf] gjf}+ Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf,
afO{;f}F} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf / ;QfO{;f}}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 .

eof] km';|f] w';|f] tg klg s8f sfn–ultn]

;a} n'sf{ km'sf{ dsg lbg 5f]l8g\ k|s[ltn] .. -!$=$_
oxfF b'j} Znf]sdf …km';|f]Ú / …w';|f]Ú tyf …n'sf{Ú / …km'sf{Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} cfof] k~rf˜d[tx¿ r9fof] v'lz eof]] . -!$=(_

o;df …cfof]Ú / …r9fof]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

lnO{ dfnf, 5fnfpk/ b[9 kb\df˜;g w/L . -!$=@)_

o;df …dfnfÚ / …5fnfÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

pb]sfO{ vfnL glnO dgdf Unflg s6'tf -!$=@&_

o;df …vfnLÚ / …UnflgÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

kGw|f}F lj>fddf kfFrf}, aL;f}F, t]O{;f}F, 5AaL;f}F / c7\7fO{;f}F Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f;

k/]sf] 5 . o; lj>fdsf] kfFrf}}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, aL;f}}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf /
5AaL;f}F Znf]ssf] klg klxnf] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] t]O{;f}F

71
Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf / c7\7fO{;f}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf]
5.
3'Dof] d]/f] dfyf, ud cudtfdf ablnof] -!%=%_
o;df …udÚ / …cudÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

st} n's]{ km's]{ km'n / d'h'/f kNnj klg -!%=@)_

o;df …n's]{Ú / …km's]{Údf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

tdf;f tL vf;f pk;'/–k'/Lsf ;a y/L -!%=@#_

o;df …tdf;fÚ / …vf;fÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

ljwftfsf] oåf lgolt–ultsf] nfvg y/L -!%=@^_

o;df …lgoltÚ / …ultÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;f]¥xf}F} lj>fddf bf];|f], kfFrf}F, af]¥xf}F, t]¥xf}F, aL;f}F, c7\7fO{;f}F / tL;f}F Znf]sdf
5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 . o; lj>fddf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; dfq /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] Znf]ssf]
t];|f] kfpdf, kfFrf}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf, af¥xf}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf, t]¥xf}F
Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, aL;f}F Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf, c7\7fO{;f}F Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf
/ tL;f}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

k'Uof] dfyL dfyL, ljlw–lgod x]/Øf], tn em/Øf] -!^=@_

o;df … x]/Øf]Ú / …em/Øf]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

tdf;f Tof] vf;f k|0fol;t x]b}{ 6'n'6'n' -!^=!)_

o;df …tdf;fÚ / …vf;fÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

lqofdf Tof] Zofdf cd[t–s/sf lbJo s/df -!^=!@_

o;df …lqofdfÚ / …ZofdfÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

72
 lyo] lemNs] tf/f p; avt ;f/f jl/kl/ .. -!^=@)_
o;df …tf/fÚ / …;f/fÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

g ef:of] cfsfz}, g lkm/ cjsfz} clnslt -!^+=@)_

o;df …cfsfz}Ú / …cjsfz}Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;qf}F lj>fddf gjf},F af¥xf}F, kGw|fF}, ;f]¥xf}F / c7f/f}F Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf]
5 . o; lj>fddf gjf}+ Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, kGw|f}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, ;f]¥xf}F}
Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf / c7f/f}F} Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .
To:t} o; lj>fdsf] t];|f] Znf]ssf] klxnf] / bf];|f] kfpdf, af¥xf}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf,
;f]¥xf}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf / c7f/f}F Znf]ssf] klg klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 .

rdTsf/L, ef/L dw'/, el/Psf] /;–em/L . -!&=(_

o;df …rdTsf/LÚ / …ef/LÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

agL jf~5f bf;L, dtna pbf;L x'g uof]

labf dfUof], efUof] b|'tult c;Gtf]if l5r/f] .. -!&=!^_
o;df klxnf] Znf]ssf] …bf;LÚ / …pbf;LÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f]
Znf]ssf] …dfUof]Ú / …efUof]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

d o:tf], Tof] To:tf], lsg < s;l/ < eGg] ;a uof]

5 hf] h:tf], p:tf] p; avt ef:of] k/ eof] . -!&=!*_
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …o:tf]Ú / …To:tf]Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f]
Znf]sdf …h:tf]Ú / …p:tf]Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

c7f/f}F} lj>fddf gjf}F, P3f/f}F, t]O{;f}F, rf}aL;f}F / c7\7fO{;f}}F Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f;

k/]sf] 5 . o; lj>fddf gjf}+ Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf / rf}aL;f}F} Znf]ssf] klxnf]

73
kfpdf cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg] P3f/f}F} Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf, t]O{;f}}F
Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf / c7\7fO{;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf]
5.
lyof] dfg" ;fg" dw'/ pgsf] xf:o–/rgf -!*=(_
o;df …dfg"Ú / …;fg"Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

;a} xfF;] vf]nL d'vdo b/L pGgt u/L . -!*=!!_

o;df …b/LÚ / …u/LÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

a8f] emsf]{ nfUbf] /u8do rsf]{ vnanL -!*=@#_

o;df …emsf]{Ú / …rsf]{Úsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

anL, af7f, 6f7f, s'l6n, sk6L hLjx¿sf] -!*=@$_

o;df …af7fÚ / …6f7fÚsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

To;}u/L pGgfO{;f}F} lj>fddf t];|f], P3f/ / kRrL;f}F Znf]sdf 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf]

5 . o;df t];|f] lj>fdsf] bf];|f] kfpdf / P3f/f}+F lj>fdsf] t];|f] / rf}yf] kfpdf
cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; b]lvG5 eg] kRrL;f}F Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f;
k/]sf] 5 .

;x]F5', ef]u]F5', slt slt s'/f cf;g s;L . -!(=#_

o;df …;x]F5'Ú / …ef]u]F5'Úsf aLr cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; 5 .

w/fsf] jif]{gL Hj/ dy/ ug]{ ;a Og}

tk:jL x'g\, o:tf ;'/–c;'/ 5}gg\ c? s'g} .. -!(=!!_
o;df klxnf] Znf]sdf …Hj/Ú / …dy/Ú tyf bf];|f] Znf]sdf …;'/Ú / …c;'/Úsf aLr
cJojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

74
 pb]sfo]F, km]/L pk/lt/ x]/]F 6'n'6'n' -!(=@%_
o;df …pb]sfo]FÚ / …x]/]FÚsf aLr Jojlxt 5]sfg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

v_ j[Tofg'k|f;
o; gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚdf 5]sfg'k|f;kl5 ;a}eGbf w]/} k/]sf] j[Tofg'k|f;
zAbfnª\sf/ xf] . o; gJosfJosf] k|yd lj>fdsf] bf];|f] Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

dhfsf] rf}tf/L, j/k/ ;a} z"Go ljhg

lgs} 6f9f ky]{ ejg, jg, j:tL pkjg . -!=@_
oxfF …jgÚ zAbsf] cfj[lQ ePsf]n] j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

k|yd lj>fds} kfFrf}}F Znf]sdf klg j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] e]l6G5 . o; Znf]ssf]

k|yd kfpdf …tÚ / …sÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf]n] cIf/d}qL eP/ j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 eg]
t];|f] kfpdf …;':t}Ú / …v:t}Ú zAbsf] cfj[lQ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf]
e]l6G5 . h:t}M

tk:jL sf] xf] < sl7g tksf] tŒj s'g xf] <
egL uDbf uDb} lbgs/, To;} s'lGg lsg xf] <
uo] ;':t} ;':t} dlng eO{ v:t} hnlwdf
k/Øf] ;f/f k[YjLtn dlnlgdfsf] kl/lwdf .. -!=%_

k|yd lj>fds} 5}7f} Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

8'aL v]Nb} v]Nb} dw'/ 5lj 5b}{ lgldifdf .. -!=^_
o;df …b}Ú j0f{sf] cfj[lQ 5 .

