Lesson 1

Travel
Travel is going from one place to another and doing things when arriving there, for reasons not
associated with everyday life.

2 BROAD Categories:
Ø 1. Leisure Travel- travel for the purpose of enjoyment
Ø 2.Corporate / Business Travel- travel for reasons related to work
Corporate travel manager - a person employed by a travel company to arrange travel for its
employees.

Leisure Travel
Leisure Travel can be further subdivided in several ways. In a Travel 
Package, several travel components are “bundled” together and 
sold as one product.
Examples:
1. Escorted Tour - All are prearranged and the person will be traveling with dozens of others
who bought the same package.
2. Independent Tour - many of the travel components are prearranged but the buyer travels
independently.
3. All-inclusive resorts - includes lodging, food, entertainment, and many activities for one
price.
Travel agent - a professional who analyzes a traveler's needs

Other Travel Terminology

Transportation
This includes airlines, motorcoach operators, car rentals,
cruise ship, and cargo ship companies.
Hospitality
Encompassing the lodging and food services (food and
beverage) industries. Sometimes, expanded to include
theme parks, convention venues, etc.
Tourism
Tourism describes the entire travel industry.
Sectors of The Travel Industry
1.The Air Transportation Industry
This segment includes airlines of all sizes and sorts, as well as the industries that directly
supports them such as airline catering services, government organizations and airports.
Sectors of The Travel Industry
2.Lodging Companies
The lodging industry is huge. It embraces a much broader spectrum of lodging types including
hotels, motels, condominiums, timeshares, lodges, all suite hotels and camp grounds.
3.Travel Agencies
There are businesses that help the public with their travel plans and needs.
4. Corporate Travel Services
The organization's in-house travel management department or an outside travel agency that
handles travel-related 
5.Cruise Lines
Consisting of one of the fastest growing segments in travel. Also includes all sorts of support
services.
6.Motorcoach Operators
These companies own and operate buses.
7.Tour Operators
Tours are one of the most common forms of packaged travel. A specialized form of travel is the
incentive trip, a vacation provided by a company as a reward to certain employees for achieving
exceptional goals.
Incentive Trip – a vacation provided by a company as a reward to certain employees 
for achieving goals.
8.Food Services
Travelers need to eat and this industry derives much, and in some cases almost all of their
profits from travelers.F&B (Food and Beverage)
9.Car Rentals
Sometimes located on or near airport property, sometimes in city or suburban locations.
10. Rail Travel
Once the dominant form of transit, it still represents an important part of the transportation
industry.
11. Meetings and Conventions
It facilitates the event functions of all sizes of business, organizations and societies. It also
encompasses trade shows, expositions, conferences, and World’s Fairs.
12.Sports and Entertainment Management
Such events have an appeal well beyond to the locals because so many people travel from afar
to attend.
13.Attractions
These are what vacationers go to see. Some are famous and they become icons for a place.
14.Theme Parks
It is a sort of “super” attraction, the updated inheritor of the old amusement park concept.
15.Stores and shops
Some store rely quite a bit on tourism for profitability.
16.Parks and Recreational Programs
Some of these greatest travel facilities and attractions are operated by local, state, or 
national governments.
17.Government Regulatory Agencies
Things such as aircraft maintenance, air tariff, airport operations and security, cruise 
line policies, lodging safety and pricing regulations, and casino gaming are still overseen by 
government entities.
18.Destination Marketing Organizations
Organizations whose purpose is to promote and facilitate travel to and within their districts,
regions, states/provinces, nations, or even continents. Usually called Tourist Offices or Bureaus.
19.Research Companies
Their purpose is to carefully and cleverly analyze the consumer marketplace and sometimes
recommend actions to be taken.
20.Insurance Companies
It specialize in protecting travelers from unanticipated incidents.
21.Financial companies
Traveler’s check issuers They act as suppliers to the travel 
industry.
22.Technology providers
It provides technological solutions specific to travel businesses which have become essential for
industry success.
23.Trade Associations
Most industries have organizations that represent their interests, provide a forum for information
exchange, furnish training opportunities. (ex: USTOA, CLIA, NTA)
24.Travel Publication
They can be print-based or electronic based.How Travel Is Sold
Travel is a complex industry and different companies work together to deliver an efficient,
profitable, interdependent, and satisfying travel experience.

