SQL Crash Course PDF

SQL Crash Course
(Basic and Intermediate)
Contents:
1. Introduction to Databases
2. Database Management System
3. Normalization of Database
4. SQL
5. Data Definition Language
6. Data Manipulation Language
7. Data Query Language
8. Table Constraints
9. Where, Comparison Operators, Logical Operators
10. Group By, Having, Limit, Order By
11. Joins
12. Nested Queries
13. Case When Statements, If Else Statements
Introduction to Databases:
 A database is a collection of related data items, which are
linked and structured so that the data can be accessed in a
number of ways.
 Within a database, related data are grouped into tables,

each of which consists of rows (also called tuples) and
columns, like a spreadsheet.
 Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of

programs that enable its users to access databases,
manipulate data, report, and represent data.
Database Management System:
 Database management system is software which is used to

manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc.
are a very popular commercial database which is used in
different applications.
 DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations

like database creation, storing data in it, updating data,
creating a table in the database and a lot more.
Characteristics of DBMS
o It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the
information.
o It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
o DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
o It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of
failure.
o It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
o It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
o It is used to provide security of data.
o It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the
requirements of the user.
ACID Properties:
A database's contents can be accessed and possibly modified as part of a
single logical unit of work known as a transaction. Read and write
operations are used by transactions to access data.
Certain attributes are followed before and after the transaction in order to
preserve consistency in a database. We refer to these as ACID
characteristics.
Advantages of DBMS
o Controls database redundancy
o Data sharing
o Easily Maintenance
o Reduce time
o Backup
o multiple user interface
Disadvantages of DBMS
o Cost of Hardware and Software
o Size
o Complexity
o Higher impact of failure
Normalization of Database:
 Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database.
 Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from a relation or set of
relations. It is also used to eliminate undesirable characteristics like
Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies.
 Normalization divides the larger table into smaller and links them using
relationships.
 The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the database table.
First Normal Form (1NF)

o A relation will be 1NF if it contains an atomic value.
o It states that an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple values. It must hold
only single-valued attribute.
o First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute, composite attribute,
and their combinations.
Second Normal Form (2NF)

o In the 2NF, relational must be in 1NF.
o In the second normal form, all non-key attributes are fully functional
dependent on the primary key.
Third Normal Form (3NF)
A relation that is in First and Second Normal Form and in which no non-
primary-key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key, then it is in
Third Normal Form (3NF).
o 3NF is used to reduce the data duplication. It is also used to achieve the data
integrity.
Boyce Codd normal form (BCNF)

o BCNF is the advance version of 3NF.
o A table is in BCNF if every functional dependency X → Y, X is the super
key of the table.
Fourth normal form (4NF)

o A relation will be in 4NF if it is in Boyce Codd normal form and has no
multi-valued dependency.
o For a dependency A → B, if for a single value of A, multiple values of B
exists, then the relation will be a multi-valued dependency.
Fifth normal form (5NF)

o A relation is in 5NF if it is in 4NF and not contains any join dependency and
joining should be lossless.
o 5NF is satisfied when all the tables are broken into as many tables as
possible in order to avoid redundancy.
o 5NF is also known as Project-join normal form (PJ/NF).
SQL
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is used for storing and
managing data in relational database management system (RDMS).
 It is a standard language for Relational Database System. It enables a user to
create, read, update and delete relational databases and tables.
 All the RDBMS like MySQL, Informix, Oracle, MS Access and SQL Server
use SQL as their standard database language.
Note: This crash course has to be completely performed in MYSQL Workbench.
Select your OS type and download workbench from the given link.
https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/workbench/
The version of MYSQL Workbench used for this assignment is 8.0.27

You can use any other stable version.
Follow: https://youtu.be/YSOY_NyOg40
Data Definition Language
1. Create command:
Used to create a database or a table.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name column_type

constraints);
Q1. Create a table ‘cars’ having columns like Sr. No.,
model_name, company_name, launch_year, type, passengers,
mileage.
2. Alter command:
An alter command modifies an existing database table.
Syntax:
ALTER object type object name parameters;

Q2. Alter the ‘cars’ table to add a column ‘rate’.
3. Drop command:
A drop command is used to delete objects such as a table, index
or view.
Syntax:
DROP object type object name;
Q3. Drop the column ‘rate’ and then the entire table.
4. Truncate command:
Similar to DROP, the TRUNCATE statement is used to quickly
remove all records from a table.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Q4. Truncate the ‘cars’ table.

Data Manipulation Language
1. Insert command:
Used to insert records in a database.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column_names) VALUES

(records);
Q5. Insert some suitable records in the table.
2. Update command:
Command to change or update current/existing data.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = value

WHERE condition;
Q6. Update the mileage of the ‘Hyundai Xcent’ car.
3. Delete command:
DELETE command is used to delete some or all records from the

existing table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Q7. Delete the last record from the table.
Data Query Language
1. Select command:
This command retrieves the data from the table.

Syntax:
SELECT column_names FROM table_name;
Q8. Display the records from cars table.