ld7f] Tof] ld>Lsf] /; dw'/ ld>L slj lyo] -!=!*_

o;df klg …dÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf]]n] j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

75
 bf];|f] lj>fdsf] t]¥xf}F, ;qf}F / 5AaL;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] e]l6G5 .
sxfF s:n] s:tf] lsl;dl;t s'NrG5 lz/df
egL 8b}{, tb}{ gog a6'jfsf ko/df .
d uGy]F af6f]df lglzlbg s7} . hLjg–38L
dhf dfgL a'Gy]F dlng d'vdf hfn ds8L .. -@=!#_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf sxfF, s:n], s:tf], lsl;dl;t, s'NrG5 zAbdf …sÚ j0f{ /
o;} Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf dhf, dfgL, dlng, d'vdf, ds8L zAbdf …dÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ
ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

ljh]tfsf] dfg" ljs6 ljhof]Gdfb–hlgt–

k|tfk Hjfnfn] ;b[z ls/0f >]l0f–vlrt . -@=!&_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf klg ljh]tf, ljs6 / ljhof]Gdfb zAbdf …jÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ
ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

pbfo]F, df}nfo]F, h8 klg hdfo]F jl/kl/ -@=@^_

o;df klg pbfo]F, df}nfo]F, hdfo]F zAbdf …o]FÚsf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf]
5.
t[tLo lj>fdsf] aQL;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .
ple08f] e} ns]{ tnlt/, lakQfl;t uo]
gofF lg:s], cfo], clnl5g p8], To} ky lno] . -#=#@_
o; Znf]sdf ns]{, uo], lg:s], cfo], p8] / lno] zAbdf Psf/sf] cg]sfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf
j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

rf}yf] lj>fdsf] pGgfO{;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

gofF xfjf nfUof], hn–yn eof] d~h'n gofF,
gofF cs}{ efjf]bo, Åbosf] sf}t's gofF .
gofF af]nL–rfnL, ljifo–?lr lg:Sof] ;a gofF

76
 gofF e}uf] dfg" ;do–ultn] u}x| b'lgofF .. -$=!(_
o; Znf]ssf] k|To]s kfpdf gofF zAb bf]xf]l/Psf]n] j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

5}7f}+ lj>fddf af¥xf}F, rf}wfF}, ;qf}F, c7f/f}F, pGgfO{;f}F / aL;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ e]l6G5 . o; lj>fdsf] af¥xf}F} Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf, rf}wf}F} Znf]ssf] k|yd
kfpdf / ;qf}}F Znf]ssf] t];|f] kfpdf …aÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ /x]sf] e]l6G5 . h:t}M
s7} Û jf;f a:y]F, ljhg jgsf d~h' ¿vdf -^=!@_
snLnf tL ;fgf ljsn aLr/f afn ar/f -^=!$_
gxfg] x} afaf Û ljsn ar/f x's{g lbo] -^=!&_

o;}u/L !*cf}F Znf]sdf …sxfFÚ zAbsf] cfj[lQ /x]sf] 5 .

sxfF Tof] ;'Ts]/L k|0fo–k'tnL Û Tof] u'F8 sxfF Û
sxfF Kof/f ;fgf lzz'x¿ Û s7} Û Tof] ;'v sxfF .
sxfF k|]dL ;fyL Û :d/0f klg xf Û si6do ef]
s7} Û d]/f n]vf ca ;a s'/fsf] k|no ef] .. -^=!*_
o; Znf]ssf] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] kfpdf …sxfFÚ zAbsf] cfj[lQ ePsf] xF'bf j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .
g rfF8f] hfg] ef] ;xhl;t of] k|f0f–kjg
g zS5" of] afwf ;xg cyjf zfGt /xg .
g yfldG5g\ cfFz" g t 5 c? So} hLjgult
s7} Û s:tf] kfkL slt s'lkt of] qm"/ lgolt .. -^=!(_
o; Znf]ssf] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] kfpdf …gÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ / rf}yf] kfpdf …sÚ j0f{sf]
cfj[lQ ePsf]n] oxfF j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

l;nf vf]hL rg]{ ;km/–;'v ug]{ uugdf,

7xg]{ zfvfdf, dw'/ ;'/ eg]{ kjgdf .
l;wf–;fbf, lgwf{ ljxusg dfg]{ lgoltn]
lbo]sL x'g\ s] Tof] s/o'un dftf k|s[ltn] < -^=@)_

77
o; Znf]sdf klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] kfpdf rg]{, ug]{, 7xg]{, eg]{, dfg]{ zAbdf …g{]Ú sf]
cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

;ftf}+ lj>fdsf] ;f]¥xf}F Znf]sdf klg j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

38L b]vf kYof]{ rdrd u/L bL3{ lah'nL
38L cfTd1fgL k'?if cyjf l;4 ;snL .
38L kfgL kfgL ;alt/ 5tf5'Nn w/0fL
38L cfuf] aNYof] wkwk, 38L jf;/dl0f .. -&=!^_
o; Znf]ssf rf/j6} kfpdf 38L zAbsf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{
uPsf] 5 .
cf7f}+ lj>fddf af¥xf}F} / t]¥xf}F} Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .
h6fdf n§fdf rkn lrl8ofsf] rxrx
ptf Tof] rf}sLdf ljljw a6'jfsf] tx–ax .
bu'y]{ nf]vs]{–k|e[lt lar/f aLr–aLrdf
lyof] dfg" d]nf dw'/ p; j]nf glurdf .. -*=!@_
o;df klxnf] kfpdf rkn, lrl8of / rxrx zAbdf …rÚ j0f{sf] / t];|f] kfpsf] lar/f,
aLr, aLrdf zAbdf …aÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

nufO{ ufnfdf s/–sdn ss]{ lz/ u/L

aufO{ cfgGbL ;/; /l;ofsf] /;–em/L .
s'g} j]nf Ujfnf s[if? a:tf ldlnh'nL
d'6"df rDsGYof] rdrd rdTsf/–lah'nL .. -*=!#_
o; Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf s/, sdn / ss]{ zAbdf …sÚ j0f{sf] tyf rf}yf] kfpdf
rDsGYof], rdrd / rdTsf/ zAbdf …rÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

b;f}F lj>fdsf] c7f/f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

;a} cfo], vfo], k|0fol;t ufo] u'0f klg

78
 /dfo], km}nfo] ;'oz tk;L wGo 5 Û egL . -!)=!*_
o;df cfo], vfo], ufo], /dfo] / km}nfo] zAbdf …o]]Ú cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