KEY PLAYERS:
1.Consumers
Hotels, Cruiselines, Theme Parks : Guest
Airlines, Tour Companies: Passengers
DMOs: Visitor
2.Suppliers
Companies that create, own, and provide travel products being sold.
3.Intermediaries
Act as go betweens, linking suppliers with the traveling public.
Distributing The Travel Product
1. Supplier sells directly to the Public
2. Supplier sells indirectly through intermediaries 

Lesson 2
The Aviation System
AVIATION is the broad term used to describe the industry that builds and flies aircraft.
a. Military aviation -aircraft flown by a nation’s air force and other branches of its military.
b. Civil Aviation-the industry that flies the public from place to place.

Civil Aviation Also part of the civil aviation system are chartered, cargo and private aircraft that
belong to individuals or companies and use some of the same airports and routes that
ommercial flights do.
1. Domestic Service-A flight must start and end within the boarders of the same 
country.
2. International Service-The flight starts in one country and ends in another.

Regulatory Bodies
1. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-in charge of air traffic control operations, license
pilots, inspects aircrafts, and oversees maintenance
2. Air Transport Association (ATA)-an airline trade association, standardizes and
regulates ticketing.
3. Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC)- also owned by the airlines, controls the distribution
of tickets.
4. The Department of Transportation (DOT) -A division in the US government, creates and
applies policies that regulate not just air travel but most forms of transportation.
5. International Air Transport Association ( IATA -an association made up of most of the
world’s airlines, sets standards for civil aviation.
6. International Airlines Travel Agent Network (IATAN)-links airlines with travel agencies and
other air distributors.
-set standards to determine who is legitimate seller of travel and therefore is eligible for industry
benefits.
7. Transportation Security Administration -a government entity responsible for security at
airports in the US.
-Its agents staff security checkpoints, check luggage, and do whatever necessary to keep air
travelers safe.
8. Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines-the national aviation authority of the Philippines
and is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and
efficient air travel.

Airline Service and Route

Aircraft can’t simply fly whenever and wherever they want. Chaos would result. Governments,
airports, and even the economic environment help shape what routes are taken and what
schedules are observed.
1. Scheduled Service-air transportation that operates regularly at set, advertised times, no 
matter how many people are booked on the flight.
2. Charter Flight-occasional flights flown by charter airlines. May fly 2-3 times per week 
but at scheduled times.
3. Privately owned jet
- Usually smaller than the commercial airlines.Charter flights are usually less expensive
than scheduled flights, are almost always nonstop, and can be cancelled for any reason.
In industry jargon charter airline may be called a direct air carrier. The entity that charters the 
plane is called a public charter operator.

Flight Types
1. NONSTOP FLIGHT
The traveler goes from point A to point B on the same aircraft, with no stop in between.
2. DIRECT FLIGHT
The traveler goes from point A to point B on the same aircraft but the aircraft stops at an airport
in between.
3. CONNECTING FLIGHT
The traveler, to get to his or destination, must change planes once, twice, or even more times.
Each flight is called a segment of the passenger’s flight.

Itinerary Routes
1. ONE-WAY FLIGHT ITINERARY
The traveler just goes from point A to point B, and that’s it.ILO MNL
2. ROUND TRIP FLIGHT ITINERARY
The traveler flies from point A to point B, stays a while, and then returns from point B to point A.
It can be direct, nonstop, or connecting.
3. OPEN-JAW FLIGHT ITINERARY
The traveler flies from Point A to Point B, then travels by ground transportation from Point B to
Point C, then returns by air transportation from Point C to A.
4. CIRCLE FLIGHT ITINERARY
The traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to theoriginating city.

Hub and Spokes

HUBS are where majority of the flights flow (key airports).
-Domestic Hubs handles mostly domestic flights.
-International hubs feature many flight to other countries.
Minimum connecting times – the minimum amount of time 
needed to transfer from one flight to a connecting one. 
AIRCRAFT
2 Broad Categories
1. JET ENGINES
-jet aircraft fly faster, can go much longer distances and tend to be larger.
2. PROPELLERS or PROPS
-smaller, go relatively slowly, and travel short distances
3. JET PROP
-combines features of both prop and jet engines.
-tend to be larger and faster than regular prop planes.