Table Constraints
 NOT NULL: This constraint tells that we cannot store a null value in a
column. That is, if a column is specified as NOT NULL then we will not be
able to store null in this particular column any more.
 UNIQUE: This constraint when specified with a column, tells that all the
values in the column must be unique.
 PRIMARY KEY: A primary key is a field which can uniquely identify each
row in a table.
 FOREIGN KEY: A Foreign key is a field which can uniquely identify each
row in another table.
 CHECK: This constraint helps to validate the values of a column to meet a

particular condition.
 DEFAULT: This constraint specifies a default value for the column when no
value is specified by the user.
Where, Comparison Operators, Logical
Operators
The SQL WHERE clause is used to specify a condition while fetching

the data from a single table or by joining with multiple tables.
SELECT column1, column2, column FROM table_name WHERE [condition]
Comparison Operators:
Logical Operators:
Q9. Return the records of cars of company ‘Maruti Suzuki’.
Q10. Retrieve the car names having mileage greater than 75.
Q11. Get the car names having company name ‘Hyundai’

and mileage greater than 75.
Q12. Show the car names of the company ‘Renault’ or

‘Datsun’.
Q13. Display car names launched in the years between 2012

and 2016.
Group By, Having, Limit, Order By
The GROUP BY statement groups rows that have the same

values into summary rows.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s);
Q14. Find the number of cars of each type.
Q15. Display the average mileage of each type of car.
Q16. Calculate total car mileage for each company.
Q17. Display the oldest model launched for every company.
Q18. Display the latest model launched for every company.

The WHERE clause cannot be used to filter the grouped rows based on a
condition. We have the HAVING clause for this purpose. The HAVING
clause always precedes the ORDER BY statement in the query.
SELECT column(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]
GROUP BY column_names
HAVING [condition]
ORDER BY column_names;
Q19. Display the count of car models for each company

having more than 1 model in ascending order of count.
Q20. Retrieve the car records in decreasing order of mileage.
The LIMIT clause is used to set an upper limit on the number of

records returned.
Q21. Retrieve the top 3 records based on rate.

Joins
SQL Join statement is used to combine data or rows from two or more
tables based on a common field between them. Different types of Joins
are as follows:
Q22. Display the model number, model name and buyer

name for common models between two tables.
Nested Queries
A nested query is a query that has another query embedded within it.
The embedded query is called a subquery.
Q23. Display the model number, model name of the cars that
have been bought by the buyers.
Case When Statements, If Else Statements
The case statement in SQL returns a value on a specified condition. We
can use a Case statement in select queries along with Where, Order By,
and Group By clause. It can be used in the Insert statement as well.
Syntax:
SELECT CASE Expression
When expression1 Then Result1
When expression2 Then Result2
...
ELSE Result
END
Q24. Retrieve the model name and corresponding launch
year in the form:
a. ‘After 2015’ for launch years greater than 2015.

b. ‘Between 2010 and 2015’ for launch years between 2010
and 2015.
c. ‘Before 2015’ for the rest.
The IF statement for stored programs implements a basic conditional

construct.
Syntax:
IF(condition,result1,result2);
Q25. Retrieve the model name and corresponding rate as

‘High’ for rate above 500000 and ‘Low’ for others.

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SQL Crash Course

(Basic and Intermediate)

 Within a database, related data are grouped into tables,

 Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of

 Database management system is software which is used to

 DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations

First Normal Form (1NF)

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Boyce Codd normal form (BCNF)

Fourth normal form (4NF)

Fifth normal form (5NF)

The version of MYSQL Workbench used for this assignment is 8.0.27

CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name column_type

ALTER object type object name parameters;

DROP object type object name;

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Q4. Truncate the ‘cars’ table.

INSERT INTO table_name (column_names) VALUES

Q5. Insert some suitable records in the table.

UPDATE table_name SET column_name = value

Q6. Update the mileage of the ‘Hyundai Xcent’ car.

DELETE command is used to delete some or all records from the

Q7. Delete the last record from the table.

Data Query Language

This command retrieves the data from the table.

SELECT column_names FROM table_name;

Q8. Display the records from cars table.

 CHECK: This constraint helps to validate the values of a column to meet a

The SQL WHERE clause is used to specify a condition while fetching

SELECT column1, column2, column FROM table_name WHERE [condition]

Q11. Get the car names having company name ‘Hyundai’

Q12. Show the car names of the company ‘Renault’ or

Q13. Display car names launched in the years between 2012

The GROUP BY statement groups rows that have the same

Q15. Display the average mileage of each type of car.

Q16. Calculate total car mileage for each company.

Q17. Display the oldest model launched for every company.

Q18. Display the latest model launched for every company.

Q19. Display the count of car models for each company

Q20. Retrieve the car records in decreasing order of mileage.

The LIMIT clause is used to set an upper limit on the number of

Q21. Retrieve the top 3 records based on rate.

Q22. Display the model number, model name and buyer

a. ‘After 2015’ for launch years greater than 2015.

The IF statement for stored programs implements a basic conditional

Q25. Retrieve the model name and corresponding rate as

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