P3f/f}F} lj>fdsf] afO{;f}F Znf]sdf klg j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

ljwftfn] s}n] < lsg < s;l/ < s:tf] s'lbgdf <
ljiffn" k};fsf] cle?lr j[yf dTo{–dgdf . -!!=@@_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf s}n], lsg, s;l/, s:tf] / s'lbgdf zAbdf …sÚ j0f{sf]
cfj[lQ ePsf]n] j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

t]¥xf}F lj>fdsf] b;f}}F, kRrL;f}F / tL;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; k/]sf] 5 .

s'g} afª\uf] kf/L lz/, sd/ afª\uf] u/L s'g}
s'g} v'§f afª\uf] ul/, gh/ afª\uf] u/L s'g} . -!#=!)_
o; Znf]sdf s'g} / afª\uf] zAb w]/}k6s bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ . To;}n] oxfF j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

tnf;]sf lrNnf dxs p8g] afnx¿df

s;}sf] bf}8GYof] dg d'lbt ug]{ dw'l/df . -!#=@%_
o; Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf dg, d'lbt / dw'l/df zAbdf …dÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf]n]
oxfF j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

htL h:n] hfGof] u/d kl;gf l6Kg c?sf

ptL p:sf] b]v]F jhg cyjf dfg ux|'sf . -!#=#)_
o; Znf]sdf htL, h:n] / hfGof] zAbdf …hÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf]n] oxfF j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

kGw|f}F lj>fddf kRrL;f}F} / tL;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

htf kmsL{ x]/Øf] ;'vdo pt} /fd–/ldtf

79
 lyof] s:tf] s:tf] k|yd sljsf] pRr sljtf .. -!%=@%_
o; Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf …sÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{
uPsf] 5 .
h/}b]lv x]bf{ h'u h'u hxfF z"Go 5 h/f
hjfgLsf] dfq} nxnx hxfF u5{ nx/f .
hxfF cfFwL, Joflw, Ifo, hggsf] 5}g z/0f
jxfFsf] sf] hfGg] ct'n ;'vsf] Tof] ljj/0f < -!%=#)_
o; Znf]sdf k|yd kfpdf kfFr 7fpFdf, bf];|f] kfpdf b'O{ 7fpFdf, t];|f] kfpdf b'O{
7fpFdf / rf}yf] kfpdf Ps 7fpFdf …hÚ j0f{ bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

;f]¥xf}F} lj>fddf rf}yf] Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

lgzfn] tTsfn} tn tn tdf]¿k sa/L
ntf/L tf/fsf s';'dsln pGb} lz/e/L .. -!^=$_
o; Znf]sdf …tÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf]n] j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

;qf}F lj>fdsf] t];|f] Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

pb]sfo]F s]xL, duh tx nfo]F, kjgsf]
ydf}tLdf Nofo]F ult, sn rnfo]F jrgsf] .
3'dfo]F rf}tkmL{ gog, d';'sfo]F, clnslt
;a} b]Vb} cfo]F Ifl0fs b'lgofFsf] kl/0flt .. -!&=#_
o; Znf]ssf] rf/j6} kfpdf pb]sfo]F, nfo]F, Nofo]F, rnfo]F, 3'dfo]F, d';'sfo]F / cfo]F
zAbdf …o]FÚ bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

c7f/f}F lj>fdsf] aQL;f}}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

lrtfdf lrt vfO{ r6r6 u/L b]x–ddtf
89L hfFbf xfF:of] ax't v'lz e} lv:; ;dtf .
lnO{ vfnL ;fg" :d/0fdo alQ lklnlkln

80
 ljwftfsf] sfnf] ljno–ljlw xfF:of] lxlnlxln .. -!*=#@_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd kfpdf …rÚ j0f{ / rf}yf] kfpdf …jÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf
j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

To;}u/L, pGgfO{;f}F lj>fddf kfFrf}, ;qf}F / 5AaL;f}F Znf]sdf j[Tofg'k|f;

cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .
eo]Yof] of] k}n] h'g avt e"uf]n–/rgf
a;]sf x'g\ a:tL p; avt xfd|f ;a 3gf . -!(=%_
o; Znf]sdf …jÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

s;}sf b]lvG5g\ lz/ ljs6 gfª\uf / d'8'nf

s;}sf sfl6G5g\ s6s6 s7} Û xft 8'F8'nf . -!(=!& _
o; Znf]ssf] bf];|f] kfpdf …sÚ j0f{sf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf]
5.

ljhg ljtt kGyf wGo, Tof] j[If wGo

p; t?j/sf] Tof] km]bsf] jf; wGo .
cljrn tk;L tL wGo, Tof] ;"lQm wGo
;tt dgg p:sf] u5{ hf], Tof] 5 wGo .. -!(=@^_
o; Znf]ssf rf/j6} kfpdf …wGoÚ zAbsf] cfj[lQ ePsf] x'Fbf j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/
k/]sf] 5 .

u_ >'Tofg'k|f;
zf:qLo 5Gbsf x/]sf lj>fd:yndf t'saGbL h:t} ldn]/ /xg] cg'k|f;
>'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ xf] . t?0f tk;L gJosfJodf Psfw 7fpFdf dfq >'Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ e]l6G5 . o; gJosfJosf] 5}7f}+, ;ftf}+ gjf}+ / ;qf}+ lj>fddf dfq >'Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ e]l6G5 .

81
 5}7f}+ lj>fdsf] aL;f}}F Znf]sdf >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .
l;nf vf]hL rg]{ ;km/–;'v ug]{ uugdf
7xg]{ zfvfdf, dw'/ ;'/ eg]{ kjgdf . -^=@)_
o; Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf rg]{ / ug]{ tyf bf];|f] kfpdf 7xg]{ / eg]{ lj>fd:yndf
lgoldt ¿kn] cg'k|f; ldn]/ j;]sf] x'Fbf >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

;ftf} lj>fdsf] P3f/f}F cf} Znf]sdf klg >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] kfpg
;lsG5 .
s'g} rfx] gª\uf eO{ eut bª\uf ul//x"g\
s'g} rfx] rª\uf eO{ uug–uª\ufaLr ax"g\ . -&=!!_
o; Znf]sdf klxnf] kfpdf gª\uf / bª\uf tyf bf];|f] kfpdf rª\uf / uª\uf
lj>fd:yndf lgoldt ¿kn] cg'k|f; ldn]/ a;]df 5g\ . To;}n] of] >'Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ xf] .

gjf}+ lj>fdsf] t];|f] Znf]sdf >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

g To:n] So} vfof], g t lkpg kfof] b|jx¿
g s]xL aLr5Øfof], g t w'lg hufof] x'?x'? . -(=#_
o; Znf]sdf klg k|To]s lj>fd:yndf vfof], kfof] tyf aLr5Øfof] / hufof] zAbx¿
oyf:yfgdf ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . To;}n] oxfF >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

;qf}+ lj>fdsf] klg t];|f] Znf]sdf >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

pb]sfo]F s]xL, duh tx nfo]F, kjgsf]
ydf}tLdf Nofo]F ult, sn rnfo]F jrgsf] .
3'dfo]F rf}tkmL{ gog, d';'sfo]F, clnslt
;a} b]Vb} cfo]F Ifl0fs b'lgofFsf] kl/0flt .. -!&=#_
o;df klg k|To]s lj>fd:yndf cg'k|f; ldn]/ a;]sf] x'Fbf >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{
uPsf] 5 .