Configuration refers to the way seating is arranged within the aircraft.

Narrow-body jet – a jet with one aisle. It usually carries fewer than 200 passengers.
Wide-body jet – greater size and has two aisles.
Comfort Elements
1.PITCH - is the distance between a point on one seat and the 
same point on the seat in the row in front of or behind it. (legroom)
-reduced pitch permits more rows on the aircraft.
-31 to 32 inches
2. SEAT WIDTH – 17 to 18 inches wide
3. RECLINE 
-some airlines only allow10%, others 45%.

Classes of Service
Most aircraft have two classes of service:
1.1. FIRST CLASS
-is the compartment at the front of the plane.
-wider seats, greater pitch, more recline, more elaborate meals.
2. COACH CLASS
-economy class
-is the more standard level of service. Narrower seats, less pitch and 
recline.
BULKHEAD – the wall separating the coach-and-first class compartments.
3. BUSINESS CLASS
-Represents a class of service that’s almost as good as 
that found in the first class.
SLEEPER SEAT
- Seats that may even fully converted to beds.
Seating Assignments
In some cases, when making a flight reservation, a passenger can reserve a specific seat 
in advance.
Passengers can also reserve a seat when they check in at the airport.
The exit rows (rows where emergency exits are located) are usually assigned at airport checkin.

The Airlines
1. Major U.S Airlines
-huge companies that provides service to a substantial number of North American cities, and
many international ones.
2. Secondary Airlines
-aren’t as huge as the major airlines but offer considerable service.
3. Low-fare Airlines
-offers highly simplified rate structures
4. Regional Airlines
-commuter airlines
-serve a limited section of the country.
Strategies of Low-Fare Airlines
1. They tend to target leisure travelers
2. They establish their hubs at secondary airports
3. They offer fewer nonstop long flights
4. Offer no meals or movies
5. They only offer coach seating
6. Tend to use only one or two aircraft models
7. Fewer rules and restrictions
8. Don’t appear on travel agent
9. Their tickets aren’t usually accepted by other airlines

Commonly Used Terms in Air Travel

a. Commercial Flight – flight whose seats have been sold to the general 
public
b. Code-sharing – when an airline uses the code of another carrier for a scheduled flight.
c. Red-eye flight – an overnight flight
d. Interline agreement – a formal agreement between two airlines.
e. Gateway – a city/ or airport that serves an airline as it departure/arrival point
f. Yield management – a computer assisted process that enables airlines to 
arrive at pricing that yields the max. load factors and revenue (assess 
supply and demand)
g. Flight attendants – airline personnel
h. Mechanical – when a flight is cancelled because of a problem with the aircraft.

Lesson 3
The Airport Experience
• The passenger arrives at the airport
• He / she gives the luggage to a skycap (luggage handler)
• Check-in (self-service kiosk or check-in lines)
• The rep. asks for his ID, prints his boarding pass, sends luggage to the screener, and directs
the passenger to the gate
• The pax then heads to security where he must show his boarding pass and ID, have his small
bag scanned, and pass through the metal detector.
• Immigration ( for Int’l flight)
• The pax gets to the gate and waits for boarding (30-45 mins before the flight.
• Boarding (starting from the back)
ARRIVAL : the pax exits the plane along a jetway corridor (a movable device that connects the
aircraft to the terminal).
-Baggage claim (baggage carousel)
-Go through Immigration and Custom (for Int’l flight)Immigration – deals with people related
factors such as citizenship, purpose of trip.
Customs – deals with things such as items purchased abroad.

AIRPORT and AVIATION Management

Four Groups of Airport and Aviation-related Business
1. Airport Management
2. Fixed-based Operations
3. Airport Ancillary Services
4. Government Airport Management
• Concern itself with making the operations of an airport efficient, safe, and profitable (or atleast
break-even)
• Among the duties of airport personnel are administration, operations, financing, marketing, 
finances, maintenance, in terminal transportation, safety, security, policing, fire fighting, and
noise abatement.