82
 o;} lj>fdsf] kGw|f} Znf]sdf klg >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .
d/Øf] tfNrf nfNrfpk/, k/lgGbf k/ ;/Øf]
lg/fzfn] cfzfpk/ clt vf;f 3/ u¥of] . -!&=!%_
o; Znf]ssf] klxnf] kfpdf pk/ / k/ tyf bf];|f] kfpdf cfzf / vf;f lj>fd:yndf
lgoldt ¿kn] ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . To;}n] oxfF >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

3_ cfBGTofg'k|f;
t?0f tk;L gJosfJosf s]xL lj>fdx¿df cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] klg
kfpg ;lsG5 . Znf]ssf cufl8 / k5fl8 cg'k|f; ldn]df cfBGTofg'k|f; x'G5 . o;
gJosfJodf rf}yf], kfFrf}, cf7f}F, b;f}}F, P3f/f}F, jf¥xf}F, c7f/f}F / pGgfO{;f}F lj>fdsf s]xL
Znf]sx¿df cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

a;]sf] af6 f]df ul7t u7/L;fy wgsf]

km;]sf] kmGbfdf s'l6n sk6L b:o'hgsf] . -$=^_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf a;]sf] / km;]sf tyf cGTodf wgsf] / hgsf] cg'k|f; ldn]sf]
x'gfn] oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

otf dfyL gLnf] uug, tn lj:tL0f{ w/0fL

ptf z}n>]0fL, peO{ lt/ Tof] bL3{ ;/0fL . -$=!%_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf otf / ptf tyf cGTodf w/0fL / ;/0fL cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn]
oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

;x" ;bL{, udL{ ax't alnof] cf;g s;,

/x" rf}sLlwq}, sl7g tksf] ef]u ;s; . -%=!@_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf ;x" / /x" tyf cGTodf s; / ;s; cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn] oxfF
cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

ptf of}6f 9fqm] r/d lul/ eGbf tn em/]

83
 otf Tof] rf}sLsf] j/kl/ xhf/f}F clu ;/] . -*=!*_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbd ptf / otf tyf cGTodf em/] / ;/] cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn] oxfF
cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

ptf hf]8\5g\ gftf pbolul/df jf;/dl0f

otf 5f]8\5g\ tftf ;'vzogsf] jf;/d0fL .
pgL aG5g\ cfkm}+ lul/lzv/sf :j0f{snz
OgL eG5g\ kf/f}F ca t hnn] k"0f{ snz .. -*=@^_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf ptf / otf tyf pgL / OgL Pj+ cGTodf jf;/dl0f / jf;/d0fL
tyf :j0f{snz / snz cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn] oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

p7f];\ cfFwL–Aof/L lnO la6 ljWj+; ljej

km'6f];\ jh|åf/f k6k6 u/L d:ts ;a . -!)=^_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf p7f];\ / km'6f];\ tyf cGTodf ljej / ;a cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn]
oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

lnO{ rSsL To:tf] lsl;dl;t d'6\7L e/ e/

lbO{ vfgf had} ha ha uo]y] 3/ 3/ . -!!=!@_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf lnO{ / lbO{ tyf cGTodf e/ e/ / 3/ 3/ cg'k|f; ldn]sf]
x'gfn] oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

htL p:n] lrYof]{ r/r/ tdf]/flz aLrdf

ptL h'6\Yof] /]vf gkl/sg ;f/f lgldifdf . -!@=!@_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf htL / ptL tyf cGTodf aLrdf / lgldifdf cg'k|f; ldn]sf]
x'gfn] oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

htL h:n] hfGof] u/d kl;gf l6Kg c?sf

ptL p:sf] b]v]F jhg cyjf dfg ux|'sf . -!#=#)_

84
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf htL / ptL tyf cGTodf c?sf / ux'|sf cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn]
oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

b'vL hfFbf xfF:of] ;xh–;'v jf zflGt ceo

;'vL hfFbf xfF:of] clt sl7g afwf cg'zo . -!*=##_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf b'vL / ;'vL tyf cGTodf ceo / cg'zo cg'k|f; ldn]sf]
x'gfn] oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

/x]F5' s:tf] jf s'g lsl;dsf] of] d tk;L

;x]F5', ef]u]F5' slt slt s'/f cf;g s;L . -!(=#_
o; Znf]ssf] cflbdf /x]F5' / ;x]F5' tyf cGTodf tk;L / s;L cg'k|f; ldn]sf] x'gfn]
oxfF cfBGTofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 .

ª_ dWofg'k|f;
…t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf s]xL Znf]sx¿df dWofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ k/]sf] klg
kfpg ;lsG5 . Znf]sx¿sf dWo efudf cg'k|f; ldn]df Tof] dWofg'k|f; x'G5 . h:t} M

g To:n] So} vfof], g t lkpg kfof] b|jx¿

g s]xL laR5\Øfof], g t w'lg hufof] x'?x'? . -(=#_
o; Znf]ssf] dWo lj>fd:yndf vfof] / laR5\Øfof] zAbx¿df cg'k|f; ldn]sfn] oxfF
dWofg'k|f; cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

ls tf dftf Û d]/f] ;bo dg of] dGb ul/Bf}

ls tf oftf ˜ ˜ oft} klyshgsf] aGb ul/Bf} . -!)=$_
o; Znf]ssf] klg b'j} kfpsf] t];|f] / rf}yf] j0f{df cg'k|f; ldn]sfn] oxfF dWofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

85
 pb]sfo]F s]xL, duh tx nfo]F, kjgsf]
ydf}tLdf Nofo]F ult, sn rnfo]F jrgsf] . -!&=#_
o; Znf]ssf] b'j} kfpsf] af¥xf}F} / t]¥xf}F} j0f{df cg'k|f; ldn]sfn] oxfF klg dWofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

agL jf~5f bf;L, dtna pbf;L x'g uof]

bof e} c+vf;L, z7 x7 x6of] jf no eof] . -!&=#_
o; Znf]ssf] b'j} kfpsf] kfFrf}}F / 5}7f}F j0f{df cg'k|f; ldn]sfn] oxfF klg dWofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

$=@=@= ods cnª\sf/

leGgleGg cy{ ePsf Jo~hg j0f{sf] klxnf qmddf ldn]/ cfj[lQ ePdf ods
cnª\sf/ x'G5 . Jojxf/df ltg cIf/sf] ;d"x ;fy{s jf lg/y{s b'j} ¿kdf bf]xf]l/Pdf
ods zAbfnª\sf/ x'G5 . o; gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚdf s]xL Znf]sx¿df dfq ods
cnª\sf/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ods cnª\sf/df klg oxfF ;fwf/0f odssf] dfq k|of]u
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

lgs} 6f9f ky]{ ejg, jg, j:tL pkjg . -!=@_

o; Znf]sdf ejg / jgsf aLr ods cnª\sf/ k/]sf] 5 . o; Znf]sdf k|of]u ePsf]
ej / jgsf aLrdf cfPsf] …gÚ b'j} zAbdf hf]8\bf ltg ltg cIf/sf b'O{ j6f ;fy{s
zAb aGb5g\ . To;}n] o;df ods cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

cxf] Û o:t} o:tf c36 36gf¿k r6s -&=!*_

o; Znf]sdf c36 / 36 bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ . cl3Nnf] c36 zAbsf] cy{ ;fy{s /x]sf] 5
eg] kl5Nnf] 36 zAb lg/y{s 5 . To;}n] o;df klg ods cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

d/Øf] tfNrf nfNrfpk/, k/lgGbf k/ ;/Øf] -!&=!%_

86
o; Znf]sdf pk/ / k/ zAbdf …k/Ú bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . b'j} ;fy{s ¿kdf bf]xf]l/Psf
5g\ . To:f}n] o;df ods cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

h6f, df;"–5fnf ;lxt lxtsf] hLjg klg -!(=!*_

o; Znf]sdf ;lxt / lxt ZfAbdf …lxtÚ bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . o;df klg b'j} ;fy{s ¿kdf
bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ . To:f}n] o;df ods cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] xf] .

$=@=#=Zn]if
Pp6} zAbn] b'O{ j6f cy{nfO{ cFufn]sf 7fpFdf Zn]if cnª\sf/ kb{5 . n]vgfy
kf}8\ofnsf] o; gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚdf cg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf] afx'No eP klg s]xL
sfJokª\lQmdf Psfw 7fpFdf Zn]if cnª\sf/ k/]sf] e]6\g ;lsG5 .

olt egL tk;Ln] dGb lgMZjf;;fy

d'v–sdn em'sfo], aGb ef] ;"lQm–kft .
d klg cd[t h:tf] Tof] ;a} ;Rrl/q
dgg dg nufO{ ug{ yfn]F kljq .. -&=@^_

o; Znf]ssf] rf}yf] kfpdf k|of]u ePsf] dgg dg zAbn] bf]xf]/f] cy{ jf]s]sf 5g\ .
Pp6f dgg zAbn] uxg cWoog ub}{ eGg] a'emfPsf] 5 eg] csf]{ gdg zAbn] gd:sf/
ub}{ eGg] cy{ a'emfPsf] 5 . To;}n] o;df Zn]if cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

ptf hf]8\5g\ gftf pbolul/df jf;/dl0f .

otf 5f]8\5g\ tftf ;'vzogsf] jf;/d0fL .
pgL aG5g\ cfkm}F lul/lzv/sf :j0f{snz
OgL eG5g\ kf/f}F ca t hnn] k"0f{ snz .. -*=@^_
o; Znf]ssf] k|yd / bf];|f] kfpdf k|o'Qm jf;/dl0f / jf;–/d0fL zAbn] b'j} k+lQmdf
bf]xf]/f] cy{ af]s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] oxfF Zn]if cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .

87
$=@=$= jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/

af]Ng] jf n]Vg]n] Pp6f cy{ nufP/ k|of]u ePsf] jfSo jf zAbnfO{ c?n] cs}{
cy{ nufPdf jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ x'G5 . Pp6f cy{nfO{ csf]{ cy{sf] ¿kdf lng] b'O{
sf/0f x'G5g\ . tL x'g–!=Zn]if / @=sfs' . lZni6 zAb cg]sfyL{ x'G5 eg] cfjfhsf]
kl/jt{gnfO{ sfs' elgG5 . lZni6 zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf Pp6f cy{df k|of]u ePsf]
zAbnfO{ Zn]ifn] ubf{ cs}{ cy{df lnOG5 . To;sf/0f jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ kg{ hfG5 .
To:t} sfs'df :j/ kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] jfSosf] cy{ kl/jt{g e} jqmf]lQm kg{ hfG5 .
n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚdf P3f/f}F lj>fdsf] t]O{;f}F Znf]sdf
jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/ kg{ uPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

la/fdL nf]leG5g\ s'dltjz h:tf] s'kydf

b'?:t} To} 9fFrfl;t dg'h tL e|flGt–kydf . -!!=@#_
dflysf] Znf]sdf k|o'Qm …s'kyÚ zAbn] Pp6f cy{ g/fd|f] af6f] / csf]{ cy{ ef]hgbf]if
eGg] nufPsf 5g\ . To;}n] o;df Zn]if jqmf]lQm k/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

gzf h:t} ufFhf, r/;, clxkm]gf˜ ˜lb lrhsf]

ljj]s–Hof]T:gf jf dw'/ 5lj 5f]Kg] duhsf] .
ljiffn" k};fn] ;sn b'lgofF kfun ;/L
agfO{ kfg]{ ef] g/sdo k[YjL, xl/ Û xl/ ÛÛ -!!=!(_
o; Znf]ssf] clGtd kfpdf k|of]u ePsf] xl/ Û xl/ ÛÛ ZfAbnfO{ sfs' jqmf]lQm dfGg
;lsG5 ≤ lsgeg] oxfF k|of]u ePsf] xl/ Û xl/ ÛÛ zAbn] eujfg\ lji0f'sf] gfd k'sf/f
u/]sf] geP/ b'Mvjfrs lj:doflbjf]ws zAbsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 .

$=#=zAbfnª\sf/n] t?0f tk;LÚdf kf/]sf] k|efj

cnª\sf/n] sfJosf] ;f}Gbo{ a9fpF5 . To;}n] cnª\sf/ sfJosf] cfe"if0f jf

uxgf xf] . cnª\sf/n] cleJolQmdf tLa|tf yKg] / efjnfO{ kl/is[ttf / uDeL/tf

88
k|bfg ug]{ ePsf]n] cnª\sf/ sfJosf] zf]ef a9fpg] uxgf dfq geO{ To;sf] cfGtl/s
;f}Gbo{ klg k|bfg ug]{ tŒj xf] .