FIXED-BASE Operators (FBOs)

• These are companies that provide ground services and support to the aviation industry
• They provide aircraft inspection, repair and maintenance, pilot training, aircraft sales and
rentals, and aircraft cabin cleaning services.
AIRPORT ANCILLARY SERVICES
• consist of just about every other airport-related supplier.
• ON- SITE (airline caterers, stores, restaurants, and private security firms
• OFF-SITE (taxis, shuttle and limo services, airport hotels, car rental firms and bus companies
Government organizations
• cities or countries that own the airports.
• FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) has the most crucial presence at airports
• FAA monitors the air travel system to ensure safety and manages airspace above US
Airfares
Factors that influence what you pay for a flight:
1. If you’re travelling on a full-coach fare.
2. How far in advance you buy the ticket.
3. What class of service you bought.
4. Whom you bought it from, or how.
5. What add on taxes and fees there are.
6. If there’s a “fare-war” going on.
7. Which airports are involved.
8. What time you’re flying.
Factors that influence what you pay for a flight:
9. Which airline is involved.
10. How many passengers are travelling.
11. If an international flight is involved.
12. Whom you work for.
13.If you belong to a special group.
14. If you’re a travel professional.

FARES AND TICKETING

• Airfares are complicated.
• Fortunately, computers help make the task manageable.
Computer Reservation System (CRS) or Global Distribution System (GDS) system allows you to
book not only airline tickets but also hotels, tours, cruises, car rentals, and many other travel
products.

Commonly used terms (reservations and ticketing

1. PNR (Passenger Name Record)
- The reservation system’s record of booking.
- It list the client’s name, flight number, travel times, travel date, airline used, ticket cost, and
- Record Number Locator – six numbers of letters that identify the reservation.
2. Electronic Tickets or e-tickets
-exists only as a computer record
-most airlines allow passengers to check-in for their
flight and print their boarding passes from their  home computers before leaving for the airport.
3. Confirmed Reservation
-once a reservation is entered into the airline’s computer system
-if it cannot be entered because the desired flight is fully booked, the traveller can ask to be
placed on the waitlist.

Who sells airline tickets?

1. Prime Suppliers of airline tickets (airline themselves)
2. Travel Agencies (major distributors)
3. Other distributors: Consolidators, tour operators, rail companies, cruise lines.

Miscellaneous things you need to know about air travel:

1. Smoking is permitted to only few airlines, mostly foreign ones.
2. Jet lag is the psychological and physiological discomfort caused by flying long distances over
multiple time zones.
3. Jet streams are bands of high-level wind that flow from west to east. This is why flight going
from west to east take less time.
4. A waitlisted person can choose to go to the airport and be listed as a stand-by passenger for
a certain flight. If there are enough no-shows, the standby passenger may get on his or her
desired flight.
-Customers with non refundable tickets are not allowed to stand by for alternative flights.
5. Most passengers in first or business class are flying on mileage awards, are airline
employees, of have upgraded from coach, with miles, for a fee, or because of high frequent-flyer
status.
6. Most airlines no longer serve free meals on flights.
-Free meals, however, continue to be part of the flight experience for passengers in first class,
business class, and in coach on long, international flights.
7. Many airlines and airports will make special arrangements for people with physical
disabilities, unaccompanied minor, pets, service animals, and people with special requirements.
8. Shipping cargo is a significant source of added revenue for many airlines

What if baggage is lost?

-The airline will endeavour to find the luggage, compensate the passenger, or it may be covered
by insurance.
10. If the luggage is damaged, the airline may pay or 
replace it.
11. CRS/GDS and airline Web sites show on-time percentages, information about which flights
are usually on time and which ones are typically late.
12. Club lounges are special “private” areas at an airport terminal. For business or first class
passengers, you are 
usually automatically admitted, even without membership.
13. Most airlines have rules for checked luggage. 
14. Most airlines permit two carry-ons.
15. Most hotels near airports and car rental companies at the airports provide free shuttle
service to and from their locations, if needed.

The World's Best Airports OF 2023

1. SINGAPORE CHANGI 5. PARIS CDC 9. TOKYO NARITA
2.  DOHA HAMAD 6. ISTANBUL 10. MADRID BARAJAS
3.  TOKYO HANEDA 7. MUNICH
4.  SEOUL INCHEON 8. ZURICH