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] o; gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚdf zAb zØof / 5Gbsf ;fy}

/fd|f/fd|f cnª\sf/n] ljz]if dfw'o{ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . …t?0f tk;LÚdf k|o'Qm
zAbfnª\sf/n] o; gJosfJosf] ¿k ;f}Gbo{sf] ul/df af]s]sf]] kfOG5 . o; sfJosf]
afXo ;f}Gbo{ a9fpg dfq geO{{ leqL ;f}Gbo{ a9fpg ;d]t o; gJosfJodf k|o'Qm
zAbfnª\sf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . o; b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ klg of] Ps
;kmn cfnª\sfl/s sfJo b]lvG5 .

cTolws ¿kdf cg'k|f; cnª\sf/d} /dfPsf slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfyn] o;

gJosfJonfO{ >'ltdfw'o{ k|bfg ug{ ;kmn ePsf b]lvG5g\ . >'ltdfw'o{sf lglDt ;xfos
dflgg] cg'k|f;, ods, Zn]if cflb zAbfnª\sf/n] o; sfJodf >'ltdfw'o{ dfq a9fPsf
5}gg\, ;fydf efjnfO{ ;3g / cleJolQmnfO{ snfTds klg agfPsf 5g\ . o;
gJosfJodf k|o'Qm Zn]if, ods cflb cnª\sf/n] klg b'af]{Wotf / lSni6tf lbg'sf] ;f6f]
ljrf/ cg'e"ltnfO{ p2LKt kfg{ ;3fPsf 5g\ .

j:t'tM slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn ;f]rLljrf/L zAb / plQmplQm s]nfP/

c;fWo} 7"nf] wL/tfsf ;fy kl/isf/ / kl/dfh{gk|lt bQlrQ eP/ nfUg] clg
b]jsf]6fh:tf] cjr]tgdf g} gauL efjnfO{ r]tgdgåf/f yfdLyfdL k|:t't ug]{
zf:qLotfjfbL slj x'g\ . To;}n] pgn] sl7g t/ dw'/ 5Gb lzvl/0fLnfO{ d"n 5Gbsf]
¿kdf o; gJosfJodf ckgfP tfklg o; 5GbnfO{ dfw'o{ k|bfg ug{sf lglDt cGt/
cg'k|f;Lotfsf] lgjf{x /fd|f];Fu u/]sf] kfOG5 .

o; sfJosf] cfnª\sfl/s ljz]iftf eGg' g} :jfefljstf, cs[lqdtf, :j:km"t{tf

/ ;xhtf xf] . cfnª\sfl/s k|of]uåf/f >'ltdfw'o{ k|bfg ug{sf] lglDt zAbsf] k'g?lQm
u/]/ eP klg nofTdstf k|bfg ug{ vf]lhPsf] kfOG5 . zAbzØof / no Psfsf/ x'g'
jf nos} lgldlQ zAbsf] af/Daf/ k|of]u ug'{ cGtn{o xf] . zAbfnª\sf/sf] ;xh k|of]u

89
u/]/} klg oxfF o;nfO{ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . t/ klg cnª\sf/s} lglDt cnª\sf/sf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] geO{{ cleJolQmsf] pRrtf, zfnLgtf, ufDeLo{ / k|efjf]Tkfbstfsf
lglDt o; gJosfJodf zAbfnª\sf/x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . o; gJosfJonfO{ >'ltdfw'o{
k|bfg ug{, cy{df kl/isf/ Nofpg, efjnfO{ ufDeLo{tf k|bfg ug{, z}nLnfO{ pRr /fVg
/ sfJofTdstf Nofpgsf lglDt zAbfnª\sf/x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . oxL g} o; sfJosf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|flKt klg xf] .

90
 kfFrf} kl/R5]b
pk;+xf/

lj=;+= !($! ;fn k'; @^ ut] sf:sL lhNnfsf] c3f}+{ cr{n]df hGd]sf slj
lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn dfWolds sfnsf] pQ/f4{sf kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf zLif{:y
slj x'g\ . k"jL{o j]bfGt bz{g / cfWoflTds r]tgf k|s6 ug]{ y'k|} s[ltx¿sf] /rgf
u/]/ pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . k|f/lDes sfnlt/ …;'Gb/LÚ /
…;"lQml;Gw'Ú klqsfdf k|sflzt 5f]6f >[ª\ufl/s sljtf / ;+:s[t k9\g] ljBfyL{ cj:yfdf
…;d:ofk"lt{Úsf dfWodaf6 emNofsem'n's ¿kdf b]lvg] slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy
kf}8\ofnn] kl5 >[ª\ufl/stfnfO{ TofUb} Ct'ljrf/ -!(&#_, a'l4ljgf]b -!(&#, t?0f
tk;L -@)!)_, d]/f] /fd -@)!!_, nIdLk"hf, et[xl/lgj]{b h:tf kl/isf/k/s
s[ltx¿sf] /rgf u/]/ zf:qLotfjfbnfO{ cF+ufnL g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ pRrtf k|bfg
u/]sf x'g\ . o:t} s[ltx¿ dWo]sf] pTs[i6 /rgf xf] …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJo .

…t?0f tk;LÚ sf] syfj:t' sfGtflj/xL slj 3'Db} ;fFemkv Pp6f rf}tf/Ldf a:g
k'u]kl5 ;'? x'G5 . To; rf}tf/Ldf a:g k'u]kl5 sljsf] dgdf tk:ofsf] ljifodf rfv
pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] pgn] ToxfF tk:ofs} ljifodf s]xL ;f]Rg / sljtf n]Vg vf]H5g\ .
TolQs}df ;fFemsf] ;do ePsfn] la:tf/} cFWof/f] x'G5 / pgsf snd d;L, sfkL,
;a}nfO{ cFWof/f]n] 5f]lklbG5 . To;kl5 slj ToxL ¿vsf] km]bdf klN6G5g\ / s]xL a]/d}
lgbfpg k'U5g\ . ;kgfdf pgn] cfkm" a;]sf] ¿vd} cGltg{lxt Pshgf j[4 tk;LnfO{
b]V5g\ . tL tk;LnfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} sljn] tkfO{+ sf] x'g'x'G5 < eg]/ k|Zg u5{g\ .
hjfkmdf pgnfO{ To; j[Ifdf lglxt tk;Ln] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sxfgL ;'gfpF5 .
To; j[Ifd} cGt{lglxt ePsf] tk;Ln] cfkm\g] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg sxfgL ;'gfO;s]kl5 ToxL
j[If cyf{t\ t?leq} lanfP/ hfG5 . oltGh]n;Dd ef]lnkN6sf] ldld{/] laxfgL e};s]sf]n]
slj lgb|faf6 Ao'Femg k'U5g\ . pgL Ao'Flem;s]kl5 ;kgf /x]5 eg]/ pb]s dfG5g\ /
o; sfJosf] syfgs 6'ª\luG5 .

91
 slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] o; sfJonfO{ …gJosfJoÚ eg]/ gfds/0f
u/]sf 5g\ . k"jL{o sfJok/Dk/fd} st} pNn]v gePsf] t/ k"jL{o sfJok/Dk/fs}
cg';/0f u/L n]lvPsf] o; sfJo s;/L gJosfJo eof] eGg] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;flxTosf
ljåfg\ ;dLIfsx¿sf ljleGg wf/0ffx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . …t?0f tk;LÚ sfJo ;f]dgfysf
b[li6df v08sfJoÙ b]jsf]6fsf] b[li6df cNkdxfsfJo jf bL3{sfJo, s]zj l3ld/]sf
b[li6df pkdxfsfJo jf Psfy{s dxfsfJo tyf jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf b[li6df dxfsfJo
;dsIf s[lt xf] . …t?0f tk;Ldf k"jL{o sfJo k/Dk/fcg';f/sf dxfsfJoLo nIf0fx¿
k"0f{¿kdf cyf{t\ x'ax' ¿kdf ldNb}gg\ tfklg dxfsfJosf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{
tŒjx¿sf] k|z:t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . lj>fda4n] ;u{a4tfsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 .
dª\unfr/0f geP klg wL/f]bfQ gfos / Ps/; -zfGt /;_ tyf vnlgGbf / ;Hhg
k|z+;f /x]sf] 5 .

;du|df x]bf{ slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] k"jL{o sfJodfGotfsf] s7f]/ lgod;Fu

;xdt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfkm\gf] slj;'ne dxŒjfsf+Iff / gjLg k|of]unfO{ :yflkt ug{sf]
nflu o; sfJonfO{ dxfsfJosf] ;+1f tf]Sbf k"jL{o ?9 dfGotfsf] cjd"Nog x'g]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ …gJosfJoÚ gfds/0f ug{ k'u]sf b]lvG5g\ . h] xf];\ sfJosf nIf0fx¿
x]bf{ …t?0f tk;LÚ dxfsfJos} sf]6Ldf /fVg ldNg] u|Gy xf] .

…t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ;+/rgf jf k|aGw ljwfgnfO{ x]bf{ o; s[ltdf hDdf

pGgfO{; j6f lj>fd /x]sf 5g\ . k|yd lj>fdnfO{ 5f8]/ cGo lj>fdsf] klxnf] Znf]s
ljof]lugL 5Gbdf, aLrdf Znf]sx¿ lzvl/0fL 5Gbdf / cGTosf] Znf]s dflngL 5Gbdf
/x]sf 5g\ . s'n Znf]s ;ª\Vof kfFr ;o PsfGgAa]] o; gJosfJosf] k|To]s lj>fdsf]
cGTodf 5Gb kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . k|Zgf]Q/sf ¿kdf k"j{:d[ltsf] z}nLdf syfgs /
sYo b'j} k|:t't u/L o;sf] /rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfJosf] l;ª\uf] k|aGw ljwfg t?df
lglxt tk;Lsf] cfTdufyfsf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sfGtflj/xL slj tyf t?df
lglxt sfNklgs tk;Lsf] rl/qfª\sgåf/f sfJo lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|d'v ;fdu|Lsf]
¿kdf dfG5] / k|s[ltnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 / dgf]ut tyf afXo ;+;f/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf]

92
5 . sljsf] cfudg tk;Lsf] bz{g, tk;Låf/f lghL hLjgj[Qsf] syg / of]uL ¿ksf]
k|flKtsf ¿kdf o;sf] syfgssf] k|f/De, ljsf; / pTsif{ kfOG5 .

;flxTo cfkm}+df Pp6f snf xf] / of] ;'Gb/ x'G5 . ;f}Gbo{ dg k/fpg' / ;'Gb/
aGg vf]Hg' dflg;sf] ;xhft u'0f xf] . ;flxTo klg snfs} If]q ePsf]n] o;df
;f}Gbo{sf] cleJolQm cfjZos dflgG5 . ;f}Gbo{ k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' dflg;sf] rfxgf xf] .
To;}n] ;flxTo ;'?lrk"0f{ / ;'Gb/ x'g'k5{ . ;flxTodf zAb / cy{sf] rdTsf/af6 g}
;f}Gbo{sf] ;[li6 x'G5 . To;}n] ;flxTosf ;'Gb/ uxgf dflgg] cnª\sf/n] ;flxTosf]
efjnfO{ ufDeLo{, >'ltdf dfw'o{ / plQmdf j}lrq\otf k|bfg ug]{ sfd u/]sf x'G5g\ .

cnd±s[±3` af6 lgikGg ePsf] zAb cnª\sf/sf] ;flxTodf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg

/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . j}lbs sfnb]lv g} k|of]udf cfPsf] cnª\sf/ zAb / To;sf]
cfnª\sfl/s k|of]u clUgk'/f0fdf ;d]t kfOG5 . To:t} e/td'lgn] ;d]t cfkm\gf]
gf6\ozf:q u|Gydf rf/ cnª\sf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . gf6\ozf:q / clUgk'/f0fdf
cnª\sf/af/] ;fdfGo rrf{ eP klg :ki6 / zf:qLo ljj]rgf ul/Psf] u|Gy eg]
efdxsf] …sfJofnª\sf/Ú u|Gy g} xf] . efdxkl5sf k"jL{o cfrfo{x¿ jfdg, b08L,
pb\e6 , ?b|6, hob]j, dDd6 ljZjgfy cflb ;a} ljåfg\x¿n] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
;flxTodf cnª\sf/sf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L efdxb]lv
huGgfy;Ddsf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿dWo] efdx, pb\e6, ?b|6, hob]j cflbn]
cnª\sf/nfO{ sfJosf] cfGtl/s tŒjsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] dDd6
ljZjgfy cflbn] sfJosf] afXo tŒjsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

cnª\sf/nfO{ ;flxTosf] Ps k|d'v tŒjsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ qmddf o;sf]

;+Vof lgwf{/0f / juL{s/0f ubf{ klg ljåfg\x¿sf aLr ljleGg cjwf/0ffx¿ /x]sf]
kfOG5 . e/tn] gf6\ozf:qdf rf/ cnª\sf/sf] dfq pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] efdxn]
#(, b08Ln] #%, pb\e6\n] $), jfdgn] ##, ?b|6n] %@, dDd6n] ^(, ?Øosn] *!,
hob]jn] !)), cKko bLlIftn] !@ j6f cnª\sf/ dfg]sf 5g\ . cnª\sf/sf] ;+Vof

93
hlt;'s} eP klg cnª\sf/sf] juL{s/0f ubf{ zAbfnª\sf/ / cyf{nª\sf/ u/L b'O{ ju{df
ljefhg u/L ltgsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

h'g cnª\sf/ s'g} zAb ljz]ifn] ;'Gb/ ag]sf] x'G5 . To;nfO{ zAbfnª\sf/
elgG5 . zAbfnª\sf/nfO{ /;WjlgjfbL k"jL{o cfrfo{x¿ ;fwgkIfdf dfq :jLsf/ u5{g\
. zAbfnª\sf/ ;fwgkIf x'Fb}df uf}0f x'Fb}g . lsgeg] o:fdf af}l4stf, >d / ;Lksf]
k|z:t nufgL ePsf] x'G5 .

n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] gJosfJo …t?0f tk;LÚ df zAbfnª\sf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg

kfPsf] 5 . cnª\sf/df klg zAbfnª\sf/n] o; gJosfJosf] ;f}Gbo{ j[l4 ug{ ljlzi6
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . zAbfnª\sf/leq kg]{ cg'k|f;, ods, Zn]if / jqmf]lQm
cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u o; gJosfJoleq e]l6G5 . …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJodf cg'k|f;
cnª\sf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg kfPsf] 5 . cg'k|f; cnª\sf/df klg cGTofg'k|f; ;a} sfJo
kª\lQmx¿df ldn]/ /x]sf 5g\ . cGTofg'k|f; kl5 ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]u ePsf] cg'k|f;
5]sfg'k|f; xf] . 5]sfg'k|f;sf] k|of]u pGgfO{; j6} lj>fddf kfOG5 . To:t} j[Tofg'k|f;
cnª\sf/sf] klg k|z:t dfqfdf k|of]u ePsf] e]l6G5 . j[Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf] k|of]udf
;aeGbf a9L cIf/d}qL agfOPsf] 5 eg] zAbx¿sf] klg cfj[lQ ePsf] 5 . s]xL
Znf]sx¿df >'Tofg'k|f; cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u klg e]l6G5 . To;}u/L cfBGTofg'k|f; /
dWofg'k|f;sf] k|of]u klg st}st} ePsf] 5 .

cg'k|f; cnª\sf/afx]s cGo zAbfnª\sf/x¿ Psfw 7fpFdf dfq kfpg ;lsG5 .

cg'k|f; cnª\sf/leq} /dfPsf slj n]vgfy kf}8\ofnn] ods, Zn]if / jqmf]lQm
cnª\sf/sf] k|of]udf kl/>d ug'{k/]sf] b]lvG5≤ tfklg sfJodf :jfefljs ¿kdf k|o'Qm
ePsf 5g\ .

o; sfJodf k|o'Qm ePsf cg'k|f; / ods cnª\sf/n] sfJonfO{ nofTdstf /

u]ofTdstf yKb} >'ltdfw'o{ a9fpg'sf ;fy} efjnfO{ ;3g / cleJolQmnfO{ snfTds
agfPsf 5g\ . o; sfJodf k|o'Qm Zn]if / jqmf]lQm cnª\sf/n] klg sfJonfO{ b'af]{Wotf
/ lSni6tf lbg'sf] ;6\6f ljrf/ / cg'e"ltnfO{ p2LKt kfg{ ;3fPsf 5g\ . o; sfJosf]

94
cfnª\sfl/s ljz]iftf eGg' g} :jfefljstf, cs[lqdtf, :jtM:km"t{tf / ;xhtf x'g\ .
o; sfJonfO{ >'ltdfw'o{ k|bfg ug{, cy{df kl/isf/ Nofpg, efjnfO{ ufDeLo{ k|bfg
ug{, z}nLdf pRrtf sfod /fVg / sfJofTdstf Nofpgsf lglDt zAbfnª\sf/x¿
cfPsf 5g\ . cnª\sf/s} lglDt cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] geO{ cleJolQmsf] pRrtf,
zfnLgtf, ufDeLo{ / k|efjf]Tkbstfsf lglDt cg'k|f;, ods, Zn]if cflb
zAbfnª\sf/x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . oxL g} …t?0f tk;LÚ gJosfJosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|flKt
xf] .

95
 ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L–;"rL
clwsf/L, x]dfË/fh, k"jL{o ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt, rf}=;++=, sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg @)%^_
cfrfo{, afa'/fd, sfJozf:qLo k/Dk/fdf cnª\sf/ l;4fGt / ;flxTodf o;sf] dxŒj,
x}dk|ef, hgtf ljBfkL7 lahf}/L, bfª -@)^*_
pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb, k"jL{o ;flxTo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg -@)%%_ .
s'Fj/, pQd, ;|i6f / ;flxTo, rf}=;+=, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg -@)%)_ .
lu/L, dw';'bg / cf]emf, /fdgfy, zf]w, l;h{gf / ;+:s[tsfJozf:q, sf7df8f}+ M Go" lx/f a'S;
OG6/k|fOh]h -@)%*_ .
u}/], O{Zj/Lk|;fb, cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo / dxfsfJo, sf7df8f}+ M Go" lx/f a'S;
OG6/k|fOh]h -@)^)_ .
uf}td, s'nrGb|, /f3jfnÍf/, bf]=;+= sf7df8f}+ M s'nrGb| uf}td :d[lt ;+:yf - @)^*_.
hob]j, 6Lsfsf/ ;'af]wrGb| kGt, rGb|fnf]s, jf/f0f;L M df]tLnfn jgf/;L bf; -;g\ !(&!_ .
hf]zL, s'df/axfb'/, rf/ cd/ sljsf kfFr sfJos[lt, bf]=;+=, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf
k|sfzg, -@)%)_ .
yfkf, 8f= lxdf+z' , ;flxTo kl/ro, bf]=;+=, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg -@)%)_ .
b08L, sfJofbz{, bf]=;+=, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBfejg -;g\ !(^)_ .
g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z, sf7df8f}+ M g]=/f=k|=k|= - @)$)_ .
kGt, e/t/fh, g]kfnL cnª\sf/, sf7df8f}+ M g]=/f=k|=k|= -@)%^_ .
kf08]o, km0fLGb|k|;fb -;+_, ;+:s[t–g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z, bfª M d=;+=lj -@)%&_ .
kf}8\ofn, n]vgfy, t?0f tk;L, t]¥xf}F ;+=, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg -@)^^_ .
k|wfg, /fhgf/fo0f, t?0f tk;L, s]xL s[lt s]xL :d[lt, bflh{lnª M g]kfnL
;flxTo kl/ifbsf lglDt Zofd a|bz{, -;g\ !(&#_ .
a/fn, O{Zj/ / cGo -;+_, g]kfnL ;flxTosf]z, sf7df8f}+ M g]=/f=k|=k|=-@)%%_ .
e6\6/fO,{ 36/fh, g]kfnL :gftsf]Q/ ;dfnf]rgf, sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL j'S; PG8
:6];g/L ;]G6/, -@)%(_ .
efdx, sfJofnª\sf/, bf]=;+=, k6gf M ljxf/ /fi6« efiff kl/ifb\ -@)!(_ .
dDd6, sfJok|sfz, bf]=;+=, jf/f0f;L M 1fge08f/ lnld6]8 -@)!&_ .
l/;fn, /fddl0f, g]kfnL sfJo / slj, kfF=;+=, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg, -@)%*_ .
n'OF6]n, vu]Gb|k|;fb / cGo , g]kfnL sljtf, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, -@)%$_ .

96
jfdg, sfJofnª\sf/ ;"q, lbNnLM df]tLnfn, jgf/;Lbf; -lj=;+= @)!!_ .
ljZjgfy, ;flxTo bk{0f -g=;+=_, 5}=;+=, lbNnL M cfTd/fd PG8 ;G; -;g\ !(*@_ .
zdf{, uf]kLs[i0f, ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ?k/]vf, sf7df8f}+ M clegj k|sfzg -@)^#_ .
zdf{, b]j]Gb|gfy, cnª\sf/ d'QmfjnL, k6gf M ef/tL ejg -;g\ !(&^_ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh / n'OF6]n, vu]Gb|k|;fb, t]=;+=, k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGt, sf7df8f}+ M
ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ -@)^!_ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh / >]i7, bof/fd, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, 5}=;+=, sf8df8f}+ M ;femf
k|sfzg, -@)%(_ .
zDdf{, j;Gts'df/, g]kfnL zAb;fu/, sf7df8f}+ M efef k':ts e08f/ -@)%*_ .
1jfnL, /fdk|;fb, …cnª\sf/jfbsf] dd{, cnª\sf/ jfb ls l;4fGt <Ú, gj d~h/L, - jif{ !,
c+s ! -@)%#_ .

97